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Thames & Kosmos 623715, Experiment Manual

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Safety Information

Dear Parents,

This experiment kit will introduce your child to the exciting world of solar technology. Equipped with this manual and the material 
in this kit, your child could well be on his or her way to becoming a future engineer designing high-tech energy systems.

But first, it is natural to have concerns about safety. The experiment set in front of you conforms to U.S. and European safety stan-
dards. These standards include requirements for manufacturers, but they also require that parents stand by their children’s side 
with help and advice. Please tell your child to read all directions and safety instructions and to keep them close at hand for easy 
reference. Emphasize to your child that he or she should always follow all the instructions and rules of the experiments.

For performing experiments without solar energy, a 1.5-volt AA battery is required, which could not be included in this kit due to its 
limited shelf life. Please be sure to remove any dead battery from the kit and dispose of it appropriately. 

We wish you and your young solar hobbyist a lot of fun and success with these experiments.

Safety Warning for Parents:

• Warning: Intended exclusively for children at least 8 years of age!

Safety Warnings for Children:

• Do not insert the cables into an electrical outlet.
• Do not connect the motor box to other power sources.
• The experiment kit should not be connected to other energy sources.
• Do not charge non-rechargeable batteries.
• Different battery types or new and used batteries are not to be used together.
• Use only the recommended battery types.
• Always insert batteries with positive and negative ends in the proper direction!
• Dispose of dead batteries properly and without delay.
• Do not attach the connection clamps to each other.
• Safety equipment, such as components for restricting current, should not be tampered with. 

First Edition. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart/2004

This work, including all its components, is copyright protected.  Any use, outside the specific limits of the copyright law, 

without the consent of the publisher is prohibited and punishable under law. This applies specifically to reproductions, 

translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic systems. We do not guarantee that all material in this 

work is free from other copyright or other protection.

© 2004 Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart
Text: Tobias and Reinhold Pehle
Project Manager: Gerhard Gasser
Photos: Medien Kommunikation, Unna, up to p. 6, p. 7 top: Kopf AG, Umwelt- und Energietechnik, Sulz-Bergfelden,  

p. 11 bottom: HONDA, Deutschland; Inside back cover: public domain image courtesy of NREL.
Original Layout and editing: FROMM MediaDesign GmbH, Selters im Taunus

Second Edition, Thames & Kosmos LLC, Providence, RI, U.S.A.
© 2006, 2012 English Translation
® Thames & Kosmos is a registered trademark of Thames & Kosmos LLC.
Translation: David Gamon
Editorial and Production: Ted McGuire
Copy Editing: Jed Wilcox, Christa Raimondo, Stephanie McQuillan

Printed in Taiwan/Imprimé en Taiwan

PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER

Summary of Contents for 623715

Page 1: ...cation Set This set contains chemicals and or parts that may be harmful if misused Read cautions on individual containers and in manual carefully Not to be used by children except under adult supervision EXPERIMENT MANUAL ...

Page 2: ...sources Do not charge non rechargeable batteries Different battery types or new and used batteries are not to be used together Use only the recommended battery types Always insert batteries with positive and negative ends in the proper direction Dispose of dead batteries properly and without delay Do not attach the connection clamps to each other Safety equipment such as components for restricting...

Page 3: ...Experiment Manual Tobias and Reihold Pehle and David Gamon Franckh Kosmos Verlags GmbH Co Stuttgart Germany Thames Kosmos LLC Portsmouth RI USA ...

Page 4: ...Kit Contents The crane hook and the cord holder 28 have to be fastened to the cord 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 11 12 13 15 16 1 3 2 4 25 26 27 28 30 29 2 ...

Page 5: ...702 503 702 801 702 593 702 592 702 531 702 530 702 800 702 525 702 527 702 496 702 512 702 513 702 595 702 510 702 590 Quantity and Description Part No Contents List Tips and Tricks for Model Building and Experiments 4 Follow the Instructions Closely 4 About Connecting Frames and Rods 4 About Wheels and Pulleys 4 About Mounting Wheels 4 Understanding the Sun and Solar Power 5 The Sun s Energy 5 T...

