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Chapter 4

Continuous A/D Operations (cont.)

Set up buffering (see

page 63

Configure the subsystem using

olDaConfig

Deal with messages and buffers

(see

page 65

Stop the operation (see

page 70

Clean up the operation (see

page 71

Start the operation with

olDaStart

Continued from previous page.

After you configure the subsystem, you can use

olDaGetClockFrequency

to return the actual

frequency of the internal clock.

Set up the clocks and triggers

(see

page 62

Содержание KUSB-3100

Страница 1: ...www keithley com A G R E A T E R M E A S U R E O F C O N F I D E N C E KUSB 3100 User s Manual KUSB3100 900 01 Rev A January 2005...

Страница 2: ...ation without Keithley s express written consent or misuse of any product or part This warranty also does not apply to fuses software non rechargeable batteries damage from battery leak age or problem...

Страница 4: ...rate immediately into the manual Addenda are numbered sequentially When a new Revision is created all Addenda associated with the previous Revision of the manual are incorporated into the new Revision...

Страница 5: ...that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30V RMS 42 4V peak or 60VDC are present A good safety practice is to ex pect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before...

Страница 6: ...lectric shock and fire replacement components in mains circuits including the power transformer test leads and input jacks must be purchased from Keithley Instru ments Standard fuses with applicable n...

Страница 7: ...peration 5 Analog Input Features 7 Analog Input Channels 7 Specifying a Single Analog Input Channel 7 Specifying One or More Analog Input Channels 8 Input Resolution 8 Input Ranges and Gains 9 Specify...

Страница 8: ...Output Conversion Modes 18 Single Value Operations 18 Continuous Output Mode 19 Data Transfer 20 Data Format 21 Error Conditions 22 Digital I O Features 23 Digital I O Lines 23 Resolution 23 Operation...

Страница 9: ...multaneous Operations 59 Chapter 5 Troubleshooting 73 General Checklist 74 Service and Support 77 Chapter 6 Calibration 79 Using the KUSB 3100 Calibration Utility 81 Calibrating the Analog Input Subsy...

Страница 10: ...Contents x...

Страница 11: ...ome familiarity with data acquisition principles and that you understand your application What You Should Learn from this Manual This manual provides detailed information about the features of the KUS...

Страница 12: ...e module Appendix B Connector Pin Assignments shows the screw terminal assignments for the module Appendix C Reading from or Writing to the Digital Registers describes register level functions you can...

Страница 13: ...ual describes how to use the ActiveX controls provided in DTx EZTM to access the capabilities of your module in Microsoft Visual Basic or Visual C DT LV Link Getting Started Manual This manual describ...

Страница 14: ...About this Manual xiv...

Страница 15: ...1 1 Overview Features 2 Supported Software 3...

Страница 16: ...t counter timer C T channel that performs event counting frequency measurement edge to edge measurement and rate generation operations the resolution of the C T is 16 bits in this mode Internal and ex...

Страница 17: ...ck Data Acq application you can verify the features of the module display data on the screen and save data to disk DataAcq SDK This DT Open Layers Software Develop Kit SDK allows programmers to develo...

Страница 18: ...Chapter 1 4...

Страница 19: ...5 2 Principles of Operation Analog Input Features 7 Analog Output Features 16 Digital I O Features 23 Counter Timer Features 25...

Страница 20: ...el Multiplexer 2 5 V Reference A D Ch2 A D Ch3 A D Ch1 A D Ch0 12 Bit D A Converter 12 Bit A D Converter DAC 1 DAC 0 From USB Port Power Supply 32 Bit Counter Timer C T Out 0 C T Gate 0 C T In 0 A D C...

Страница 21: ...and Error conditions described on page 15 Analog Input Channels The KUSB 3100 module provides eight single ended analog input channels The module can acquire data from a single analog input channel o...

Страница 22: ...gain list The channels are read in order from the first entry in the list to the last entry in the list Refer to page 11 for more information about the supported conversion modes The maximum rate at...

Страница 23: ...nput ranges for each module For each channel on the KUSB 3100 module choose the gain that has the smallest effective range that includes the signal you want to measure For example if your analog input...

Страница 24: ...three entries channels 5 6 and 7 and gains 2 4 and 1 A gain of 2 is applied to channel 5 a gain of 4 is applied to channel 6 and a gain of 1 is applied to channel 7 Input Sample Clock Sources You can...

