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GE 37 400, Technical Reference And Operating Manual

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GE 37 400 Technical Reference And Operating Manual Download Page 304

11  Index

11-16

Issue 2 (12/2013)

USM 36

TRANSFER CORR. (sensitivity correction) 5-101, 5-
108, 5-117

Transfer correction (DGS) 5-130

Transfer correction (JISDAC) 5-101, 5-108, 5-117

Transfer loss 0-7

TRIG 5-44

trueDGS 5-135

U

UGO 4-19

UltraMATE 6-21

UNITS (setting units) 4-14

Updates 7-4

Upgrade 5-51

USB interface 8-2, 8-3

USER GAIN STEP 5-6

V

VELOCITY 5-11

Velocity 5-11

Version number 5-51, 7-4

Video

Recording 6-16
Viewing 6-19

VIRTUAL LED 5-64

VOLTAGE 5-13

W

Wall thickness 5-46

Wall thickness measurement 1-5

Waste disposal 9-14

WEEE directive 9-13

Weld

Rating 5-40

WIDTH 5-15

X

X VALUE 5-47

XTAL FREQUENCY (DGS) 5-126

Summary of Contents for 37 400

Page 1: ...USM 36 Technical Reference and Operating Manual ...

Page 2: ...g software version 4 00 August 2013 You will find the software version and the serial number of your instrument on the second operating level CONFIG1 ABOUT GE Sensing Inspection Technologies GmbH Technical content subject to change without notice ...

Page 3: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 0 3 First operating level Base To change between the first and the second operating level press Home key for 2 seconds ...

Page 4: ...0 4 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 First operating level Options To change between the first and the second operating level press Home key for 2 seconds ...

Page 5: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 0 5 Second operating level ...

Page 6: ...0 6 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 Second operating level continued ...

Page 7: ...ner surface of tube Magnify gate is active Angle beam probe 80 curved surface Reflection from the outer surface of tube Pulser receiver separation is turned off Angle beam probe 90 surface wave Pulser receiver separation is turned on DAC mode TCG is active Pulser receiver separation is turned on and set to through transmission mode DGS reference echo has been recorded Reject function is active DGS...

Page 8: ... Meaning Battery charge level remaining operating time in hours approximate value Charger power adaptor is connected percentage of battery charge level approximate value Warning Low battery charge level remaining operating time in minutes approximate value ...

Page 9: ...for selection of function group or function changing settings 4 A Scan freeze direct access key 5 Programmable function keys F1 F4 alternatively navigation keys second operation level function group CONFIG3 6 Home key for exit from function group or function or alternate between the two operation levels long key press 7 On Off key to switch the instrument on or off 1 4 5 6 7 2 2 3 ...

Page 10: ...0 10 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 ...

Page 11: ...sonic testing 1 4 Prerequisites for testing with ultrasonic test equipment 1 4 Operator training 1 4 Technical test requirements 1 5 Limits of testing 1 5 Ultrasonic wall thickness measurement 1 5 Effect of the test object material 1 6 Effect of temperature variations 1 6 Measurement of remaining wall thickness 1 6 Ultrasonic evaluation of flaws 1 7 Flaw boundary method 1 7 Echo display comparison...

Page 12: ...emory card 3 10 3 5 Starting the USM 36 3 11 Powering On 3 11 Powering Off 3 11 Factory default setting Reset 3 12 4 Principles of operation 4 1 Overview of operator s controls 4 2 4 2 Display screen 4 3 A scan representation 4 3 Functions on the display screen 4 4 Gain 4 5 Measurement line 4 5 Status display icons 4 6 Alarms 4 6 4 3 Keys and rotary knobs 4 7 Power key 4 7 Navigation 4 7 Rotary kn...

Page 13: ...brightness 4 18 4 7 Saving the settings 4 19 Recalling settings 4 21 Displaying dataset name 4 22 5 Operation 5 1 Overview of the functions 5 2 Function groups first operating level 5 3 Function groups second operating level 5 4 5 2 Setting the gain 5 5 Setting the dB increment of gain 5 5 5 3 Assignment of function keys 5 7 5 4 Setting the display range function group RANGE 5 9 RANGE 5 10 PROBE D...

