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Agilent Technologies 2000 X Скачать руководство пользователя страница 30

30

Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series Oscilloscopes User's Guide

1

Getting Started

4.

Entry knob

The Entry knob is used to select items from menus and to change values.
The function of the Entry knob changes based upon the current menu
and softkey selections.

Note that the curved arrow symbol

above the entry knob

illuminates whenever the entry knob can be used to select a value. Also,

note that when the Entry knob

symbol appears on a softkey, you

can use the Entry knob, to select values.
Often, rotating the Entry knob is enough to make a selection. Sometimes,
you can push the Entry knob to enable or disable a selection. Pushing the
Entry knob also makes popup menus disappear.

5.

Tools keys

The Tools keys consist of:
• [Utility] key — Press this key to access the Utility Menu, which lets

you configure the oscilloscope's I/O settings, use the file explorer, set
preferences, access the service menu, and choose other options. See

Chapter 19

, “Utility Settings,” starting on page 237.

• [Quick Action] key — Press this key to perform the selected quick

action: measure all snapshot, print, save, recall, freeze display. and
more. See

“Configuring the [Quick Action] Key"

on page 253.

• [Analyze] key — Press this key to access analysis features like mask

testing (see

Chapter 14

, “Mask Testing,” starting on page 189), trigger

level setting, measurement threshold setting, or Video trigger
automatic set up and display.

• [Wave Gen] key — Press this key to access waveform generator

functions. See

Chapter 16

, “Waveform Generator,” starting on page

205.

6.

Trigger controls

These controls determine how the oscilloscope triggers to capture data.
See

Chapter 9

, “Triggers,” starting on page 113 and

Chapter 10

, “Trigger

Mode/Coupling,” starting on page 135.

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Содержание 2000 X

Страница 1: ...s1 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide ...

Страница 2: ...Rights Legend If software is for use in the performance of a U S Government prime contract or subcon tract Software is delivered and licensed as Commercial computer software as defined in DFAR 252 227 7014 June 1995 or as a commercial item as defined in FAR 2 101 a or as Restricted computer soft ware as defined in FAR 52 227 19 June 1987 or any equivalent agency regulation or contract clause Use d...

Страница 3: ...els 2 and 4 channel digital storage oscilloscope DSO models 2 8 channel and 4 8 channel mixed signal oscilloscope MSO models Table 1 2000 X Series Model Numbers Bandwidths Bandwidth 70 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 2 Channel 8 Logic Channels MSO MSO X 2002A MSO X 2012A MSO X 2022A 4 Channel 8 Logic Channels MSO MSO X 2004A MSO X 2014A MSO X 2024A 2 Channel DSO DSO X 2002A DSO X 2012A DSO X 2022A 4 Channel D...

Страница 4: ...s edge pulse width pattern and video Math waveforms add subtract multiply and FFT Reference waveforms 2 for comparing with other channel or math waveforms Many built in measurements Built in license enabled waveform generator with sine square ramp pulse DC noise USB ports make printing saving and sharing data easy Optional LAN VGA module for connecting to a network and displaying the screen on a d...

Страница 5: ...ng how data is acquired see Chapter 9 Triggers starting on page 113 Chapter 10 Trigger Mode Coupling starting on page 135 Chapter 11 Acquisition Control starting on page 143 Making measurements and analyzing data Chapter 12 Cursors starting on page 159 Chapter 13 Measurements starting on page 169 Chapter 14 Mask Testing starting on page 189 Chapter 15 Digital Voltmeter starting on page 201 When us...

Страница 6: ...ys Instructions for pressing a series of keys are written in an abbreviated manner Instructions for pressing Key1 then pressing Softkey2 then pressing Softkey3 are abbreviated as follows Press Key1 Softkey2 Softkey3 The keys may be a front panel Key or a Softkey Softkeys are the six keys located directly below the oscilloscope display ...

Страница 7: ...asy Viewing 22 Power On the Oscilloscope 23 Connect Probes to the Oscilloscope 24 Maximum input voltage at analog inputs 24 Do not float the oscilloscope chassis 24 Input a Waveform 25 Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup 25 Use Auto Scale 26 Compensate Passive Probes 27 Learn the Front Panel Controls and Connectors 28 Front Panel Overlays for Different Languages 35 Learn the Rear Panel Connector...

Страница 8: ... fine adjustment setting 52 To position the time reference left center right 52 Navigating the Time Base 53 To navigate time 53 To navigate segments 53 3 Vertical Controls To turn waveforms on or off channel or math 56 To adjust the vertical scale 57 To adjust the vertical position 57 To specify channel coupling 57 To specify bandwidth limiting 58 To change the vertical scale knob s coarse fine ad...

Страница 9: ...ce Waveforms To save a waveform to a reference waveform location 77 To display a reference waveform 78 To scale and position reference waveforms 79 To adjust reference waveform skew 79 To display reference waveform information 80 To save recall reference waveform files to from a USB storage device 80 6 Digital Channels To connect the digital probes to the device under test 81 Probe cable for digit...

Страница 10: ...channels as a bus 90 Digital channel signal fidelity Probe impedance and grounding 93 Input Impedance 94 Probe Grounding 96 Best Probing Practices 98 To replace digital probe leads 98 7 Display Settings To adjust waveform intensity 101 To set or clear persistence 103 To clear the display 104 To select the grid type 104 To adjust the grid intensity 105 To freeze the display 105 8 Labels To turn the...

Страница 11: ...nc pulses 128 To trigger on a specific field of the video signal 129 To trigger on all fields of the video signal 130 To trigger on odd or even fields 131 10 Trigger Mode Coupling To select the Auto or Normal trigger mode 136 To select the trigger coupling 138 To enable or disable trigger noise rejection 139 To enable or disable trigger HF Reject 139 To set the trigger holdoff 140 External Trigger...

Страница 12: ...Mode 150 Peak Detect Acquisition Mode 150 Averaging Acquisition Mode 153 High Resolution Acquisition Mode 155 Acquiring to Segmented Memory 155 Navigating Segments 157 Infinite Persistence with Segmented Memory 157 Segmented Memory Re Arm Time 158 Saving Data from Segmented Memory 158 12 Cursors To make cursor measurements 160 Cursor Examples 163 13 Measurements To make automatic measurements 170 ...

Страница 13: ...181 Frequency 182 Width 183 Width 183 Duty Cycle 183 Rise Time 183 Fall Time 183 Delay 184 Phase 185 Measurement Thresholds 186 Measurement Window with Zoom Display 188 14 Mask Testing To create a mask from a golden waveform Automask 189 Mask Test Setup Options 191 Mask Statistics 194 To manually modify a mask file 195 Building a Mask File 198 How is mask testing done 200 ...

Страница 14: ...Frequency Modulation FM 213 To set up Frequency Shift Keying Modulation FSK 214 To restore waveform generator defaults 215 17 Save Recall Setups Screens Data Saving Setups Screen Images or Data 217 To save setup files 219 To save BMP or PNG image files 219 To save CSV ASCII XY or BIN data files 220 To save ALB data files 221 Length Control 223 To save reference waveform files to a USB storage devi...

Страница 15: ... connection 239 Stand alone Point to Point Connection to a PC 240 File Explorer 241 Setting Oscilloscope Preferences 243 To choose expand about center or ground 243 To disable enable transparent backgrounds 244 To load the default label library 244 To set up the screen saver 244 To set AutoScale preferences 245 Setting the Oscilloscope s Clock 246 Setting the Rear Panel TRIG OUT Source 246 Perform...

Страница 16: ...e Front Panel 260 Simple Remote Front Panel 261 Browser Based Remote Front Panel 262 Remote Programming via the Web Interface 263 Remote Programming with Agilent IO Libraries 264 Save Recall 265 Saving Files via the Web Interface 265 Recalling Files via the Web Interface 266 Get Image 267 Identification Function 268 Instrument Utilities 268 Setting a Password 269 21 Reference Specifications and Ch...

Страница 17: ...ssories Available 278 Loading Licenses and Displaying License Information 279 Licensed Options Available 279 Other Options Available 280 Upgrading to an MSO 280 Software and Firmware Updates 280 Binary Data bin Format 281 Binary Data in MATLAB 282 Binary Header Format 282 Example Program for Reading Binary Data 284 Examples of Binary Files 285 CSV and ASCII XY files 287 CSV and ASCII XY file struc...

Страница 18: ...18 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide ...

Страница 19: ...rn the Rear Panel Connectors 37 Learn the Oscilloscope Display 38 Access the Built In Quick Help 40 This chapter describes the steps you take when using the oscilloscope for the first time Inspect the Package Contents Inspect the shipping container for damage If your shipping container appears to be damaged keep the shipping container or cushioning material until you have inspected the contents of...

Страница 20: ...cilloscopes User s Guide 1 Getting Started InfiniiVision 2000 X Series oscilloscope Power cord country of origin determines specific type Oscilloscope probes Two probes for 2 channel models Four probes for 4 channel models Documentation CD ROM ...

Страница 21: ...Series oscilloscope Power cord Based on country of origin Documentation CD Digital Probe Kit MSO models only N6459 60001 Digital Probe Kit contains N6459 61601 8 channel cable qyt 1 01650 82103 2 inch probe ground leads qyt 3 5090 4832 Grabber qty 10 Digital probe replacement parts are listed in the Digital Channels chapter N2862B probes Qty 2 or 4 ...

Страница 22: ...he module s spring tabs and gently remove the module from the slot 2 To install a module slide the module into the slot on the back until it is fully seated The module s spring tabs will latch into the slot keeping the module in place Tilt the Oscilloscope for Easy Viewing There are tabs under the oscilloscope s front feet that can be flipped out to tilt the oscilloscope a a DWWV 0 9 9 51 1 0 17 1...

Страница 23: ...s ensure that the air intake and exhaust areas are free from obstructions The fan draws air in from the left side and bottom of the oscilloscope and pushes it out behind the oscilloscope When using the oscilloscope in a bench top setting provide at least 2 clearance at the sides and 4 100 mm clearance above and behind the oscilloscope for proper cooling To power on the oscilloscope 1 Connect the p...

Страница 24: ...rest on the circuit or device under test Be sure to connect the probe ground lead to a ground point on the circuit WARNING Always use a grounded power cord Do not defeat the power cord ground CAUTION Maximum input voltage at analog inputs CAT I 300 Vrms 400 Vpk transient overvoltage 1 6 kVpk With 10073C 10 1 probe CAT I 500 Vpk CAT II 400 Vpk With N2862A or N2863A 10 1 probe 300 Vrms CAUTION Do no...

Страница 25: ...operating condition The major default settings are WARNING Do not negate the protective action of the ground connection to the oscilloscope The oscilloscope must remain grounded through its power cord Defeating the ground creates an electric shock hazard Table 2 Default Configuration Settings Horizontal Normal mode 100 µs div scale 0 s delay center time reference Vertical Analog Channel 1 on 5 V d...

Страница 26: ...ly configure the oscilloscope to best display the input signals 1 Press Auto Scale You should see a waveform on the oscilloscope s display similar to this 2 If you want to return to the oscilloscope settings that existed before press Undo AutoScale 3 If you want to enable fast debug autoscaling change the channels autoscaled or preserve the acquisition mode during autoscale press Fast Debug Channe...

Страница 27: ...n continuing with the lowest number analog channel up to the highest number analog channel and finally if digital probes are connected the highest number digital channel During Auto Scale the delay is set to 0 0 seconds the horizontal time div sweep speed setting is a function of the input signal about 2 periods of the triggered signal on the screen and the triggering mode is set to Edge Compensat...

Страница 28: ... oscilloscope channels channel 2 of a 2 channel oscilloscope or channels 2 3 and 4 of a 4 channel oscilloscope 8 Repeat the procedure for each channel Learn the Front Panel Controls and Connectors On the front panel key refers to any key button you can press Softkey specifically refers to the six keys that are directly below the display The legend for these keys is directly above them on the displ...

Страница 29: ...r on press again to switch power off See Power On the Oscilloscope on page 23 2 Softkeys The functions of these keys change based upon the menus shown on the display directly above the keys The Back Up key moves up in the softkey menu hierarchy At the top of the hierarchy the Back Up key turns the menus off and oscilloscope information is shown instead 3 Intensity key Press the key to illuminate i...