Страница 25: ...The clock frequency is always equal to the frequency of the external sample clock input signal that you connect to the module Analog Input Conversion Modes The KUSB 3100 module supports the following...

Страница 26: ...is determined by the frequency of the internal sample clock refer to page 10 for more information about the internal sample clock The sample rate which is the rate at which a single entry in the chann...

Страница 27: ...e supports the following trigger sources Software trigger A software trigger event occurs when you start the analog input operation the computer issues a write to the module to begin conversions Using...

Страница 28: ...re available the operation stops This wrap mode guarantees gap free data Multiple Data is written to multiple allocated input buffers continuously if no more empty buffers are available the module ove...

Страница 29: ...set binary notation For example assume that the software returns a code of 3072 for the analog input value Determine the analog input voltage as follows CodeOffset Binary CodeTwos Complement XOR 2N 1...

Страница 30: ...s The KUSB 3100 module provides two analog output channels DACs The module can output data from a single analog output channel or from both analog output channels The following subsections describe ho...

Страница 31: ...ous for the D A subsystem refer to page 18 for more information on continuous analog output operations Output Resolution The KUSB 3100 module provides a fixed output resolution of 12 bits Note that th...

Страница 32: ...ls are simultaneously updated Output Conversion Modes The KUSB 3100 module supports the following output conversion modes Single value output operations described on this page Continuous output operat...

Страница 33: ...lue for DAC1 and so on When it receives the software trigger the module starts writing output values to the analog output channels specified in the output channel list The operation repeats continuous...

Страница 34: ...ify one of the following buffer wrap modes in software None Data is written from multiple output buffers continuously when no more buffers of data are available the continuous output operation stops T...

Страница 35: ...Vout Offset LSB CodeTwos Complement CodeOffset Binary XOR 2N 1 where FSR is the full scale range 20 V N is the input resolution 12 bits LSB is the least significant bit 0 0048828 Vout is the analog v...

Страница 36: ...It is up to the host application to handle this error either by ignoring it or by stopping the output operation To avoid this error try slowing down the output frequency increasing the output buffer s...

Страница 37: ...Open Layers you can specify the digital line that you want to read or write in a single value digital I O operation Refer to page 24 for more information about single value operations A digital line i...

Страница 38: ...For a single value operation use software to specify digital input port A or digital output port A the gain is ignored Data is then read from or written to the digital lines associated with that port...

Страница 39: ...cycles described on page 27 and C T operation modes described on page 28 C T Channels The KUSB 3100 module provides one 32 bit counter timer 16 bits in rate generation mode The counter accepts a C T c...

Страница 40: ...xternal and specify a clock divider between 2 and 65536 to determine the actual frequency at which to pace the counter timer operation For example if you connect a 6 MHz external C T clock and use a c...

Страница 41: ...gnal In software this is called a high edge gate type Note that this gate type is used for edge to edge measurement operations refer to page 30 for more information about these modes Pulse Duty Cycles...

Страница 42: ...on Counter 0 In when the gate is active high level gate or software gate Refer to page 26 for information about specifying the active gate type You can count a maximum of 4 294 967 296 events before...

Страница 43: ...are using a known pulse for the duration specify the active gate in software high level or low level When the operation starts read the number of counts that occurred when the gate was active You can...

Страница 44: ...er rolls over to 0 and starts counting again You can use edge to edge measurement to measure the following characteristics of a signal Pulse width The amount of time that a signal pulse is in a high o...

Страница 45: ...outputs a high to low going pulse with a pulse width of 50 continuously As soon as the operation is disabled rate generation stops The period of the output pulse is determined by the C T clock source...

Страница 46: ...Chapter 2 32...

Страница 47: ...33 3 Supported Device Driver Capabilities...

Страница 48: ...e lists the subsystem types The first column in the table lists all possible subsystem capabilities A description of each capability is followed by the parameter used to describe that capability in th...

Страница 49: ...C_SUP_CONTINUOUS_PRETRIG Continuous Operation before and after Trigger Event OLSSC_SUP_CONTINUOUS_ ABOUTTRIG DT Connect Support OLSSC_SUP_DTCONNECT Continuous DT Connect Support OLSSC_SUP_DTCONNECT_ C...