Page 14: ...gate 5 23 TOF MODE 5 24 Starting point of gate B 5 26 Automatic gate height 5 27 5 8 Calibrating the USM 36 5 28 Calibrating the display range 5 28 Choice of the measuring point 5 28 Calibration with straight beam and angle beam probes 5 29 Calibration using dual element probes 5 33 5 9 Making measurements 5 36 General notes 5 36 5 10 dB difference measurement function group dB REF 5 37 Recording ...

Page 15: ...unction 5 66 Automatic A scan freeze Freeze 5 68 5 16 Setting the display 5 70 ASCAN FILL 5 71 Working with Echo Max 5 72 5 17 General setup 5 73 EVAL MODE 5 73 Gate logic 5 74 Selecting the pulser type 5 75 Configuring the alarm output 5 76 Analog output 5 78 Horn 5 78 Power saving mode 5 79 VGA 5 80 TOF in LAYER 5 81 Backwall echo attenuation BEA 5 83 Displaying the envelope curve ENVELOPE 5 84 ...

Page 16: ...ce amplitude curve according to JB T4730 and GB 11345 CNDAC 5 111 Evaluations according to CNDAC 5 111 Standards and reference blocks 5 112 Activating the CNDAC 5 113 Recording a DAC curve 5 113 Setting up CNDAC 5 116 Sensitivity correction 5 117 Adjusting reference lines 5 118 Turning the CNDAC evaluation off 5 118 Deleting the DAC curve 5 119 Echo evaluation using DAC 5 119 5 21 Evaluation accor...

Page 17: ...Editing a memo file 6 11 Attaching a memo file to test report 6 12 6 3 Storing a report header 6 13 Creating a new header file 6 13 Editing a header file 6 14 Including a header file in the test report 6 15 6 4 Videos 6 16 Recording a video 6 16 Viewing a video 6 19 6 5 Documentation using UltraMATE 6 21 6 6 Data Recorder option 6 21 Creating a Data Recorder file 6 22 Activating a Data Recorder fi...

Page 18: ...Service interface LEMO 1B 8 3 8 2 VGA output 8 4 8 3 Printer 8 4 9 Appendix 9 1 Function directory 9 2 9 2 Manufacturer Service addresses 9 11 9 3 Environmental protection regulations 9 13 WEEE directive Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 9 13 Disposal of batteries 9 14 9 4 Recycling directives 9 16 Overview 9 16 Materials to be disposed of separately 9 18 Other materials and components 9 2...

Page 19: ...19 10 Specifications 10 1 Specifications of USM 36 10 2 Display screen 10 2 Display 10 3 Connectors 10 3 Pulser 10 4 Receiver 10 5 Gates 10 6 Memory 10 6 General 10 7 Options 10 9 10 2 Specifications according to EN 12668 10 10 11 Index ...

Page 20: ...0 20 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 ...

Page 21: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 1 1 Introduction 1 ...

Page 22: ...er power adaptor The charger power adaptor meets the requirements of electrical safety class II Battery operation For the battery operation of the USM 36 we recom mend the corresponding lithium ion battery You should only use this battery for the battery operation You can charge the lithium ion battery either within the instrument itself or in an external charger If a lithium ion battery is insert...

Page 23: ...ith part 15 of the FCC Rules Op eration is subject to the following two conditions 1 This device may not cause harmful interference 2 This device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed...

Page 24: ...rasonic inspection are Operator training Knowledge of special technical test requirements and limits Choice of appropriate test equipment Operator training The operation of an ultrasonic test device requires prop er training in ultrasonic test methods Proper training comprises for example adequate knowl edge of the theory of sound propagation the effects of sound velocity in the test material the ...

Page 25: ...Limits of testing The information obtained from ultrasonic tests only re fers to those parts of the test object which are covered by the sound beam of the probe used Any conclusions from the tested parts to be applied to the untested parts of the test object should be made with extreme caution Such conclusions are generally only possible in cases where extensive experience and proven methods of st...

Page 26: ...ervals Failure to do so may lead to false thickness readings Effect of temperature variations The sound velocity within the test object also varies as a function of the material s temperature This can cause appreciable errors in measurements if the instrument has been calibrated on a cold reference block whereas the measurement is carried out on a warm test object Such measurement errors can be av...