Страница 30: ... to access the Utility Menu which lets you configure the oscilloscope s I O settings use the file explorer set preferences access the service menu and choose other options See Chapter 19 Utility Settings starting on page 237 Quick Action key Press this key to perform the selected quick action measure all snapshot print save recall freeze display and more See Configuring the Quick Action Key on pag...

Страница 31: ...ine adjustment and select the trigger time reference point Zoom key Press the zoom key to split the oscilloscope display into Normal and Zoom sections without opening the Horizontal Menu Search key Lets you search for events in the acquired data Navigate keys Press this key to navigate through captured data Time search events or segmented memory acquisitions See Navigating the Time Base on page 53...

Страница 32: ...ob selects and highlights in red individual digital channels and the lower multiplexed knob positions the selected digital channel If a trace is repositioned over an existing trace the indicator at the left edge of the trace will change from Dn designation where n is a one digit channel number from 0 to 7 to D The indicates that two channels are overlaid You can rotate the upper knob to select an ...

Страница 33: ...or High Resolution acquisition modes see Selecting the Acquisition Mode on page 149 and use segmented memory see Acquiring to Segmented Memory on page 155 The Display key lets you access the menu where you can enable persistence see To set or clear persistence on page 103 clear the display and adjust the display grid graticule intensity see To adjust the grid intensity on page 105 14 File keys Pre...

Страница 34: ...information see Chapter 3 Vertical Controls starting on page 55 17 Analogchannel inputs Attach oscilloscope probes or BNC cables to these BNC connectors In the InfiniiVision 2000 X Series oscilloscopes the analog channel inputs have 1 MΩ impedance Also there is no automatic probe detection so you must properly set the probe attenuation for accurate measurement results See To specify the probe atte...

Страница 35: ...For more information about printing see Chapter 18 Print Screens starting on page 231 You can also use the USB port to update the oscilloscope s system software when updates are available You do not need to take special precautions before removing the USB mass storage device from the oscilloscope you do not need to eject it Simply unplug the USB mass storage device from the oscilloscope when the f...

Страница 36: ... part numbers Language 2 Channel Overlay 4 Channel Overlay French 75019 94324 75019 94316 German 75019 94326 75019 94318 Italian 75019 94323 75019 94331 Japanese 75019 94311 75019 94312 Korean 75019 94329 75019 94321 Portuguese 75019 94327 75019 94319 Russian 75019 94322 75019 94315 Simplified Chinese 75019 94328 75019 94320 Spanish 75019 94325 75019 94317 Traditional Chinese 75019 94330 75019 943...

Страница 37: ...nterface starting on page 257 and Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 VGA video output lets you connect an external monitor or projector to provide a larger display or to provide a display at a viewing position away from the oscilloscope The oscilloscope s built in display remains on even when an external display is connected The video output connector is always active For optimal video qualit...

Страница 38: ...ibration on page 248 6 EXT TRIG IN connector External trigger input BNC connector See External Trigger Input on page 140 for an explanation of this feature 8 USB Device port This port is for connecting the oscilloscope to a host PC You can issue remote commands from a host PC to the oscilloscope via the USB device port See Remote Programming with Agilent IO Libraries on page 264 7 USB Host port Th...

Страница 39: ... about viewing signal detail see To adjust waveform intensity on page 101 For more information about display modes see Chapter 7 Display Settings starting on page 101 Information area The information area normally contains acquisition analog channel automatic measurement and cursor results Menu line This line normally contains menu name or other information associated with the selected menu Analog...

Страница 40: ...a knob is turned Softkey labels These labels describe softkey functions Typically softkeys let you set up additional parameters for the selected mode or menu Pressing the Back Up key at the top of the menu hierarchy turns off softkey labels and displays additional status information describing channel offset and other configuration parameters Back Quick Help message Press and hold front panel key ...

Страница 41: ...user interface and Quick Help language 1 Press Help then press the Language softkey 2 Repeatedly press and release the Language softkey or rotate the Entry knob until the desired language is selected The following languages are available English French German Italian Japanese Korean Portuguese Russian Simplified Chinese Spanish and Traditional Chinese ...

Страница 42: ...42 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 1 Getting Started ...

Страница 43: ...scale knob s coarse fine adjustment setting 52 To position the time reference left center right 52 Navigating the Time Base 53 The horizontal controls include The horizontal scale and position knobs The Horiz key for accessing the Horizontal Menu The zoom key for quickly enabling disabling the split screen zoom display The Search key for finding events on analog channels The Navigate keys for navi...

Страница 44: ...reference The current sample rate is displayed above the Fine and Time Ref softkeys To adjust the horizontal time div scale 1 Turn the large horizontal scale sweep speed knob marked to change the horizontal time div setting Figure 2 Horizontal Menu Trigger point Sample rate Time reference Delay time Time div Trigger source Trigger level or threshold XY or Roll mode Normal time mode Zoomed time bas...

Страница 45: ...atus line Changing the delay time moves the trigger point solid inverted triangle horizontally and indicates how far it is from the time reference point hollow inverted triangle These reference points are indicated along the top of the display grid Figure 2 shows the trigger point with the delay time set to 200 µs The delay time number tells you how far the time reference point is located from the...

Страница 46: ...fferent levels of abstraction You may want to view both the big picture and the specific little picture details The ability to examine waveform detail after the waveform has been acquired is a benefit generally associated with digital oscilloscopes Often this is simply the ability to freeze the display for the purpose of measuring with cursors or printing the screen Some digital oscilloscopes go o...

Страница 47: ...re volts versus current or voltage versus frequency Use the cursors to make measurements on XY mode waveforms For more information about using XY mode for measurements refer to XY Time Mode on page 48 Roll causes the waveform to move slowly across the screen from right to left It only operates on time base settings of 50 ms div and slower If the current time base setting is faster than the 50 ms d...

Страница 48: ...two signals of the same frequency with the Lissajous method 1 Connect a sine wave signal to channel 1 and a sine wave signal of the same frequency but out of phase to channel 2 2 Press the AutoScale key press the Horiz key then press Time Mode and select XY 3 Center the signal on the display with the channel 1 and 2 position knobs Use the channel 1 and 2 volts div knobs and the channel 1 and 2 Fin...

Страница 49: ... example we are using the Y cursors but you could have used the X cursors instead 6 Move the Y1 and Y2 cursors to the intersection of the signal and the Y axis Again note the ΔY value 7 Calculate the phase difference using the formula below For example if the first ΔY value is 1 688 and the second ΔY value is 1 031 Figure 4 Phase difference measurements automatic and using cursors sinθ second Δ Y ...

Страница 50: ...lly expand part of the normal window for a more detailed higher resolution analysis of signals To turn on or off Zoom 1 Press the zoom key or press the Horiz key and then the Zoom softkey NOTE Z Axis Input in XY Display Mode Blanking When you select the XY display mode the time base is turned off Channel 1 is the X axis input channel 2 is the Y axis input and the rear panel EXT TRIG IN is the Z ax...

Страница 51: ...status line above the waveform display area The Horizontal scale sweep speed knob controls the size of the box The Horizontal position delay time knob sets the left to right position of the zoom window The delay value which is the time displayed relative to the trigger point is momentarily displayed in the upper right portion of the display when the delay time knob is turned These markers show the...

Страница 52: ...e When Fine is enabled turning the horizontal scale knob changes the time div displayed in the status line at the top of the display in smaller increments The time div remains fully calibrated when Fine is on When Fine is turned off the Horizontal scale knob changes the time div setting in a 1 2 5 step sequence To position the time reference left center right Time reference is the reference point ...

Страница 53: ... Base You can use the Navigate key and controls to navigate through Captured data see To navigate time on page 53 Segments when segmented memory acquisitions are turned on see To navigate segments on page 53 To navigate time When acquisitions are stopped you can use the navigation controls to play through the captured data 1 Press Navigate 2 In the Navigate Menu press Navigate then select Time 3 P...

Страница 54: ...e back and forward keys to go to the previous or next segment Press the softkey to go to the first segment Press the softkey to go to the last segment Auto to play through segments in an automated fashion In the Auto play mode Press the navigation keys to play backward stop or play forward in time You can press the or keys multiple times to speed up the playback There are three speed levels ...

Страница 55: ... specify bandwidth limiting 58 To change the vertical scale knob s coarse fine adjustment setting 58 To invert a waveform 59 Setting Analog Channel Probe Options 59 The vertical controls include The vertical scale and position knobs for each analog channel The channel keys for turning a channel on or off and accessing the channel s softkey menu The following figure shows the Channel 1 Menu that ap...

Страница 56: ...urn the channel on or off and to display the channel s menu When a channel is on its key is illuminated Channel Volts div Channel 1 ground level Trigger source Trigger level or threshold Channel 2 ground level NOTE Turning channels off You must be viewing the menu for a channel before you can turn it off For example if channel 1 and channel 2 are turned on and the menu for channel 2 is being displ...

Страница 57: ...ertical expansion about the ground level of the channel however you can change this to expand about the center of the display See To choose expand about center or ground on page 243 To adjust the vertical position 1 Turn the small vertical position knob to move the channel s waveform up or down on the display The voltage value momentarily displayed in the upper right portion of the display represe...

Страница 58: ... press the BW Limit softkey to enable or disable bandwidth limiting When bandwidth limit is on the maximum bandwidth for the channel is approximately 20 MHz For waveforms with frequencies below this turning bandwidth limit on removes unwanted high frequency noise from the waveform The bandwidth limit also limits the trigger signal path of any channel that has BW Limit turned on To change the verti...

Страница 59: ...el Menu press the Invert softkey to invert the selected channel When Invert is selected the voltage values of the displayed waveform are inverted Invert affects how a channel is displayed However when using basic triggers the oscilloscope attempts to maintain the same trigger point by changing trigger settings Inverting a channel also changes the result of any math function selected in the Wavefor...

Страница 60: ...vity trigger level measurement results and math functions will reflect the measurement units you have selected To specify the probe attenuation The probe attenuation factor must be set properly for accurate measurement results To set the probe attenuation factor 1 Press the channel key 2 Press the Probe softkey until you have selected how you want to specify the attenuation factor choosing either ...

Страница 61: ...nanoseconds ns range small differences in cable length can affect the measurement Use Skew to remove cable delay errors between any two channels 1 Probe the same point with both probes 2 Press one of the probes associated channel key 3 In the Channel Menu press Probe 4 In the Channel Probe Menu press Skew then select the desired skew value Each analog channel can be adjusted 100 ns in 10 ps increm...

Страница 62: ...62 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 3 Vertical Controls ...

Страница 63: ... performed on analog channels The resulting math waveform is displayed in light purple You can use a math function on a channel even if you choose not to display the channel on screen You can Perform an arithmetic operation like add subtract or multiply on analog input channels Perform a transform function like FFT on an analog input channel Perform a transform function on the result of an arithme...

Страница 64: ... and re position the math waveform see To adjust the math waveform scale and offset on page 65 To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation To perform a transform function FFT on an arithmetic operation add subtract or multiply 1 Press the Function softkey and select g t Internal 2 Use the Operator Source 1 and Source 2 softkeys to set up an arithmetic operation 3 Press the Function ...

Страница 65: ...ath key to re size and re position the math waveform See Also Units for Math Waveforms on page 65 Units for Math Waveforms Units for each input channel can be set to Volts or Amps using the Units softkey in the channel s Probe Menu Units for math function waveforms are NOTE Math Scale and Offset are Set Automatically Any time the currently displayed math function definition is changed the function...

Страница 66: ...urce 2 values are added or subtracted point by point and the result is displayed You can use subtract to make a differential measurement or to compare two waveforms If your waveforms DC offsets are larger than the dynamic range of the oscilloscope s input channels you will need to use a differential probe instead When the FFT source is channel 1 2 3 or 4 FFT units will be displayed in dBV when cha...

Страница 67: ...tiply or divide math function the Source 1 and Source 2 values are multiplied or divided point by point and the result is displayed The divide by zero case places holes that is zero values in the output waveform Multiply is useful for seeing power relationships when one of the channels is proportional to the current Figure 5 Example of Subtract Channel 2 from Channel 1 ...

