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7.2.3.3

Commented building structures

This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope
commercial roofs.

Comment

Structural drawing

Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around
conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local
leakage around the conduit or duct.

10553603;a2

Roof membrane inadequately sealed around roof
access hatch.

10553703;a2

Publ. No. 1557882 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006

7 – Introduction to building thermography

Содержание ThermaCAM B2

Страница 1: ...U ivatelsk p ru ka Gebruikershandleiding User s manual Benutzerhandbuch Manual del usuario Manuel de l utilisateur Manuale dell utente Manual do utilizador Felhas zn l i k zik nyv K ytt j n opas Betje...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...ist 4 System overview 5 Connecting system components 6 Introduction to building thermography 7 Tutorials 8 Camera overview 9 Camera program 10 Electrical power system 11 Maintenance cleaning 12 Troubl...

Страница 4: ......

Страница 5: ...Thermographic measurement techniques 16 History of infrared technology 17 Theory of thermography 18 Emissivity tables 19...

Страница 6: ......

Страница 7: ...ThermaCAM B2 User s manual Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Страница 8: ...ory Copyright FLIR Systems 2006 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer langu...

Страница 9: ...Pending Japan PCT SE01 00983 Application PCT PCT SE01 00984 Application PCT PCT SE02 00857 Application PCT PCT SE03 00307 Application PCT PCT SE 00 00739 Application PCT 0302837 0 Application Sweden 6...

Страница 10: ...Reg No Status Designation 29 233 400 Pending U S x Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Страница 11: ...building structures 22 7 2 3 4 Commented infrared images 24 7 2 4 Moisture detection 2 Commercial residential fa ades 24 7 2 4 1 General information 24 7 2 4 2 Commented building structures 26 7 2 4...

Страница 12: ...ut a spot 58 8 3 2 Laying out a measurement area 59 8 4 Working with alarms 59 8 4 1 Setting the reference temperature 60 8 4 2 Setting up a color alarm 60 8 4 2 1 Setting up a color alarm using the m...

Страница 13: ...nal battery charging 92 11 2 External battery charging 93 11 3 Battery safety warnings 95 12 Maintenance cleaning 95 12 1 Camera body cables accessories 95 12 2 Lenses 97 13 Troubleshooting 99 14 Tech...

Страница 14: ...y of infrared technology 141 18 Theory of thermography 141 18 1 Introduction 141 18 2 The electromagnetic spectrum 142 18 3 Blackbody radiation 143 18 3 1 Planck s law 144 18 3 2 Wien s displacement l...

Страница 15: ...a precision instrument and uses a very sensitive IR detector Pointing the camera towards highly intensive energy sources such as devices emitting laser radiation or reflections from such devices may a...

Страница 16: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 1 2 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 1 Warnings cautions...

Страница 17: ...he packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more or less items FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change s...

Страница 18: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 4 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 2 Important note about this manual...

Страница 19: ...ories The camera is very easy to use It is operated by using a few buttons which are con veniently placed on the camera allowing fingertip control of major functions A built in menu system also gives...

Страница 20: ...ted portable IR scanner for industrial applications predictive maintenance Model 750 1975 1st TV compatible system Model 525 1978 1st dual wavelength scanning system capable of real time analog record...

Страница 21: ...nality 2004 1st camera models specially designed for building thermography B1 B2 and B20 10401603 a3 Figure 3 3 LEFT FLIR Systems Thermovision Model 661 The photo is taken on May 30th 1969 at the dist...

Страница 22: ...s 10401303 a1 Figure 3 4 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 3 5 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 3 8 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 E...

Страница 23: ...10401503 a1 Figure 3 6 LEFT Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot for camera testing and calibration 3 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 3 Welcome...

Страница 24: ...features and specifications have changed since the time of printing Please let us know about any errors you find as well as your suggestions for future editions by sending an e mail to documentation...

Страница 25: ...ged items must be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately Qty Part Number Description 1 1 195 106 Battery 1 1 195 221 Hand strap 1 1 120 987 Lens cap for camera body 1 1557882 Op...

Страница 26: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 12 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 4 Packing list...

