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Signal

Description

Signal

Description

Open/close

control

buttons

Active if buttons I or 0 in the unit's

front panel are pressed.

Internal Relay Fault active

If the unit has an internal fault, this signal

is active.

Status

PushButton x

Status of Push Button 1...12 is ON

(Protection, control and

monitoring event signals)

(see the individual function description for

the specific outputs)

Status

PushButton x

Off

Status of Push Button 1...12 is

OFF

Always True/False

"Always false" is always "0". Always true is

always "1".

Forced SG in

use

Stage forcing in use

OUTx

Output contact statuses

SGx Active

Setting group 1...8 active

GOOSE INx

GOOSE input 1...64

Double

Ethernet LinkA

down

Double ethernet communication

card link A connection is down.

GOOSE INx quality

Quality of GOOSE input 1...64

Double

Ethernet LinkB

down

Double ethernet communication

card link B connection is down.

Logical Input x

Logical input 1...32

MBIO ModA

Ch x Invalid

Channel 1...8 of MBIO Mod A is

invalid

Logical Output x

Logical output 1...64

MBIO ModB

Ch x Invalid

Channel 1...8 of MBIO Mod B is

invalid

NTP sync alarm

If NTP time synchronization is lost, this

signal will be active.

MBIO ModB

Ch x Invalid

Channel 1...8 of MBIO Mod C is

invalid

Ph.Rotating Logic control

0=A-B-C, 1=A-C-B

Phase rotating order at the moment. If

true ("1") the phase order is reversed.

NOTE!

TE!

Digital channels are measured every 5 ms.

Recording settings and triggering

Disturbance recorder can be triggered manually or automatically by using the dedicated triggers. Every

signal listed in "Digital recording channels" can be selected to trigger the recorder.

The device has a maximum limit of 100 for the number of recordings. Even when the recordings are

very small, their number cannot exceed 100. The number of analog and digital channels together with

the sample rate and the time setting affect the recording size. See calculation examples below in the

section titled "Estimating the maximum length of total recording time".

Table. 5.5.6 - 132. Recorder control settings.

Name

Range

Step

Default

Description

Recorder

enabled

0: Enabled

1: Disabled

Enabled Enables and disables the disturbance recorder function.

Recorder

status

0: Recorder ready

1: Recording

triggered

2: Recording and

storing

3: Storing

recording

4: Recorder full

5: Wrong config

Indicates the status of recorder.

Q-S255

-S255

Instruction manual

Version: 2.06

183

Содержание AQ-S255

Страница 1: ...AQ S255 Bay control IED Instruction manual ...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...chrocheck ΔV Δa Δf 25 131 5 4 6 Milliampere output control 143 5 4 7 Programmable control switch 145 5 4 8 Analog input scaling curves 146 5 4 9 Logical outputs 149 5 4 10 Logical inputs 149 5 5 Monitoring functions 151 5 5 1 Current transformer supervision 151 5 5 2 Voltage transformer supervision 60 162 5 5 3 Circuit breaker wear 167 5 5 4 Fault locator 21FL 172 5 5 5 Total harmonic distortion T...

Страница 4: ...42 9 1 2 1 Auxiliary voltage 242 9 1 2 2 CPU communication ports 243 9 1 2 3 CPU digital inputs 244 9 1 2 4 CPU digital outputs 245 9 1 3 Option cards 245 9 1 3 1 Digital input module 245 9 1 3 2 Digital output module 246 9 1 3 3 Milliampere module mA out mA in 246 9 1 3 4 RTD input module 247 9 1 3 5 RS 232 serial fiber communication module 247 9 1 3 6 Double LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication mo...

Страница 5: ...he warranty obligations of the manufacturer Arcteq Relays Ltd The manufacturer expressly disclaims any and all liability for any damages and or losses caused due to a failure to comply with the instructions contained herein or caused by persons who do not fulfil the aforementioned requirements Furthermore the manufacturer shall not be liable for possible errors in this document Please note that yo...

Страница 7: ...ck diagram and application example with wiring Added General menu description Revision 2 01 Date 6 11 2019 Changes Added description for LED test and button test Added display sleep timer description Complete rewrite of every chapter Improvements to many drawings and formula images Order codes revised Added double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module and Double RJ45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet commu...

Страница 8: ...anel structure chapter Added note to Configuring user levels and passwords chapter that AQ 250 frame units generate a time stamped event from locking and unlocking user levels Added note to Configuring user levels and passwords chapter that user level with a password automatically locks itself after 30 minutes of inactivity Added more Tripped stage indications and fault types to Measurement value ...

Страница 9: ...escription parameter descriptions for digital inputs digital outputs logical inputs logical outputs and GOOSE inputs Added spare part codes and compatibilities to option cards 1 2 Version 1 revision notes Table 1 2 2 Version 1 revision notes Revision 1 00 Date 8 4 2015 Changes The first revision for AQ S255 Revision 1 01 Date 10 2 2017 Changes Order code updated Programmable stage description adde...

Страница 10: ...ent transformer supervision DG Distributed generation DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DI Digital input DO Digital output DOL Direct on line DR Disturbance recorder DT Definite time FF Fundamental frequency FFT Fast Fourier transform FTP File Transfer Protocol GI General interrogation HMI Human machine interface HR Holding register HV High voltage HW Hardware IDMT Inverse definite minimum ...

Страница 11: ...RMS Root mean square RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol RTD Resistance temperature detector RTU Remote terminal unit SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition SG Setting group SOTF Switch on to fault SW Software THD Total harmonic distortion TRMS True root mean square VT Voltage transformer VTM Voltage transformer module VTS Voltage transformer supervision A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual V...

Страница 12: ...ts please consult their respective device manuals AQ S255 may be applied to various types of control applications It comes with full current voltage power and energy measurement capabilities and there are up to eleven 11 option card slots available for additional I O or communication cards for more comprehensive monitoring and control applications The simple yet powerful logic programming tool fur...

Страница 13: ... with programmable legend texts 3 Three 3 object control buttons Choose the controllable object with the Ctrl Ctrl button and control the breaker or other object with the I I and the O O buttons 4 The L R L R button switches between the local and the remote control modes 5 Eight 8 buttons for IED local programming the four navigation arrows the Back Back and the OK OK buttons the Home Home and the...

Страница 14: ...button test menu It displays all the physical buttons on the front panel Pressing any of the listed buttons marks them as tested When all buttons are marked as having been tested the device will return back to the default view 4 2 Configuring user levels and their passwords As a factory default no user level is locked with a password in an IED In order to activate the different user levels click t...

Страница 15: ...levels are divided as follows User Can view any menus and settings but cannot change any settings nor operate breakers or other equipment Operator Can view any menus and settings but cannot change any settings BUT can operate breakers and other equipment Configurator Can change most settings such as basic protection pick up levels or time delays breaker control functions signal descriptions etc an...

Страница 16: ...25 Synchrocheck Table 5 1 5 Monitoring functions of AQ S255 Name IEC ANSI Description CTS Current transformer supervision VTS 60 Voltage transformer supervision DR Disturbance recorder FLX 21FL Fault locator THD Total harmonic distortion MR Measurement recorder VREC Measurement value recorder 5 2 Measurements 5 2 1 Current measurement and scaling The current measurement module CT module or CTM is ...

Страница 17: ...ng to its ratios This current is measured by the protection relay NOM NOM The nominal primary current of the protected object For the measurements to be correct the user needs to ensure that the measurement signals are connected to the correct inputs that the current direction is connected to the correct polarity and that the scaling is set according to the nominal values of the current transforme...

Страница 18: ...hase current transformers are 10 A 12 5 A 15 A 20 A 25 A 30 A 40 A 50 A 60 A and 75 A as well as their decimal multiples while the secondary current ratings are 1 A and 5 A Other non standard ratings can be directly connected as the scaling settings are flexible and have large ranges For example the ring core current transformer ratings may vary Ring core current transformers are commonly used for...

Страница 19: ...s to CT nominal Once the setting have been sent to the device relay calculates the scaling factors and displays them for the user The CT scaling factor P S describes the ratio between the primary current and the secondary current The per unit scaling factors Ipu scaling for both primary and secondary values are also displayed in this case they are the set primary and secondary currents of the CT I...

Страница 20: ...se current CTs are connected to the module via a Holmgren summing connection which requires the use of coarse residual current measurement settings the I01 CT settings are set according to the phase current CTs ratings 100 5 A Figure 5 2 1 6 Residual I01 CT scaling coarse The ring core CT is connected to the CTM directly which requires the use of sensitive residual current measurement settings the...

Страница 21: ...it system in the relay is scaled either to the CT nominal or to the object nominal making the settings input straightforward Example of zero sequence CT scaling Zero sequence CT scaling ZCT scaling is done when a zero sequence CT instead of a ring core CT is part of the measurement connection In such a case the zero sequence CT should be connected to the I02 channel which has lower CT scaling rang...

Страница 22: ...current amplitude in all phases does not match the injected current The scaling settings may be wrong check that the settings match with the connected current transformer Measurement Transformers Phase CT scaling Also check that the Scale meas to In is set accordingly If possible check the actual CTs and their ratings as there may have been a need to change the original plan The measured current a...

Страница 23: ...surement Phasors and check the Phase current vectors diagram When all connections are correct the diagram symmetric feeding should look like this See the following tables for the most common problems with phase polarity and network rotation mixed phases The following image presents the most common problems with phase polarity Problems with phase polarity are easy to find because the vector diagram...

Страница 24: ...problems can be difficult to find because the measurement result is always the same in the relay If two phases are mixed together the network rotation always follows the pattern IL1 IL3 IL2 and the measured negative sequence current is therefore always 1 00 in p u A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 22 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 25: ...IL2 Polarity 0 1 Invert 0 The selection of the second current measurement channel s IL2 polarity direction The default setting is for the positive current to flow from connector 3 to connector 4 with the secondary currents starpoint pointing towards the line IL3 Polarity 0 1 Invert 0 The selection of the third current measurement channel s IL3 polarity direction The default setting is for the posi...

Страница 26: ...flow from connector 9 to connector 10 CT scaling factor P S A relay feedback value the calculated scaling factor that is the ratio between the primary current and the secondary current Measurements The following measurements are available in the measured current channels Table 5 2 1 10 Per unit phase current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Phase current ILx Pha curr ILx In 0 000 1250...

Страница 27: ...up to 31st measurement in p u from the residual current channel I01 or I02 Peak to peak current I0x P P curr I0x In 0 00 500 00 0 01 The peak to peak current measurement in p u from the residual current channel I01 or I02 Table 5 2 1 15 Primary residual current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Primary residual current I0x Pri Res curr I0x A 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary RMS current...

Страница 28: ... current Table 5 2 1 19 Primary sequence current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Primary positive sequence current Pri Positivesequence curr A 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary measurement from the calculated positive sequence current Primary negative sequence current Pri Negative sequence curr A 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary measurement from the calculated negative sequence curren...

Страница 29: ...0 01 Displays the maximum harmonics value of the selected current input ILx or I0x Fundamental frequency Ixx fundamental A 0 00 100000 00 0 01 Displays the current value of the fundamental frequency RMS from the selected current input ILx or I0x Ixx harmonics 2nd 31st harmonic A 0 00 100000 00 0 01 Displays the selected harmonic from the current input ILx or I0x Current component measurements The ...

Страница 30: ... Current Pri A 100000 00 100000 00 0 01 The primary reactive current component measurement from each of the phase current channels Primary positive sequence resistive current Pos Seq Resistive Current Pri A 100000 00 100000 00 0 01 The primary resistive current component measurement from the positive sequence current channel Primary positive sequence reactive current Pos Seq Reactive Current Pri A...