Страница 50: ...INGLEDMA Supports Gap Free Data with Dual DMA OLSSC_SUP_GAPFREE_DUALDMA Triggered Scan Mode Triggered Scan Support OLSSC_SUP_TRIGSCAN Maximum Number of CGL Scans per Trigger OLSSC_MAXMULTISCAN 1 0 0 0...

Страница 51: ...es Yes Random Channel Gain List Support OLSSC_SUP_RANDOM_CGL Yes Simultaneous Sample and Hold Support OLSSC_SUP_SIMULTANEOUS_SH Channel List Inhibit Support OLSSC_SUP_CHANNELLIST_ INHIBIT Gain Program...

Страница 52: ...Support OLSSC_SUP_FILTERPERCHAN Number of Filters OLSSC_NUMFILTERS 1 1 1 1 0 Ranges Number of Voltage Ranges OLSSC_NUMRANGES 1c 1 0 0 0 Range per Channel Support OLSSC_SUP_RANGEPERCHANNEL Resolution...

Страница 53: ...mer Event Trigger Support OLSSC_SUP_TIMEREVENTTRIG Number of Extra Triggers OLSSC_NUMEXTRATRIGGERS 1g 0 0 0 0 Clocks Internal Clock Support OLSSC_SUP_INTCLOCK Yes Yes Yes External Clock Support OLSSC_...

Страница 54: ...SUP_CTMODE_RATE Yes One Shot Mode Support OLSSC_SUP_CTMODE_ONESHOT Repetitive One Shot Mode Support OLSSC_SUP_CTMODE_ONESHOT_ RPT Up Down Counting Mode Support OLSC_SUP_CTMODE_UP_DOWN Edge to Edge Mea...

Страница 55: ...s Low Edge Gate Type Support OLSSC_SUP_GATE_LOW_EDGE Yes Level Change Gate Type Support OLSSC_SUP_GATE_LEVEL High Level Gate Type with Input Debounce Support OLSSC_SUP_GATE_HIGH_LEVEL_ DEBOUNCE Low Le...

Страница 56: ...le supports a fixed A D and D A resolution of 12 bits e The resolution of the digital input port port A is fixed at 8 bits or eight digital input lines The resolution of the digital output port port A...

Страница 57: ...Value Operations 45 Continuous A D Operations 47 Continuous D A Operations 49 Event Counting Operations 51 Frequency Measurement Operations 53 Edge to Edge Measurement Operations 55 Pulse Output Opera...

Страница 58: ...ustration purposes the DataAcq SDK functions are shown however the concepts apply to all DT Open Layers software Note that many steps represent several substeps if you are unfamiliar with the detailed...

Страница 59: ...10 V For the A D and D A subsystems set the data flow to OLSSC_SUP_2SCOMP for twos complement data encoding using olDaSetEncoding For the A D and D A subsystems set the channel type to OLSSC_SUP_SING...

Страница 60: ...minate the session using olDaTerminate Yes Continued from previous page For the A D subsystem read a single analog input value from channel 0 to 7 using the specified gain 1 2 4 or 8 For the DIN subsy...

Страница 61: ...DaSetDataFlow Go to the next page Specify OL_DF_CONTINUOUS the default value Set the data flow to OLSSC_SUP_2SCOMP for twos complement data encoding using olDaSetEncoding Set the channel type to OLSSC...

Страница 62: ...essages and buffers see page 65 Stop the operation see page 70 Clean up the operation see page 71 Start the operation with olDaStart Continued from previous page After you configure the subsystem you...

Страница 63: ...NUOUS with olDaSetDataFlow Continuous mode is the default setting Set the data flow to OLSSC_SUP_2SCOMP for twos complement data encoding using olDaSetEncoding Set the channel type to OLSSC_SUP_SINGLE...

Страница 64: ...page 64 Configure the subsystem using olDaConfig Deal with messages and buffers see page 65 Stop the operation see page 70 Clean up the operation see page 71 Start the operation with olDaStart Continu...

Страница 65: ...xt page Configure the subsystem using olDaConfig Specify C T subsystem element 0 Specify the gate type as high level OL_GATE_HIGH_LEVEL or software OL_GATE_NONE using olDaSetGateType Specify the clock...