Page 6: ...ow side of the anchor pin lever 30 to pull the anchor pin 26 out again With the help of the shaft plugs 25 you can mount individual gear wheels or sprocket wheels to frames or rods The shaft plugs can be levered out with the broad side of the anchor pin lever About Wheels and Pulleys In this box of solar experiments you will find four types of wheels gear wheels 6 7 8 sprocket wheels 9 10 11 pulle...

Page 7: ...Sun gives us about 13 000 times more energy than we consume in a year This means that in less than an hour the Sun delivers as much free energy as all of the Earth s inhabitants combined use in an entire year So scientists have naturally asked themselves the following question How can we capture the Sun s energy and use it for other purposes This is where the solar cell comes in A solar cell is a ...

Page 8: ...n produce electricity The energy stored in the bonds inside uranium atoms 6 No Earth has a limited amount of uranium in it Geothermal Geothermal power plants Geothermal power is generated using heat from deep inside the Earth to create steam which is used to drive turbines to produce electricity The temperature at Earth s core is estimated to be 5 000 to 6 000 C This heat was originally generated ...

Page 9: ...licon in the solar cell Phosphorus is added to the first layer resulting in an abun dance of free electrons Because electrons have a negative charge this layer has a negative charge and is thus called n type doped silicon The other layer is doped with Boron resulting in an absence of electrons or more holes for elec trons This gives the layer an overall positive charge and is thus called p type do...

Page 10: ...l cables to the module You can connect all kinds of electrical equip ment the technical term is electrical load most importantly the motor to these cables Your New Solar Engine In our first experiment we will use the Sun s energy to drive your kit s engine and turn a small sprocket wheel Experiment 1 You will need parts from the parts list next page upper right Instructions Insert the small gray e...

Page 11: ...experiment a small sprocket wheel 9 mounted on the engine shaft is turned Mount it so that it sits flush at the front Your first solar model turns the small sprocket wheel inserted onto the engine shaft Little Shadows It would be interesting to know just how much light your solar module needs in order to run the engine Experiment 2 You will need your solar model from the previ ous experiment Instr...

Page 12: ...g hap pens Layers of clouds come between the Sun and the Earth Enough light can still get through a thin layer of cirrus clouds to power the solar model But not enough of the Sun s rays can get to your model through thicker layers of cloud cover Artificial Sun As you know light isn t only produced by the Sun A lamp with an incandescent or halogen bulb can also provide light Will this kind of light...

Page 13: ...ts The farther away you get from the lamp the less light is emitted from it You can see that particularly clearly on a street at night when a car drives toward you with its headlights on When the car is still far away all you see is two small points of light But when it drives by you the light of the car is much much brighter Because the brightness of a light source drops with distance the solar c...

Page 14: ...der and plug them back in but this time in the opposite sides Hold your model in bright light again What happens Results After you reverse the cables the wheel turns in the opposite direction That is because electrical current always flows in just one direction The engine rotates in the same direction that the current flows The direction of flow can be changed by reversing the cur rent supply whic...

Page 15: ...attery turns the motor and the wheel just as well as the solar module Of course the engine doesn t stop when you change the lighting as it does with the solar module If you want to shut off the engine you have two options either remove the battery from the holder or pull out one of the cables It makes no difference whether you remove the cable from the engine or the battery holder You can also cha...

Page 16: ... them to assemble your model You will need all the parts in the list on the left Be careful to connect the parts exactly as shown in the pictures It is particularly important to count the holes in the rods and frames so you insert the anchor pins in exactly the right ones For the tractor to run well all the wheels have to be able to turn easily After assem bling the axles and wheels make sure that...

Page 17: ...s on the long frames serve to attach another long frame 2 which you mount vertically 5 Another long frame serves to provide additional strength This one is set right on top of the two long frames with the engine 6 Now we ll prepare the axles Take two long axle shafts 16 and insert a small gear wheel 8 over the short end of each one 7 Push the two axle shafts through the outer holes of the frames a...

Page 18: ...s as shown in the picture and be sure that the axles turn easily 12 Mount a short rod 4 on the top of the long frame sticking up straight in the rear 13 The battery holder 22 with the solar module 23 goes on this short rod Pay attention to the signs 14 Take a short frame 3 and insert 8 anchor pins 26 into it as shown in the picture 15 At the front your model will get two ornamental headlights Star...