Страница 27: ...System overview This system overview shows all accessories that are possible to order for a Therma CAM B2 10396703 a4 Figure 5 1 System overview 5 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Страница 28: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 5 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 5 System overview...

Страница 29: ...gure 6 1 How to connect system components Figure 6 2 Explanations of callouts Explanation Callout Power supply cable 11 16 VDC 1 USB RS 232 cable 2 Video cable CVBS i e composite video 3 6 Publ No 155...

Страница 30: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 6 16 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 6 Connecting system components...

Страница 31: ...n 0 85 and 0 95 Setting the emissivity value in the camera to 0 90 can be regarded as a good starting point An infrared inspection alone should never be used as a decision point for further actions Al...

Страница 32: ...y levels above 50 can provide sufficient moisture to enable mold to grow 10556003 a1 Figure 7 2 Microscopic view of mold spore 7 2 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration insulation deficienc...

Страница 33: ...er remaining from firefighting As a non destructive detection method using an infrared camera has a number of advantages over other methods and a few disadvantages Disadvantage Advantage The method on...

Страница 34: ...d in the table below from SPIE Thermosense Proceedings Vol 371 1982 p 177 Cause 47 6 Poor workmanship 2 6 Roof traffic 16 7 Poor design 7 8 Trapped moisture 8 0 Materials 8 4 Age weathering Potential...

Страница 35: ...Comment Structural drawing Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct 10553603 a2 Roof membrane inadequately sealed a...

Страница 36: ...When the surface itself is dry including any gravel or ballast a sunny day will warm the entire roof Early in the evening if the sky is clear the roof will begin to cool down by radiation Because of...

Страница 37: ...its temperature decreas es slower than surrounding areas 10554003 a1 Water damaged roofing components and insula tion identified from infrared scan from the under side of the built up roof on a struc...

Страница 38: ...st cuts 7 2 4 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on commercial and residential fa ades Comment Structural drawing Pelting rain penetrates...

Страница 39: ...then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion 10554503 a2 Rain splashes on the fa ade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption which eventu ally leads to frost erosion...

Страница 40: ...alconies 7 2 5 1 General information Although there are differences in design materials and construction decks plaza decks courtyard decks etc suffer from the same moisture and leaking problems as low...

Страница 41: ...omment Structural drawing Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet leading to leakage during rain 10555203 a2 No flashing at deck to wall connection leading to rain penetrating the concr...

Страница 42: ...oncrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement SECURITY RISK 10555003 a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall SECURITY...

Страница 43: ...resulted in standing water between the structural concrete deck and the plaza wearing surface 10555403 a1 7 2 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks leaks 7 2 6 1 General information Water from plumbi...

Страница 44: ...ls inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured 10555503 a1 Water from plumbing leak was found to have mi grated farther than originally anticipated by the contractor duri...

Страница 45: ...the path of a seri ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor which is completely hidden within the wall 10555703 a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles 10555803 a...

Страница 46: ...49 ft s are usually noticed by inhabitants although these air flows may be difficult to detect using ordinary measurement devices On an infrared image air infiltration can be identified by its typica...

Страница 47: ...air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice 10552303 a2 Air infiltration in a concrete floor over crawl space due to cracks in the brick wall fa ade The air infiltration enters the room b...

Страница 48: ...ration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern 10552703 a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern The white area to the left is a radiator 1055280...

Страница 49: ...of the following parts in a building structure which may look like insulation deficiencies on the infrared image Wooden joists studs rafter beams Steel girders and steel beams Water piping inside wall...

Страница 50: ...of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image 10553103 a2 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts creating an air pocket on the outside of...

Страница 51: ...deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 10553303 a1 Improperly installed fib...

Страница 52: ...ntermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 10553503 a1 7 38 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN Feb...

Страница 53: ...mised prop erties is provided by means of laboratory tests Completed buildings have to be checked and inspected in order to ensure that their intended insulation and airtightness functions are actuall...

Страница 54: ...g is to find out about the function of various types of structures so that they can be designed to take into account both working methods and functional requirements The designer must also know how di...