Страница 68: ...T is used to compute the fast Fourier transform using analog input channels or an arithmetic operation g t FFT takes the digitized time record of the specified source and transforms it to the frequency domain When the FFT function is selected the FFT spectrum is plotted on the oscilloscope display as magnitude in dBV versus frequency The readout for the horizontal axis changes from time to frequen...

Страница 69: ... spectrum will not take up the whole screen Press the Span softkey then turn the Entry knob to set the desired frequency span of the display Center sets the FFT spectrum frequency represented at the center vertical grid line of the display It is possible to set the Center to values below half the span or above the maximum available frequency in which case the displayed spectrum will not take up th...

Страница 70: ... vertical scale Auto Setup sets the frequency Span and Center to values that will cause the entire available spectrum to be displayed The maximum available frequency is half the FFT sample rate which is a function of the time per division setting The FFT resolution is the quotient of the sampling rate and the number of FFT points fS N The current FFT Resolution is displayed above the softkeys NOTE...

Страница 71: ...rce softkey to Math f t You can make peak to peak maximum minimum and average dB measurements on the FFT waveform You can also find the frequency value at the first occurrence of the waveform maximum by using the X at Max Y measurement The following FFT spectrum was obtained by connecting a 4 V 75 kHz square wave to channel 1 Set the horizontal scale to 50 µs div vertical sensitivity to 1 V div Un...

Страница 72: ...easurement functions and frequency domain controls in FFT Menu Decreasing the effective sampling rate by selecting a greater time div setting will increase the low frequency resolution of the FFT display and also increase the chance that an alias will be displayed The resolution of the FFT is the effective sample rate divided by the number of points in the FFT The actual resolution of the display ...

Страница 73: ...Network Measurements by Robert A Witte FFT Units 0 dBV is the amplitude of a 1 Vrms sinusoid When the FFT source is channel 1 or channel 2 or channel 3 or 4 on 4 channel models FFT units will be displayed in dBV when channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 1 MΩ FFT units will be displayed in dBm when channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 50Ω FFT units ...

Страница 74: ...s is the spectrum of a 990 Hz square wave which has many harmonics The sample rate is set to 100 kSa s and the oscilloscope displays the spectrum The displayed waveform shows the components of the input signal above the Nyquist frequency to be mirrored aliased on the display and reflected off the right edge NOTE Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing in the Frequency Domain The Nyquist frequency is the hi...

Страница 75: ...s Unless there is an integral number of cycles of the sampled waveform in the record a discontinuity is created at the end of the record This is referred to as leakage In order to minimize spectral leakage windows that approach zero smoothly at the beginning and end of the signal are employed as filters to the FFT The FFT Menu provides four windows Hanning Flat Top Rectangular and Blackman Harris ...

Страница 76: ...76 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 4 Math Waveforms ...

Страница 77: ...ther waveforms One reference waveform can be displayed at a time When the multiplexed knobs are assigned to reference waveforms this happens when you press the Ref key and the LED to the left of it is lit you can use the knobs to scale and position reference waveforms There is also a skew adjustment for reference waveforms Reference waveform scale offset and skew information can optionally be incl...

Страница 78: ... press the Ref softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the desired reference waveform location 3 Press the Clear R1 R2 softkey to clear the reference waveform location Reference waveforms are also cleared by a Factory Default or Secure Erase see Chapter 17 Save Recall Setups Screens Data starting on page 217 To display a reference waveform 1 Press the Ref key to turn on reference waveforms 2 In ...

Страница 79: ... 1 Make sure the multiplexed scale and position knobs to the right of the Ref key are selected for the reference waveform If the arrow to the left of the Ref key is not illuminated press the key 2 Turn the upper multiplexed knob to adjust the reference waveform scale 3 Turn the lower multiplexed knob to adjust the reference waveform position To adjust reference waveform skew Once reference wavefor...

Страница 80: ...disable reference waveform information on the oscilloscope display 4 Press the Transparent softkey to enable or disable transparent information backgrounds This setting is also used for other oscilloscope information on the display like mask test statistics etc To save recall reference waveform files to from a USB storage device Analog channel math or reference waveforms can be saved to a referenc...

Страница 81: ... the displayed size of the digital channels 87 To reposition a digital channel 89 To change the logic threshold for digital channels 88 To display digital channels as a bus 90 Digital channel signal fidelity Probe impedance and grounding 93 To replace digital probe leads 98 This chapter describes how to use the digital channels of a Mixed Signal Oscilloscope MSO The digital channels are enabled on...

Страница 82: ...cable to the DIGITAL Dn D0 connector on the front panel of the mixed signal oscilloscope The digital probe cable is keyed so you can connect it only one way You do not need to power off the oscilloscope 3 Connect the ground lead on each set of channels each pod using a probe grabber The ground lead improves signal fidelity to the oscilloscope ensuring accurate measurements Off CAUTION Probe cable ...

Страница 83: ...X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 83 4 Connect a grabber to one of the probe leads Other probe leads are omitted from the figure for clarity 5 Connect the grabber to a node in the circuit you want to test Channel Pod Ground Circuit Ground Grabber ...

Страница 84: ...l Channels 6 For high speed signals connect a ground lead to the probe lead connect a grabber to the ground lead and attach the grabber to ground in the device under test 7 Repeat these steps until you have connected all points of interest Grabber Signal Ground Signals Ground ...

Страница 85: ...ion For digital channels each time the oscilloscope takes a sample it compares the input voltage to the logic threshold If the voltage is above the threshold the oscilloscope stores a 1 in sample memory otherwise it stores a 0 To display digital channels using AutoScale When signals are connected to the digital channels be sure to connect the ground leads AutoScale quickly configures and displays ...

Страница 86: ...toScale softkey before pressing any other key This is useful if you have unintentionally pressed the AutoScale key or do not like the settings AutoScale has selected This will return the oscilloscope to its previous settings See also How AutoScale Works on page 27 To set the instrument to the factory default configuration press the Default Setup key Interpreting the digital waveform display The fo...

Страница 87: ...vely toggling logic states Any channel that is turned off will be grayed out in the activity indicator To change the displayed size of the digital channels 1 Press the Digital key 2 Press the size softkey to select how the digital channels are displayed Activity indicators Delay time Time div Trigger type and source Threshold level Digital channel identifiers Waveform size Turn individual channels...

Страница 88: ...igital channels The Digital Channel Menu is displayed above the softkeys If you want to switch the digital channels off and the Digital Channel Menu is not already displayed you must push the Digital key twice to switch the digital channels off The first push displays the Digital Channel Menu and the second push switches the channels off To switch groups of channels on or off 1 Press the Digital k...

Страница 89: ...d There is one User softkey for each group of channels To reposition a digital channel 1 Make sure the multiplexed scale and position knobs to the right of the key are selected for digital channels If the arrow to the left of the Digital key is not illuminated press the key 2 Use the multiplexed Select knob to select the channel The selected waveform is highlighted in red 3 Use the multiplexed Pos...

Страница 90: ...ey to switch it on Use the Channel softkey and the Entry knob to select individual channels to be included in the bus You can rotate the Entry knob and push it or push the softkey to select channels You can also press the Select Deselect D7 D0 softkey to include or exclude groups of eight channels in each bus If the bus display is blank completely white or if the display includes you need to expan...

Страница 91: ...es To read the digital bus value at any point using the cursors 1 Turn on Cursors by pressing the Cursors key on the front panel 2 Press the cursor Mode softkey and change the mode to Hex or Binary 3 Press the Source softkey and select Bus1 or Bus2 4 Use the Entry knob and the X1 and X2 softkeys to position the cursors where you want to read the bus values ...

Страница 92: ...anel to display the Pattern Trigger Menu and the bus values will be displayed on the right above the softkeys The dollar sign will be displayed in the bus value when the bus value cannot be displayed as a hex value This occurs when one or more don t cares X are combined with low 0 and high 1 logic levels in the pattern specification or when a transition indicator rising edge or falling edge are in...

Страница 93: ...ms that are related to probing These problems fall into two categories probe loading and probe grounding Probe loading problems generally affect the device under test while probe grounding problems affect the accuracy of the data to the measurement instrument The design of the probes minimizes the first problem while the second is easily addressed by good probing practices Digital channel values a...

Страница 94: ...the input resistance of the test instrument see the following figure The capacitance is the series combination of the tip compensating capacitor and the cable plus instrument capacitance in parallel with the stray tip capacitance to ground While this results in an input impedance specification that is an accurate model for DC and low frequencies the high frequency model of the probe input is more ...

Страница 95: ...own in these figures By comparing the two plots you can see that both the series tip resistor and the cable s characteristic impedance extend the input impedance significantly The stray tip capacitance which is generally small 1 pF sets the final break point on the impedance chart Figure 10 High Frequency Probe Equivalent Circuit ...

Страница 96: ...es the maximum input impedance at high frequencies Probe Grounding A probe ground is the low impedance path for current to return to the source from the probe Increased length in this path will at high frequencies create large common mode voltages at the probe input The voltage generated behaves as if this path were an inductor according to the equation Figure 11 Impedance versus Frequency for Bot...

Страница 97: ...sult is increased current di in the above equation and depending on the transition time dt the common mode voltage may increase to a level that causes false data generation In addition to the common mode voltage longer ground returns also degrade the pulse fidelity of the probe system Rise time is increased and ringing due to the undamped LC circuit at the input of the probe is also increased Beca...

Страница 98: ...ments rise time 3 ns should make use of each digital channel probe s own ground When designing a high speed digital system you should consider designing dedicated test ports that interface directly to the instrument s probe system This will ease measurement setup and ensure a repeatable method for obtaining test data The 01650 61607 16 channel logic probe cable and the 01650 63203 termination adap...

Страница 99: ...on N6459 60001 Digital probe kit contains N6459 61601 8 channel cable 01650 82103 2 inch probe grounds qty 3 and 5090 4832 grabbers qty 10 N6459 61601 8 channel cable with 8 probe leads and 1 pod ground lead qty 1 5959 9333 Replacement probe leads qty 5 also contains 01650 94309 probe labels 5959 9334 Replacement 2 inch probe grounds qty 5 5959 9335 Replacement pod ground leads qty 5 5090 4833 Gra...

Страница 100: ...100 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 6 Digital Channels ...

Страница 101: ...for various signal characteristics such as fast time div settings and low trigger rates Increasing the intensity lets you see the maximum amount of noise and infrequently occurring events Reducing the intensity can expose more detail in complex signals as shown in the following figures 1 Press the Intensity key to illuminate it This key is located just below the Entry knob 2 Turn the Entry knob to...

Страница 102: ...102 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 7 Display Settings Figure 13 Amplitude Modulation Shown at 100 Intensity Figure 14 Amplitude Modulation Shown at 40 Intensity ...

Страница 103: ...ure Waveforms softkey to perform a single shot infinite persistence A single acquisition s data is displayed with reduced intensity and it remains on the display until you clear persistence or clear the display Persistence infinite presistence Results of previous acquisitions are never erased Use infinite persistence to measure noise and jitter to see the worst case extremes of varying waveforms t...

Страница 104: ...an also configure the Quick Action key to clear the display See Configuring the Quick Action Key on page 253 To select the grid type When the Video trigger type is selected see Video Trigger on page 123 and the vertical scaling of at least one displayed channel is 140 mV div the Grid softkey lets you select from these grid types Full the normal oscilloscope grid mV shows vertical grids labeled on ...

Страница 105: ...orresponds to the vertical sensitivity shown in the status line at the top of the display Each major horizontal division in the grid corresponds to the time div shown in the status line at the top of the display To freeze the display To freeze the display without stopping running acquisitions you must configure the Quick Action key See Configuring the Quick Action Key on page 253 1 Once the Quick ...

Страница 106: ...106 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 7 Display Settings ...

Страница 107: ...o the factory default 111 You can define labels and assign them to each analog input channel or you can turn labels off to increase the waveform display area Labels can also be applied to digital channels on MSO models To turn the label display on or off 1 Press the Label key on the front panel This turns on labels for the displayed analog and digital channels Labels are displayed at the left edge...

Страница 108: ...uide 8 Labels 2 To turn the labels off press the Label key again To assign a predefined label to a channel 1 Press the Label key 2 Press the Channel softkey then turn the Entry knob or successively press the Channel softkey to select a channel for label assignment ...