Page 19: ...he solar module Watch what the vehicle does Results As soon as enough light strikes the solar module your tractor starts moving When the tractor moves beyond the cone of light it stops The solar module isn t getting enough light anymore Driving in Reverse If you attached the cables correctly your vehicle moved forward Now we ll make it go backward Experiment 12 You will need your model artificial ...

Page 20: ...rface Experiment 15 You will need bright sunlight solar model level but bumpy ground e g a level gravel path or a lawn that isn t too steep Instructions Let your solar tractor run in bright sunlight on a bumpy surface Make sure that it isn t going uphill or downhill How does it perform now Results Your tractor either won t start correctly or won t move at all As soon as the tires hit any little ob...

Page 21: ... up an inclined plane Use the back side of a drawing pad During the drive slowly lift the front end of the drawing pad What happens when the solar tractor drives uphill Results When your tractor drives uphill it goes slower And when the slope is too great it won t move The power of the engine is not enough to turn the wheels So the speed depends on the slope Or put different ly with a slope the en...

Page 22: ...be applied in many different ways to lift weights for example or to run fast It s the same with your solar engine The two most important jobs that a vehicle engine does are to transport objects and to create speed In order to transport objects your solar vehicle needs a cargo bed For that we will first have to rebuild your tractor a little Experiment 20 You will need solar tractor 1 x base plate 1...

Page 23: ...to the platform the harder it is for the vehicle When you load on too much weight the engine can t carry the payload your vehicle stays put Maximum Payload Of course it would be interesting to know exactly what the maximum payload is for your transport ve hicle To determine that you will need a kitchen scale Experiment 22 You will need light solar transporter level ground blocks or small stones as...

Page 24: ... suring tape a stopwatch you can also use a regular watch if it has a second hand paper and pen a firm flat surface for example an asphalt sidewalk bright sunlight Instructions Mark off a distance of 1 m on the ground Be sure that the ground is flat and that your car won t be driving uphill or downhill With a stopwatch measure the amount of time that your model takes to cover the distance of 1 m w...

Page 25: ...engine s force is transferred through the chain Results You are already familiar with the principle of the chain drive from your bicycle which also transfers force from your pedals to the rear wheel by way of a chain A chain drive is more complex than a gear drive you need more parts and the mounting process is a little more difficult So what is the advantage of the chain drive The answer is simpl...

Page 26: ...s Then your model would certainly not work well any longer So when you assemble your models be sure that the chain is neither too tight nor too loose That will ensure that they will run well Caterpillar Tracks Chains can be used for other things besides drive chains With many kinds of vehicles they take the place of regular wheels Examples of this are caterpil lar tractors dredgers or some militar...

Page 27: ...h the tracks as they roll over it Results As they roll over the pencil the links of the chain wrap themselves around the obstacle So the chain adjusts itself to fit the uneven ground That improves the trac tion of the entire vehicle it doesn t slip the way a car with wheels would do Driving Over Uneven Terrain Now let s see how your caterpillar track vehicle han dles when driving over a lot of obs...

Page 28: ... of three parts First there is the tall support structure assembled out of long and short frames It is mounted securely on two base plates which form its foundation On top of the framework there is the drive system In addition to the engine the solar module is mounted here You will need a special sup port frame for both The third element is the elevator cage This is con structed from frames and ro...

Page 29: ...27 1 x crane hook with spool and cord 28 1 piece of sturdy cardboard 8 x 11 cm 2 Next connect two long frames 2 to make each of the two tall framework sections and mount these on the foundation Pay attention to the holes the frames are mounted in 1 The foundation consists of two base plates 1 Combine these into a single surface with the attachment plates 27 3 Attach two long frames 2 to one short ...

Page 30: ...mall sprocket wheel 9 onto the shaft Mount the engine so that the small sprocket wheel moves the large sprocket wheel 10 Next mount the lift system onto the top of the support framework The short rod on which the engine is mounted should sit flush with the front of the framework 7 Next attach another short rod 4 to the anchor pins on the short rods you just mounted Also push a small gear wheel 8 o...

Page 31: ...ep Two medium gear wheels 7 go on the shaft plugs A piece of cardboard 8 x 11 cm will strengthen the floor 12 Each of the side walls consists of one short frame Take two short frames 3 and insert six anchor pins 26 as shown in the picture 14 One more short frame 3 prevents the cargo from falling out of the cage Insert two shaft plugs 25 and one anchor pin 26 into the frame 16 Finally suspend the c...