Страница 55: ...e effects of testing and checking a building s thermal insulation Investigations have shown that defects found in the thermal insulation and airtightness of buildings cause heat losses that are about...

Страница 56: ...are that there are building defects or problems typically moisture problems that only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun For more information about moisture detection s...

Страница 57: ...erature in adjacent areas of the wall The result is that a cooled surface area with a characteristic shape develops on the inside surface of the wall Thermography can be used to detect cooled surface...

Страница 58: ...sure against the surface The magnitude of this static pressure is determined by amongst other things the shape of the surface and its angle to the wind direction The portion of the dynamic pressure th...

Страница 59: ...the figure on page 46 The wind therefore causes an internal negative pressure on the windward side and an internal positive pressure on the leeward side The air pressure indoors depends on the wind c...

Страница 60: ...tilation Research has showed that the negative pressure caused by mechanical extraction kitchen fans in small houses is usually between 5 and 10 Pa Where there is mechanical extraction of ventilation...

Страница 61: ...temperature outdoors in K Tu Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K Ti Distance from the neutral zone in meters h If u 1 29 kg m3 density of air at a temperature of 273 K and 100 kPa this pro duc...

Страница 62: ...are in the lower part of the building the neutral zone will move downwards If more of the leaks are in the upper part it will move upwards Where a chimney opens above the roof this has a considerable...

Страница 63: ...or ambient temperature should not change by more than 2 C 3 6 F For a number of hours prior before thermographic imaging and as long as it con tinues no influencing sunlight may fall upon the relevant...

Страница 64: ...he conditions under which the field mea surement was taken An infrared image of the building element under investigation is then compared with the selected infrared image Any deviation that cannot be...

Страница 65: ...water a certain volume of air can hold at a certain temperature while absolute humidity is expressed in percent water by weight of material The latter way to express humidity is common when measuring...

Страница 66: ...volume of air at a temperature of 30 C 86 F is 40 RH Amount of water in 1 m3 35 31 ft3 of air at 30 C 30 44 Rel Humidity 30 44 0 40 12 18 g 187 96 gr 7 3 7 2 Definition of dew point Dew point can be r...

Страница 67: ...quires substantial training and experience and may require certification from a national or regional stan dardization body This section is provided only as an introduction to building thermography The...

Страница 68: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 7 54 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography...

Страница 69: ...compartment 1 Press PWR NO to switch on the camera 2 8 1 2 Switching off the camera Action Step To switch off the camera press and hold down PWR NO until the message Shutting down appears Briefly pres...

Страница 70: ...press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera 2 Briefly pressing SAVE FRZ will display a confirmation box To save the image press YES To leave the confirmation box without...

Страница 71: ...ss MENU YES to delete one or several images 3 8 2 5 Opening an image Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press the MENU YES 2 Point...

Страница 72: ...spot by pressing the navigation pad left right or up down 4 The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD 5 8 3 2 Laying out a measurement area The camera needs a warm up time o...

Страница 73: ...the internal buffer the oldest sample will be discarded and a new reference temperature will be calculated on the fly Using an alarm that takes into account the reference temperature means that an al...

Страница 74: ...navigation pad left right Above Below 4 For Alarm output select Color only by pressing the navigation pad left right 5 Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left right You can also cha...

Страница 75: ...pdate ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box 7 8 4 4 Setting up an audible alarm Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to Meas mode and press YE...

Страница 76: ...vel see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 82 8 5 2 Changing span Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and p...

Страница 77: ...d left right to change the temperature unit 4 Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box 5 8 6 3 Changing date format Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1...

Страница 78: ...l menu bar 1 Point to Date time on the Setup menu and press MENU YES 2 Press the navigation pad up down to select year month day hour minute and second 3 Press the navigation pad left right to change...

Страница 79: ...Removing an IR lens will expose very sensitive camera parts Do not touch any exposed parts Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure below Trying to remove the len...

Страница 80: ...in figure 8 1 on page 65 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens Action Step To adjust the focus rotate the focus ring clock wise or counter clock wise 1 8 7 3 In...