Страница 66: ...ng olDaStart Read the events counted using olDaReadEvents Stop the operation see page 70 Release the device driver and terminate the session with olDaTerminate Continued from previous page Get update...

Страница 67: ...lDaGetDASS Initialize the device driver and get the device handle with olDaInitialize Specify the mode as OL_CTMODE_ COUNT using olDaSetCTMode Go to the next page Specify C T subsystem element 0 Speci...

Страница 68: ...surement operation using olDaMeasureFrequency Measure done message returned Yes No Message is in the form OLDA_WM_MEASURE_DONE Use the LongtoFreq IParam macro to get the measured frequency value float...

Страница 69: ...bsystem using olDaConfig Specify the start edge using olDaSetMeasureStartEdge Specify the clock source as OL_CLK_INTERNAL using olDaSetClockSource Specify the stop edge using olDaSetMeasureStopEdge Sp...

Страница 70: ...Release each subsystem with olDaReleaseDASS Event done message returned Yes No Message is in the form OLDA_WM_EVENT_DONE Note that if you want to perform another edge to edge measurement you can call...

Страница 71: ...cify OL_CLK_INTERNAL using olDaSetClockSource No Specify a clock divider between 2 the default and 65536 Specify the clock divider using olDaSetExternalClockDivider Specify OL_CLK_EXTERNAL using olDaS...

Страница 72: ...art the operation using olDaStart Release the device driver and terminate the session with olDaTerminate Release each subsystem with olDaReleaseDASS Specify the mode using olDaSetCTMode Specify the ou...

Страница 73: ...e start list using olDaPutDassToSSList Prestart the subsystems on the simultaneous start list with olDaSimultaneousPreStart Allocate a simultaneous start list using olDaGetSSList See the previous flow...

Страница 74: ...taneous Operations cont Deal with messages see page 65 for analog input operations see page 68 for analog output operations Stop the operation see page 70 Clean up the operation see page 71 Continued...

Страница 75: ...channels in the A D or D A channel list For the A D subsystem channels 0 to 7 are available you can specify up to 16 channels in the channel gain list For the D A subsystem channels 0 and 1 are avail...

Страница 76: ...internal clock olDaSetClockFrequency Use to specify the frequency of the internal clock For the A D and D A subsystems values range from 30 Hz to 50 kHz The driver sets the actual frequency as closel...

Страница 77: ...number of samples each sample is 2 bytes olDmAllocBuffer Use to put the buffer on the ready queue olDaPutBuffer Use to specify the buffer wrap mode OL_WRP_NONE for guaranteed gap free operation OL_WR...

Страница 78: ...OL_WRP_NONE if buffers are not reused or OL_WRP_ MULTIPLE if all buffers are continuously reused olDaSetWrapMode Use to specify the window in which to post messages Fill the buffer Fill the buffers w...

Страница 79: ...returned No Yes Increment a counter if desired Queue message returned No Yes Report the condition The most likely error message is OLDA_WM_OVERRUN The buffer reused message is OLDA_WM_BUFFER_REUSED T...

Страница 80: ...l it again See the next page if you want to transfer data from an inprocess buffer Wait for message Yes Return to page 65 The buffer done message is OLDA_WM_BUFFER_DONE Use olDaGetBuffer to retrieve t...

Страница 81: ...ess Use to copy the data from the inprocess buffer to the allocated buffer for immediate processing Deal with messages and buffers The buffer into which inprocess data was copied was put onto the done...

Страница 82: ...if desired Queue done message returned No Yes Report the condition The most likely error messages include OLDA_WM_UNDERRUN and OLDA_WM_TRIGGER_ERROR The buffer reused message is OLDA_WM_BUFFER_REUSED...

Страница 83: ...Buffer to retrieve a buffer from the done queue and get a pointer to the buffer Buffer done message returned No Yes Use new data No Yes olDaGetBuffer Continued from previous page olDaPutBuffer IOcompl...

Страница 84: ...buffer is placed on the done queue No messages are generated In addition olDaReset reinitializes the subsystem to the driver s default state Stop in an orderly way olDaStop Waits until the last sample...

Страница 85: ...the number of buffers on the done queue olDaGetBuffer Use to retrieve each buffer on the done queue olDmFreeBuffer Use to free each buffer retrieved from the done queue More buffers to free Yes No olD...