Page 32: ...s relatively wide so the front and rear axles and the drive shaft have to be made out of two axle shafts joined together in order for them to be long enough When lengthening the axle shafts the important thing is to have the short ends of the shafts located on the inside They are inserted into a small sprocket wheel which holds them together Be sure that the ends of both axle shafts are pushed equ...

Page 33: ...heel 9 onto the long end 4 The axle is lengthened with another long axle shaft 16 The axle shaft s short end goes into the small sprocket wheel 5 For the rear axle insert a long axle shaft 16 into the fourth hole from the right It is secured with a small gear 8 and a medium sprocket wheel 10 6 You will have to lengthen the rear axle as well Slide on a small sprocket wheel 9 and then insert a long ...

Page 34: ... pins 26 in all 15 Now connect the two side sections Be sure to insert the axles into the right holes and check that they turn easily 10 Stick two small gear wheels 8 and two medium gear wheels 7 onto the small axle and the three shaft plugs 12 Now you will mount the small frame to the front end of the double frame Rotate the axle and make sure that all of the gears move easily 14 Now attach the s...

Page 35: ...wo long upper frames You will have to push the two rods out a little bit 18 For the power transmission between engine shaft and drive shaft mount a medium sprocket wheel 10 on the engine shaft and a large sprocket wheel 11 on the drive shaft 20 The lower chain is made out of 43 chain links 29 Before attaching it adjust the two sprocket wheels so they form a straight line 22 For the front section c...

Page 36: ...ruck has command of a pure chain drive that turns the wheels on the rear axle The unusual thing about it is that the transmission to the rear axle is practically invisible Only the chain from the engine to the drive shaft is visible the other chains are hidden by the large cargo bed The big headlights on the front grill turn when the truck is moving They are set in motion by the front wheels and h...

Page 37: ... 7 The two base plates 1 form the cargo bed They are connected with the two attachment plates 27 into a single continuous surface and then placed on the framework 2 Equip a second long frame 2 with the same components except use a small gear wheel 8 instead of the medium sprocket wheel 4 Now connect the two side sections with a short frame 3 and align the gear wheels on the axles 6 Now attach the ...

Page 38: ... 6 on the front of the frame and on the back mount one more small gear wheel 8 Check over the entire gear drive assembly 10 Next place two long rods 5 on the rear of the base plate and push them onto the side anchor pins Now the cargo bed definitely won t be able to slip 12 Two tire wheels 15 two small gear wheels 8 and two medium gear wheels 7 complete the axle After assembly make sure that the a...

Page 39: ...eed the solar module 23 with holder 22 and cables 20 21 When you mount it be careful not to push down on the cargo bed 18 Now connect the two axle shafts with a small sprocket wheel 9 to form one long axle Turn the axle to make sure that all the gears move smoothly 20 Now you will connect the front section to the cargo bed Then attach two short rods 4 vertically to the front of the upper side fram...

Page 40: ...ery structure This lift structure is built high in order to allow tall vehicles to use the road as well The framework at the rear is needed to let you anchor the lift machinery securely to the base plate The engine turns the cord pulley by way of a combina tion chain and gear drive The direction of the solar engine s rotation deter mines whether the bridge is raised or lowered The simplest way to ...

Page 41: ...ch the drawbridge to the two rods You will need a long axle shaft 16 and a small gear wheel 8 The short end of the shaft is to the front in the picture 2 The bridge is the width of five short rods 4 Push all the short rods onto the long axle shaft 4 A short frame 3 with two anchor pins inserted into it goes on a base plate 1 with an attachment plate 27 6 Now connect the two base plates together Th...

Page 42: ...e base plate 15 Next attach a short rod 4 to the rear frame Then insert two more anchor pins 26 10 Then add a medium axle shaft 17 and two small 9 and one medium sprocket wheel 10 to the front 12 Insert a total of ten anchor pins 26 into two long frames 2 Pay close attention to the holes that the anchor pins go in 14 Directly over the horizontal frame attach a short rod 4 16 Now mount another shor...