Страница 109: ...the Apply New Label softkey to assign the label to your selected channel 5 Repeat the above procedure for each predefined label you want to assign to a channel To define a new label 1 Press the Label key 2 Press the Channel softkey then turn the Entry knob or successively press the softkey to select a channel for label assignment The channel does not have to be turned on to have a label assigned t...

Страница 110: ...a label ending in a digit such as ADDR0 or DATA0 the oscilloscope automatically increments the digit and displays the modified label in the New label field after you press the Apply New Label softkey Therefore you only need to select a new channel and press the Apply New Label softkey again to assign the label to the channel Only the original label is saved in the label list This feature makes it ...

Страница 111: ... duplicate labels Labels can end in any number of trailing digits As long as the base string is the same as an existing label in the library the new label will not be put in the library For example if label A0 is in the library and you make a new label called A12345 the new label is not added to the library When you save a new user defined label the new label will replace the oldest label in the l...

Страница 112: ...ies Oscilloscopes User s Guide 8 Labels NOTE Defaulting labels without erasing the default library Pressing Default Setup sets all channel labels back to the default labels but does not erase the list of user defined labels in the library ...

Страница 113: ...lso set up triggers on pulse widths patterns and video signals You can use any input channel or the External Trigger Input on page 140 BNC as the source for most trigger types Changes to the trigger setup are applied immediately If the oscilloscope is stopped when you change a trigger setup the oscilloscope uses the new specification when you press Run Stop or Single If the oscilloscope is running...

Страница 114: ...ding acquisition memory into a pre trigger and post trigger buffer The position of the trigger event in acquisition memory is defined by the time reference point and the delay horizontal position setting see To adjust the horizontal delay position on page 45 Adjusting the Trigger Level You can adjust the trigger level for a selected analog channel by turning the Trigger Level knob You can push the...

Страница 115: ...ger condition is met In this mode if no triggers are occurring that is the Trig d indicator is displayed you can press Force Trigger to force a trigger and see what the input signals look like In the Auto trigger mode when the trigger condition is not met triggers are forced and the Auto indicator is displayed Edge Trigger The Edge trigger type identifies a trigger by looking for a specified edge ...

Страница 116: ...r output signal Not available when the DC or Noise waveforms are selected You can choose a channel that is turned off not displayed as the source for the edge trigger The selected trigger source is indicated in the upper right corner of the display next to the slope symbol 1 through 4 analog channels D0 through Dn digital channels E External trigger input L Line trigger W Waveform generator 4 Pres...

Страница 117: ...ther edge mode is useful when you want to trigger on any activity of a selected source All modes operate up to the bandwidth of the oscilloscope except Either edge mode which has a limitation Either edge mode will trigger on Constant Wave signals up to 100 MHz but can trigger on isolated pulses down to 1 2 oscilloscope s bandwidth NOTE MegaZoom Technology Simplifies Triggering With the built in Me...

Страница 118: ... analog or digital channel you want to include in the desired pattern press the Channel softkey to select the channel This is the channel source for the 0 1 X or edge condition As you press the Channel softkey or rotate the Entry knob the channel you select is highlighted in the Pattern line directly above the softkeys and in the upper right corner of the display next to Pat Adjust the trigger lev...

Страница 119: ... don t care on the selected channel Any channel set to don t care is ignored and is not used as part of the pattern However if all channels in the pattern are set to don t care the oscilloscope will not trigger The rising edge or falling edge softkey sets the pattern to an edge on the selected channel Only one rising or falling edge can be specified in the pattern When an edge is specified the osc...

Страница 120: ...lect a value for the digit 5 You can use the Set all Digits softkey to set all digits to a particular value When a hex bus digit contains one or more don t care X bits and one or more bit with a value or 0 or 1 the sign will be displayed for the digit For information regarding digital bus display when Pattern triggering see Bus values are displayed when using Pattern trigger on page 92 NOTE Specif...

Страница 121: ...u see Pattern Trigger on page 118 1 Press the Trigger key 2 In the Trigger Menu press the Trigger softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Pulse Width 3 Press the Source softkey then rotate the Entry knob to select a channel source for the trigger The channel you select is shown in the upper right corner of the display next to the polarity symbol The source can be any analog or digital channel a...

Страница 122: ...ulse is lower than the current trigger level or threshold When triggering on a positive pulse the trigger will occur on the high to low transition of the pulse if the qualifying condition is true When triggering on a negative pulse the trigger will occur on the low to high transition of the pulse if the qualifying condition is true 6 Press the qualifier softkey to select the time qualifier The Qua...

Страница 123: ...per time range value Pulse width trigger qualifier time set softkey When the greater than qualifier is selected the Entry knob sets the oscilloscope to trigger on a pulse width greater than the time value displayed on the softkey When the time range qualifier is selected the Entry knob sets the lower time range value Video Trigger Video triggering can be used to capture the complicated waveforms o...

Страница 124: ...ource is displayed in the upper right corner of the display Turning the Trigger Level knob does not change the trigger level because the trigger level is automatically set to the sync pulse Trigger coupling is automatically set to TV in the Trigger Mode and Coupling Menu NOTE It is important when using a 10 1 passive probe that the probe is correctly compensated The oscilloscope is sensitive to th...

Страница 125: ...e selected Source and Standard Source channel vertical scaling is set to 140 mV div Source channel offset is set to 245 mV Source channel is turned on Trigger type is set to Video Video trigger mode is set to All Lines Display Grid type is set to IRE when Standard is NTSC or mV see To select the grid type on page 104 NOTE Provide Correct Matching Many video signals are produced from 75 Ω sources T...

Страница 126: ...t pulse in the vertical sync interval All Lines Trigger on all horizontal sync pulses Line Field1 and Line Field2 Trigger on the selected line in field 1 or field 2 interlaced standards only Line Alternate Alternately trigger on the selected line in field 1 and field 2 NTSC PAL PAL M and SECAM only 9 If you select a line mode press the Line softkey then rotate the Entry knob to select the line num...

Страница 127: ...e vertical interval test signals VITS which are typically in line 18 Another example is closed captioning which is typically in line 21 1 Press the Trigger key 2 In the Trigger Menu press the Trigger softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Video 3 Press the Settings softkey then press the Standard softkey to select the appropriate TV standard NTSC 4 Press the Mode softkey and select the TV fiel...

Страница 128: ... is selected as the Video trigger mode the oscilloscope will trigger on all horizontal sync pulses 1 Press the Trigger key 2 In the Trigger Menu press the Trigger softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Video 3 Press the Settings softkey then press the Standard softkey to select the appropriate TV standard 4 Press the Mode softkey and select All Lines Figure 15 Example Triggering on Line 136 ...

Страница 129: ...ecific field is selected the oscilloscope triggers on the rising edge of the first serration pulse in the vertical sync interval in the specified field 1 or 2 1 Press the Trigger key 2 In the Trigger Menu press the Trigger softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Video 3 Press the Settings softkey then press the Standard softkey to select the appropriate TV standard 4 Press the Mode softkey and ...

Страница 130: ...or to find the amplitude differences between the fields use the All Fields trigger mode 1 Press the Trigger key 2 In the Trigger Menu press the Trigger softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Video 3 Press the Settings softkey then press the Standard softkey to select the appropriate TV standard 4 Press the Mode softkey and select All Fields Figure 17 Triggering on Field 1 ...

Страница 131: ...ess the Trigger key 2 In the Trigger Menu press the Trigger softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Video 3 Press the Settings softkey then press the Standard softkey to select the appropriate TV standard 4 Press the Mode softkey and select Field1 or Field2 The trigger circuits look for the position of the start of Vertical Sync to determine the field But this definition of field does not take ...

Страница 132: ...s by using the Field Holdoff softkey in the Video Trigger Menu Press the Field Holdoff softkey and use the Entry knob to adjust the holdoff in half field increments until the oscilloscope triggers on only one phase of the color burst A quick way to synchronize to the other phase is to briefly disconnect the signal and then reconnect it Repeat until the correct phase is displayed When holdoff is ad...

Страница 133: ...iiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 133 Table 4 Half field holdoff time Standard Time NTSC 8 35 ms PAL 10 ms PAL M 10 ms SECAM 10 ms Figure 20 Using Field Holdoff to Synchronize to Color Field 1 or 3 Field 1 mode ...

Страница 134: ...134 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 9 Triggers ...

Страница 135: ...you are probing is noisy you can set up the oscilloscope to reduce the noise in the trigger path and on the displayed waveform First stabilize the displayed waveform by removing the noise from the trigger path Second reduce the noise on the displayed waveform 1 Connect a signal to the oscilloscope and obtain a stable display 2 Remove the noise from the trigger path by turning on high frequency rej...

Страница 136: ...the Auto and Normal trigger modes See Configuring the Quick Action Key on page 253 Triggering and the Pre and Post Trigger Buffers After the oscilloscope starts running after pressing Run or Single or changing the trigger condition the oscilloscope first fills the pre trigger buffer Then after the pre trigger buffer is filled the oscilloscope starts searching for a trigger and sampled data continu...

Страница 137: ... to Use Auto Trigger Mode The Auto trigger mode is appropriate when Checking DC signals or signals with unknown levels or activity When trigger conditions occur often enough that forced triggers are unnecessary When to Use Normal Trigger Mode The Normal trigger mode is appropriate when You only want to acquire specific events specified by the trigger settings Triggering on an infrequent signal fro...

Страница 138: ...high pass filter in the External Trigger input path is 50 Hz for all models Use AC coupling to get a stable edge trigger when your waveform has a large DC offset LF low frequency Reject coupling adds a high pass filter with the 3 dB point at 50 kHz in series with the trigger waveform Low frequency reject removes any unwanted low frequency components from a trigger waveform such as power line frequ...

Страница 139: ...y so that a slightly larger signal is required to trigger the oscilloscope 1 Press the Mode Coupling key 2 In the Trigger Mode and Coupling Menu press the Noise Rej softkey to enable or disable To enable or disable trigger HF Reject HF Reject adds a 50 kHz low pass filter in the trigger path to remove high frequency components from the trigger waveform You can use HF Reject to remove high frequenc...

Страница 140: ...ng key 2 In the Trigger Mode and Coupling Menu press the Holdoff softkey then turn the Entry knob to increase or decrease the trigger holdoff time Trigger Holdoff Operating Hints The correct holdoff setting is typically slightly less than one repetition of the waveform Set the holdoff to this time to generate a unique trigger point for a repetitive waveform Changing the time base settings does not...

Страница 141: ...n Volts for a voltage probe Amps for a current probe Measurement results channel sensitivity and the trigger level will reflect the measurement units you have selected 4 Press the Probe softkey then turn the entry knob to specify the probe attenuation The attenuation factor can be set from 0 1 1 to 1000 1 in a 1 2 5 sequence The probe attenuation factor must be set properly for measurements to be ...

Страница 142: ...142 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 10 Trigger Mode Coupling ...

Страница 143: ...un Stop and Single When the Run Stop key is green the oscilloscope is running that is acquiring data when trigger conditions are met To stop acquiring data press Run Stop When stopped the last acquired waveform is displayed When the Run Stop key is red data acquisition is stopped Stop is displayed next to the trigger type in the status line at the top of the display To start acquiring data press R...

Страница 144: ...cord Length The maximum data record length is greater for a single acquisition than when the oscilloscope is running or when the oscilloscope is stopped after running Single Single acquisitions always use the maximum memory available at least twice as much memory as acquisitions captured when running and the oscilloscope stores at least twice as many samples At slower time div settings because the...

Страница 145: ...rate Sampling Theory The Nyquist sampling theorem states that for a limited bandwidth band limited signal with maximum frequency fMAX the equally spaced sampling frequency fS must be greater than twice the maximum frequency fMAX in order to have the signal be uniquely reconstructed without aliasing fMAX fS 2 Nyquist frequency fN folding frequency Aliasing Aliasing occurs when signals are under sam...

Страница 146: ...ample rate is fS 2fBW However the theory assumes there are no frequency components above fMAX fBW in this case and it requires a system with an ideal brick wall frequency response However digital signals have frequency components above the fundamental frequency square waves are made up of sine waves at the fundamental frequency and an infinite number of odd harmonics and typically for 500 MHz band...