Page 27: ...therefore be taken to select a probe which will give a sufficiently narrow sound beam at the position of the flaw Echo display comparison method The echo from a small natural flaw is usually smaller than the echo from an artificial comparison flaw e g cir cular disc flaw of the same size This is due for in stance to the roughness of the surface of a natural flaw or to the fact that the sound beam ...

Page 28: ... ficients There is then a danger that echoes from natural flaws appear too small For this reason an estimate must always be made of the effects of attenuation on the evaluation result and taken into account if applicable If the test object has a rough surface part of the incident sound energy will be scattered at its surface and is not available for the test The larger this initial scattering the ...

Page 29: ...2 12 2013 1 9 1 3 The USM 36 The USM 36 is a lightweight and compact ultrasonic flaw detector which is especially suitable for for locating and evaluating material flaws for measuring wall thicknesses for saving and documenting test results ...

Page 30: ...pection Trigonometric projections AWS DAC DGS Inspection of forgings and castings Manual PRF adjustment Phantom echo detector DGS Rail inspection High PRF up to 2000 Hz Lightweight 2 2 kg Small and ergonomic Inspection of composites RF display 3 gates A B and C Gate B is triggered by the event in gate A For even more demanding applications Narrow band pass filters Low noise digital amplifiers Opti...

Page 31: ...ude evaluation according to AWS D1 1 for the weld inspection Square wave pulser enables the fine adjustment of initial pulse parameters USM 36 S DAC amplitude evaluation using up to 16 points ac cording to EN 1712 EN 1713 EN 1714 ASTM 164 ASME and ASME III in conformity with JIS Z3060 GB 11345 DAC TCG Amplitude evaluation according to AWS D1 1 for the weld inspection Square wave pulser enables the...

Page 32: ...ge high resolution color display 800 480 Pixel for the representation of digitized signals color display of gates and the corresponding readings for easy distinction easily perceptible reflection geometry when using an gle beam probes due to changing A scan or back ground color at every reflection point high memory capacity with 8 GB SD card increased calibration range up to 9999 mm steel dependin...

Page 33: ...le In doing this you will avoid any errors or failures of the instrument and be able to use the full range of instru ment functions You will find the specifications of the instrument in Chapter 10 Specifications 1 5 Layout and presentation in this manual To make it easier for you to use this manual all operat ing steps listings and special notes are always pre sented in the same way This will help...

Page 34: ...n this manual 1 14 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 Listings Listings are presented in the following form Variant A Variant B Operating steps Operating steps appear as shown in the following exam ple Loosen the two screws at the bottom Remove the cover ...

Page 35: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 2 1 Standard package and accessories 2 ...

Page 36: ... Description Order number Ultrasonic testing kit consisting of USM 36 Compact Ultrasonic Flaw Detector basic version with Lemo 1 connectors or with BNC connectors 37 400 37 401 or USM 36 DAC Compact Ultrasonic Flaw Detector DAC version DAC TCG AWS SWP with Lemo 1 connectors or with BNC connectors 37 460 37 461 or ...

Page 37: ...S evaluation DAC TCG AWS SWP DGS PPRF BEA 3GATE DL with Lemo 1 connectors or with BNC connectors 37 462 37 463 and LI ION Li Ion battery 11 25 V 8 8 Ah 113 393 UM 30 Transport case 35 654 AC power supply battery charger 113 355 SD card 2 GB 49 222 Quick start guide 49 223 CD Operating manual 49 222 Product code Description Order number ...

Page 38: ...C TCG Echo evaluation method DAC JISDAC CNDAC TCG 021 383 397 DGS Echo evaluation method DGS 021 383 398 AWS Echo evaluation method AWS D1 1 021 383 402 SWP Square wave pulser 021 383 400 PPRF Phantom echo detector 021 383 401 BEA Backwall echo attenuation 022 510 546 3Gate Third gate C 021 383 321 DL Wall thickness data logger 021 383 399 ...

Page 39: ...uct code Description Order number DR36 Battery charger for external charging of the Li Ion battery 35 297 UM 32 Protection bag including neck strap 35 655 UM 25 Analog cable 8pol Lemo Instrument free cable ends for user 35 268 UM 31 VGA adaptor for connecting an external monitor 35 653 USB 36 USB cable A B 1 m 109 397 ...