Страница 31: ...easurement module VT module or VTM is used for measuring the voltages from voltage transformers The measured values are processed into the measurement database and they are used by measurement and protection functions the protection function availability depends of the relay type It is essential to understand the concept of voltage measurements to be able to get correct measurements Figure 5 2 2 1...

Страница 32: ...ment inputs It also shows the VT ratings In the figure below three line to neutral voltages are connected along with the zero sequence voltage therefore the 3LN U4 mode must be selected and the U4 channel must be set as U0 Other possible connections are presented later in this chapter Figure 5 2 2 14 Connections The following table presents the initial data of the connection Table 5 2 2 26 Initial...

Страница 33: ...the secondary voltage The per unit scaling factors VT scaling factor p u for both primary and secondary values are also displayed The triggering of a voltage protection stage can be based on one two or three voltages the Pick up terms setting at Protection Voltage protection stage menu Settings Fault loops are either line to line or line to neutral according to the Measured magnitude setting As a ...

Страница 34: ...easured the third one UL31 is calculated based on the UL12 and UL23 vectors When measuring line to line voltages the line to neutral voltages can also be calculated as long as the value of U0 is measured and known The voltage measurement channel U4 can also be used to measure either the zero sequence voltage U0 or the side 2 voltage of the circuit breaker Synchrocheck If the 2LL U3 U4 mode is sele...

Страница 35: ...nce voltage which has the same ratio 20 000 100 V Figure 5 2 2 19 Relay behavior when nominal voltage injected The image collection below presents the relay s behavior when voltage is injected into the relay via secondary test equipment during an earth fault The measurement mode is 3LN U4 which means that the relay is measuring line to neutral voltages The VT scaling has been set to 20 000 100 V T...

Страница 36: ...ction device or the VTs and the relay The measured voltage amplitudes are OK but the angles are strange The voltage unbalance protection trips immediately after activation The earth fault protection trips immediately after it is activated and voltage calculated The voltages are connected to the measurement module but the order or polarity of one or all phases is incorrect In relay settings go to M...

Страница 37: ...s SS VT primary 1 1000000V 0 1V 20000 0V The primary nominal voltage of the connected U0 or SS VT This setting is only valid if the 2LL U3 U4 mode is selected U3 Res SS VT secondary 0 2 400V 0 1V 100 0V The secondary nominal voltage of the connected U0 or SS VT This setting is only valid if the 2LL U3 U4 mode is selected U4 Res SS VT primary 1 1000000V 0 1V 20000 0V The primary nominal voltage of ...

Страница 38: ... unit value This setting is only valid if the 2LL U3 U4 mode is selected Measurements The following measurements are available in the measured voltage channels Table 5 2 2 28 Per unit voltage measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Voltage Ux UxVolt p u Un 0 00 500 0 0 01 The RMS voltage measurement in p u from each of the voltage channels Voltage Ux TRMS UxVolt TRMS p u Un 0 00 500 0 0 01 T...

Страница 39: ...0 0 0 01 The secondary measurement from the calculated positive sequence voltage Secondary negative sequence voltage Neg seq Volt sec V 0 00 4800 0 0 01 The secondary measurement from the calculated negative sequence voltage Secondary zero sequence voltage Zero seq Volt sec V 0 00 4800 0 0 01 The secondary measurement from the calculated zero sequence voltage Table 5 2 2 34 Sequence voltage angle ...

Страница 40: ...gnitude UL3 System volt UL3 mag V 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary RMS line to neutral UL3 voltage measured or calculated You can also select the row where the unit for this is kV System voltage magnitude U0 System volt U0 mag V 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary RMS zero sequence U0 voltage measured or calculated You can also select the row where the unit for this is kV There is also a row where th...

Страница 41: ...lated System voltage angle U0 System volt U0 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0 01 The primary zero sequence angle U0 measured or calculated System voltage angle U3 System volt U3 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0 01 The primary measured Synchrocheck angle SS This magnitude is only valid when the 2LL U3 U4 mode is selected and both U3 and U4 are in use System voltage angle U4 System volt U4 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0 01 The prima...

Страница 42: ... S active power P and reactive power Q Energy measurement calculates magnitudes for active and reactive energy Energy can flow to the forward direction exported or to the reverse direction imported If a unit has more than one CT measurement module the user can choose which module s current measurement is used by the power calculation Line Line t to ne o neutral v utral volta oltages a ges av vaila...

Страница 43: ... be inductive or capacitive on both forward and reverse directions Reactive power quadrant can be indicated with Tan φ tangent phi which is calculated according the following formula Power factor calculation is done similarly to the Cosine phi calculation but the polarity is defined by the reactive power direction Therefore the power factor is calculated with the following formula Onl Only line y ...

Страница 44: ... Defines whether energy is measured with the prefix kilo 103 or mega 106 Edit energy values 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled When this parameter is enabled it is possible to manually edit exported and imported active energy values NOTE E 3ph M or k parameter has to be set to kilo for this feature to function Invert imp exp energy directions 0 Not inverted 1 Inverted 0 Not inverted Inverts the direc...

Страница 45: ...ed Enables disables the energy dose counter 1 4 individually DC 1 4 Input signal select 0 3PH Fwd Act EP 1 3PH Rev Avt EP 2 3PH Fwd React EQ CAP 3 3PH Fwd React EQ IND 4 3PH Rev React EQ CAP 5 3PH Rev React EQ IND 0 3PH Fwd Act EP Selects whether the energy is active or reactive whether the direction of the energy is forward of reverse and whether reactive energy is inductive or capacitive DC 1 4 ...

Страница 46: ...kilovars Lx Tan phi 1x106 1x106 0 01 The direction of Phase Lx s active power Lx Cos phi 1x106 1x106 0 01 The direction of Phase Lx s reactive power Lx Power factor 1x106 1x106 0 0001 The power factor of Phase Lx Energy measurements The following energy calculations are available when the voltage and the current cards are available Please note that the unit prefix is determined by the user s selec...

Страница 47: ...1x109 0 01 The sum of the phase s imported and exported active energy Exported Q while Export P Lx kVarh or MVarh 1x109 1x109 0 01 The exported reactive energy of the phase while active energy is exported Imported Q while Export P Lx kVarh or MVarh 1x109 1x109 0 01 The imported reactive energy of the phase while active energy is exported Reactive Energy Q balance while Export P Lx kVarh or MVarh 1...

Страница 48: ...3 P 9 71 MW 3P 3PH P H P 17 32 MW L1 Q L1 Q 2 89 Mvar L2 Q L2 Q 3 94 Mvar L3 Q L3 Q 1 06 Mvar 3P 3PH Q H Q 0 01 Mvar L1 T L1 Tan an 1 00 L2 T L2 Tan an 0 83 L3 T L3 Tan an 0 11 3P 3PH T H Tan an 0 00 L1 Cos L1 Cos 0 71 L2 Cos L2 Cos 0 77 L3 Cos L3 Cos 0 99 3P 3PH Cos H Cos 0 87 Voltages line to line Currents UL12 100 00 V 30 00 IL1 2 5 A 0 00 UL23 100 00 V 90 00 IL2 2 5 A 120 00 IL3 2 5 A 120 00 A...

Страница 49: ...ent is 5 A the frequency sweep is from 6 Hz to 75 Hz The measurement error with frequency tracking when the frequency changes The constant current is 5 A the frequency sweep is from 6 Hz to 75 Hz As the figures above show the sampling frequency has a major effect on the relay s measurement accuracy If the sampling is not tracked to the system frequency for example a 10 Hz difference between the me...

Страница 50: ...asurement mode to Tracking Measurement Frequency Smpl mode so the relay adjusts the frequency itself The frequency readings are wrong In Tracking mode the relay may interpret the frequency incorrectly if no current is injected into the CT or voltage into the VT Please check the frequency measurement settings Measurement Frequency Settings Table 5 2 4 46 Settings of the frequency tracking Name Rang...

Страница 51: ...nal frequency until 0 1800 000s 0 005s 0 100s Defines how long the nominal frequency is used after the tracking has started This setting is only valid when the Sampling mode setting is set to Tracking and when the Start behavior is set to First nominal or tracked Tracked f channel A 0 000 75 000Hz 0 001Hz Displays the rough value of the tracked frequency in Channel A Tracked f channel B 0 000 75 0...

Страница 52: ...er does not have two trip coils The function can be triggered by the following overcurrent phase and residual digital output monitor digital signal any combination of the above mentioned triggers In the current dependent mode the function constantly measures phase current magnitudes and the selected residual current In the signal dependent mode any of the device s binary signals trips starts logic...

Страница 53: ... 1 24 Simplified function block diagram of the CBFP function Measured input The function block uses analog current measurement values It always uses the RMS magnitude of the current measurement input The user can select I01 I02 or the calculated I0 for the residual current measurement A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 3 1 47 Measurement...

Страница 54: ... Current or signals or DO Table 5 3 1 49 General settings of the function Name Range Default Description CBFP LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off 1 On Set mode of CBF block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu Pick up The setting parameters Iset and I0set control the pick up and the activation of the current dependent CBF...

Страница 55: ...ent The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active There is no delay between the activation of the monitored signal and the activation of the pick up when using binary signals Read only parameters The relay s Info page displays useful real time information on the state o...

Страница 56: ...passed in order for the blocking to activate in time Operating time characteristics The operating timers behavior during a function can be set depending on the application The same pick up signal starts both timers When retrip is used the time grading should be set as follows the sum of specific times i e the retrip time the expected operating time and the pick up conditions release time is shorte...

Страница 57: ...available The TRIP signal is normally wired to the breaker s trip coil from the device s trip output The retrip is wired from its own device output contact in parallel with the circuit breaker s redundant trip coil The CBFP signal is normally wired from its device output contact to the incomer breaker Below are a few operational cases regarding the various applications A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction...

Страница 58: ... is not monitored in this configuration Therefore if the current is not reduced below the setting limit a RETRIP signal is sent to the redundant trip coil If the current is not reduced within the set time limit the function also sends a CBFP signal to the incomer breaker If the primary protection function clears the fault both counters RETRIP and CBFP are reset as soon as the measured current is b...

Страница 59: ... If the current is not reduced below the setting limit or the primary stage tripping signal is not reset a RETRIP signal is sent to the redundant trip coil If the retripping fails and the current is not reduced below the setting limit or the primary stage tripping signal is not reset the function also sends a CBFP signal to the incomer breaker If the primary protection function clears the fault bo...

Страница 60: ...ons is met i e the current is above the limit or the signal is active for the duration of the set RETRIP time delay a RETRIP signal is sent to the redundant trip coil If either of the conditions is active for the duration of the set CBFP time delay a CBFP signal is sent to the incomer breaker If the primary protection function clears the fault both counters RETRIP and CBFP are reset as soon as the...

Страница 61: ...most common application is when the device s trip output controls the circuit breaker trip coil while one dedicated CBFP contact controls the CBFP function Below are a few operational cases regarding the various applications and settings of the CBFP function A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 59 ...

Страница 62: ...rating time The tripping of the primary protection stage is not monitored in this configuration Therefore if the current is not reduced below the setting limit a CBFP signal is sent to the incomer breaker If the primary protection function clears the fault the counter for CBFP resets as soon as the measured current is below the threshold settings A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 60...

Страница 63: ...t operating time The tripping of the primary protection stage is constantly monitored in this configuration If the current is not reduced below the setting limit or the primary stage tripping signal is not reset a CBFP signal is sent to the incomer breaker The time delay counter for CBFP is reset as soon as the measured current is below the threshold settings or the tripping signal is reset This c...