Страница 147: ...litweb pdf 5989 5732EN pdf Oscilloscope Rise Time Closely related to an oscilloscope s bandwidth specification is its rise time specification Oscilloscopes with a Gaussian type frequency response have an approximate rise time of 0 35 fBW based on a 10 to 90 criterion An oscilloscope s rise time is not the fastest edge speed that the oscilloscope can accurately measure It is the fastest edge speed ...

Страница 148: ...eed Digital Design A Handbook of Black Magic all fast edges have an infinite spectrum of frequency components However there is an inflection or knee in the frequency spectrum of fast edges where frequency components higher than fknee are insignificant in determining the shape of the signal fknee 0 5 signal rise time based on 10 90 thresholds fknee 0 4 signal rise time based on 20 80 thresholds 3 U...

Страница 149: ...e actual sample rate by throwing away decimating unneeded samples Selecting the Acquisition Mode When selecting the oscilloscope acquisition mode keep in mind that samples are normally decimated at slower time div settings At slower time div settings the effective sample rate drops and the effective sample period increases because the acquisition time increases and the oscilloscope s digitizer is ...

Страница 150: ... slower time div settings all samples in the effective sample period are averaged and the average value is stored Use this mode for reducing random noise See High Resolution Acquisition Mode on page 155 Normal Acquisition Mode In Normal mode at slower time div settings extra samples are decimated in other words some are thrown away This mode yields the best display for most waveforms Peak Detect A...

Страница 151: ...w as compared to the waveform Peak detect mode can be used to more easily view glitches or narrow pulses In peak detect mode narrow glitches and sharp edges are displayed more brightly than when in Normal acquire mode making them easier to see To characterize the glitch use the cursors or the automatic measurement capabilities of the oscilloscope Figure 24 Sine With Glitch Normal Mode ...

Страница 152: ...s the display with new acquisitions but does not erase previous acquisitions New sample points are shown at normal intensity while previous acquisitions are displayed at reduced intensity Waveform persistence is not kept beyond the display area boundary Press the Clear Display softkey to erase previously acquired points The display will accumulate points until Persistence is turned off 4 Character...

Страница 153: ...A higher number of averages reduces noise more and increases vertical resolution The higher the number of averages the slower the displayed waveform responds to waveform changes You must compromise between how quickly the waveform responds to changes and how much you want to reduce the displayed noise on the signal To use the Averaging mode 1 Press the Acquire key then press the Acq Mode softkey u...

Страница 154: ...154 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 11 Acquisition Control Figure 26 Random noise on the displayed waveform Figure 27 128 Averages used to reduce random noise ...

Страница 155: ... the time div setting the greater the number of samples that are averaged together for each display point High Resolution mode can be used on both single shot and repetitive signals and it does not slow waveform update because the computation is done in the MegaZoom custom ASIC High Resolution mode limits the oscilloscope s real time bandwidth because it effectively acts like a low pass filter Acq...

Страница 156: ...etails 2 Press the Acquire key in the Waveform section of the front panel 3 Press the Segmented softkey 4 In the Segmented Memory Menu press the Segmented softkey to enable segmented memory acquisitions 5 Press the of Segs softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the number of segments into which you would like to divide the oscilloscope s memory Memory can be divided into as few as two segments ...

Страница 157: ...e desired segment along with a time tag indicating the time from the first trigger event You can also navigate segments using the Navigate key and controls See To navigate segments on page 53 Infinite Persistence with Segmented Memory When data has been acquired to segmented memory you can also turn on infinite persistence in the Display Menu and press the Analyze Segments softkey to create an inf...

Страница 158: ...ivisions and re arm That is 25 µs to capture pre trigger data and 25 µs to capture post trigger data Saving Data from Segmented Memory You can save either the currently displayed segment Save Segment Current or all segments Save Segment All in the following data formats CSV ASCII XY and BIN Be sure to set the Length control to capture enough points to accurately represent the captured data When th...

Страница 159: ...ntil the cursor is off screen its value will not be changed It will still be there when you return to its original location X Cursors X cursors are vertical dashed lines that adjust horizontally and can be used to measure time s frequency 1 s phase and ratio The X1 cursor is the short dashed vertical line and the X2 cursor is the long dashed vertical line When used with the FFT math function as a ...

Страница 160: ...es are relative to 0 dB In XY horizontal mode the Y cursors display channel 2 values Volts or Amps When active the Y1 and Y2 cursor values for the selected waveform source are displayed in the softkey menu area The difference between Y1 and Y2 ΔY is displayed in the Cursors box in the right side information area To make cursor measurements 1 Connect a signal to the oscilloscope and obtain a stable...

Страница 161: ...are displayed above the softkeys in hexadecimal Manual and Track Waveform modes can be used on waveforms that are displayed on the analog input channels including math functions Binary and Hex modes apply to digital signals of MSO oscilloscope models In Hex and Binary modes a level can be displayed as 1 higher than trigger level 0 lower than trigger level indeterminate state or X don t care In Bin...

Страница 162: ...oftkey to select Seconds s Hz 1 s Phase when selected use the Use X Cursors softkey to set the current X1 location as 0 degrees and the current X2 location as 360 degrees Ratio when selected use the Use X Cursors softkey to set the current X1 location as 0 and the current X2 location as 100 You can press the Y Units softkey to select Base the same units used for the source waveform Ratio when sele...

Страница 163: ...Cursors 12 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 163 Cursor Examples Figure 28 Cursors used to measure pulse widths other than middle threshold points ...

Страница 164: ...t InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 12 Cursors Expand the display with Zoom mode then characterize the event of interest with the cursors Figure 29 Cursors measure frequency of pulse ringing ...

Страница 165: ...ursors 12 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 165 Put the X1 cursor on one side of a pulse and the X2 cursor on the other side of the pulse Figure 30 Cursors track Zoom window ...

Страница 166: ...iiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 12 Cursors Press the X1 X2 linked softkey and move the cursors together to check for pulse width variations in a pulse train Figure 31 Measuring pulse width with cursors ...

Страница 167: ...Cursors 12 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 167 Figure 32 Moving the cursors together to check pulse width variations ...

Страница 168: ...168 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 12 Cursors ...

Страница 169: ...screen Cursors are turned on to show the portion of the waveform being measured for the most recently selected measurement bottom most on the right side measurement are NOTE Post Acquisition Processing In addition to changing display parameters after the acquisition you can perform all of the measurements and math functions after the acquisition Measurements and math functions will be recalculated...

Страница 170: ...sured Only channels math functions or reference waveforms that are displayed are available for measurements If a portion of the waveform required for a measurement is not displayed or does not display enough resolution to make the measurement the result will display No Edges Clipped Low Signal value or value or a similar message to indicate that the measurement may not be reliable 3 Press the Type...

Страница 171: ...tkey and choose the measurement to clear or press Clear All After all measurements have been cleared when Meas is pressed again the default measurements will be Frequency and Peak Peak Measurements Summary The automatic measurements provided by the oscilloscope are listed in the following table All measurements are available for analog channel waveforms All measurements except Counter are availabl...

Страница 172: ...s Maximum on page 174 Yes Minimum on page 174 Yes Overshoot on page 176 Peak Peak on page 174 Yes Period on page 181 Yes Phase on page 185 Measures between two sources Press Settings to specify the second source Preshoot on page 177 Rise Time on page 183 DC RMS on page 178 AC RMS on page 179 Top on page 175 Width on page 183 Yes Width on page 183 Yes Use the cursors to make other measurements on F...

Страница 173: ...ents You can also configure the Quick Action key to display the Snapshot All popup See Configuring the Quick Action Key on page 253 Voltage Measurements The following figure shows the voltage measurement points Measurement units for each input channel can be set to Volts or Amps using the channel Probe Units softkey See To specify the channel units on page 60 Amplitude Maximum Minimum Base Top Pea...

Страница 174: ...erage on page 178 DC RMS on page 178 AC RMS on page 179 Peak Peak The peak to peak value is the difference between Maximum and Minimum values The Y cursors show the values being measured Maximum Maximum is the highest value in the waveform display The Y cursor shows the value being measured Minimum Minimum is the lowest value in the waveform display The Y cursor shows the value being measured Ampl...

Страница 175: ...The Y cursor shows the value being measured See Also To isolate a pulse for Top measurement on page 175 To isolate a pulse for Top measurement The following figure shows how to use Zoom mode to isolate a pulse for a Top measurement You may need to change the measurement window setting so that the measurement is made in the lower Zoom window See Measurement Window with Zoom Display on page 188 Figu...

Страница 176: ...me as Minimum The Y cursor shows the value being measured Overshoot Overshoot is distortion that follows a major edge transition expressed as a percentage of Amplitude The X cursors show which edge is being measured edge closest to the trigger reference point Rising edge overshοot local Maximum D Top Amplitude 100 Falling edge overshοot Base D local Minimum Amplitude 100 Overshoot local Maximum lo...

Страница 177: ...t precedes a major edge transition expressed as a percentage of Amplitude The X cursors show which edge is being measured edge closest to the trigger reference point Figure 34 Automatic Overshoot measurement Rising edge preshοot local Maximum D Top Amplitude 100 Falling edge preshοot Base D local Minimum Amplitude 100 ...

Страница 178: ...interval variation measures the value on an integral number of periods of the displayed signal If less than three edges are present the measurement shows No edges The X cursors show what interval of the waveform is being measured DC RMS DC RMS is the root mean square value of the waveform over one or more full periods Where xi value at ith point being measured n number of points in measurement int...

Страница 179: ...ee edges are present the measurement shows No edges The X cursors show the interval of the waveform being measured The Full Screen Std Deviation measurement interval variation is an RMS measurement across the full screen with the DC component removed It shows the standard deviation of the displayed voltage values The standard deviation of a measurement is the amount that a measurement varies from ...

Страница 180: ...ted as follows where x the mean N the number of measurements taken xi the ith measurement result The standard deviation is calculated as follows where σ the standard deviation N the number of measurements taken xi the ith measurement result x the mean 2σ PHDQ 1σ 1σ 2σ 3σ 3σ x i 1 N xi N σ i 1 N xi x 2 N ...

Страница 181: ...182 Width on page 183 Width on page 183 Duty Cycle on page 183 Rise Time on page 183 Fall Time on page 183 Delay on page 184 Phase on page 185 Period Period is the time period of the complete waveform cycle The time is measured between the middle threshold points of two consecutive like polarity edges A middle threshold crossing must also travel through the lower and upper threshold levels which e...

Страница 182: ...on of the waveform is being measured The Y cursor shows the middle threshold point See Also To isolate an event for frequency measurement on page 182 To isolate an event for frequency measurement The following figure shows how to use Zoom mode to isolate an event for a frequency measurement You may need to change the measurement window setting so that the measurement is made in the lower Zoom wind...

Страница 183: ...shows the middle threshold point Rise Time The rise time of a signal is the time difference between the crossing of the lower threshold and the crossing of the upper threshold for a positive going edge The X cursor shows the edge being measured For maximum measurement accuracy set the horizontal time div as fast as possible while leaving the complete rising edge of the waveform on the display The ...

Страница 184: ...nt Menu 2 Press the Source softkey then turn the Entry knob to select the first analog channel source 3 Press the Type softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Delay 4 Press the Settings softkey to select the second analog channel source and slope for the delay measurement The default Delay settings measure from the rising edge of channel 1 to the rising edge of channel 2 5 Press the Back Up key...

Страница 185: ...e phase shift values indicate that the rising edge of source 1 occurred after the rising edge of source 2 1 Press the Meas key to display the Measurement Menu 2 Press the Source softkey then turn the Entry knob to select the first analog channel source 3 Press the Type softkey then turn the Entry knob to select Delay Phase Delay Source 1 Period 360 Source 2 Source 1 Delay Period ...

Страница 186: ...ure from channel 1 to channel 2 5 Press the Back Up key to return to the Measurement Menu 6 Press the Add Measurement softkey to make the measurement The example below shows a phase measurement between the channel 1 and the math d dt function on channel 1 Measurement Thresholds Setting measurement thresholds defines the vertical levels where measurements will be taken on an analog channel or math ...

Страница 187: ...is set in the channel probe menu When the Source is set to Math f t the threshold Type can only be set to Percent 4 Press the Lower softkey then turn the Entry knob to set the lower measurement threshold value NOTE Changing default thresholds may change measurement results The default lower middle and upper threshold values are 10 50 and 90 of the value between Top and Base Changing these threshol...