Page 40: ...2 Standard package and accessories Recommended accessories 2 6 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 ...

Page 41: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 3 1 Initial start up 3 ...

Page 42: ... open the cover until the damp has dried up You should not power the instrument on until this has hap pened 3 2 Power supply The USM 36 can be operated either with an external charger power adaptor or with the corresponding lithi um ion battery You can also connect the USM 36 to the mains power supply if the battery is in the instrument A discharged battery is charged in this case during the instr...

Page 43: ... 1 and remove the cover Align the Lemo plug of the charger power adaptor with the socket 2 Push the plug into the socket until it locks into place with a clearly audible click When removing the Lemo plug pull the metal sleeve on the plug back first in order to open the lock ATTENTION In order to power the instrument off correctly press the power On Off key 3 for 3 sec onds If the power supply is i...

Page 44: ...ry for the battery operation Inserting batteries The battery compartment is located on the rear of the in strument The cover is fastened with two locks Press the two locks 1 of the battery compartment downwards to open them Lift the cover off upward In the open battery compart ment you will see several connector pins 2 on the right 2 1 ...

Page 45: ... and the contacts are pushed against the connector pins 2 Insert the cover of the battery compartment with the side opposite to the locks at first and push the lugs into the housing recesses Press the cover firmly downward on the side of the screws until it locks into place Press the two locks 1 down to lock the battery com partment 2 1 ...

Page 46: ...te the level of battery charge Check the battery charge level before inserting it into the instrument The number of diodes that are lit up has the following meaning 4 LEDs Battery charge level 100 76 3 LEDs Battery charge level 75 51 2 LEDs Battery charge level 50 26 1 LED Battery charge level 25 10 1 LED is flashing Battery charge level 10 Press the key 2 next to the LEDs The LEDs indi cate the b...

Page 47: ... are retained during battery exchange and are immediately available again afterwards Note If the battery charge level is low it is abso lutely necessary that you finish your test job power off the instrument and replace the battery You should carry a second battery along with you if you cannot use mains pow er supply to operate the instrument Icon Meaning Battery charge level remaining operating t...

Page 48: ...testing If the instrument is not used for ul trasonic testing the charging time is approx eight hours This charging time applies to ambient tempera tures of 25 30 C Charging status The LED on the charger power adaptor indicates the status of charging off Charger power adaptor is not con nected to the power supply yellow steady light Charger power adaptor is not con nected to the instrument or no b...

Page 49: ... to echo waveform distortions The probe is connected to the sockets on the top of the instrument casing Both connector sockets are equally suitable connected in parallel for connecting probes equipped with only one ultrasonic element ultrasonic transducer so that it does not matter which one of the two sockets is used When connecting a dual element TR probe having one transmitter or pulser element...

Page 50: ...oosen the knurled screw 1 and remove the cover Insert the SD memory card into the card slot 2 so that the contacts of the card face the instrument rear panel Press the card down into the card slot until it locks into place Close the cover and lock it by means of the knurled screw To remove the SD card open the cover and shortly press down the card to unlock it 2 1 ...

Page 51: ... the software serial number and the installed options will appear The instrument carries out a self check and then switch es over to stand by mode The settings of all function values and the default set tings language and units are the same as before pow ering the instrument off Powering Off To power off the USM 36 press the power On Off key for 3 seconds The settings of all function values and th...

Page 52: ...efault settings Any data saved to the SD card will be retained all other individual settings e g language and units will be reset to the fac tory default settings Power the instrument off Press the Freeze key 1 and the power On Off key 2 simultaneously and keep the two keys pressed down until the start screen appears The instrument starts with the factory default settings for language selection se...

Page 53: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 4 1 Principles of operation 4 ...

Page 54: ...oom long press of the key 3 Right hand rotary knob Selecting the function group or function changing the setting 4 Freeze key Freezing the A scan 5 Function keys F1 to F4 user assignable can be alternatively used as navigation keys second op erating level function group CONFIG3 6 Home key Function group or function exit tog gling between the first and the second operating level long press of the k...

Page 55: ... normal mode A scan display in the zoom mode The gain and the adjusted dB step value are always shown in the top left corner of the display screen The access to all other instrument functions is disabled in the zoom mode of the A scan display Toggling the A scan display mode To toggle between the normal and the zoomed A scan display press one of the two selector keys next to the display screen for...