Страница 86: ...Chapter 4 72...

Страница 87: ...73 5 Troubleshooting General Checklist 74 Service and Support 77...

Страница 88: ...t installation and configuration information available 3 Check that your system meets the requirements stated in the KUSB 3100 Getting Started Manual 4 Check that you have installed your hardware prop...

Страница 89: ...ing Check environmental and ambient temperature consult the module s specifications on page 97 of this manual and the documentation provided by your computer manufacturer for more information Electric...

Страница 90: ...while the transducers are wired as single ended inputs or vice versa Check your wiring and ensure that what you specify in software matches your hardware configuration see the instructions in the KUS...

Страница 91: ...eithley com If you have difficulty using the KUSB 3100 module Keithley s Technical Support Department is available to provide technical assistance For the most efficient service complete the form on p...

Страница 92: ...raphics adapter _____________________________ data bus _________________________ I have the following boards and applications installed in my system ____________________________ ______________________...

Страница 93: ...79 6 Calibration Using the KUSB 3100 Calibration Utility 81 Calibrating the Analog Input Subsystem 82 Calibrating the Analog Output Subsystem 85...

Страница 94: ...try on the KUSB 3100 modules every six months using the KUSB 3100 Calibration Utility Note Ensure that you installed the KUSB 3100 Device Driver prior to using the KUSB 3100 Calibration Utility Refer...

Страница 95: ...lder on your hard disk 2 Double click KUSB 3100 Calibration Exe in the program folder The main menu appears 3 Select the module to calibrate then click OK Once the KUSB 3100 Calibration Utility is run...

Страница 96: ...on method To auto calibrate the analog input subsystem perform the following steps 1 Select the A D Configuration tab of the KUSB 3100 Calibration Utility 2 Set the voltage supply on AD Ch0 to 0 V 3 C...

Страница 97: ...s applied to AD Ch0 and that A D Channel Select is set to Channel 0 The current voltage reading for this channel is displayed in the A D Value window b Adjust the offset by entering values between 0 a...

Страница 98: ...actory Settings to reset the A D calibration values to their original factory settings This process will undo any auto or manual calibration settings Once you have finished this procedure continue wit...

Страница 99: ...KUSB 3100 module 3 Adjust the offset by entering values between 0 and 63 in the DAC 0 Offset edit box or by clicking the up down buttons until the voltmeter reads 0 V 4 Connect an external precision v...

Страница 100: ...Chapter 6 86...

Страница 101: ...87 A Specifications...

Страница 102: ...r of gains 4 1 2 4 8 Resolution 12 bit Data encoding twos complement System accuracy to of FSR Gain 1 Gain 2 Gain 4 Gain 8 0 04 0 06 0 08 0 15 Input Range Gain 1 Gain 2 Gain 4 Gain 8 10 V 5 V 2 5 V 1...

Страница 103: ...s Sample and hold Aperture uncertainty Aperture delay 2 ns 200 ns Throughput 50 kHz ESD protection per spec Arc Contact 8 kV 4 kV Reference 2 5 V Monotonicity Yes Sample Clock Internal External Yes Ye...

Страница 104: ...monic Distortion 70 db 1 kHz Channel Crosstalk 74 db 1 kHz Maximum A D Pacer Clock Single Analog Input Throughput Multiple Analog Input Throughput 50 kHz 50 kHz a Very high input impedance minimizes a...

Страница 105: ...hannels 2 Resolution 12 bit Data encoding Twos Complement Nonlinearity 0 05 Differential nonlinearity 1 LSB Inherent quantizing error 1 LSB Output range 10 V Error Zero Gain 4 mV 0 2 Drift Zero bipola...

Страница 106: ...w rate 2 V s Glitch energy 1 V sec ESD protection per spec Arc Contact 8 kV 4 kV Monotonicity Yes Output Clock Internal External Yes No Trigger Source Internal External Yes No Table 4 D A Subsystem Sp...

Страница 107: ...n 8 out Number of ports 2 8 bit Input termination No Logic family TTL Logic sense Positive true Inputs Input type Input logic load High input voltage Low input voltage Low input current Level sensitiv...

Страница 108: ...dge measurement rate generation Resolution 32 bita Minimum pulse width minimum amount of time it takes a C T to recognize an input pulse 200 ns Logic family TTL Inputs Input logic load High input volt...