Страница 188: ...upper measurement threshold value Decreasing the upper value below the set middle value will automatically decrease the middle value to be less than the upper value The default upper threshold is 90 or 1 50 V If threshold Type is set to the upper threshold value can be set from 7 to 95 Measurement Window with Zoom Display When the zoomed time base is displayed you can choose whether measurements a...

Страница 189: ...ith chosen parameters Compliance to the mask is verified point by point across the display Mask test operates on displayed analog channels it does not operate on channels that are not displayed To enable mask test order Option LMT at time of oscilloscope purchase or order DSOX2MASK as a stand alone item after oscilloscope purchase To create a mask from a golden waveform Automask A golden waveform ...

Страница 190: ...nalog channel is selected 7 Adjust the mask s horizontal tolerance Y and vertical tolerance X These are adjustable in graticule divisions or in absolute units volts or seconds selectable using the Units softkey 8 Press the Create Mask softkey The mask is created and testing begins Whenever the Create Mask softkey is pressed the old mask is erased and a new mask is created ...

Страница 191: ...is switched on when mask test is switched on then infinite persistence is switched off when mask test is switched off Troubleshooting Mask Setup If you press Create Mask and the mask appears to cover the entire screen check the Y and X settings in the Automask Menu If these are set to zero the resulting mask will be extremely tight around the waveform If you press Create Mask and it appears that n...

Страница 192: ...ayed above the softkeys Minimum Time Choose this option and then use the Test Time softkey to select how long the oscilloscope will run When the selected time has passed the oscilloscope will stop The specified time may be exceeded If an error occurs the action specified using the On Error softkey will occur The actual test time is displayed above the softkeys Minimum Sigma Choose this option and ...

Страница 193: ... mode is not available when the acquisition mode is set to Averaging Note that you can choose to Print or Save but you cannot select both at the same time All other actions may be selected at the same time For example you can select both Stop and Measure to cause the oscilloscope to measure and stop on the first error You can also output a signal on the rear panel TRIG OUT BNC connector when there...

Страница 194: ... displayed Current mask name of mask Channel number date and time of Tests total number of mask tests executed Status Passing Failing or Untested Accumulated test time in hours minutes seconds and tenths of seconds And for each analog channel Number of failures acquisitions in which the signal excursion went beyond the mask Failure rate percentage of failures Sigma the ratio of process sigma to ma...

Страница 195: ...rage device and connect it to a PC 9 Open the msk file your created using a text editor such as Wordpad 10 Edit save and close the file The mask file contains the following sections Mask File Identifier Mask Title Mask Violation Regions Reset Statistics Note that statistics are also reset when Mask Test is switched on after being switched off Clear Mask softkey is pressed An Automask is created Ad...

Страница 196: ... Mask Violation Regions Up to 8 regions can be defined for a mask They can be numbered 1 8 They can appear in any order in the msk file The numbering of the regions must go from top to bottom left to right An Automask file contains two special regions the region glued to the top of the display and the region that is glued to the bottom The top region is indicated by y values of MAX for the first a...

Страница 197: ...le The Y values normally voltage are normalized in the file using the following equation Ynorm Y Y1 ΔY where ΔY Y2 Y1 To convert the normalized Y values in the mask file to voltage Y Ynorm ΔY Y1 where ΔY Y2 Y1 The X values normally time are normalized in the file using the following equation Xnorm X X1 ΔX To convert the normalized X values to time X Xnorm ΔX X1 Oscilloscope Setup Information The k...

Страница 198: ...0E 06 MTES SCAL XDEL 800 000E 06 MTES SCAL Y1 359 000E 03 MTES SCAL Y2 2 35900E 00 Building a Mask File The following mask uses all eight mask regions The most difficult part of creating a mask file is normalizing the X and Y values from the time and voltage values This example shows an easy way to convert voltage and time to normalized X and Y values in the mask file The following mask file produ...

Страница 199: ... 1 500 Region Number 4 Number of vertices 5 10 00 1 000 12 50 0 500 15 00 0 500 15 00 1 500 12 50 1 500 Region Number 5 Number of vertices 5 10 00 1 000 12 50 0 500 15 00 0 500 15 00 1 500 12 50 1 500 Region Number 6 Number of vertices 6 05 00 1 000 02 50 0 500 02 50 0 500 05 00 1 000 02 50 1 500 02 50 1 500 Region Number 7 Number of vertices 5 10 00 1 000 12 50 0 500 15 00 0 500 15 00 1 500 12 50...

Страница 200: ... MIN SOUR PMEM1 HARD APR AREA SCR FACT 0 FFE 0 INKS 1 PAL NONE LAY PORT SAVE FIL mask_0 SAVE IMAG AREA GRAT FACT 0 FORM NONE INKS 0 PAL COL SAVE WAV FORM NONE MTES SOUR CHAN1 ENAB 1 LOCK 1 MTES AMAS SOUR CHAN1 UNIT DIV XDEL 3 00000000E 001 YDEL 2 00000000E 00 1 MTES SCAL BIND 0 X1 0 0E 00 XDEL 1 0000E 09 Y1 0 0E 00 Y2 1 00000E 0 0 MTES RMOD FOR RMOD TIME 1E 00 WAV 1000 SIGM 6 0E 00 MTES RMOD FACT ...

Страница 201: ... order DSOXDVM as a stand alone item after oscilloscope purchase The DVM display is a seven segment readout like you would see on a digital voltmeter It shows the selected mode as well as the units Units are selected using the Units softkey in the channel s Probe Menu After pressing the Analyze key the DVM display also appears in the graticule along with a scale and the frequency counter value The...

Страница 202: ...Press Features again to enable the DVM measurements 4 Press the Source softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the analog channel on which digital voltmeter DVM measurements are made The selected channel does not have to be on displaying a waveform in order for DVM measurements to be made 5 Press the Mode softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the digital voltmeter DVM mode AC RMS displays th...

Страница 203: ...sed in oscilloscope triggering press Auto Range to disable or enable automatic adjustment of the DVM channel s vertical scale vertical ground level position and trigger threshold voltage level used for the counter frequency measurement When enabled Auto Range overrides attempted adjustments of the channel s vertical scale and position knobs When disabled you can use the channel s vertical scale an...

Страница 204: ...204 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 15 Digital Voltmeter ...

Страница 205: ...the DSOX2WAVEGEN upgrade The waveform generator gives you an easy way to provide input signals when testing circuitry with the oscilloscope Waveform generator settings can be saved and recalled with oscilloscope setups See Chapter 17 Save Recall Setups Screens Data starting on page 217 To select generated waveform types and settings 1 To access the Waveform Generator Menu and enable or disable the...

Страница 206: ...ut is automatically disabled if excessive voltage is applied to the Gen Out BNC 2 In the Waveform Generator Menu press the Waveform softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the waveform type 3 Depending on the selected waveform type use the remaining softkeys and the Entry knob to set the waveform s characteristics ...

Страница 207: ...0 mHz to 20 MHz Square Use the Frequency Frequency Fine Period Period Fine Amplitude High Level Offset Low Level and Duty Cycle softkeys to set the square wave signal parameters The frequency can be adjusted from 100 mHz to 10 MHz The duty cycle can be adjusted from 20 to 80 Ramp Use the Frequency Frequency Fine Period Period Fine Amplitude High Level Offset Low Level and Symmetry softkeys to set ...

Страница 208: ...d output load on page 209 To use waveform generator logic presets on page 209 To restore waveform generator defaults on page 215 To output the waveform generator sync pulse 1 If the Waveform Generator Menu is not currently displayed on the oscilloscope s softkeys press the Wave Gen key 2 In the Waveform Generator Menu press the Settings softkey 3 In the Waveform Generator Settings Menu press the T...

Страница 209: ...itude and offset levels for the expected output load If the actual load impedance is different than the selected value the displayed amplitude and offset levels will be incorrect To use waveform generator logic presets With logic level presets you can easily set the output voltage to TTL CMOS 5 0V CMOS 3 3V CMOS 2 5V or ECL compatible Low and High levels 1 If the Waveform Generator Menu is not cur...

Страница 210: ...tting the Rear Panel TRIG OUT Source on page 246 This is because the trigger comparator is located after the noise source To add modulation to the waveform generator output Modulation is where an original carrier signal is modified according to the amplitude of a second modulating signal The modulation type AM FM or FSK specifies how the carrier signal is modified To enable and set up modulation f...

Страница 211: ...tude Modulation AM on page 211 Frequency Modulation FM the frequency of the original carrier signal is modified according to the amplitude of the modulating signal See To set up Frequency Modulation FM on page 213 Frequency Shift Keying Modulation FSK the output frequency shifts between the original carrier frequency and a hop frequency at the specified FSK rate The FSK rate specifies a digital sq...

Страница 212: ...y knob to specify the frequency of the modulating signal 4 Press the AM Depth softkey and turn the Entry knob to specify the amount of amplitude modulation AM Depth refers to the portion of the amplitude range that will be used by the modulation For example a depth setting of 80 causes the output amplitude to vary from 10 to 90 90 10 80 of the original amplitude as the modulating signal goes from ...

Страница 213: ...n the Entry knob to specify the frequency of the modulating signal 4 Press the FM Dev softkey and turn the Entry knob to specify the frequency deviation from the original carrier signal frequency When the modulating signal is at its maximum amplitude the output frequency is the carrier signal frequency plus the deviation amount and when the modulating signal is at its minimum amplitude the output ...

Страница 214: ...lect Frequency Shift Keying Modulation FSK 2 Press the Hop Freq softkey and turn the Entry knob to specify the hop frequency The output frequency shifts between the original carrier frequency and this hop frequency 3 Press the FSK Rate softkey and turn the Entry knob to specify the rate at which the output frequency shifts The FSK rate specifies a digital square wave modulating signal The followin...

Страница 215: ...Generator Menu is not currently displayed on the oscilloscope s softkeys press the Wave Gen key 2 In the Waveform Generator Menu press the Settings softkey 3 In the Waveform Generator Settings Menu press the Default Wave Gen softkey The waveform generator factory default settings 1 kHz sine wave 500 mVpp 0 V offset High Z output load are restored ...

Страница 216: ...216 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 16 Waveform Generator ...

Страница 217: ...u can also recall default or factory default setups Oscilloscope screen images can be saved to a USB storage device in BMP or PNG formats Acquired waveform data can be saved to a USB storage device in comma separated value CSV ASCII XY binary BIN and Agilent logic analyzer binary ALB formats There is also a command to securely erase all the oscilloscope s non volatile internal memory Saving Setups...

Страница 218: ...comma separated values of all displayed channels and math waveforms This format is suitable for spreadsheet analysis See To save CSV ASCII XY or BIN data files on page 220 ASCII XY data csv This creates separate files of comma separated values for each displayed channel This format is also suitable for spreadsheets See To save CSV ASCII XY or BIN data files on page 220 Reference Waveform data h5 S...

Страница 219: ...t then turn the Entry knob to select Setup scp 2 Press the softkey in the second position and use the Entry knob to navigate to the save location See To navigate storage locations on page 226 3 Finally press the Press to Save softkey A message indicating whether the save was successful is displayed Setup files have the extension SCP These extensions appear when using the File Explorer see File Exp...

Страница 220: ... displayed See Also Adding an Annotation on page 254 To save CSV ASCII XY or BIN data files Data files can be saved to an external USB storage device 1 Press Save Recall Save Format then turn the Entry knob to select CSV data csv ASCII XY data csv or Binary data bin Graticule Not Inverted Graticule Inverted NOTE When saving screen images the oscilloscope uses the last menu visited before pressing ...

Страница 221: ...g Data from Segmented Memory on page 158 4 Finally press the Press to Save softkey A message indicating whether the save was successful is displayed See Also Binary Data bin Format on page 281 CSV and ASCII XY files on page 287 Minimum and Maximum Values in CSV Files on page 288 To save ALB data files Agilent logic analyzer binary ALB format data files can be viewed and analyzed offline on a PC us...

Страница 222: ...erial formats include Default CAN I2C LIN UART RS232 SPI 2 Wire Serial SPI 3 Wire Serial SPI 4 Wire Serial When you choose any ALB format other than Default waveforms from the analog channels if displayed are also digitized and displayed as digital waveforms The analog channel s trigger level determines the point at which the voltage is considered a logic 1 or 0 If you connect your serial bus sign...

