Novell LINUX ENTERPRISE SERVER 10 - INSTALLATION AND ADMINISTRATION 11-05-2007, Installation Manual

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and are prefixed with a hyphen. The
ls -l
command shows the contents of the same
directory in full detail (long listing format):
Figure 17.3 The ls -l Command
On the left of each object name, information about the object is shown in several
columns. The most important are the following: The first column shows the file type
of the object (in this example,
d
for directory or
-
for normal files). The next nine
columns show the user permissions for the object. Columns 11 and 12 show the name
of the file owner and the group (in this case,
tux
and
users
). Find information about
user permissions and the user concept of Linux in Section 17.2, “Users and Access
Permissions” (page 343). The next column shows the file size in bytes. Then date and
time of the last change are displayed. The last column shows the object name.
If you want to see even more, you can combine two options for the
ls
command and
enter
ls -la
. The shell now also shows hidden files in the directory, indicated by a
dot in front (for example,
.hiddenfile
).
Getting Help
Nobody is expected to know all options of all commands by heart. If you remember
the command name but are not sure about the options, you can enter the command
followed by a blank and
--help
. This
--help
option exists for many commands.
Entering
ls --help
displays all the options for the
ls
command.
334 Installation and Administration