Страница 64: ...ing limit and the primary stage tripping signal is reset If either of these conditions is met i e the current is above the limit or the signal is active for the duration of the set CBFP time delay a CBFP signal is sent to the incomer breaker The time delay counter for CBFP is reset as soon as the measured current is below the threshold settings and the tripping signal is reset This configuration a...

Страница 65: ...ce configuration as a dedicated CBFP unit Figure 5 3 1 33 Wiring diagram when the device is configured as a dedicated CBFP unit A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 63 ...

Страница 66: ...gital input signal Both current and output relay monitoring can be used The counter for the CBFP signal begins when the digital input is activated If the counter is active until the CBFP counter is used the device issues a CBFP command to the incomer breaker In this application the device tripping signals from all outgoing feeders can be connected to one dedicated CBFP device which operates either...

Страница 67: ...at the user can program to create more advanced applications either as an individual stage or together with programmable logic The relay has ten programmable stages and each can be set to follow one to three analog measurements The programmable stages have three available pick up terms options overX underX and rate of change of the selected signal Each stage includes a definite time delay to trip ...

Страница 68: ...he general behavior of the function These settings are static i e it is not possible to change them by editing the setting group Table 5 3 2 56 General settings of the function Name Range Default Description PSx LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off 0 On Set mode of PGS block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu PSx LN beha...

Страница 69: ...s easier to set although it is also possible to just use the scaling factor of 1 0 and set the desired pick up limit as the primary voltage Similaryly any chosen measurement value can be scaled to the desired form When two or three signals are chosen for comparison an additional signal PSx Magnitude handling setting appears From its drop down menu the user chooses how the signals are pre processed...

Страница 70: ... the measured signals fulfills the comparison condition Similarly the user can set up a comparison of three values The table below presents the available modes for a three signal comparison Mode Description 0 Mag1 x Mag2 x Mag3 Multiplies Signals 1 2 and 3 The comparison uses the product of this calculation 1 Max Mag1 Mag2 Mag3 The biggest value of the chosen signals is used in the comparison 2 Mi...

Страница 71: ...nal has their own pick up setting The image below is an example of setting an analog comparison with three signals The stage will trip if Signal 1 or Signal 2 as well as Signal 3 fulfill the pick up condition The settings for different comparisons are in the setting groups This means that each signal parameter can be changed by changing the setting group A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version...

Страница 72: ... in 20 ms in either direction the comparison condition is fulfilled The condition is not dependent on direction 6 Delta measval C Change o hange ov ver time er time If the measured signal changes more than the set pick up value in 20 ms the comparison condition is fulfilled The condition is dependent on direction 7 Delta abs measval C Change o hange ov ver time er time absol absolut ute e If the m...

Страница 73: ...19th h IL2 19th harmonic value in p u IL3 Description IL3 ff p u IL3 Fundamental frequency RMS value in p u IL3 2nd h IL3 2nd harmonic value in p u IL3 3rd h IL3 3rd harmonic value in p u IL3 4th h IL3 4th harmonic value in p u IL3 5th h IL3 5th harmonic value in p u IL3 7th h IL3 7th harmonic value in p u IL3 9th h IL3 9th harmonic value in p u IL3 11th h IL3 11th harmonic value in p u IL3 13th h...

Страница 74: ...p u I02 9th h I02 9th harmonic value in p u I02 11th h I02 11th harmonic value in p u I02 13th h I02 13th harmonic value in p u I02 15th h I02 15th harmonic value in p u I02 17th h I02 17th harmonic value in p u I02 19th h I02 19th harmonic value in p u TRMS Description IL1 TRMS IL1 TRMS value in p u IL2 TRMS IL2 TRMS value in p u IL3 TRMS IL3 TRMS value in p u I01 TRMS I01 TRMS value in p u I02 T...

Страница 75: ...ltages Description UL12Mag UL12 Primary voltage V UL23Mag UL23 Primary voltage V UL31Mag UL31 Primary voltage V Phase to neutral voltages Description UL1Mag UL1 Primary voltage V UL2Mag UL2 Primary voltage V UL3Mag UL3 Primary voltage V U0Mag U0 Primary voltage V Angles Description UL12Ang UL12 angle UL23Ang UL23 angle UL31Ang UL31 angle UL1Ang UL1 angle UL2Ang UL2 angle UL3Ang UL3 angle U0Ang U0 ...

Страница 76: ... QL3 Reactive power L3 Q kVar tanfiL3 Phase active power direction L3 cosfiL3 Phase reactive power direction L3 Impedance and admit Impedance and admittance Z tance ZR RX Y X YGB GB Name Description RL12Pri Resistance R L12 primary Ω XL12Pri Reactance X L12 primary Ω RL23Pri Resistance R L23 primary Ω XL23Pri Reactance X L23 primary Ω RL31Pri Resistance R L31 primary Ω XL31Pri Reactance X L31 prim...

Страница 77: ...ance X L3 secondary Ω Z1Pri Impedance Z L1 primary Ω Z2Pri Impedance Z L2 primary Ω Z3Pri Impedance Z L3 primary Ω Z1Sec Impedance Z L1 secondary Ω Z2Sec Impedance Z L2 secondary Ω Z3Sec Impedance Z L3 secondary Ω Z1Angle Impedance Z L1 angle Z2Angle Impedance Z L2 angle Z3Angle Impedance Z L3 angle RSeqPri Positive Resistance R primary Ω XSeqPri Positive Reactance X primary Ω RSeqSec Positive Res...

Страница 78: ...e Admittance Y L2 angle YL3Angle Admittance Y L3 angle G0Pri Conductance G0 primary mS B0Pri Susceptance B0 primary mS G0Sec Conductance G0 secondary mS B0Sec Susceptance B0 secondary mS Y0Pri Admittance Y0 primary mS Y0Sec Admittance Y0 secondary mS Y0Angle Admittance Y0 angle Others Others Name Description System f System frequency Ref f1 Reference frequency 1 Ref f2 Reference frequency 2 M Ther...

Страница 79: ... Step Default PS Pick up setting Mag calc Pick up magnitude 5 000 000 0000 5 000 000 0000 0 0001 0 01 PS Setting hysteresis Mag Setting hysteresis 0 0000 50 0000 0 0001 3 Definite operating time delay Delay setting 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s 0 04s Release time delays Pick up release delay 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s 0 06s The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal gene...

Страница 80: ...es generates events and registers from the status changes in START TRIP and BLOCKED The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 3 2 58 Event messages Event block name Event names PGS1 PS1 Start ON PGS1 PS1 Start OFF PGS1 PS1 Trip ON PGS1 PS1 Trip ...

Страница 81: ...rt OFF PGS1 PS7 Trip ON PGS1 PS7 Trip OFF PGS1 PS7 Block ON PGS1 PS7 Block OFF PGS1 PS8 Start ON PGS1 PS8 Start OFF PGS1 PS8 Trip ON PGS1 PS8 Trip OFF PGS1 PS8 Block ON PGS1 PS8 Block OFF PGS1 PS9 Start ON PGS1 PS9 Start OFF PGS1 PS9 Trip ON PGS1 PS9 Trip OFF PGS1 PS9 Block ON PGS1 PS9 Block OFF PGS1 PS10 Start ON PGS1 PS10 Start OFF PGS1 PS10 Trip ON PGS1 PS10 Trip OFF PGS1 PS10 Block ON PGS1 PS1...

Страница 82: ...bled the setting group selector logic takes control of the setting group activations based on the logic and conditions the user has programmed The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the setting group selection function Figure 5 4 1 35 Simplified function block diagram of the setting group selection function Setting group selection can be applied to each of the setting...

Страница 83: ...orresponding setting group must be enabled and the force change must be enabled Then the setting group can be set from communications or from HMI to any available group If the setting group control is applied with static signals right after the Force SG parameter is released the application takes control of the setting group selection Table 5 4 1 60 Settings of the setting group selection function...

Страница 84: ... static signal control is applied no requests with a lower priority than SG1 and SG2 will be processed Setting group 4 0 Not active 1 Active 0 Not active The selection of Setting group 4 SG4 Has the fourth highest priority input in setting group control Can be controlled with pulses or static signals If static signal control is applied no requests with a lower priority than SG1 SG2 and SG3 will be...

Страница 85: ...tting group control one wire connection from Petersen coil status Depending on the application s requirements the setting group control can be applied either with a one wire connection or with a two wire connection by monitoring the state of the Petersen coil connection When the connection is done with one wire the setting group change logic can be applied as shown in the figure above The status o...

Страница 86: ...Figure 5 4 1 38 Setting group control two wire connection from Petersen coil status A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 84 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 87: ... With a two wire connection the state of the Petersen coil can be monitored more securely The additional logic ensures that a single wire loss will not affect the correct setting group selection The application controlled setting group change can also be applied entirely from the relay s internal logics For example the setting group change can be based on the cold load pick up function see the ima...

Страница 88: ...ins the inverted signal NOT as well as the use of logics in setting group control One could also have SG2 be the primary SG while the ON signal would be controlled by the higher priority SG1 this way the setting group would automatically return to SG2 after the automatic control is over Events The setting group selection function block abbreviated SGS in event block names generates events from its...

Страница 89: ...F SGS SG8 Request ON SGS SG8 Request OFF SGS Remote Change SG Reqeuest ON SGS Remote Change SG Request OFF SGS Local Change SG Request ON SGS Local Change SG Request OFF SGS Force Change SG ON SGS Force Change SG OFF SGS SG Request Fail Not configured SG ON SGS SG Request Fail Not configured SG OFF SGS Force Request Fail Force ON SGS Force Request Fail Force OFF SGS SG Req Fail Lower priority Requ...

Страница 90: ... control can be done by local control or by remote control Local manual control can be done by relays front panel HMI or by external push buttons connected to relays digital inputs Manual remote control can be done through one of the various communication protocols available Modbus IEC101 103 104 etc The function supports the modes Direct control and Select before execute while controlled remotely...

Страница 91: ...ide the open and close commands while device is in Remote status The remote controls cannot override the open and close commands while device is in Local status OBJ LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off 1 On Set mode of OBJ block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu OBJ LN behaviour 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Of...

Страница 92: ...o be able to close circuit breaker Synchrocheck status can be either an internal signal generated by synchrocheck function or digital input activation with an external synchrocheck device Use Object ready 0 Ready High 1 Ready Low 2 Not in use 2 Not in use Selects whether the Object ready condition is in use for the circuit breaker close command If in use the signal connected to Object ready status...

Страница 93: ... is pulled out If IEC 61850 is enabled GOOSE signals can be used for status indication Object Ready Objectx Ready status In A link to a physical digital input Indicates that status of the monitored object 1 means that the object is ready and the spring is charged for a close command If IEC 61850 is enabled GOOSE signals can be used for status indication Syncrocheck permission Sync Check status In ...

Страница 94: ...Operator 2 Configurator 3 Super user Defines what level of access is required for MIMIC control The default is the Configurator level Objectx LOCAL Close control input Digital input or other logical signal selected by the user The local Close command from a physical digital input e g a push button Objectx LOCAL Open control input The local Open command from a physical digital input e g a push butt...

Страница 95: ...enerates events and registers from the status changes in monitored signals as well as control command fails and operations The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The function registers its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values A AQ...

Страница 96: ...1 Close Request OFF OBJ1 Close Command ON OBJ1 Close Command OFF OBJ1 Open Blocked ON OBJ1 Open Blocked OFF OBJ1 Close Blocked ON OBJ1 Close Blocked OFF OBJ1 Object Ready OBJ1 Object Not Ready OBJ1 Sync Ok OBJ1 Sync Not Ok OBJ1 Open Command Fail OBJ1 Close Command Fail OBJ1 Final trip ON OBJ1 Final trip OFF OBJ2 Object Intermediate OBJ2 Object Open OBJ2 Object Close OBJ2 Object Bad OBJ2 WD Interme...