Страница 223: ...It sets the number of data points that will be output to the file Only displayed data points are saved The maximum number of data points depends on these things Table 5 Recommended Signal Mapping Label Signal Oscilloscope Channel Maps to Logic Analyzer Channel TxRS232 Tx Ch1 D0 RxRS232 Rx Ch2 D1 I2C Data Ch1 D0 Clk Ch2 D1 SPI2 2 wire Clk Ch1 D0 Data Ch2 D1 SPI3 3 wire Chip Select Ch1 D0 Clk Ch2 D1...

Страница 224: ...l channels are on Displayed digital channels consume acquisition memory Whether segmented memory is on Acquisition memory is divided by the number of segments The horizontal time div sweep speed setting At faster settings fewer data points appear on the display When saving to a CSV format file the maximum number of data points is 50 000 When necessary the Length control performs a 1 of n decimatio...

Страница 225: ...tions on page 226 6 Finally press the Press to Save softkey A message indicating whether the save was successful is displayed To save masks Mask files can be saved to one of four internal Agilent Flash locations or to an external USB storage device 1 Press Save Recall Save Format then turn the Entry knob to select Mask msk 2 Press the softkey in the second position and use the Entry knob to naviga...

Страница 226: ...ed location Load from when you can recall from the selected file When saving files The proposed file name is shown in the Save to file line above the softkeys To overwrite an existing file browse to that file and select it To create a new file name see To enter file names on page 226 To enter file names To create new file names when saving files to a USB storage device 1 In the Save Menu press the...

Страница 227: ... Entry knob to select the type of file you want to recall Setup scp See To recall setup files on page 227 Mask msk See To recall mask files on page 228 Reference Waveform data h5 See To recall reference waveform files from a USB storage device on page 228 You can also recall setups and mask files by loading them using the File Explorer See File Explorer on page 241 You can also configure the Quick...

Страница 228: ... knob to navigate to the file to recall See To navigate storage locations on page 226 3 Press the Press to Recall softkey A message indicating whether the recall was successful is displayed 4 If you would like to clear the display or clear the recalled mask press Clear Display or Clear Mask To recall reference waveform files from a USB storage device 1 Press the Save Recall key 2 In the Save Recal...

Страница 229: ...Setup key See Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup on page 25 Some user settings are not changed when recalling the default setup Factory Default recalls the oscilloscope s factory default settings You must confirm the recall because there are no user settings that are left unchanged Performing a Secure Erase 1 Press the Save Recall key 2 In the Save Recall Menu press Default Erase 3 In the Defau...

Страница 230: ...230 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 17 Save Recall Setups Screens Data ...

Страница 231: ...n softkeys and the Press to Print softkey are ghosted not available until a printer is connected To print the oscilloscope s display 1 Connect a printer You can Connect a USB printer to either the USB port on the front panel or the rectangular USB host port on the rear panel For the most up to date listing of printers that are compatible with the InfiniiVision oscilloscopes please visit www agilen...

Страница 232: ...y on page 253 See Also Adding an Annotation on page 254 To set up network printer connections When the DSOXLAN LAN VGA module is installed you can set up network printer connections A network printer is a printer attached to a computer or print server on the network 1 Press the Print key on the front panel NOTE The oscilloscope will print the last menu visited before you pressed the Print key Ther...

Страница 233: ...to the printer for example 192 168 1 100 printers printer name or 192 168 1 100 650 printers printer name Path to a Windows network printer share for example server share When the Printer Address is a Windows network printer share the Modify softkey also lets you enter these settings Network Domain this is the Windows network domain name Username this is your login name for the Windows network dom...

Страница 234: ...y changing the black background to white Invert Graticule Colors is the default mode Form Feed Select this to send a form feed command to the printer after the waveform is printed and before the setup information is printed Switch Form Feed off if you want setup information printed on the same sheet of paper with the waveform This option only has an effect when the Setup Information option is sele...

Страница 235: ...Menu press the Palette softkey to change the following options Color Select this to print the screen in color The oscilloscope s print driver cannot print color images to color laser printers so the Color option is not available when connected to laser printers Grayscale Select this to print the screen in shades of gray rather than in color ...

Страница 236: ...236 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 18 Print Screens ...

Страница 237: ...ng the Quick Action Key 253 Adding an Annotation 254 This chapter explains oscilloscope utility functions I O Interface Settings The oscilloscope can be accessed and or controlled remotely via these I O interfaces USB device port on the rear panel square shaped USB port LAN interface when a LAN VGA module is installed in the rear panel module slot GPIB interface when a GPIB module is installed in ...

Страница 238: ...N Remote Programming via the Web Interface on page 263 The oscilloscope s Programmer s Guide Remote Programming with Agilent IO Libraries on page 264 Setting up the Oscilloscope s LAN Connection When the DSOXLAN LAN VGA module is installed you can place the oscilloscope on the network and set up its LAN connection Once that is done you can use the oscilloscope s web interface or remotely control t...

Страница 239: ...onnect the oscilloscope to the local area network LAN by inserting the LAN cable into the LAN port on the rear panel of the oscilloscope In a few moments the oscilloscope will connect to the network automatically If the oscilloscope does not automatically connect to the network press Utility I O LAN Reset In a few moments the oscilloscope will connect to the network Manual Configuration 1 Get the ...

Страница 240: ...nnect the oscilloscope to the local area network LAN by inserting the LAN cable into the LAN port on the rear panel of the oscilloscope Stand alone Point to Point Connection to a PC The following procedure describes how to establish a point to point stand alone connection to the oscilloscope This is useful if you want to control the oscilloscope using a laptop computer or a stand alone computer 1 ...

Страница 241: ...ab files label files etc Also you can delete files on a connected USB storage device The oscilloscope s internal file system under Agilent Flash consists of 10 locations for oscilloscope setup files and four locations for mask files To use the File Explorer 1 Press Utility File Explorer 2 In the File Explorer Menu press the softkey in the first position and use the Entry knob to navigate NOTE The ...

Страница 242: ...or Delete File softkeys to take the action Pushing the Entry knob is the same as pressing the Load File softkey A file that has been deleted from a USB storage device cannot be recovered by the oscilloscope Use your PC to create directories on a USB storage device USB Storage Devices Most USB mass storage devices are compatible with the oscilloscope However certain devices may be incompatible and ...

Страница 243: ...tions Preferences lets you specify oscilloscope preferences To choose expand about center or ground on page 243 To disable enable transparent backgrounds on page 244 To load the default label library on page 244 To set up the screen saver on page 244 To set AutoScale preferences on page 245 To choose expand about center or ground When you change a channel s volts division setting the waveform disp...

Страница 244: ...arent and solid text display backgrounds To load the default label library See To reset the label library to the factory default on page 111 To set up the screen saver The oscilloscope can be configured to turn on a display screen saver when the oscilloscope has been idle for a specified length of time 1 Press Utility Options Preferences Screen Saver to display the Screen Saver Menu 2 Press the Sa...

Страница 245: ... press any key or turn any knob To set AutoScale preferences 1 Press Utility Options Preferences AutoScale 2 In the AutoScale Preferences Menu you can Press the Fast Debug softkey enable disable this type of autoscale When fast debug is enabled autoscale lets you make quick visual comparisons to determine whether the signal being probed is a DC voltage ground or an active AC signal Channel couplin...

Страница 246: ...de you have chosen when the AutoScale key is pressed Setting the Oscilloscope s Clock The Clock Menu lets you set the current date and time of day 24 hour format This time date stamp will appear on hardcopy prints and directory information on the USB mass storage device To set the date and time or to view the current date and time 1 Press Utility Options Clock 2 Press the Year Month Day Hour or Mi...

Страница 247: ...w 0 V See Chapter 14 Mask Testing starting on page 189 Waveform Generator Sync Pulse All of the waveform generator output functions except DC and Noise have an associated Sync signal The Sync signal is a TTL positive pulse that occurs when the waveform rises above zero volts or the DC offset value See Chapter 16 Waveform Generator starting on page 205 The TRIG OUT connector also provides the User ...

Страница 248: ... optimize circuits that affect channel sensitivity offset and trigger parameters Performing User Cal will invalidate your Certificate of Calibration If NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology traceability is required perform the Performance Verification procedure in the Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 3000 X Series Oscilloscopes Service Guide using traceable sources To perform user calibrat...

Страница 249: ...es Then connect a BNC f to BNC f also called a barrel connector to the tee as shown below For a 4 channel oscilloscope connect BNC tees to the equal length cables as shown below Then connect a BNC f to BNC f barrel connector to the tee as shown below Figure 36 User Calibration cable for 2 channel oscilloscope To Channel 1 To Channel 2 Long cable to TRIG OUT ...

Страница 250: ...edures to verify that the oscilloscope is operating properly It is recommended you run Hardware Self Test After experiencing abnormal operation For additional information to better describe an oscilloscope failure To verify proper operation after the oscilloscope has been repaired Successfully passing Hardware Self Test does not guarantee 100 of the oscilloscope s functionality Hardware Self Test ...

Страница 251: ...o Loading Licenses and Displaying License Information on page 279 To display the user calibration status Pressing Utility Service User Cal Status displays the summary results of the previous User Cal and the status of probe calibrations for probes that can be calibrated Note that passive probes do not need to be calibrated Results User Cal date Change in temperature since last User Cal Failure Com...

Страница 252: ... find contactus To return the instrument Before shipping the oscilloscope to Agilent Technologies contact your nearest Agilent Technologies sales or service office for additional details Information on contacting Agilent Technologies can be found at www agilent com find contactus 1 Write the following information on a tag and attach it to the oscilloscope Name and address of owner Model number Ser...

Страница 253: ...set up the printing options See Chapter 18 Print Screens starting on page 231 Quick Save saves the current image waveform data or setup Press Settings to set up the save options See Chapter 17 Save Recall Setups Screens Data starting on page 217 Quick Recall recalls a setup mask or reference waveform Press Settings to set up the recall options See Chapter 17 Save Recall Setups Screens Data startin...

Страница 254: ... To add an annotation 1 On the oscilloscope s front panel press Utility 2 In the Utility Menu press Annotation 3 In the Annotation Menu press Annotation to enable the annotation 4 Press Edit 5 In the Edit Annotation Menu Use the Spell and Delete Character softkeys to enter the annotation text Spell press this softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the character at the current position press thi...

Страница 255: ...otation edits 6 Press the Text Color softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the annotation color You can choose white red or colors that match analog channels digital channels math waveforms reference waveforms or markers 7 Press the Background softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the annotation background Opaque the annotation has a solid background Inverted the annotation s foreground an...

Страница 256: ...256 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 19 Utility Settings See Also To save BMP or PNG image files on page 219 To print the oscilloscope s display on page 231 ...

Страница 257: ...mber host name IP address and VISA address connect string Control the oscilloscope using the Remote Front Panel Send SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation remote programming commands via the SCPI Commands applet window Save setups screen images waveform data and mask files Recall setup files reference waveform data files or mask files Get screen images and save or print them from...

Страница 258: ...ystems Java Plug in Before you can use the web interface you must place the oscilloscope on the network and set up its LAN connection Accessing the Web Interface To access the oscilloscope s web interface 1 Connect the oscilloscope to your LAN see To establish a LAN connection on page 239 or establish a point to point connection see Stand alone Point to Point Connection to a PC on page 240 It is p...

Страница 259: ... access to The Real Scope Remote Front Panel see Real Scope Remote Front Panel on page 260 The Simple Remote Front Panel see Simple Remote Front Panel on page 261 The Browser Based Remote Front Panel see Browser Based Remote Front Panel on page 262 The SCPI Command window applet for Remote Programming see Remote Programming via the Web Interface on page 263 ...

Страница 260: ...cope using the web interface s Real Scope Remote Front Panel 1 Access the oscilloscope s web interface see Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 2 When the oscilloscope s web interface is displayed select Browser Web Control then select Real Scope Remote Front Panel After a few seconds the Remote Front Panel appears 3 Click keys or knobs that you would normally press on the oscilloscope s front ...

