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98

laboratory animals. However, many of the 

studies that showed increased tumor 

development used animals that had been 

genetically engineered or treated with cancer 

causing chemicals so as to be pre-disposed to 

develop cancer in the absence of RF exposure. 

Other studies exposed the animals to RF for up 

to 22 hours per day. These conditions are not 

similar to the conditions under which people 

use wireless phones, so we don t know with 

certainty what the results of such studies mean 

for human health.
Three large epidemiology studies have been 

published since December 2000. Between 

them, the studies investigated any possible 

association between the use of wireless phones 

and primary brain cancer, gioma, meningioma, 

or acoustic neuroma, tumors of the brain or 

salivary gland, leukemia, or other cancers. 

None of the studies demonstrated the existence 

of any harmful health effects from wireless 

phone RF exposures. However, none of the 

studies can answer questions about long-term 

exposures, since the average period of phone 

use in these studies was around three years.
11.What research is needed to decide whether 

RF exposure from wireless phones poses a 

health risk?

A combination of laboratory studies and 

epidemiological studies of people actually using 

wireless phones would provide some of the data 

that are needed. Lifetime animal exposure 

studies could be completed in a few years. 

However, very large numbers of animals would 

be needed to provide reliable proof of a cancer 

promoting effect if one exists. Epidemiological 

studies can provide data that is directly 

applicable to human populations, but 10 or 

more years follow-up may be needed to provide 

answers about some health effects, such as 

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