Страница 97: ... Ok OBJ2 Open Command Fail OBJ2 Close Command Fail OBJ2 Final trip ON OBJ2 Final trip OFF OBJ3 Object Intermediate OBJ3 Object Open OBJ3 Object Close OBJ3 Object Bad OBJ3 WD Intermediate OBJ3 WD Out OBJ3 WD In OBJ3 WD Bad OBJ3 Open Request ON OBJ3 Open Request OFF OBJ3 Open Command ON OBJ3 Open Command OFF OBJ3 Close Request ON OBJ3 Close Request OFF OBJ3 Close Command ON OBJ3 Close Command OFF OB...

Страница 98: ...J4 WD Bad OBJ4 Open Request ON OBJ4 Open Request OFF OBJ4 Open Command ON OBJ4 Open Command OFF OBJ4 Close Request ON OBJ4 Close Request OFF OBJ4 Close Command ON OBJ4 Close Command OFF OBJ4 Open Blocked ON OBJ4 Open Blocked OFF OBJ4 Close Blocked ON OBJ4 Close Blocked OFF OBJ4 Object Ready OBJ4 Object Not Ready OBJ4 Sync Ok OBJ4 Sync Not Ok OBJ4 Open Command Fail OBJ4 Close Command Fail OBJ4 Fina...

Страница 99: ...J5 Open Blocked ON OBJ5 Open Blocked OFF OBJ5 Close Blocked ON OBJ5 Close Blocked OFF OBJ5 Object Ready OBJ5 Object Not Ready OBJ5 Sync Ok OBJ5 Sync Not Ok OBJ5 Open Command Fail OBJ5 Close Command Fail OBJ5 Final trip ON OBJ5 Final trip OFF OBJ6 Object Intermediate OBJ6 Object Open OBJ6 Object Close OBJ6 Object Bad OBJ6 WD Intermediate OBJ6 WD Out OBJ6 WD In OBJ6 WD Bad OBJ6 Open Request ON OBJ6 ...

Страница 100: ...and Fail OBJ6 Final trip ON OBJ6 Final trip OFF OBJ7 Object Intermediate OBJ7 Object Open OBJ7 Object Close OBJ7 Object Bad OBJ7 WD Intermediate OBJ7 WD Out OBJ7 WD In OBJ7 WD Bad OBJ7 Open Request ON OBJ7 Open Request OFF OBJ7 Open Command ON OBJ7 Open Command OFF OBJ7 Close Request ON OBJ7 Close Request OFF OBJ7 Close Command ON OBJ7 Close Command OFF OBJ7 Open Blocked ON OBJ7 Open Blocked OFF O...

Страница 101: ...en Request OFF OBJ8 Open Command ON OBJ8 Open Command OFF OBJ8 Close Request ON OBJ8 Close Request OFF OBJ8 Close Command ON OBJ8 Close Command OFF OBJ8 Open Blocked ON OBJ8 Open Blocked OFF OBJ8 Close Blocked ON OBJ8 Close Blocked OFF OBJ8 Object Ready OBJ8 Object Not Ready OBJ8 Sync Ok OBJ8 Sync Not Ok OBJ8 Open Command Fail OBJ8 Close Command Fail OBJ8 Final trip ON OBJ8 Final trip OFF OBJ9 Obj...

Страница 102: ...Close Blocked ON OBJ9 Close Blocked OFF OBJ9 Object Ready OBJ9 Object Not Ready OBJ9 Sync Ok OBJ9 Sync Not Ok OBJ9 Open Command Fail OBJ9 Close Command Fail OBJ9 Final trip ON OBJ9 Final trip OFF OBJ10 Object Intermediate OBJ10 Object Open OBJ10 Object Close OBJ10 Object Bad OBJ10 WD Intermediate OBJ10 WD Out OBJ10 WD In OBJ10 WD Bad OBJ10 Open Request ON OBJ10 Open Request OFF OBJ10 Open Command ...

Страница 103: ... command s failure Close fail The cause of a Close command s failure Open command The source of an Open command Close command The source of an Open command General status The general status of the function 5 4 3 Indicator object monitoring The indicator object monitoring function takes care of the status monitoring of disconnectors The function s sole purpose is indication and does not therefore h...

Страница 104: ...of the status conditions open and close are active Table 5 4 3 71 Indicator I O Signal Range Description IndicatorX Open input Ind X Open Status In Digital input or other logical signal selected by the user SWx A link to a physical digital input The monitored indicator s OPEN status 1 refers to the active Open state of the monitored indicator If IEC 61850 is enabled GOOSE signals can be used for s...

Страница 105: ...CIN5 Close CIN5 Bad CIN6 Intermediate CIN6 Open CIN6 Close CIN6 Bad CIN7 Intermediate CIN7 Open CIN7 Close CIN7 Bad CIN8 Intermediate CIN8 Open CIN8 Close CIN8 Bad CIN9 Intermediate CIN9 Open CIN9 Close CIN9 Bad CIN10 Intermediate CIN10 Open CIN10 Close CIN10 Bad CIN11 Intermediate CIN11 Open CIN11 Close A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 103 ...

Страница 106: ...ad CIN15 Intermediate CIN15 Open CIN15 Close CIN15 Bad CIN16 Intermediate CIN16 Open CIN16 Close CIN16 Bad CIN17 Intermediate CIN17 Open CIN17 Close CIN17 Bad CIN18 Intermediate CIN18 Open CIN18 Close CIN18 Bad CIN19 Intermediate CIN19 Open CIN19 Close CIN19 Bad CIN20 Intermediate CIN20 Open CIN20 Close CIN20 Bad A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 104 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 107: ...ne or drops onto the line the current starts to flow through the object either to the ground or between the phases This causes the surrounding air to heat and ionize and it starts to operate as a conductor between the energized phase s and the ground causing an arc to ignite When the breaker is opened either by an auto recloser command or by a protection function the voltage in the line goes to ze...

Страница 108: ...hen the request is received Auto recloser scheme in radial networks A typical medium voltage overhead network is usually radial in structure This does not cause any additional requirements for the auto recloser scheme apart from the above mentioned limitations from the required air de ionization time and the capacity of the circuit breaker Also a typical medium voltage overhead line consists only ...

Страница 109: ...p is issued and the feeder closing is locked by the auto recloser A manual reset of the auto recloser s lock is required before one can attempt to close the breaker A manual reset can be applied from SCADA or locally from the relay s HMI Based on the example above the following six 6 sections present the principle signaling of the auto recloser function These are the auto recloser sequence variati...

Страница 110: ... resetting once the cause of the lock out is cleared Resetting is done by an external input to the function or by closing the breaker Auto recloser sequence from Trip with two shots both fail In this auto recloser scheme the TRIP signal from the directional eath fault protection function I0dir TRIP was set up as the operation starter for Request 2 REQ2 REQ2 has two shots Shots 1 and 2 enabled with...

Страница 111: ...er s Closed indication is received and the auto recloser function starts calculating S Sho hot1 t1 R Reclaim T eclaim Time ime 6 The I0Dir stage trips a second time and gives the REQ2 request to the function However as the function is in the process of calculating the Shot1 Reclaim Time when it receives this request the function moves on to the next available shot Shot 2 for the request The S Sho ...

Страница 112: ...ultaneously the REQ2 trip signal for the auto recloser is released The function is now in a steady lock out state and waits for the user to manually reset and re initialize the function by closing the breaker Auto recloser sequence from Trip with two shots high speed fails time delayed succeeds This auto recloser scheme has the same starters and shots as the previous example The setting and signal...

Страница 113: ...he recloser starts calculating the S Sho hot2 t2 Dead T Dead Time ime to close the breaker 8 The fault is cleared during S Sho hot2 Dead T t2 Dead Time ime After that time 60 s is exceeded the function sends a Close request to the object breaker the conditions are met and the breaker s Close command is sent to the breaker s close coil 9 The circuit breaker is closed and since the fault has been cl...

Страница 114: ...cuit breaker is closed and since the fault was cleared no pick ups are detected The Close command is dropped after the breaker s Closed indication is received and the auto recloser function starts calculating S Sho hot1 t1 R Reclaim T eclaim Time ime 6 The S Sho hot1 t1 R Reclaim T eclaim Time ime 10 s is exceeded and so the AR Running AR Running S Sho hot 2 Running t 2 Running and AR2 R AR2 Reque...

Страница 115: ...n timings are overseen by the auto recloser function and thus both the starting time and the arcing time need to be set accordingly The protection s main operating time settings should be longer than the values set to the auto recloser function this way the state changes work properly with this function Figure 5 4 4 53 Signal status graph of the permanent overcurrent auto recloser cycle 1 An overc...

Страница 116: ...he Final Trip The Close command is dropped after the the breaker s Closed indication is received The auto recloser function also starts calculating the S Sho hot2 R t2 Reclaim T eclaim Time ime 10 The S Sho hot2 Ar t2 Arcing T cing Time ime 200 ms is exceeded and and the REQ1 request is given to the function However as the function is in the process of calculating the S Sho hot2 R t2 Reclaim T ecl...

Страница 117: ...close coil 5 The circuit breaker is closed and since fault was not cleared a new pick up of I is detected A Close command is dropped after the breaker s Closed indication is received and the auto recloser function starts calculating the S Sho hot1 R t1 Reclaim eclaim T Time ime simultaneously with the S Sho hot1 Ar t1 Arcing T cing Time ime 6 The S Sho hot1 Ar t1 Arcing T cing Time ime 200 ms is e...

Страница 118: ...e not needed and the function skips all timers that are set to zero The user can also set is so that AR Reclaim is not used at all after a successful recloser cycle 11 The AR R AR Reclaim eclaim time is exceeded and the function is set to Ready to wait for the next request Auto recloser sequence from Start with two shots high speed succeeds This auto recloser scheme has the same starters and shots...

Страница 119: ...ion jumps directly to the Final Trip state and then enters the lock out state The user can control this behavior through the function settings Both reclaim times can be set to 0 s when they are not needed and the function skips all timers that are set to zero The user can also set is so that AR Reclaim is not used at all after a successful recloser cycle 7 The AR R AR Reclaim eclaim time is exceed...

Страница 120: ...ation of the protection selectivity must be guaranteed by allowing all relay timing devices to completely reset during dead time to maintain the correct time discrimination after reclosing to the fault Some mechanical IDMT relays can require up to ten seconds 10 s to reset When short dead times are required the relays should reset almost immediately for the current dependent time grading to operat...

Страница 121: ...during the auto recloser sequence also always causes a reset of the auto recloser For example if a breaker is closed manually during dead time towards a fault the auto recloser function enters the general reclaim mode and causes a lock out of the function The auto recloser function gives exhaustive information about its operations and statuses through online indications events registered data as w...

Страница 122: ... other conditions for reclosing are met a shot is applied AR Request 4 REQ4 Any binary signal in the device The request with the fourth highest and second lowest priority it overrides all auto reclosing requests with lower priorities When this request signal is activated and other conditions for reclosing are met a shot is applied AR Request 5 REQ5 Any binary signal in the device The request with ...

Страница 123: ...rip The signal AR Final Trip is activated and displayed when the function has executed the Final Trip command This signal can be connected to any relay I O as well as to communication protocols AR Dead time ON The signal AR Dead time ON is activated and displayed when the function has opened the breaker and is calculating the time towards closing it AR Arcing time ON The signal AR Arcing time ON i...