Страница 81: ...he front end of the camera 2 Replace the lid of the battery compartment 3 8 7 3 2 Removing the battery 10396503 a2 Figure 8 4 Removing the battery Action Step Remove the lid of the battery compartment...

Страница 82: ...For more information about the battery system see section 11 Electrical power system on page 89 8 68 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials...

Страница 83: ...ew 9 1 Camera parts 10308903 a5 Figure 9 1 Camera parts front view Description of part Callout LCD 1 2 Lid of the battery compartment 3 Ring for hand strap 4 9 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN Febr...

Страница 84: ...and the image center will vary by the target distance Laser LocatIR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly i...

Страница 85: ...3 a4 Figure 9 2 Camera parts view from below Description of part Callout Tripod mount 1 Trigger 2 Lid of the battery compartment 3 9 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 71 9 Camera ov...

Страница 86: ...s functions on page 73 2 Navigation pad For more information about the functionality of the navigation pad see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 73 3 LED indicator 4 MENU YES button For mor...

Страница 87: ...og boxes Press MENU YES to display the graphics if you have previously selected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar MENU YES button Press PWR NO when the camera is switched off to switch on the cam...

Страница 88: ...ser LocatIR Autoadjust the camera Update ref temp The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the Settings dialog box For more information about trigger settings see section 10 4 8...

Страница 89: ...D to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatIR should always be protected by the lens cap For more information about t...

Страница 90: ...en light Battery charging in standby mode Flashing green light 0 25 sec switched on 0 25 sec switched off Battery charging in power on mode Flashing green light 3 sec switched on 0 06 sec switched off...

Страница 91: ...in the result table Explanation Icon Spot Area maximum temperature Max Area minimum temperature Min Area average temperature Color alarm above 1 Color alarm below 1 The symbol indicates uncertain res...

Страница 92: ...me Please wait Message is displayed when the software is restarted i e after Fac tory default Restarting Message is displayed while an image is being saved Saving as 10 2 2 Warning messages Warning me...

Страница 93: ...ay the cursor again When an object is selected you can use the navigation pad to change its value or where applicable change its position 10 3 2 Examples of selected screen objects 10383303 a4 Figure...

Страница 94: ...wn at this stage to increase decrease the color alarm temperature 10383803 a3 Figure 10 7 A selected emissivity field Press the navigation pad up down at this stage to increase decrease the emissivity...

Страница 95: ...e Label Select None to disable the measurement mode Select Spot to lay out a spot where the temper ature of the spot will be displayed in the result table Select Area max to lay out an area on the scr...

Страница 96: ...t right This label is only available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box N A Delta alarm For information purposes only The reference temperature is calculated an...

Страница 97: ...missivity table and select a value from the table press Emissivity table To change the parameters for the dew point alarm enter a value for atmospheric temperature T Atmosphere and relative humidity R...

Страница 98: ...on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to hide all graphics currently displayed on the screen To display the graphics again either Point to Show graphics on the menu or Briefly press SEL or Brief...

Страница 99: ...PG images can be saved 10 4 8 Setup 10383003 a4 Figure 10 15 Setup menu 10 4 8 1 Settings 10382003 a4 Figure 10 16 Settings dialog box Figure 10 17 Explanations of the Settings dialog box Explanation...

Страница 100: ...ct Low to set the LCD intensity to the lowest level Select Medium to set the LCD intensity to medium level Select High to set the LCD intensity to the highest level Low intensity of the LCD Medium Hig...

Страница 101: ...m 12 p m 1 24 The format depends on the settings in the Local Settings dialog box Hour 00 59 Minute 00 59 Second 10 4 8 3 Local settings 10567103 a2 Figure 10 20 Local settings dialog box Figure 10 2...

Страница 102: ...e format 10 4 8 4 Camera info The camera info panel shows information about memory usage battery status serial numbers software revisions etc No changes can be made 10 4 8 5 Factory default Point to F...

Страница 103: ...he battery compart ment automatically be charged You can still use the camera during charging Please note the following The camera is shipped with charged batteries To increase the battery life the ba...

Страница 104: ...e removable battery gives an operation time of approx 1 5 2 hours When Battery low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery The operation time of the camera when run on a battery is...