Page 56: ...e display screen The currently selected function group is highlighted First operating level A scan Second operating level settings Functions On the first operating level the functions of the currently selected function group are shown on the left of the dis play screen next to the A scan The functions are hidden in the zoomed A scan display mode no operation is possible in this case ...

Page 57: ...readings can be displayed in enlarged mode The number of the other boxes of the measurement line is then reduced see Section En larged display of reading page 5 62 In addition to the measurement reading the measuring point peak or flank is displayed with a symbol in sound path measurements measuring point Peak measuring point Flank Examples SA sound path within gate A at the measuring point Peak S...

Page 58: ...atus display icons inform about active functions and certain settings see Section Status display icons page 0 7 at the beginning of the present operating manual Alarms You can display an alarm signal in the form of a virtual LED in the far right box on top of the A scan see Sec tion LARGE alarm signal page 5 64 When an alarm is triggered the color of the alarm signal changes from green to red ...

Page 59: ...the functions for setting functions Rotary knobs and arrow keys The USM 36 is equipped with two rotary knobs Use the left hand rotary knob to directly set the gain the right hand rotary knob is meant for setting the currently selected function You can use the two rotary knobs to make both incre mental and accelerated settings You can achieve an in cremental setting by turning the rotary knob sligh...

Page 60: ...apter 5 3 Assignment of function keys page 5 7 In that case the arrow keys cannot be used for naviga tion any longer The key Freeze on the far left below the display screen is permanently assigned to the function Freeze This as signment cannot be changed The selector keys to the left and right of the display screen are used for selecting a function in order to change the corresponding setting or t...

Page 61: ...or the settings during normal operation The second operating level contains all functions for the instrument configuration This is where you will also find functions for saving and printing for data management using the data logger and for special applications e g software updates Selecting and setting functions Shown below the A scan are the seven function groups which you can directly select usi...

Page 62: ...ector keys next to the display screen to select the selected function You can then change the value or the setting Use the right hand rotary knob or the arrow keys be low the display screen to change the value or the set ting Finally press one of the selector keys next to the dis play screen to complete the setting Press the key Home below the display screen to exit the function group Note As long...

Page 63: ...g the fine adjustment the name of the function is displayed in lower case letters range whereas it is displayed in capital letters during the coarse adjustment RANGE Function HOME You can or must select the function HOME in various cases e g to confirm certain settings To do this the function HOME must be assigned to one of the function keys see Section Assignment of function keys page 5 7 Choosin...

Page 64: ...hen press one of the selector keys next to the display screen Press the key Home below the display screen for 3 seconds to switch to the second operating level Use the right hand or left hand rotary knob or the ar row keys below the display screen to select the re quired function Press one of the selector keys next to the display screen to select the selected function You can then change the value...

Page 65: ...ing level to choose the lan guage for the displayed texts The following languages are available Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG1 select the function LANGUAGE Select the required language The language changes immediately Bulgarian Chinese German English Finnish French Italian Japanese Dutch Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Swedish Spanish Czech Hungaria...

Page 66: ... the units any time All values are adjusted accordingly Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG1 select the function UNITS Select the required units Decimal separator You can choose the decimal separator mark All data are displayed and saved using the selected decimal separator Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG1 select the function DECIMAL ...

Page 67: ... date and time for documentation purposes Remember to adjust accordingly for Daylight Savings Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG1 select the function DATE FORMAT Select the required date format The time format is changed together with the date format Select the function DATE Use the arrow keys Right and Left to change be tween day month and year Change the setting by...

Page 68: ...heme You can choose one of four color schemes using the function COLOR function group CONFIG1 on the sec ond operating level The color scheme determines the color of all displays and of the background You can set the color of the A scan separately please see the sec tion below Note All color schemes are suitable for indoor use For outdoor use we recommend Scheme 3 and Scheme 4 Switch to the second...

Page 69: ...or scheme page 4 16 Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG2 select the function A SCAN COLOR Choose the required color for the A scan Selecting the grid Using the function GRID function group CONFIG1 on the second operating level you can choose a grid for the A scan Two grids each with and without a ruler at the bottom edge of the display are available as options Switch ...