Страница 124: ... No 1 No Selects whether or not the AR ON and AR OFF signals are used If set to No the auto recloser is always in use If set to Yes binary signal set to AR ON OFF has to be active for the auto recloser to be enabled AR Status 0 AR is inhibit 1 AR is ready 2 AR is locked 3 AR is running 4 AR is not running 5 Lock out delay is running 6 Reclaim time counting 7 Start time counting 8 Dead time countin...

Страница 125: ... This selection can be changed via the device s setting group selection in real time Successful reclose start general reclaim 0 Only shot reclaim 1 Shot reclaim and general reclaim 0 Only shot reclaim 8 Defines whether the auto recloser runs after a successful reclose inc shot reclaim time or whether it enters the locked state after a request for auto reclosing is applied If Shot reclaim and gener...

Страница 126: ...selection can be changed via the device s setting group selection in real time ARx Shot Arc or Discr 0 Arcing 1 Discrimination 0 Arcing 8 Determines what happens when a fault persists after a dead time when the breaker is closed Can be chosen between arcing and discrimination behavior the selection depends on the application When Arcing time is selected the auto recloser keeps the breaker closed u...

Страница 127: ...nto corresponding rows to make the setting of each shot straightforward From the settings the user can see how the reclosing cycle is executed by each request which functions initiate requests and which shots and requests are in use A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 125 ...

Страница 128: ...r the auto recloser are the following AR is blocked from Blocking input AR is not enabled signal connected to AR ON OFF is not active AR is calculating the lock out delay The object Open or Close command is blocked The object status is not known intermediate or bad status General reclaim time is running AR is locked When the auto recloser function is in the Inhibit state it returns to the Ready st...

Страница 129: ...eady ON AR1 AR Ready OFF AR1 AR Locked reset AR1 AR Reclosing request rejected ON AR1 AR Reclosing request rejected OFF AR1 AR Reclosing request ON AR1 AR Reclosing request OFF AR1 User operated Object AR halted and reset AR1 Object failure AR locked AR1 Shot failed AR1 AR cycle ends due to a discrimination request AR1 AR Shot clear AR1 Object Close request AR1 Object Open request AR1 Inhibit cond...

Страница 130: ...xecute OFF AR1 Shot 5 Execute ON AR1 Shot 5 Execute OFF AR1 Seqeunce finished the Final trip armed AR1 Final trip executed AR1 Lock out time ON AR1 Lock out time OFF AR1 General reclaim time ON AR1 General reclaim time OFF AR1 Shot start time ON AR1 Shot start time OFF AR1 Dead time ON AR1 Dead time OFF AR1 Arc Discr time ON AR1 Arc Discr time OFF AR1 Shot reclaim time ON AR1 Shot reclaim time OFF...

Страница 131: ...ers running 0 000 s dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss AR Status AR is ready AR is not running Start time counting AR2 Requested Executing Shot 1 AR Timers Start Delay 0 000 s dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss AR Status AR is ready AR is running Start time counting AR2 Requested Executing Shot 1 AR Timers Start Delay 0 000 s dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss AR Status AR is ready AR is running Dead time counting AR2 Requested E...

Страница 132: ...se command which caused the dead time to be 270 ms longer that its set value The reason for this behavior can be verified from the object control and monitoring function s registers The example below shows that the object was not ready when it received the closing request from the auto recloser function and kept the request pending until it was ready to execute the Close command dd mm yyyy hh mm s...

Страница 133: ...hing When synchroswitching is used the function automatically closes the breaker when both sides of the breaker are synchronized When only U3 or U4 voltage measurement channel has been set to SS mode SYN1 Supervises the synchronization condition between the channel set to SS mode and the selected system voltage UL1 UL2 UL3 UL12 UL23 or UL31 Synchroswitch is available SYN2 Not active and not visibl...

Страница 134: ...k function 3LN U4 mode SYN1 in use UL1 as reference voltage Figure 5 4 5 62 Example connection of the synchrocheck function 2LL U0 U4 mode SYN1 in use UL12 as reference voltage A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 132 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 135: ...hrocheck function 2LL U3 U4 mode SYN3 in use UL12 as reference voltage Figure 5 4 5 64 Example application synchrocheck over one breaker with 3LL and 3LN VT connections A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 133 ...

Страница 136: ...Figure 5 4 5 65 Example application synchrocheck over one breaker with 2LL VT connection A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 134 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 137: ...Figure 5 4 5 66 Example application synchrocheck over two breakers with 2LL VT connection A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 135 ...

Страница 138: ...lling and user logic programming The function generates general time stamped ON OFF events to the common event buffer from each of the output signals The time stamp resolution is 1 ms The synchrocheck function uses a total of eight 8 separate setting groups which can be selected from one common source Depending on how the measured voltage compares to the set U live and U dead parameters either sys...

Страница 139: ...ing figures present simplified function block diagrams of the synchrocheck function Figure 5 4 5 69 Simplified function block diagram of the SYN1 and SYN2 function A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 137 ...

Страница 140: ... U4 V 5ms Read only parameters The relay s Info page displays useful real time information on the state of the protection function It is accessed either through the relay s HMI display or through the setting tool software when it is connected to the relay and its Live Edit mode is active Table 5 4 5 82 Information displayed by the function Name Range Step Description dV da df LN behaviour 1 On 2 B...

Страница 141: ...placement in degrees Function blocking The block signal is checked in the beginning of each program cycle The blocking signal is received from the blocking matrix in the function s dedicated input If the blocking signal is not activated when the synchronization is OK a SYN OK signal is generated If the blocking signal is active when the SYN OK activates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the functi...

Страница 142: ...in use 1 Use SynSW 0 Not in use Disables or enables synchroswitching Synchroswitching is available only for SYN1 When synchroswitching is used the function automatically closes the breaker when both sides of the breaker are synchronized This setting is only visible when Use SYN1 is activated SYN1 Switch bk time 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s 0 05s Estimated time between a close command given to a breaker ...

Страница 143: ... difference between the systems SYNx freq diff 0 05 0 50Hz 0 01Hz 0 1Hz The maximum allowed frequency difference between the systems Events and registers The synchrocheck function abbreviated SYN in event block names generates events and registers from status changes such as SYN OK BYPASS and BLOCKED The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The fu...

Страница 144: ... Blocked OFF SYN1 SYN3 Ok ON SYN1 SYN3 Ok OFF SYN1 SYN3 Bypass ON SYN1 SYN3 Bypass OFF SYN1 SYN3 Volt condition OK SYN1 SYN3 Volt cond not match SYN1 SYN3 Volt diff Ok SYN1 SYN3 Volt diff out of setting SYN1 SYN3 Angle diff Ok SYN1 SYN3 Angle diff out of setting SYN1 SYN3 Frequency diff Ok SYN1 SYN3 Frequency diff out of setting SYN1 SYN1 Switch ON SYN1 SYN1 Switch OFF SYN1 SYN2 Switch ON SYN1 SYN...

Страница 145: ...s It is an ideal method of transferring process information because a current does not change as it travels from a transmitter to a receiver It is also much more simple and cost effective The benefits of 4 20 mA loops the dominant standard in many industries the simplest option to connect and configure uses less wiring and connections than other signals thus greatly reducing initial setup costs go...

Страница 146: ... Other 0 Currents Defines the measurement category that is used for mA output control Magnitude of mA output channel dependent on the measurement category selection dependent on the measurement category selection Defines the measurement magnitude used for mA output control The available measurements depend on the selection of the Magnitude selection for mA output channel parameter Input value 1 10...

Страница 147: ... is a control function that controls its binary output signal This output signal can be controlled locally from the relay s mimic displayed as a box in the mimic or remotely from the RTU The main purpose of programmable control switches is to block or enable function and to change function properties by changing the setting group However this binary signal can also be used for any number of other ...

Страница 148: ...might be inaccurate because the signal coming from the source is inaccurate One common example of this is tap changer location indication signal not changing linearly from step to step If the output difference between the steps are not equal to each other measuring the incoming signal accurately is not enough Analog input scaling curves menu can be used to take these inaccuracies into account Anal...

Страница 149: ...00 1 000 000 00 0 00001 0 Defines the minimum input of the curve If input is below the set limit ASC1 4 input out of range is activated Curve 1 4 input 1 000 000 00 1 000 000 00 0 00001 Displays the input measurement received by the curve Curve1 4 input maximum 1 000 000 00 1 000 000 00 0 00001 0 Defines the maximum input of the curve If input is above the set limit ASC1 4 input out of range is ac...

Страница 150: ...nge Step Default Description Curve 1 4 update cycle 5 10 000ms 5ms 150ms Defines the length of the input measurement update cycle If the user wants a fast operation this setting should be fairly low Scaled value handling 0 Floating point 1 Integer out Floor 2 Integer Ceiling 3 Integer Nearest 0 Floating point Rounds the milliampere signal output as selected Input value 1 0 4000 0 000 01 0 The meas...

Страница 151: ...tions Logical outputs can be given a description The description will be displayed in several of the menus logic editor matrix block settings etc Table 5 4 9 95 Logical output user description Name Range Default Description User editable description LOx 1 31 characters Logical output x Description of the logical output This description is used in several menu types for easier identification 5 4 10...

Страница 152: ...ation of logical input in Hold and Pulse modes A logical input pulse can also be extended by connecting a DELAY low gate to a logical output as has been done in the example figure below Figure 5 4 10 75 Extending a logical input pulse Logical input descriptions Logical outputs can be given a description The description will be displayed in several of the menus logic editor matrix block settings et...

Страница 153: ...l The blocking signal and the setting group selection control the operating characteristics of the function during normal operation i e the user or user defined logic can change function parameters while the function is running The function uses a total of eight 8 separate setting groups which can be selected from one common source The operational logic consists of the following input magnitude pr...

Страница 154: ...The function s outputs are CTS ALARM and BLOCKED signals which can be used for direct I O controlling and user logic programming The function generates general time stamped ON OFF events to the common event buffer from each of the output signals The time stamp resolution is 1 ms The function also provides a resettable cumulative counter for the CTS ALARM and BLOCKED events The following figure pre...

Страница 155: ...elect what is used for the residual current measurement nothing the I01 RMS measurement or the I02 RMS measurement Table 5 5 1 97 Measured inputs of the CTS function Signal Description Time base IL1RMS RMS measurement of phase L1 A current 5ms IL2RMS RMS measurement of phase L2 B current 5ms IL3RMS RMS measurement of phase L3 C current 5ms I01RMS RMS measurement of residual input I01 5ms A AQ Q S2...

Страница 156: ...t for the residual current If the residual current is measured with a separate CT the residual current circuit can be monitored with the CTS function as well However this does not apply to summing connections Holmgren etc If the phase current CT is summed with I01 or I02 this selection should be set to Not in use I0 direction 0 Add 1 Subtract 0 Add Defines the polarity of residual current channel ...

Страница 157: ... circuit is healthy the sum of these two currents should be 0 Time delay for alarm 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s 0 5s Determines the delay between the activation of the function and the alarm The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active When the activation of the pick up is b...

Страница 158: ...ction causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forcing is activated General Device The variables the user can set are binary signals from the system The blocking s...

Страница 159: ...cuit fault in phase L1 wiring When a fault is detected and all conditions are met the CTS timer starts counting If the situation continues until the set time has passed the function issues an alarm A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 157 ...

Страница 160: ...me has passed the function issues an alarm This means that the function supervises both the primary and the secondary circuit Figure 5 5 1 81 No wiring fault but heavy unbalance If any of the phases exceed the Iset high limit setting the operation of the function is not activated This behavior is applied to short circuits and earth faults even when the fault current exceeds the Iset high limit set...

Страница 161: ...s are adjusted according to the application s normal behavior the operation of the function can be set to be very sensitive for broken circuit and conductor faults Figure 5 5 1 83 Normal situation residual current also measured When the residual condition is added with the I0 input selection the sum of the current and the residual current are compared against each other to verify the wiring condit...