Страница 105: ...ed into the camera 1 Connect the power cable to the camera 2 While charging the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully charged When the battery is fully charged the battery symbol...

Страница 106: ...ts Color mode LED indicator no Situation Fixed red light 1 The charger is under power but no battery is inserted Fixed green light 1 The charger is under power and a battery is inserted Flashing green...

Страница 107: ...ediately seek medical care If left untreated the battery fluid could cause damage to the eye When charging the battery only use a specified battery charger Do not attach the batteries to a power suppl...

Страница 108: ...be discharged is 15 45 C 18 8 113 F Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy 11 94 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGL...

Страница 109: ...l alcohol C2H5OH may be used to clean the lenses The lenses should be wiped once with the solution then the cotton wool should be discarded If ethyl alcohol is unavailable DEE i e ether diethylether C...

Страница 110: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 12 96 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 12 Maintenance cleaning...

Страница 111: ...rly plugged in into a mains supply Verify that the mains cable is properly plugged in If you are using the power supply the mains cable may not be properly plugged in into the power supply Change the...

Страница 112: ...appears Verify that the video connec tor is properly inserted The video cable connector may not be properly inserted into the video connector on the external monitor Change the video format The camer...

Страница 113: ...5 13 m Spectral range 14 2 Image presentation 2 5 color LCD 16 bit colors Display Composite video CVBS ITU R BT 470 PAL SMPTE 170M NTSC Video output 14 3 Laser LocatIR Class 2 Classification Semicond...

Страница 114: ...MC standards depend on the three digit camera type number One or more of the following standards apply EN 61000 6 3 2001 EN 61000 6 2 2001 EN 50081 2 emission EN 50082 2 immunity FCC 47 CFR Part 15 B...

Страница 115: ...s side Figure 14 2 Pin configuration Signal name Pin USB 1 RS 232_TX 2 GND 3 N C 4 USB POWER 5 USB 6 N C 7 RS 232_RX 8 14 8 2 Power connector 10402503 a1 Figure 14 3 Pin configuration for power connec...

Страница 116: ...10402503 a1 Figure 14 4 Pin configuration for CVBS connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis RCA PHONO Connector type Pin number Type Signal name CENTER PIN VIDEO CVBS CHASSIS POWER...

Страница 117: ...re 14 5 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN...

Страница 118: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 14 104 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Tec...

Страница 119: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 105 14 Tec...

Страница 120: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 14 106 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Tec...

Страница 121: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 107 14 Te...

Страница 122: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 14 108 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Te...

Страница 123: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 109 14 Te...

Страница 124: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 14 110 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Te...

Страница 125: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 111 14 Te...

Страница 126: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 14 112 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Te...

Страница 127: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 113 14 Te...

Страница 128: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 14 114 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Te...

Страница 129: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 115 14 Te...

Страница 130: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 14 116 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Te...

Страница 131: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 117 14 Te...

Страница 132: ...l and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 14 118 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Te...

Страница 133: ...and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 119 14 Te...

Страница 134: ...mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Figure 14 23 F number and close focus limits for various lenses 9 2 mm 17 mm 36 mm IR lens 0 01 0 30 0 70 Close focus limit m 0 03 0 98 2 30 Close focus lim...

Страница 135: ...a dimensional drawings 10384503 a4 Figure 14 24 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 36 mm IR lens 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 121 14 Technical specifications dimensiona...

Страница 136: ...10384603 a4 Figure 14 25 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 17 mm IR lens 14 122 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 137: ...10384703 a4 Figure 14 26 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 9 2 mm IR lens 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 123 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 138: ...tery charger dimensional drawing 10387403 a4 Figure 14 27 Overall dimensions of the battery charger 14 124 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional...

Страница 139: ...4 12 Battery dimensional drawing 10387503 a4 Figure 14 28 Overall dimensions of the battery 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 125 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 140: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 14 126 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 141: ...ed to calibrate IR cameras blackbody radiator A transmission value computed from the tempera ture the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object calculated atmospheric transmission A bott...

Страница 142: ...field of view A measure of the geo metrical resolution of an IR camera IFOV A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabiliz ing the camera image...