Page 70: ...NFIG1 on the second operating level You can choose a value from 1 to 10 Note Change to the higher brightness value re duces the time in battery operation Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG1 select the function BRIGHTNESS Choose the required value Note You can extend the operating time by means of the power saver function see Section Power saving mode page 5 79 ...

Page 71: ...on top of the A scan see Section Displaying dataset name page 4 22 Please note this limitation when saving data sets in order to avoid any confusions be tween filenames starting with the same char acter Switch to the second operating level In the function group FILES select the function DIRECTORY and press one of the two selector keys The directory of the SD memory card appears Press the arrow key...

Page 72: ...hoose the next character Press one of the two selector keys to complete the filename entry Switch to the function ENTER and press one of the two selector keys The current instrument settings are saved to the select ed directory on the SD memory card under the name en tered here Note You can create and delete directories by in serting the SD memory card into the SD card reader of your PC or by conn...

Page 73: ...on DIRECTORY and press one of the two selector keys The directory of the SD memory card appears Press the arrow keys to select a directory on the SD card Press one of the two selector keys to choose the se lected directory Switch to the function ACTION Select the function RECALL DATASET Switch to the function FILENAME Select the name of the required file The selection switches automatically to the...

Page 74: ... the A scan Note The dataset name can only be displayed in the box on the far right Switch to the second operating level Select the function group EVAL Select the function LARGE Select the setting DATASET Switch to the first operating level After recalling the instrument settings the correspond ing filename dataset name is displayed in red letters in the measurement line on top of the A scan in th...

Page 75: ... characters long for saving data sets on the second operating level However only the first 7 characters are shown in the display on top of the A scan on the first operating level Please note this limitation when saving data sets in order to avoid any confusions be tween filenames starting with the same char acter ...

Page 76: ...4 24 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 ...

Page 77: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 5 1 Operation 5 ...

Page 78: ... the setting Note You will find detailed descriptions of how to use the operator s controls in Chapter 4 Prin ciples of operation The gain is always directly available to you by means of the two keys at the top next to the display You will find an overview of the function groups and their corresponding functions on the first pages of this oper ating manual The first operating level contains seven ...

Page 79: ...ing the receiver dB REF This group contains functions for evaluation The name and functions of this group vary depending on the selected evaluation method AUTOCAL This is where you will find the functions for the semi automatic calibration of the instrument GATE A In this group you will find all functions required for setting the gate A GATE B In this group you will find all functions required for...

Page 80: ...ne here see Section Measurement line page 4 5 CONFIG1 This is where you will find various default settings e g language color and A scan display options CONFIG2 This is where you will find special functions for the instrument setup for test and measurement applications CONFIG3 This is where you will find additional functions for the instrument setup for test and measurement applications CONFIG4 Th...

Page 81: ...y necessary for making echoes from reflectors to be detected visible on the display screen at the required height Turn the left hand rotary knob in order to set the gain The current gain is displayed in the top left corner of the display screen Setting the dB increment of gain By turning the left hand rotary knob you will always set the gain by a certain dB increment You can define this dB increme...

Page 82: ...0 dB Note The LOCK setting locks the gain preventing a mistaken adjustment Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG3 select the function dB STEP Select the required setting You can define the dB increment of the seventh level us ing the function USER GAIN STEP Select the function USER GAIN STEP Select the required setting ...

Page 83: ...o that you will be able to trigger these functions any time without switching the operating level The following settings are possible NONE no function selected FREEZE see page 5 68 COPY see page 6 2 AUTO80 see page 5 94 MAGNIFY GATE see page 5 65 dB STEP see page 5 5 RECALL DATASET see page 4 21 ENVELOPE see page 5 84 HOME see page 4 11 ANGLE ANGLE BW GAIN see page 5 83 BW GAIN see page 5 83 ...

Page 84: ...sponding setting Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG3 select the function F KEY Select the setting FUNCTION In the function group CONFIG3 select the function FUNCTION 1 to assign the function key F1 Choose the required function for the function key F1 Choose the functions for the other function keys in the same way ...

Page 85: ...r the basic set ting of the display range The display range must be ad justed to the sound velocity used function VELOCITY and to the probe used function PROBE DELAY Switch to the first operating level Select the function group RANGE Note For an exact adjustment of the sound veloci ty and the probe delay please start by read ing Chapter 5 8 Calibrating the USM 36 page 5 28 ...