Страница 162: ...all be issued in case if the situation continues until the set alarming time is met Figure 5 5 1 85 Broken primary phase current wiring In this example all other condition are met except the residual difference That is now 0 In which indicates a primary side fault A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 160 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 163: ...om the status changes in ALARM ACTIVATED and BLOCKED signals The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 5 1 101 Event messages Event block name Event names CTS1 Alarm ON CTS1 Alarm OFF CTS1 Block ON CTS1 Block OFF The function registers its opera...

Страница 164: ...e function can be changed via setting group selection The operational logic consists of the following input magnitude processing threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output processing The inputs of the function are the following setting parameters measured and pre processed voltage magnitudes The function s outputs are START ALARM BUS ALARM LINE and BLOCKED signals wh...

Страница 165: ...surement of voltage UL12 V 5ms UL23RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL23 V 5ms UL31RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL31 V 5ms UL1RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL1 V 5ms UL2RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL2 V 5ms UL3RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL3 V 5ms U1P Positive sequence voltage 5ms U2N Negative sequence voltage 5ms UZ0 Zero sequence voltage 5ms UL12Ang Angle of UL12 voltage 5ms UL23Ang Angle...

Страница 166: ...5 5 2 105 Pick up settings Name Range Step Default Description Voltage low pickup 0 05 0 50 Un 0 01 Un 0 05 Un If one the measured voltages is below low pickup value and two of the measured voltages exceed high detect value the function s pick up activates Voltage high detect 0 01 1 10 Un 0 01 Un 0 80 Un Angle shift limit 2 00 90 00deg 0 10deg 5 00deg If the difference between the present angle an...

Страница 167: ...SEQ Rev 3 Bus Live VTS Ok SEQ Undef 4 Bus Live VTS problem Displays the status of bus voltages Expected operating time 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s Displays the expected operating time when a fault occurs Time remaining to trip 1800 000 1800 000s 0 005s When the function has detected a fault and counts down time towards a operation this displays how much time is left before operation occurs Function blo...

Страница 168: ...ggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 5 2 107 Event messages Event block name Event names VTS1 Bus VT fail Start ON VTS1 Bus VT fail Start OFF VTS1 Bus VT fail Trip ON VTS1 Bus VT fail Trip OFF VTS1 Bus VT fail Block ON VTS1 Bus VT fail Block OFF VTS1 Line VT fail ON VTS1 Line VT fail OFF VTS1 Bus Fuse fail ON VTS1 Bus Fuse fail OFF VTS1 Line Fu...

Страница 169: ...ons for each phase is calculated from these currents The value is cumulatively deducted from the starting operations starting value The user can set up two separate alarm levels which are activated when the value of interrupting life operations is below the setting limit The Trip contact setting defines the output that triggers the current monitoring at the breaker s Open command The inputs for th...

Страница 170: ...ching the setting group Table 5 5 3 110 General settings Name Range Default Description CBW LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off 1 On Set mode of CBW block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu Circuit breaker characteristics settings The circuit breaker characteristics are set by two operating points defined by the nominal...

Страница 171: ...ed 0 Disabled Enable and disable the Alarm 1 stage Alarm 1 Set 0 200 000 1 1 000 Defines the pick up threshold for remaining operations When the number of remaining operations is below this setting the ALARM 1 signal is activated Alarm 2 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enable and disable the Alarm 2 stage Alarm 2 Set 0 200 000 1 100 Defines the pick up threshold for remaining operations When the n...

Страница 172: ...rations Enable Alarm 2 1 Enabled Alarm 2 Set 100 operations With these settings Alarm 1 is issued when the cumulative interruption counter for any of the three phases dips below the set 1000 remaining operations Alarm 1 Set Similarly when any of the counters dips below 100 remaining operations Alarm 2 is issued A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 170 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 173: ...or phase L1 L2 Operations left Operations left for phase L2 L3 Operations left Operations left for phase L3 Events and registers The circuit breaker wear function abbreviated CBW in event block names generates events and registers from the status changes in Triggered Alarm 1 and Alarm 2 signals as well as in internal pick up comparators The user can select which event messages are stored in the ma...

Страница 174: ...nd loop impedances Table 5 5 4 116 Measurement inputs of the 21FL function Signals Description Time base VT1 U1 U2 U3 The line to neutral or line to line voltages of the first voltage transformer module 5ms CT1 IL1 IL2 IL3 The measurements of the phase currents L1 A L2 B and L3 C 5ms Fault locator triggering The Trig fault locator input defines which signal triggers the fault locator This can be a...

Страница 175: ...es a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation further The blocking of the function causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup voltage values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forc...

Страница 176: ...rm of the harmonic content rising too high this can occur when there is an electric quality requirement in the protected unit or when the harmonics generated by the process need to be monitored The function constantly measures the phase and residual current magnitudes as well as the harmonic content of the monitored signals up to the 31st harmonic component When the function is activated the measu...

Страница 177: ... time stamp resolution is 1 ms The function also provides a resettable cumulative counter for the START ALARM and BLOCKED events The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the total harmonic distortion monitor function Figure 5 5 5 92 Simplified function block diagram of the total harmonic distortion monitor function Measured input The function block uses analog current m...

Страница 178: ...able I01 THD alarm and Enable I02 THD alarm The function constantly calculates the ratio between the setting values and the measured magnitude for each of the three phases The reset ratio of 97 is built into the function and is always relative to the settingvalue The setting value is common for all measured phases When the Im exceeds the Iset value in single dual or all phases it triggers the pick...

Страница 179: ...he blocking matrix in the function s dedicated input If the blocking signal is not activated when the pick up element activates a START signal is generated and the function proceeds to the time characteristics calculation If the blocking signal is active when the pick up element activates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation further If the START function ha...

Страница 180: ...The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 5 5 126 Event messages Event block name Event names THD1 THD Start Phase ON THD1 THD Start Phase OFF THD1 THD Start I01 ON THD1 THD Start I01 OFF THD1 THD Start I02 ON THD1 THD Start I02 OFF THD1 THD Alarm Phase ON THD1 THD Alarm Phase OFF THD1 THD Alarm I01 ON THD1 THD Alarm I01 OFF THD1 THD A...

Страница 181: ...rding to the device type Table 5 5 6 128 Analog recording channels Signal Description IL1 Phase current IL1 IL2 Phase current IL2 IL3 Phase current IL3 I01c Residual current I01 coarse I01f Residual current I01 fine I02c Residual current I02 coarse I02f Residual current I02 fine IL1 Phase current IL1 CT card 2 IL2 Phase current IL2 CT card 2 IL3 Phase current IL3 CT card 2 I01 c Residual current I...

Страница 182: ...ine and coarse gain Table 5 5 6 129 Residual current channel performance with coarse or residual gain Channel Coarse gain range Fine gain range Fine gain peak I01 0 150 A 0 10 A 15 A I02 0 75 A 0 5 A 8 A Table 5 5 6 130 Digital recording channels Measurements Signal Description Signal Description Currents Pri Pha curr ILx Primary phase current ILx IL1 IL2 IL3 Pha curr ILx TRMS Pri Primary phase cu...

Страница 183: ... unit values System volt U0 mag Magnitude of the system voltage U0 Pos Neg Zero seq Volt pri Primary positive negative zero sequence voltage System volt U0 mag kV Magnitude of the system voltage U0 in kilovolts Pos Neg Zero seq Volt sec Secondary positive negative zero sequence voltage System volt U0 mag Magnitude of the system voltage U0 in percentages Ux Angle Ux angle U1 U2 U3 U4 System volt U0...

Страница 184: ...sine phi Frequency based protections blocked When true 1 all frequency based protections are blocked 3PH PF Three phase power factor f atm Protections when not measurable returns to nominal Frequency at the moment If the system nominal is set to 50 Hz this will show 50 Hz Neutral conductance G Pri Primary neutral conductance f atm Display when not measurable is 0 Hz Frequency at the moment If the ...

Страница 185: ...chronization is lost this signal will be active MBIO ModB Ch x Invalid Channel 1 8 of MBIO Mod C is invalid Ph Rotating Logic control 0 A B C 1 A C B Phase rotating order at the moment If true 1 the phase order is reversed NO NOTE TE Digital channels are measured every 5 ms Recording settings and triggering Disturbance recorder can be triggered manually or automatically by using the dedicated trig...

Страница 186: ...stored in the memory Table 5 5 6 133 Recorder trigger setting Name Description Recorder trigger Selects the trigger input s Clicking the Edit button brings up a pop up window and checking the boxes enable the selected triggers Table 5 5 6 134 Recorder settings Name Range Step Default Description Recording length 0 100 1800 000s 0 01s 1s Sets the length of a recording Recording mode 0 FIFO 1 Keep o...

Страница 187: ...r than zero At least one trigger input has to be selected in the Recorder Trigger setting to fulfill this term Estimating the maximum length of total recording time Once the disturbance recorder s settings have been made and loaded to the relay the device automatically calculates and displays the total length of recordings However if the user wishes to confirm this calculation they can do so with ...

Страница 188: ...to be made according to the following specifications the recording length is 6 0 s the sample rate is 64 s c therefore with a 50 Hz system frequency a sample is taken every 312 5 µs the analog channels 1 8 are used digital channels are tracked every 5 ms the first activation of the overcurrent stage trip I TRIP triggers the recorder the pre triggering time is 5 ie how long is recorded before the I...

Страница 189: ...o File Open see the image below The recordings are packed COMTRADE files a zip file includes cfg and dat files AQviewer can open both original packed zip files and COMTRADE files directly as they are are located in same directory A Adding signals t dding signals to plo o plot tt ters ers By default the default plotter is empty Choose the measured signals Analog channels on the left to move them to...

Страница 190: ...the cursor to create the area you want to zoom in You can also zoom in and out by using the horizontal and vertical magnifying glass and icons numbered 3 in the image below If you want to reset the zooming click on the middle magnifying glass icon You can also zoom in and out the amplitude of individual plotters by holding down S Shift hift and scrolling the mouse wheel up and down respectively 4 ...

Страница 191: ...order memory cleared DR1 Oldest record cleared DR1 Recorder memory full ON DR1 Recorder memory full OFF DR1 Recording ON DR1 Recording OFF DR1 Storing recording ON DR1 Storing recording OFF DR1 Newest record cleared 5 5 7 Measurement recorder A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 189 ...

Страница 192: ...rd button the big red circle starts the recorder Please note that closing the Measurement recorder window does not stop the recording that can only be done by hitting the Stop button the big blue circle If the recording is done in the relay only the recording interval needs to be set before recording can be started The setting tool estimates the maximum recording time which depends on the recordin...

Страница 193: ...r U2Volt Sec L3 Imp Active Energy kWh Sec Zero Seq Curr U3Volt Sec L3 Exp Imp Act E balance MWh Res Curr I01 TRMS Sec U4Volt Sec L3 Exp Imp Act E balance kWh Res Curr I02 TRMS Sec U1Volt Sec TRMS L3 Exp React Cap E Mvarh Pha Curr IL1 U2Volt Sec TRMS L3 Exp React Cap E kvarh Pha Curr IL2 U3Volt Sec TRMS L3 Imp React Cap E Mvarh Pha Curr IL3 U4Volt Sec TRMS L3 Imp React Cap E kvarh Res Curr I01 Pos ...