Страница 109: ...de Table 7 External Trigger Specifications Feature KUSB 3100 Specifications Input type Low level or falling edge sensitive Logic family TTL Inputs Input logic load High input voltage Low input voltage...

Страница 110: ...fications Feature KUSB 3100 Specifications Input type Rising edge sensitive Logic family TTL Inputs Input logic load Input termination High input voltage Low input voltage Low input current Level sens...

Страница 111: ...00 Specifications Power 5 V Enumeration Operation 100 mA 250 mA Physical Dimensions board Dimensions box with screw terminals and feet Weight board Weight box with screw terminals and feet 100 mm L x...

Страница 112: ...Appendix A 98...

Страница 113: ...99 B Connector Pin Assignments...

Страница 114: ...al Output 5 14 DAC 1 34 Digital Output 4 13 DAC 1 Return 33 Digital Output 3 12 DAC 0 32 Digital Output 2 11 DAC 0 Return 31 Digital Output 1 10 2 5 V Reference 30 Digital Output 0 9 Analog Ground 29...

Страница 115: ...101 C Reading from or Writing to the Digital Registers...

Страница 116: ...lines or write to the digital output lines quickly and do not want to use DT Open Layers to do this you can use the following API functions olReadReg described on page 103 olWriteReg described on pag...

Страница 117: ...escription Reads data directly from the digital registers of the module Parameters Name Description hDev A variable of type HDEV that specifies the handle to the device Name Description Address An uns...

Страница 118: ...I O lines where bits that have 0 values are input lines and bits that have 1 values are output lines If DIO_PORT_Data is specified for Address the value of the variable pointed to by pData represents...

Страница 119: ...tion Writes values directly to the digital registers of the module Parameters Name Description hDev A variable of type HDEV that specifies the handle to the device Name Description Address An unsigned...

Страница 120: ...ures the digital I O lines for input 0 or output 1 If DIO_PORT_Data is specified for Address the value specified for DataVal is the value that is written to the configured digital output lines Notes T...

Страница 121: ...esolution 17 single value operations 18 subsystem specifications 91 trigger 17 asynchronous operations 35 B base clock frequency 39 binary data encoding 38 buffers 35 63 64 cleaning up 71 dealing with...

Страница 122: ...gger 35 scan operations 12 continuous analog output 35 continuously paced 19 how to perform 49 conversion modes continuous scan mode 12 digital I O 24 single value analog input 11 single value analog...

Страница 123: ...alog input 15 65 analog output 22 68 event counting 28 40 how to perform 51 55 external clock 26 39 62 external clock divider maximum 39 minimum 40 external digital trigger 13 39 extra trigger 39 F fa...

Страница 124: ...N number of differential channels 38 DMA channels 36 extra clocks 39 filters 38 gains 37 I O channels 38 resolutions 38 single ended channels 38 voltage ranges 38 Nyquist Theorem 10 O OLDA_WM_BUFFER_...

Страница 125: ...ations 58 in single value operations 46 olDaReleaseSSList 71 olDaReset 70 olDaSetChannelListEntry 61 olDaSetChannelListSize 61 olDaSetChannelType in continuous A D operations 47 in continuous D A oper...

Страница 126: ...36 OLSSC_NUMEXTRACLOCKS 39 OLSSC_NUMEXTRATRIGGERS 39 OLSSC_NUMFILTERS 38 OLSSC_NUMGAINS 37 OLSSC_NUMRANGES 38 OLSSC_NUMRESOLUTIONS 38 OLSSC_SUP_2SCOMP 38 OLSSC_SUP_BINARY 38 OLSSC_SUP_BUFFERING 35 OL...

Страница 127: ...e width 27 30 40 Q Quick Data Acq 3 R random channel gain list 37 ranges analog input 9 analog output 17 number of 38 rate generation 31 40 resetting an operation 70 resolution analog input 8 analog o...

Страница 128: ...40 minimum 40 transferring data analog input 14 analog output 20 triggers 62 analog input 13 external 13 39 setting parameters for 62 software 13 17 39 specifications 95 troubleshooting procedure 74...

Страница 129: ...eithley Instruments Inc All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective companies A G R E A T E R M E A S U R E O F C O N F I D E N C E Keithley Instruments Inc Corporate Hea...

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