Page 43: ... a large gear wheel 6 on the other and mount the rod so that the large gear meshes with the medium one 18 The spool with the cord and crane hook goes on the short axle and a large sprocket wheel goes on the long one 20 Insert a long axle shaft 16 with one large 6 and one medium gear wheel 7 into the frame 22 Insert two shaft plugs 25 into a long rod 5 and mount a medium gear wheel 7 on one shaft p...

Page 44: ... 7 holds the medium pulley wheel 13 that guides the cord 30 Insert two shaft plugs 25 into a short frame 3 A large gear wheel 6 is mounted on each one 26 A long rod 5 goes on the frame and the battery holder 22 goes on the rod 29 Guide the cord over the medium pulley wheel to the drawbridge and attach the hook to the long axle shaft 31 Finally mount the frame on top of the model and check to make ...

Page 45: ...y it was called the Tante Ju or Auntie Ju with the Ju part of its name being short for German aircraft engineer Hugo Junkers It was technically known as the Ju 52 3m but it got its affectionate nickname because of its reliability Iron Annie was the inspiration for this model In this design the solar engine moves the wheels as well as the propeller in the center So there are different direc tions o...

Page 46: ...n the picture 5 On the other side of the same double frame attach a long axle shaft 16 with a medium gear wheel 7 2 To strengthen the double frames insert eight anchor pins 26 into four long rods 5 4 Next mount the engine 24 with engine shaft 19 and small sprocket wheel 9 onto one double frame 6 The long axle shaft will serve as the front axle Next mount two tires 15 onto the axle shaft 44 ...

Page 47: ... fame 8 For the drive transmission place a medium sprocket wheel 10 on the outside of the front axle 10 The power is conveyed to the propeller by a large gear wheel 6 Secure the gear wheel with a shaft plug 25 9 For looks your airplane gets two anchor pins 26 and two small gear wheels 8 with two shaft plugs 25 in front 11 For the rear axle insert a long axle shaft 16 into the double frame and add ...

Page 48: ...rge gear wheels 6 attached with two shaft plugs 25 will make the wings look nicer 13 To lengthen the tail of the plane combine two short frames 3 and insert two anchor pins 26 15 Attach together two short 3 and two long frames 2 for the wings Then insert four more anchor pins 26 17 Attach the rods to the two double frames The two attachment plates 27 will serve as decoration 19 A medium axle shaft...

Page 49: ...propeller is mounted securely 26 Now mount the other wing directly across from the first one on the tail s double frame 21 Attach the rod to the front of the airplane Adjust tires and gears and make sure that everything moves easily 23 Now mount the two rods on the center drive shaft of the propeller 25 Now attach the first wing When you mount it orient yourself by the holes on the long rod 27 Fin...

Page 50: ...large frames attached together In each of these frames there is a small wind wheel The first chain drive turns the lower wheel On the axle that turns this wind wheel is another sprocket wheel which drives the other small wind wheel mounted above From that second small wind wheel the power is further transferred to a larger wind wheel mounted higher on the front side So the large wind wheel is the ...

Page 51: ...49 ...

Page 52: ...out to the front and mount the other rod with the anchor pins the other way around 5 A second medium gear wheel 7 goes on the outside The rods form a small wind wheel held by the two medium gear wheels 3 A long axle shaft 16 with small 9 and large sprocket wheel 11 and small 8 and medium gear wheel 7 goes through the second hole of each of the frame stands 6 Now mount two long frames 2 on the shor...

Page 53: ... to the base plates 10 Lengthen the support structure with two long frames 2 Then mount the holder 22 with solar module 23 on the base plate below and hook up the cables 20 21 8 Construct another small wind wheel with two short rods 4 and four anchor pins 26 and secure it to the axle with a medium gear wheel 7 11 Up top through the center hole of the two frames insert a long axle shaft 16 with two...

Page 54: ...eed two short rods 4 each with four anchor pins 26 13 The wind wheel is composed of two pairs of blades with each pair consisting of two single blades connected together The lower double blade is already assembled and you can see how the rod is supposed to connect the two blades of the other double blade In the center four anchor pins mesh in such a way as to loosely connect the two double blades ...

Page 55: ...een the gear wheels On the outside a medium sprocket wheel 10 completes the assembly Depending on how precisely you assembled the pieces you may also need a small sprocket wheel 9 15 This picture shows you from the other side how the blades are attached The double blades have to sit firmly between the gears so they don t slip 16 Finally attach the drive chains They are made of 39 62 and 46 chain l...