Страница 194: ...urr angle System Volt U0 mag TM Max Temp Rise All Zero Seq Curr angle System Volt U0 mag kV TM Temp Rise atm Pri Pha Curr I L1 System Volt U1 mag TM Hot Spot estimate Pri Pha Curr I L2 System Volt U1 mag kV TM Hot Spot Max All Pri Pha Curr I L3 System Volt U2 mag TM Used k for amb temp Pri Res Curr I 01 System Volt U2 mag kV TM Trip delay remaining Pri Res Curr I 02 System Volt U3 mag TM Alarm 1 t...

Страница 195: ...0d Bias current I Pos Seq Curr 3PH Reactive Power Q HV I0d Diff current I Neg Seq Curr 3PH Tan phi HV I0d Char current I Zero Seq Curr 3PH Cos phi LV I0d Bias current Res Curr I 01 TRMS E Ener nerg gy mea y measur surements ements LV I0d Diff current Res Curr I 02 TRMS L1 Exp Active Energy MWh LV I0d Char current Pha IL 1 ampl THD L1 Exp Active Energy kWh Curve1 Input Pha IL 2 ampl THD L1 Imp Acti...

Страница 196: ...values of currents voltages powers and impedances as well as other values The user can set up to eight 8 magnitudes to be recorded when the function is triggered An overcurrent fault type a voltage fault type and a tripped stage can be recorded and reported straight to SCADA NO NOTE TE The available measurement values depend on the relay type If only current analog measurements are available the r...

Страница 197: ...tral resistances reactances and impedances Z12Ang Z23Ang Z31Ang ZL1Ang ZL2Ang ZL3Ang The phase to phase and phase to neutral impedance angles Rseq Xseq Zseq RseqAng XseqAng ZseqAng The positive sequence resistance reactance and impedance values and angles GL1 GL2 GL3 G0 BL1 BL2 BL3 B0 YL1 YL2 YL3 Y0 The conductances susceptances and admittances YL1angle YL2angle YL3angle Y0angle The admittance ang...

Страница 198: ... 22 I0Dir Trip 23 I0Dir Trip 24 I0Dir Trip 25 f Trip 26 f Trip 27 f Trip 28 f Trip 29 f Trip 30 f Trip 31 f Trip 32 f Trip 33 P Trip 34 P Trip 35 Prev Trip 36 T Trip 37 I2 Trip 38 I2 Trip 39 I2 Trip 40 I2 Trip 41 U1 2 Trip 42 U1 2 Trip 43 U1 2 Trip 44 U1 2 Trip 45 U0 Trip 46 U0 Trip 47 U0 Trip 48 U0 Trip The tripped stage Overcurrent fault type 0 1 A G 2 B G 3 A B 4 C G 5 A C 6 B C 7 A B C The ove...

Страница 199: ...e 1 8 0 000 1800 000 A V p u 0 001 A V p u The recorded value in one of the eight channels Events The measurement value recorder function abbreviated VREC in event block names generates events from the function triggers The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both Table 5 5 8 138 Event messages Event block name Event name VREC1 Recorder triggered ON V...

Страница 200: ...plays the status of the NTP time synchronization at the moment NO NOTE TE This indication is not valid if another time synchronization method is used external serial NTP processed message count 0 232 1 Displays the number of messages processed by the NTP protocol Additionally the time zone of the relay can be set by connecting to the relay and the selecting the time zone at Commands Set time zone ...

Страница 201: ...tings for measurement update interval Name Range Step Default Description Current measurement update interval 500 10 000ms 5ms 2 000ms Defines the measurement update interval of all current related measurements Voltage measurement update interval 500 10 000ms 5ms 2 000ms Defines the measurement update interval of all voltage related measurements Power measurement update interval 500 10 000ms 5ms 2...

Страница 202: ...ed with the IEC 61850 tool in AQtivate Report Control Blocks both buffered and unbuffered reporting Control Direct operate with normal security Select before operate with normal security Direct with enhanced security and Select before operate with enhanced sequrity control sequences Disturbance recording file transfer GOOSE Time synchronization The device s current IEC 61850 setup can be viewed an...

Страница 203: ... 1 5 0deg 0 1deg 1deg Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Integration time 0 10 000ms 1ms 0ms Defines the integration time of the protocol If this parameter is set to 0 ms no integration time is in use Reconfigure GOOSE 0 1 Reconfigure 0 Reconfigures the GOOSE Enable GOOSE subscriber 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enabled and disables the GOOSE subscriber For more...

Страница 204: ... x Description of the GOOSE input This description is used in several menu types for easier identification Setting the publisher The configuration of the GOOSE publisher is done using the IEC 61850 tool in AQtivate Tools Communication IEC 61850 Refer to AQtivate 200 Instruction manual for more information on how to set up GOOSE publisher 6 1 6 IEC 103 IEC 103 is the shortened form of the internati...

Страница 205: ...ed master Link layer time out 0 60 000ms 1ms 0ms Defines the length of the time out for the link layer Link layer retries 1 20 1 1 Defines the number of retries for the link layer Diagnostic Error counter 0 232 1 1 Counts the total number of errors in received and sent messages Diagnostic Transmitted messages 0 232 1 1 Counts the total number of transmitted messages Diagnostic Received messages 0 ...

Страница 206: ...deadband 0 1 1000 0kVar 0 1kVar 2kVar Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Apparent power deadband 0 1 1000 0kVA 0 1kVA 2kVA Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Power factor deadband 0 01 0 99 0 01 0 05 Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Frequency deadband 0 01 1 00Hz 0 01Hz 0 1Hz Determines the data...

Страница 207: ...65 534 1 1 Defines the address for the link layer Link layer address size 1 2 1 2 Defines the address size of the link layer Information object address size 2 3 1 3 Defines the address size of the information object Cause of transmission size 1 2 1 2 Defines the cause of transmission size IEC 104 settings Table 6 1 8 153 IEC 104 settings Name Range Step Default Description IEC 104 enable 0 Disable...

Страница 208: ...r this measurement Apparent power deadband 0 1 1000 0kVA 0 1kVA 2kVA Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Power factor deadband 0 01 0 99 0 01 0 05 Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Frequency deadband 0 01 1 00Hz 0 01Hz 0 1Hz Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Current deadband 0 01 50 00A 0 01A 5A ...

Страница 209: ...ough a communication protocol if one is in use The following table presents the setting parameters available for the 12 channels Table 6 2 155 Fault register settings Name Range Step Default Description Select record source 0 Not in use 1 12 I I I I IL1 IL2 IL3 13 24 Id Id Id Id IL1 IL2 IL3 25 28 I0 I0 I0 I0 I0 29 32 I0d I0d I0d I0d I0 33 FLX 0 Not in use Selects the protection function and its st...

Страница 210: ...CalcMag Residual current calculated from phase currents IL1Ang IL2Ang IL3Ang I01Ang I02Ang I0CalcAng I1Ang I2Ang Angles of each measured current Voltages UL1Mag UL2Mag UL3Mag UL12Mag UL23Mag UL31Mag U0Mag U0CalcMag Magnitudes of phase voltages phase to phase voltages and residual voltages U1 Pos seq V mag U2 Neg seq V mag Positive and negative sequence voltages UL1Ang UL2Ang UL3Ang UL12Ang UL23Ang...

Страница 211: ...1 8 ADAM module Settings Table 6 3 157 Settings Name Range Step Default Description Measurement value recorder mode 0 Disabled 1 Activated 0 Disabled Activates and disables the real time signals to communication Scale current values to primary 0 No 1 Yes 0 No Selects whether or not values are scaled to primary Slot X magnitude selection 0 Currents 1 Voltages 2 Powers 3 Impedance ZRX and admittance...

Страница 212: ...7 Connections and application examples 7 1 Connections of AQ S255 Figure 7 1 97 AQ S255 variant without add on modules A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 210 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 213: ...Figure 7 1 98 AQ S255 variant with digital input and output modules A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 211 ...

Страница 214: ...This chapter presents an application example for the bay controller IED Since three line to neutral voltages and the zero sequence voltage U4 are connected this application uses the voltage measurement mode 3LN U0 see the image below Additionally the three phase currents and the residual current I01 are also connected The digital inputs are connected to indicate the breaker status while the digita...

Страница 215: ...ents the two phase three wire ARON input connection for any AQ 200 series IED with a current transformer The example is for applications with protection CTs for just two phases The connection is suitable for both motor and feeder applications A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 213 ...

Страница 216: ...ough the IED s digital output and all the way to the open coil of the breaker It is recommended to supervise the health of the trip circuit when breaker is closed Trip circuit supervision with one digital input and one non latched trip output The figure below presents an application scheme for trip circuit supervision with one digital input and a non latched trip output With this connection the cu...

Страница 217: ... be added to the digital input An activation delay that is slightly longer than the circuit breaker s operations time should be enough When circuit breaker failure protection CBFP is used adding its operation time to the digital input activation time is useful The whole digital input activation time is therefore tDI tCB tIEDrelease tCBFP The image below presents the necessary settings when using a...

Страница 218: ...e IED s output relay contact opens in under 50 ms or after a set release delay that takes place after the breaker is opened This means that the open coil is energized for a while after the breaker has already opened The coil could even be energized a moment longer if the circuit breaker failure protection has to be used and the incomer performs the trip Trip circuit supervision with one digital in...

Страница 219: ...closed again The following logic scheme or similar blocks the supervision alarm when the circuit breaker is open The alarm is issued whenever the breaker is closed and whenever the inverted digital input signal TCS activates A normally closed digital input activates only when there is something wrong with the trip circuit and the auxiliary power goes off Logical output can be used in the output ma...

Страница 220: ...Figure 7 4 106 Example block scheme A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 218 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 221: ... number of inputs and outputs and the power supply as well as one separate voltage measurement module and one separate current measurement module The images below present the modules of both the non optioned model AQ X255 XXXXXXX AAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAA and a partially optioned model AQ X255 XXXXXXX BBBBBCAAAA BBBBBCAAAAJ J Figure 8 1 107 Modular construction of AQ X255 XXXXXXX AAAAAAAAAAA A AQ Q ...

Страница 222: ...ed from Arcteq Relays Ltd or its representative who can then provide the module with its corresponding unlocking code to allow the device to operate correctly once the hardware configuration has been upgraded This also means that the module s location in the device cannot be changed without updating the device configuration data which again requires the unlocking code When an I O module is inserte...

Страница 223: ...f the code and the modules do not match the device issues and alarm An alarm is also issued if the device expects to find a module here but does not find one 5 Scan Scans Slot D and finds the five channels of the CT module fixed for AQ X255 If the CTM is not found the device issues an alarm 6 Scan Scans Slot E and moves to the next slot if Slot E is empty If the scan finds an 8DI module it reserve...

Страница 224: ...ree DI1 DI3 in the CPU module and the rest in Slots C H in groups of eight It also has a total of 10 digital output channels available five DO1 DO5 in the CPU module and five DO6 DO10 in Slot I Additionally there is a double LC fiber Ethernet communication option card installed in Slot N These same principles apply to all non standard configurations in the AQ X255 IED family 8 2 CPU module Figure ...

Страница 225: ...t with software The digital output controls are also set by the user with software By default the digital outputs are controlled in 5 ms program cycles All output contacts are mechanical The rated voltage of the NO NC outputs is 250 VAC DC The auxiliary voltage is defined in the ordering code the available power supply models available are A 85 265 VAC DC and B 18 75 DC The power suppy s minimum a...

Страница 226: ...ing lug terminals Connector Description CTM 1 2 Phase current measurement for phase L1 A CTM 3 4 Phase current measurement for phase L2 B CTM 5 6 Phase current measurement for phase L3 C CTM 7 8 Coarse residual current measurement I01 CTM 9 10 Fine residual current measurement I02 A basic current measurement module with five channels includes three phase current measurement inputs as well as coars...

