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Second left
intercostal space
(pulmonic)
Third left
intercostal space
(Erb’s point)
Fourth left
intercostal space
Apex
(lower left
sternum)
Second right
intercostal
space (aortic)
Aortic Second
Right Intercostal
Space
Pulmonic Second
Left Intercostal
Space
Erb’s Point
Third Left
Intercostal
Space
Fourth Left
Intercostal
Space
Lower Left
Sternum
Apex
1. Normal
Normal, S2 Accentuated
Normal, S2 Accentuated
Normal, S2
Accentuated
Normal
Normal
Normal
2. Aortic
Regurgataion
Ejection Sound, Loud
Mid systolic & soft early
diastolic murmur
Ejection sound, mild systolic murmur, early diastolic blowing murmur
Normal
Normal
3. Pulmonary
Stenosis
Normal
Moderate 4th sound,
harsh late peaking systolic
murmur, soft late pulmonic
2nd sound
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
4. Mitral
Stenosis
Normal
Normal
Severe held expira-
tion, tachycardia:
opening snap .03
seconds after loud
2nd sound
Constrictive Pericardi-
tis/ knock. Inspiratory
augmentation indi-
cates a gallop of right
ventricular origin
Normal
Held expiration,
tachycardia: opening
snap, mid diastolic &
presystolic murmurs,
loud 1st sound
5. Holosystolic
Murmur
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Patient has mitral regurgitation & frequent
premature ventricular contractions.
Murmur is crescendo-decresendo with late
peaking. Soft S3 in mid diastole.
6. Midsystolic
Murmur
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
has a murmur that begins after S1 and
ends before S2
7. S3 Gallop
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Patient has a readily heard third heart
sound. S3 occurs later in diastole than the
opening snap.
8. S4 Gallop
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Patient with left ventricular hypertrophy
has a fourth sound (S4) that is not heard
on every cycle. The sound is presystolic
about .1 second before S1.
9. Midsystolic
Click
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Patient has mitral prolapse which
produces a mid systolic click heard during
inspiration.
10. Atrial Septal
Defect
Normal
Respiration: mid systolic
murmur, fixed split 2nd,
soft 3rd, breath sounds
with inspiration
Normal
Respiration: mid
systolic murmur, fixed
split 2nd, mid diastolic
murmur
Normal
Normal
11. Patent Ductus
Arteriosus
Normal
Continuous murmur
Normal
Continuous murmur
Normal
Normal
12. Ventricular
Septal Defect
Normal
Normal
Holosystolic murmur with late crescendo
Normal
Normal
Set Up
Anterior Heart Sites