Page 86: ...Left and Right simultane ously in order to quickly set a mean value 254 00 mm PROBE DELAY Every probe is equipped with a delay line between the transducer and the coupling face The sound pulse must first pass through this delay line before it can enter the test object You can compensate for this influence of the delay line in the probe in the function PROBE DELAY You can set the probe delay by coa...

Page 87: ...citation mode In longitudinal wave excitation mode the material name remains without additional informa tion If you deviate from a specified material velocity when using the navigation the material name is automatically replaced by the information CUSTOM You can set the sound velocity by coarse adjustment steps or by fine ad justment see Section Coarse adjustment and fine ad justment page 4 11 The...

Page 88: ... shift the complete screen display and consequently also the display zero For example if the display should start from the surface of the test object you have to adjust the value 0 for DIS PLAY DELAY You can set the display delay by coarse adjustment steps or by fine adjustment see Section Coarse ad justment and fine adjustment page 4 11 The adjustment range is 15 000 3500 000 µs Select the functi...

Page 89: ...HIGH high voltage LOW low voltage The setting HIGH is recommended for all tests in which maximum sensitivity is important e g for the detection of small flaws Choose the setting LOW for broadband probes or if narrow echoes are required better lateral resolution Square wave pulser If your USM 36 is equipped with a square wave pulser option and if the square wave pulser is chosen as pulser type see ...

Page 90: ...This function helps to avoid heat accumulations in the pulser elec tronics Select the function VOLTAGE Select the required pulser voltage ENERGY You can use the function ENERGY to set the penetra tion or sound energy The following settings are possible HIGH high energy LOW low energy The setting HIGH is recommended for all tests in which maximum sensitivity is important e g for the detection of sm...

Page 91: ... nanoseconds in steps of 10 ns The following equation produces an approximation for the suitable pulse width Nominal width in nanoseconds 500 probe frequency in MHz For example the equation for a 2 25 MHz probe results in Nominal width in nanoseconds 500 2 25 ns 222 nanoseconds Note The pulser voltage and the pulse width can be automatically limited depending on the pulse repetition frequency see ...

Page 92: ...tition frequency The pulse repetition frequency indicates the number of times an initial pulse is triggered per second You can decide whether you need the highest possible PRF val ue or whether you are satisfied with a low value You have three fixed steps and one user variable step avail able for the adjustment The larger your test object the smaller PRF values are needed to avoid phantom echoes H...

Page 93: ... possible AUTO LOW 400 Hz AUTO MED 1000 Hz AUTO HIGH 1500 Hz MANUAL Select the function PRF MODE Choose the required value If you have selected MANUAL set the required val ue Note You can detect and avoid phantom echoes by means of the optional function phantom PRF see Section Phantom echo detector page 5 57 ...

Page 94: ... receiver in the function group RECEIVER Switch to the first operating level Select the function group RECEIVER FREQUENCY In this function you can set the frequency of the receiver according to the frequency of your probe The following settings are possible BROADBAND 1 5 MHz 2 MHz 2 25 MHz 4 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 13 MHz 15 MHz Select the function FREQUENCY Choose the required value ...

Page 95: ...ect the function RECTIFY Select the required setting DUAL pulser receiver separation You can use the function DUAL to activate the pulser receiver separation see Chapter 3 3 Connecting a probe page 3 9 OFF Single element operation the probe connector sock ets are connected in parallel ON Dual mode for using dual element probes one probe connector is connected to the amplifier input the ini tial pu...

Page 96: ...ht in indicates the minimum height that the echoes must attain in order for them to be displayed on the screen at all The reject setting cannot be higher than 80 ATTENTION You should handle this function with great caution as it may of course happen that you suppress echoes from flaws as well Many test specifications expressly forbid using the reject function Select the function REJECT Choose the ...

Page 97: ...es monitor the area of the test object where you expect to detect a flaw If an echo exceeds or falls below the gate an alarm signal is output see Section Alarms page 4 6 The gates A and B are independent of each other Gate A can also assume the function of an echo start gate for gate B The gate chooses the echo for the digital time of flight and amplitude measurement The measured value is displaye...