Страница 143: ...element One single spot in an image pixel Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m2 sr radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiant p...

Страница 144: ...ral radiant emittance The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody tem peratures that limit the current calibration...

Страница 145: ...ty of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 16 2 Emissivity The most important object paramet...

Страница 146: ...method Action Step Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 16 1 1 Reflection source 1 If the reflection source is a spot source...

Страница 147: ...does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 16 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector me...

Страница 148: ...n 4 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 5 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 6 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 7 Measure the temperature of...

Страница 149: ...e of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation...

Страница 150: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 16 136 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 16 Thermographic measurement techniques...

Страница 151: ...t he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that woul...

Страница 152: ...se of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting...

Страница 153: ...he heat from a person standing 3 meters away 10 ft The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous a...

Страница 154: ...able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the...

Страница 155: ...e all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 Figure 18 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radi...

Страница 156: ...presents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for a...

Страница 157: ...he radiation emitted from a blackbody 18 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 18 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a black...

Страница 158: ...law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to and finding the maximum we have This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that...

Страница 159: ...trogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 m in the extreme infrared wavelengths 10327203 a3 Figure 18 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales f...

Страница 160: ...formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m2 we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for...

Страница 161: ...implifies to Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definiti...

Страница 162: ...the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 10401203 a1 Figure 18 8 Spectral radiant emittance of...

Страница 163: ...o the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the pro...

Страница 164: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 18 150 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography...

Страница 165: ...Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 6 Vlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at 5 m Photogrammetr...

Страница 166: ...ongly Aluminum 1 0 04 0 06 T 50 100 polished Aluminum 2 0 05 T 100 polished sheet Aluminum 4 0 05 T 100 polished plate Aluminum 3 0 28 3 m 27 roughened Aluminum 3 0 18 10 m 27 roughened Aluminum 1 0 0...

Страница 167: ...00 oxidized Brass 1 0 59 0 61 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Brass 1 0 03 T 200 polished Brass 2 0 03 T 100 polished highly Brass 2 0 20 T 20 rubbed with 80 grit emery Brass 1 0 06 T 20 sheet rolled Bras...

Страница 168: ...radiating Brick 1 0 66 T 1230 silica 95 SiO2 Brick 1 0 29 T 1500 sillimanite 33 SiO2 64 Al2O3 Brick 5 0 87 SW 17 waterproof Brick 9 0 06 LW 70 phosphor bronze Bronze 9 0 08 SW 70 phosphor bronze Bronz...

Страница 169: ...l ished Copper 1 0 13 0 15 T 1100 1300 molten Copper 1 0 6 0 7 T 50 oxidized Copper 4 0 78 T 27 oxidized black Copper 2 0 78 T 20 oxidized heavily Copper 1 0 88 T oxidized to black ness Copper 1 0 02...

Страница 170: ...carefully Gold 2 0 02 T 100 polished highly Gold 8 0 849 LLW 20 polished Granite 8 0 879 LLW 21 rough Granite 9 0 77 0 87 LW 70 rough 4 different samples Granite 9 0 95 0 97 SW 70 rough 4 different s...

Страница 171: ...polished Iron and steel 1 0 24 T 20 freshly worked with emery Iron and steel 1 0 55 0 61 T 950 1100 ground sheet Iron and steel 2 0 69 T 20 heavily rusted sheet Iron and steel 1 0 77 T 20 hot rolled...

Страница 172: ...250 wrought carefully polished Iron and steel 9 0 85 LW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 9 0 64 SW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 4 0 07 T 92 sheet Iron galvanized 1 0 23 T 30 sheet burnished...

Страница 173: ...0 4 T Lime 4 0 07 T 22 Magnesium 4 0 13 T 260 Magnesium 4 0 18 T 538 Magnesium 2 0 07 T 20 polished Magnesium 1 0 86 T Magnesium pow der 1 0 08 0 13 T 600 1000 Molybdenum 1 0 19 0 26 T 1500 2200 Moly...