Страница 227: ...rable voltage measurement input U4 A basic voltage measurement module with four channels includes four voltage measurement inputs that can be configured freely The voltage measurement module is connected to the secondary side of conventional voltage transformers VTs or directly to low voltage systems secured by fuses The nominal voltage can be set between 100 400 V Voltages are calibrated in a ran...

Страница 228: ...an be upgraded in the field after the device s original installation when required The properties of the inputs in this module are the same as those of the inputs in the main processor module The current consumption of the digital inputs is 2 mA when activated while the range of the operating voltage is from 0 265 VAC DC The activation and release thresholds are set in the software and the resolut...

Страница 229: ...0 000 s 0 001 s 0 000 s Defines the delay when the status changes from 0 to 1 DIx Drop off time 0 000 1800 000 s 0 001 s 0 000 s Defines the delay when the status changes from 1 to 0 DIx AC Mode 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Selects whether or not a 30 ms deactivation delay is added to take the alternating current into account The DIx Release threshold parameter is hidden and forced to 10 of the...

Страница 230: ...n DIx 1 31 characters DIx Description of the digital input This description is used in several menu types for easier identification Digital input voltage measurements Digital input option card channels measure voltage on each channel The measured voltage can be seen at Control Device IO Digital inputs Digital input voltages Table 8 5 161 Digital input channel voltage measurement Name Range Step De...

Страница 231: ...ll digital outputs are scanned in 5 ms program cycles and their contacts are mechanical in type The rated voltage of the NO NC outputs is 250 VAC DC For the naming convention of the digital inputs provided by this module please refer to the chapter titled Construction and installation For technical details please refer to the chapter titled Digital output module in the Technical data section of th...

Страница 232: ...dd on module with eight 8 RTD input channels Each input supports 2 wire 3 wire and 4 wire RTD sensors The sensor type can be selected with software for two groups four channels each The card supports Pt100 and Pt1000 sensors A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 230 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 233: ... module connectors Connector Name Description COM E Serial fiber GG PP GP PG Serial based communications Wavelength 660 nm Compatible with 50 125 μm 62 5 125 μm 100 140 μm and 200 μm Plastic Clad Silica PCS fiber Compatible with ST connectors A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 231 ...

Страница 234: ...ommunications COM F Pin 8 RS 232 RX Serial based communications COM F Pin 9 COM F Pin 10 3 3 V output spare Spare power source for external equipment 45 mA COM F Pin 11 COM F Pin 12 The option card includes two serial communication interfaces COM E is a serial fiber interface with glass plastic option COM F is an RS 232 interface 8 9 LC or RJ45 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figur...

Страница 235: ...ectors 10BASE T and 100BASE TX Both cards support both HSR and PRP protocols 8 10 Double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figure 8 10 120 Double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module connectors Connector Description Two pin connector IRIG B input ST connectors Duplex ST connectors 62 5 125 μm or 50 125 μm multimode fiber Transmitter wavelength 1260 1360 nm nominal 1310 nm Rec...

Страница 236: ...edundancy options please refer to the option card LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module The images below present two example configurations the first displays a ring configuration note how the third party devices are connected in a separate ring while the second displays a multidrop configuration Figure 8 10 121 Example of a ring configuration A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 2...

Страница 237: ...ble RJ45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figure 8 11 123 Double RJ 45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Connector Description Two pin connector IRIG B input A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 235 ...

Страница 238: ...figurations For other redundancy options please refer to the option card LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Figure 8 11 124 Example of a multidrop configuration 8 12 Milliampere mA I O module optional Figure 8 12 125 Milliampere mA I O module connections A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 236 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 239: ...in the factory or it can be upgraded in the field after the device s original installation when required The user sets the mA I O with the mA outputs control function This can be done at Control Device I O mA outputs in the relay configuration settings 8 13 Dimensions and installation The device can be installed either to a standard 19 rack or to a switchgear panel with cutouts The desired install...

Страница 240: ...Figure 8 13 127 Device installation A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 238 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 241: ...Figure 8 13 128 Panel cut out and spacing of the IED A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 239 ...

Страница 242: ...equency measurement range From 6 75Hz fundamental up to the 31st harmonic current Current measurement range 25 mA 250 A RMS Current measurement inaccuracy 0 005 4 000 IN 0 5 or 15 mA 4 20 IN 0 5 20 50 IN 1 0 Angle measurement inaccuracy 0 2 I 0 1 A 1 0 I 0 1 A Burden 50 60 Hz 0 1 VA Transient overreach 8 Coarse residual current input I01 Rated current IN 1 A configurable 0 1 10 A Thermal withstand...

Страница 243: ...reach 5 Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact FRONT 4 H 6 35 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 4 mm2 NO NOTE TE Current measurement accuracy has been verified with 50 60 Hz The amplitude difference is 0 2 and the angle difference is 0 5 degrees higher at 16 67 Hz and other frequencies 9 1 1 2 Voltage measurement Table 9 1 1 2 164 Technical data for the voltage measure...

Страница 244: ...Power and energy measurement accuracy Power measurement P Q S Frequency range 6 75 Hz Inaccuracy 0 3 1 2 IN or 3 VA secondary 1 0 1 2 IN or 3 VA secondary Energy measurement Frequency range 6 75 Hz Energy and power metering inaccuracy 0 5 down to 1A RMS 50 60Hz as standard 0 2 down to 1A RMS 50 60Hz option available see the order code for details 9 1 1 4 Frequency measurement Table 9 1 1 4 166 Fre...

Страница 245: ...erminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 2 5 mm2 Other Minimum recommended fuse rating MCB C2 9 1 2 2 CPU communication ports Table 9 1 2 2 169 Front panel local communication port Port Port media Copper Ethernet RJ 45 Number of ports 1 Port protocols PC protocols FTP Telnet Features Data transfer rate 100 MB System integration Cannot be used fo...

Страница 246: ... Table 9 1 2 3 172 CPU model isolated digital inputs with thresholds defined by order code Rated values Rated auxiliary voltage 265 V AC DC Nominal voltage Order code defined 24 110 220 V AC DC Pick up threshold Release threshold Order code defined 19 90 170 V Order code defined 14 65 132 V Scanning rate 5 ms Settings Pick up delay Software settable 0 1800 s Polarity Software settable Normally On ...

Страница 247: ... 174 Digital outputs Change Over Rated values Rated auxiliary voltage 265 V AC DC Continuous carry 5 A Make and carry 0 5 s Make and carry 3 s 30 A 15 A Breaking capacity DC L R 40 ms at 48 VDC at 110 VDC at 220 VDC 1 A 0 4 A 0 2 A Control rate 5 ms Settings Polarity Software settable Normally On Normally Off Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stra...

Страница 248: ...ted values Rated auxiliary voltage 265 V AC DC Continuous carry 5 A Make and carry 0 5 s Make and carry 3 s 30 A 15 A Breaking capacity DC L R 40 ms at 48 VDC at 110 VDC at 220 VDC 1 A 0 4 A 0 2 A Control rate 5 ms Settings Polarity Software settable Normally On Normally Off Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 2 5...

Страница 249: ...ata for the RTD input module Channels 1 8 2 3 4 wire RTD Pt100 or Pt1000 9 1 3 5 RS 232 serial fiber communication module Table 9 1 3 5 179 Technical data for the RS 232 serial fiber communication module Ports RS 232 Serial fiber GG PP GP PG Serial port wavelength 660 nm Cable type 1 mm plastic fiber 9 1 3 6 Double LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Table 9 1 3 6 180 Technical data for the ...

Страница 250: ...rom the setting tool HMI or SCADA Operation time Reaction time 5 ms from receiving the control signal 9 2 1 2 Object control and monitoring Table 9 2 1 2 183 Technical data for the object control and monitoring function Signals Input signals Digital inputs Software signals Output signals Close command output Open command output Operation time Breaker traverse time setting 0 02 500 00 s setting ste...

Страница 251: ...age s START signal 1 0 or 30 ms AR delay AR starting from a protection stage s TRIP signal Trip delay inaccuracy 25 ms Protection AR delay Dead time 1 0 or 35 ms AR delay Action time 1 0 or 30 ms AR delay Instant starting time Instant operation time Protection activation delay 15 ms Protection AR delay 9 2 1 4 Synchrocheck ΔV Δa Δf 25 Table 9 2 1 4 185 Technical data for the synchrocheck function ...

Страница 252: ...idual current channel I01 Coarse optional Residual current channel I02 Fine optional Current input magnitudes RMS phase currents RMS residual current I01 I02 optional Pick up Pick up current settings ISET high limit ISET low limit ISUM difference ISET ratio I2 I1 ratio 0 10 40 00 IN setting step 0 01 IN 0 10 40 00 IN setting step 0 01 IN 0 10 40 00 IN setting step 0 01 IN 0 01 100 00 setting step ...

Страница 253: ...ting Inaccuracy Reset time 0 010 10 000 s step 0 005 s 2 0 or 80 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 50 ms VTS MCB trip bus line external input 50 ms No Not te e When turning on the auxiliary power of an IED the normal condition of a stage has to be fulfilled before tripping 9 2 2 3 Circuit breaker wear monitoring Table 9 2 2 3 188 Technical data for the circuit breaker wear monitoring functi...

Страница 254: ...IM ISET ratio 1 05 IM ISET 3 0 5 or 10 ms Typically 20ms Typically 25 ms Reset Reset time Typically 10 ms Reset ratio 97 9 2 2 5 Fault locator 21FL Table 9 2 2 5 190 Technical data for the fault locator function Input signals Current inputs Phase current inputs IL1 A IL2 B IL3 C Voltage inputs UL1 UL2 UL3 UL12 UL23 UL31 U0 Calculated reactance magnitudes when line to neutral voltages available XL1...

Страница 255: ...hnical data for the event logger function General information Event history capacity 15 000 events Event timestamp resolution 0 001 seconds 9 3 Tests and environmental Electrical environment compatibility Table 9 3 193 Disturbance tests All tests CE approved and tested according to EN 60255 26 Emissions Conducted emissions EN 60255 26 Ch 5 2 CISPR 22 150 kHz 30 MHz Radiated emissions EN 60255 26 C...

Страница 256: ... and bump test EN 60255 1 EN 60255 27 IEC 60255 21 2 20 g 1 000 bumps dir Table 9 3 196 Environmental tests Damp heat cyclic EN 60255 1 IEC 60068 2 30 Operational 25 55 C 93 97 RH 12 12h Dry heat EN 60255 1 IEC 60068 2 2 Storage 70 C 16 h Operational 55 C 16 h Cold test EN 60255 1 IEC 60068 2 1 Storage 40 C 16 h Operational 20 C 16 h Table 9 3 197 Environmental conditions IP classes Casing protect...

Страница 257: ...kaging net Dimensions Height 208 mm Width 257 mm rack Depth 165 mm no cards or connectors Weight 1 5 kg With packaging gross Dimensions Height 250 mm Width 343 mm Depth 256 mm Weight 2 0 kg A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 255 ...

Страница 258: ...al 6 channel 2 or 3 wires RTD Input module pre configured Requires an external power module Advanced Co Ltd ADAM 4018 BE External 8 ch Thermocouple mA Input module pre configured Requires an external power module Advanced Co Ltd AQX121 Raising frame 120mm Arcteq Ltd A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 256 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

Страница 259: ...AQX122 Raising frame 40mm Arcteq Ltd AQX098 Wall mounting bracket Arcteq Ltd A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 257 ...

Страница 260: ...nd postal address Kvartsikatu 2 A 1 65300 Vaasa Finland Contacts Phone 358 10 3221 370 Website arcteq fi Technical support support arcteq fi 358 10 3221 388 EET 9 00 17 00 E mail sales sales arcteq fi A AQ Q S255 S255 Instruction manual Version 2 06 258 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00025 ...

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