Page 56: ... that it can sit securely while lifting loads Once you have lifted them you remount the assembly onto the car so that you can carry the cargo to another location The heart of the heavy crane car is the actual crane as sembly which can lift and lower a variety of loads with the help of the solar driven engine and a crane hook that is raised and lowered by the cord and spool A large pulley wheel mou...

Page 57: ...engine shaft 19 and a large sprocket wheel 11 2 Mount a short rod 4 on the anchor pins and insert two more anchor pins 26 into the rod 4 The next step is to add two short frames 3 with three anchor pins 26 The frame structure also makes it possible to lift loads without banging them against the car or the gear wheels If the long rods holding the cord pulley were to sit directly on the short frame ...

Page 58: ...es Also mount a short rod 4 on the rear frames 7 Now adjust the two sprocket wheels so that they are aligned and attach a chain made out of 42 chain links 29 6 A long axle shaft 16 with small gear wheel 8 and small sprocket wheel 9 goes through the fourth hole from the top in the frames that have just one anchor pin on the top 8 Insert a small axle shaft 18 Attach a medium gear wheel 7 to one side...

Page 59: ... rods 5 with four anchor pins 26 along with a long axle shaft 16 with two small gear wheels 8 12 Now mount the already assembled framework to the front of the crane assembly Adjust the pulley wheel so it is aligned with the cord spool 13 Finally guide the cord over the pulley wheel mount the holder 22 with the module 23 and attach the cables 20 21 Be sure that the cables don t interfere with the c...

Page 60: ...h four anchor pins 26 on the inside and four shaft plugs 25 which are going to hold decorative wheels on the outside 17 Each of the vehicle mount s axles is built out of one medium 17 and one long axle shaft 16 Two small 8 and two medium gear wheels 7 serve as headlights 19 Now you just have to attach the four tires 15 Test the axles to make sure they turn easily Then you can simply place the cran...

Page 61: ...engine is all the way down on the base plate with the drive train passing through two very long chains That is how the great distance is bridged from one end to the other Crooked Construction For our final project we will build a heavy construc tion crane The unusual thing about it is that the frame sections are assembled a little crookedly rather than at a right angle This is made possible by anc...

Page 62: ... 26 into this one as well 4 Now a long rod 5 goes on the two short rods The permanent pin on the end of this rod goes into the short frame on the left When you assemble the crane it is crucial that the drive wheels are precisely mounted and the chain and gear drives work perfectly 1 Connect the base plates 1 with two long 5 and one short rod 4 along with six anchor pins 26 Then attach one short 3 ...

Page 63: ... small gear wheels 8 a medium 10 and a large sprocket wheel 11 and a large gear wheel 6 6 Now mount the frame with the engine on the base plate Four anchor pins 26 go into the two long frames sticking up vertically 8 For looks attach two medium sprocket wheels 10 with two short axle shafts 18 along with a long axle shaft 16 with four tires 15 and a small gear wheel 8 10 Adjust the wheels so the la...

Page 64: ...uild the first side section of the arm Connect two short frames 3 and one long frame 2 with two anchor pins 26 Then attach three more anchor pins 26 12 Mount the holder 22 with the solar module 23 on the rear small frame Then attach the cables 20 21 so that they don t interfere with the drive machinery 15 Mount the crane spool on a medium axle shaft 17 with a small gear wheel 8 and a small sprocke...

Page 65: ... 18 20 Now mount the arm onto the crane The arm is positioned at an angle with the help of the offset anchor pins 17 Now combine the two sections of the arm Adjust the position of the small pulley wheel so that it is aligned with the crane spool 19 Attach this rod to the arm and guide the cord over both pulley wheels Make sure that the top and forward axles turn easily 21 Finally mount chains made...

Page 66: ...g a model it goes without saying that you should never try to jam components together by force or bend them If two pieces aren t connecting or inserting easily then you ve construct ed something wrong You can always find a different way to do it Smooth running Drive Systems With all drive systems it is important that they run smoothly Chains must be neither too loose nor too tight The sprockets ho...

Page 67: ...US Annual Average Solar Energy received by a photovoltaic cell Source Electric Hydrogen Technologies Systems Center National Renewable Energy Lab May 2004 ...

Page 68: ......

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