Страница 174: ...l 4 0 11 T 22 electroplated on iron unpolished Nickel 2 0 37 T 200 oxidized Nickel 4 0 37 T 227 oxidized Nickel 4 0 85 T 1227 oxidized Nickel 1 0 37 0 48 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Nickel 4 0 045 T 1...

Страница 175: ...0 96 SW 20 oil gray gloss Paint 1 0 92 0 96 T 100 oil various colors Paint 2 0 94 T 100 oil based average of 16 colors Paint 6 0 95 SW 20 plastic black Paint 6 0 84 SW 20 plastic white Paint 9 0 92 0...

Страница 176: ...ed circ board Plastic 9 0 55 LW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 29 SW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 93 LW 70 PVC plastic floor dull structured Plastic 9 0 94 SW 70 PVC plasti...

Страница 177: ...02 0 03 T 200 600 pure polished Silver 2 0 98 T 32 human Skin 1 0 97 0 93 T 0 100 boiler Slag 1 0 89 0 78 T 200 500 boiler Slag 1 0 76 0 70 T 600 1200 boiler Slag 1 0 69 0 67 T 1400 1800 boiler Slag S...

Страница 178: ...T 20 50 burnished Tin 2 0 07 T 100 tin plated sheet iron Tin 1 0 40 T 200 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 50 T 500 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 60 T 1000 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 15 T 200 poli...

Страница 179: ...w Water 5 0 98 SW 17 Wood 8 0 962 LLW 19 Wood 1 0 5 0 7 T ground Wood 9 0 81 0 89 LW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 9 0 67 0 75 SW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 1 0 8 0 9 T 20 planed Wood 2 0 90...

Страница 180: ...6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 04 0 05 T 200 300 polished Zinc 1 0 20 T 50 sheet Zinc 19 166 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables...

Страница 181: ...atic adjust command 82 Auto power off label 86 B balconies 26 bands extreme infrared 141 far infrared 141 middle infrared 141 near infrared 141 battery 89 cover 69 71 in packing list 11 inserting 67 o...

Страница 182: ...ge 63 temperature unit 63 time format 63 temperature unit 63 time format 63 changing continued T Refl 83 visual alarm 61 charging battery externally 92 internally 91 checking effects of 40 cleaning ac...

Страница 183: ...ltage 99 electromagnetic spectrum 141 EMC 100 emissivity changing 83 data 151 explanation 131 tables 151 Emissivity command 83 dialog box 83 encapsulation 100 environmental specifications EMC 100 enca...

Страница 184: ...650 6 model 750 6 model 780 6 model P60 7 thermo electrically cooled first 6 Hour label 87 humidity 100 absolute 51 humidity continued relative 51 I image acquiring 56 deleting 57 freezing 56 opening...

Страница 185: ...laying out measurement area 58 laying out continued spot 58 LCD intensity label 86 LCD protection 1 86 leaks 29 external 19 internal 19 LED indicators on battery charger 92 legal disclaimer viii lens...

Страница 186: ...ra body 11 power supply 11 TrainIR CD 11 USB cable 11 packing list continued video cable 11 PAL CCIR 99 palette changing 84 Palette command 84 dialog box 84 part numbers 1 120 987 11 1 195 106 11 1 19...

Страница 187: ...s Dewar 140 Sir William Herschel 137 size 100 sources of disruption 41 span changing 62 82 specifications environmental EMC 100 encapsulation 100 humidity 100 operating temperature range 100 shock 100...

Страница 188: ...age 56 inserting battery 67 laying out area 58 spot 58 opening file 57 image 57 tutorials continued removing battery 67 lens 66 saving file 56 image 56 switching off camera 55 switching on camera 55 U...

Страница 189: ...working with camera continued removing continued lens 66 Y Year label 87 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 175 Index Y...

Страница 190: ...henstein near Basel From 1956 onwards freelance graphic artist in Z rich 1956 Eduard Hoffmann the director of the Haas sche Schriftgie erei commissions Miedinger to develop a new sans serif typeface 1...

Страница 191: ......

Страница 192: ...flirthermography com Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 E mail IRCanada flir com USA Primary sales service contact in USA Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flirthermography com Web www flirther...

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