Страница 261: ...Front Panel 1 Access the oscilloscope s web interface see Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 2 When the oscilloscope s web interface is displayed select Browser Web Control then select Simple Remote Front Panel After a few seconds the Remote Front Panel appears 3 Use the Main Menu and the Function Keys to control the oscilloscope To view Quick Help right click on a softkey ...

Страница 262: ... Panel To operate the oscilloscope using the web interface s Browser Based Remote Front Panel 1 Access the oscilloscope s web interface see Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 2 When the oscilloscope s web interface is displayed select Browser Web Control then select Browser Based Remote Front Panel After a few seconds the Remote Front Panel appears 3 Click keys or knobs that you would normall...

Страница 263: ...ote programming commands to the oscilloscope via the SCPI Commands applet window 1 Access the oscilloscope s web interface see Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 2 When the oscilloscope s web interface is displayed select Browser Web Control then select Remote Programming The SCPI Commands applet appears within the browser web page ...

Страница 264: ...one using the Agilent IO Libraries which are separate from the instrument s web interface The Agilent IO Libraries let a controller PC communicate with Agilent InfiniiVision oscilloscopes via their USB LAN when the LAN VGA option module is installed or GPIB when the GPIB option module is installed interfaces The Agilent IO Libraries Suite connectivity software to enables communication over these i...

Страница 265: ...ou can save setup files screen images waveform data files or mask files to your PC via the oscilloscope s web interface see Saving Files via the Web Interface on page 265 You can recall setup files reference waveform data files or mask files from your PC via the oscilloscope s web interface see Recalling Files via the Web Interface on page 266 Saving Files via the Web Interface To save setup files...

Страница 266: ...Click Save The current acquisition is saved d In the File Download dialog click Save e In the Save As dialog navigate to the folder where you want to save the file then click Save Recalling Files via the Web Interface To recall setup files reference waveform data files or mask files from your PC via the oscilloscope s web interface 1 Access the oscilloscope s web interface see Accessing the Web In...

Страница 267: ...all Get Image To save or print the oscilloscope s display from the web interface 1 Access the oscilloscope s web interface see Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 2 When the oscilloscope s web interface is displayed select the Get Image tab from the left side of the Welcome screen After a delay of several seconds the oscilloscope s screen image will be displayed 3 Right click on the image and ...

Страница 268: ...cope s web interface see Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 2 When the oscilloscope s web interface Welcome Page is displayed select the Identification on radio button An Identify message is displayed on the oscilloscope you can either select Identification off or press the OK softkey on the oscilloscope to continue Instrument Utilities The Instrument Utilities page of the web interface lets ...

Страница 269: ...ties via a drop down menu Setting a Password Whenever you connect the oscilloscope to a LAN it is good practice to set a password The password prevents someone from remotely accessing the oscilloscope via a Web browser and changing parameters Remote users can still view the Welcome screen view network status etc but they can t operate the instrument or change its setup without the password ...

Страница 270: ...scope s web interface see Accessing the Web Interface on page 258 2 When the oscilloscope s web interface is displayed select the Configure Network tab from the instrument s Welcome page 3 Click the Modify Configuration button 4 Enter your desired password and click Apply Changes Configure Network tab Modify Configuration ...

Страница 271: ... user name is the IP address of the oscilloscope To reset the password Do one of these things to reset the password Using the keys on the front panel of the oscilloscope press Utility I O LAN Reset Using the web browser select the Configure Network tab select Modify Configuration erase the Password and select Apply Changes Enter password ...

Страница 272: ...272 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 20 Web Interface ...

Страница 273: ...he InfiniiVision oscilloscope data sheets for complete up to date specifications and characteristics To download a data sheet please visit www agilent com find 2000X Series Then select the Library tab followed by Specifications Or go to the Agilent home page at www agilent com and search for 2000 X Series oscilloscopes data sheet To order a data sheet by phone please contact your local Agilent off...

Страница 274: ...s for measurements performed on circuits directly connected to the low voltage installation Examples are measurements on household appliances portable tools and similar equipment Measurement category III is for measurements performed in the building installation Examples are measurements on distribution boards circuit breakers wiring including cables bus bars junction boxes switches socket outlets...

Страница 275: ...ing to 4 000 m 13 123 ft Overvoltage Category This product is intended to be powered by MAINS that comply to Overvoltage Category II which is typical of cord and plug connected equipment Pollution Degree The InfiniiVision 2000 3000 X Series oscilloscopes may be operated in environments of Pollution Degree 2 or Pollution Degree 1 Pollution Degree Definitions Pollution Degree 1 No pollution or only ...

Страница 276: ...n page 60 See Also For more information on probes and accessories see www agilent com for Probes and Accessories Selection Guide 5989 6162EN 5000 6000 and 7000 Series InfiniiVision Oscilloscope Probes and Accessories Data Sheet 5968 8153EN Passive Probes Passive probes are included with the 2000 X Series oscilloscopes for each analog channel The following passive probes can be used with the Infini...

Страница 277: ... 350 MHz 1 2 m N2890A Passive probe 10 1 500 MHz 1 2 m Table 6 Passive Probes continued Model Description Table 7 Differential Probes Model Description 1141A Active differential probe 200 MHz 200 VDC peak AC max requires 1142A power supply 1144A Active probe 800 MHz requires 1142A power supply 1145A Active probe 750 MHz 2 ch requires 1142A power supply N2772A Active differential probe 20 MHz 1 2 k...

Страница 278: ...wer supply N2781A Current probe 10 MHz 150 A AC DC use with N2779A power supply N2782A Current probe 50 MHz 30 A AC DC use with N2779A power supply N2783A Current probe 100 MHz 30 A AC DC use with N2779A power supply Table 9 Accessories Available for InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes Model Part Description DSOXLAN LAN VGA connection module DSOXGPIB GPIB connection module N6456A Rack mount ...

Страница 279: ...fter purchase model number notes DVM Digital Voltmeter Provides provides 3 digit voltage and 5 digit frequency measurements using any analog channel Order DSOXDVM EDK Educator s Kit Provides training signals on the oscilloscope s Demo terminals and a lab guide tutorial for education environments Order DSOXEDK MASK Mask Limit Test Lets you create a mask and test waveforms to determine whether they ...

Страница 280: ...e Agilent Technologies releases software and firmware updates for its products To search for firmware updates for your oscilloscope direct your web browser to www agilent com find 2000X Series sw To view the currently installed software and firmware press Help About Oscilloscope Once you have downloaded a firmware update file you can place it on a USB storage device and load the file using File Ex...

Страница 281: ... acquisition mode the minimum and maximum value waveform data points are saved to the file in separate waveform buffers The minimum value data points are saved first then the maximum value data points are saved BIN data using segmented memory When saving all segments each segment has its own waveform header see Binary Header Format on page 282 In BIN file format data are presented as follows Chann...

Страница 282: ...e file and each waveform stored will have a waveform header When using segmented memory each segment is treated as a separate waveform The waveform header contains information about the type of waveform data that is stored following the waveform data header Cookie Two byte characters AG that indicate the file is in the Agilent Binary Data file format Version Two bytes that represent the file versi...

Страница 283: ...me domain waveforms it is the time at the start of the display This value is treated as a double precision 64 bit floating point number If the value is zero then no data has been acquired X Increment A 64 bit double that is the duration between data points on the X axis For time domain waveforms this is the time between points If the value is zero then no data has been acquired X Origin A 64 bit d...

Страница 284: ...6 byte character array that contains the label assigned to the waveform Time Tags A 64 bit double only used when saving multiple segments requires segmented memory option This is the time in seconds since the first trigger Segment Index A 32 bit unsigned integer This is the segment number Only used when saving multiple segments Waveform Data Header Size A 32 bit integer that is the size of the wav...

Страница 285: ... Number of Waveform Buffers 1 Buffer Type 1 floating point Bytes per Point 4 Waveform Header 1 140 bytes Waveform Data Header 1 12 bytes Voltage Data 1 buffer size Waveform Header 2 140 bytes Waveform Data Header 2 12 bytes Voltage Data 2 buffer size Waveform Header N 140 bytes Waveform Data Header N 12 bytes Voltage Data N buffer size Number of Waveform Buffers 1 Buffer Type 1 floating point Byte...

Страница 286: ...hannel The following picture shows a binary file of a segmented memory acquisition on one analog channel File Header 12 bytes Waveform Header 2 140 bytes Waveform Data Header 1 12 bytes Pod 1 Timing Data buffer size Waveform Data Header 2 12 bytes Pod 2 Timing Data buffer size Number of Waveforms 2 Number of Waveform Buffers 1 Buffer Type 6 unsigned char Bytes per Point 1 Buffer Type 6 unsigned ch...

Страница 287: ...ytes Waveform Data Header 2 12 bytes Voltage Data 2 buffer size Waveform Header N 140 bytes Waveform Data Header N 12 bytes Voltage Data N buffer size Number of Waveforms N Number of Segments Number of Waveform Buffers 1 Index 1 Time Tag 0 0 Buffer Type 1 floating point Bytes per Point 4 Number of Waveform Buffers 1 Index 2 Time Tag time between segment 1 and 2 Buffer Type 1 floating point Bytes p...

Страница 288: ...tion When the oscilloscope s sample rate is 4 GSa s a sample will be taken every 250 ps If the horizontal scale is set to 10 us div there will be 100 us of data displayed because there are ten divisions across the screen To find the total number of samples the oscilloscope will take 100 us x 4 GSa s 400K samples The oscilloscope is required to display those 400K samples using 640 pixel columns The...

Страница 289: ...Oscilloscopes Documentation CD ROM RealVNC source code can be obtained from RealVNC or by contacting Agilent Agilent will charge for the cost of physically performing the source distribution HDF5 Reference Waveform files use HDF5 HDF5 was developed by The HDF Group and by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign CUPS Network printing use...

Страница 290: ...290 Agilent InfiniiVision 2000 X Series Oscilloscopes User s Guide 21 Reference ...

Страница 291: ...etup 85 AutoScale preferences 245 AutoScale digital channels 85 AutoScale undo 26 Average Full Screen measurement 178 Average N Cycles measurement 178 averaging acquire mode 149 153 B Back Up key 29 bandwidth 251 bandwidth limit 58 bandwidth required oscilloscope 148 bandwidth oscilloscope 146 Base measurement 176 BIN file format 218 binary data bin 281 binary data file examples 285 binary data in...

Страница 292: ...etail 101 display softkey labels 40 display status line 39 displayed channels AutoScale 245 distortion problems 69 Divide math function 67 DNS IP 239 Duty cycle measurement 183 DVM digital voltmeter 201 DVM license 279 Dynamic DNS 239 E ECL threshold 89 edge speeds 148 edge triggering 115 EDK license 279 either edge trigger 117 English user interface and Quick Help 41 Entry knob 30 Entry knob push...

Страница 293: ...ttings 237 identification function web interface 268 impedance digital probes 93 indeterminate state 161 infinite persistence 103 144 151 information area 39 installed licenses 251 installed options 268 Instrument Utilities web page 268 intensity control 101 Intensity key 29 invert graticule colors 220 invert waveform 59 IP address 239 257 Italian front panel overlays 36 Italian user interface and...

Страница 294: ...cilloscope bandwidth 146 oscilloscope bandwidth required 148 oscilloscope rise time 147 oscilloscope sample rate 147 output load expected waveform generator 209 output trigger 246 overlay localized 35 Overshoot measurement 172 176 overvoltage category 275 P palette 220 pan and zoom 44 parts replacement 98 passive probes 276 passive probes compensating 27 password network reset 271 password network...

Страница 295: ... 244 saving data 217 SCPI Commands window 263 screen image via web interface 267 screen saver 244 Search key 31 secure erase 229 segmented memory 155 segmented memory re arm time 158 segmented memory saving segments 221 select digital channels 89 select knob 89 Selected 242 selecting values 30 self test front panel 251 self test hardware 250 serial decode controls 32 serial number 251 257 service ...

Страница 296: ...b 243 USB device port 38 USB device port remote control 237 USB host port 38 231 USB host ports 35 USB printer 231 USB printers supported 231 USB storage device 35 USB CD device 243 USB eject device 35 USB storage device numbering 243 usb2 243 user cal 248 user calibration 248 user interface language 41 User defined threshold 89 utilities 237 Utility key 30 V V RMS FFT vertical units 70 values cho...

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