Page 98: ...t steps or by fine adjustment see Section Coarse adjustment and fine adjustment page 4 11 Select the function A START or B START Set the required value A WIDTH B WIDTH width of the gates You can set the width of the gates A or B within an ad justment range of 1 00 27940 00 mm You can set the value by coarse adjustment steps or by fine adjustment see Section Coarse adjustment and fine adjustment pa...

Page 99: ...urement threshold of the gate You can define the threshold value of the gates A or B within the range of 5 95 screen height for trigger ing an alarm if this value is exceeded or not reached In RF mode you can additionally set the threshold with in the range of 5 95 Select the function A THRESHOLD or B THRESHOLD Set the required value ...

Page 100: ...of flight is measured at the first point of intersection between the echo and the gate with maximum resolution of the instrument J FLANK The time of flight is measured as in the case of FLANK the amplitude measurement before the 1st change of direction downwards if the gate threshold is afterwards not reached yet another time In the case of larger values for the function RANGE it may happen that s...

Page 101: ...SM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 5 25 ATTENTION In any case the setting of the measuring point in TOF mode for the calibration and for the subsequent test use must always be identical Otherwise measuring errors may occur Select the function TOF MODE Select the required setting ...

Page 102: ...is no event in the gate A the starting point of the gate B is identical with the value of the function A start Switch to the second operating level In the function group CONFIG2 select the function B START MODE Select the required setting If you choose the setting A the gate B is afterwards al ways shifted automatically when you shift the starting point of the gate A The width and the threshold of...

Page 103: ...height of the gate in screen height but in echo amplitude You can set the value within the range of 5 95 and 5 95 This function is not available for the optional gate C Switch to the second operating level In the function group EVAL select the function AGT Choose the required gate for the automatic adjust ment If you have turned on the function AGT for one gate or for the two gates the setting THR...

Page 104: ...ly trained in the field of ultrasonic testing technology Below you will find some examples of common calibra tion methods for certain test applications In addition the USM 36 is provided with a semi automatic calibra tion function see Section Case B With unknown ma terial velocity page 5 30 Choice of the measuring point The sound path measurement by means of the echo evaluation depends on the choi...

Page 105: ...ction PROBE DELAY until the correct sound path for the selected calibration echo is indicated in the measurement line Example You are carrying out the calibration for the calibration range 100 mm using the calibration standard K1 thick ness 25 mm which is laid down flat Set RANGE to 100 mm Set the known material velocity of 5920 m s please see ISO 10863 Set the gate so that it is positioned on the...

Page 106: ... error mes sage is given Set the required display range using the function RANGE The two selected calibration echoes must be displayed on the screen Set the range so that the second calibration echo is positioned in the right half of the screen Switch to the function group AUTOCAL Enter the distances of the two calibration echoes in S REF 1 and S REF 2 Position the gate on the first calibration ec...

Page 107: ...corre sponding functions accordingly Note If the instrument cannot carry out any valid calibration on the basis of the values entered and the echoes recorded a corresponding error message is displayed In this case check the values of your calibration lines and record the calibration echoes again Example Enter the two calibration lines thicknesses S REF 1 5 00 mm and S REF 2 20 00 mm Position the g...

Page 108: ...rating the USM 36 5 32 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 Record the first calibration echo Position the gate on the second calibration echo and record the second calibration echo The valid calibration is carried out and confirmed ...

Page 109: ... sound path from the pulser via the reflection from the backwall to the receiver element This V path error affects the measur ing accuracy You should therefore choose two wall thicknesses that cover the expected thickness mea surement range for the calibration In this way the V path error can be corrected to a large extent Higher material velocity Due to the V path error a higher material velocity...

Page 110: ...range Set the functions of pulser and receiver according to the probe used and to the test application Set the function TOF MODE function group GATE A to FLANK Select the gain so that the highest echo reaches ap proximately the full screen height Set the gate threshold to the required height for mea suring the sound paths at the echo flanks Switch to the function group AUTOCAL Enter the two calibr...

Page 111: ... that the measurement value is determined at the intersection point of the gate and the echo flank if the function TOF MODE has been set to FLANK The correct setting of the echo height and the gate threshold is therefore decisive for the accuracy of calibration and measurement The use of the function AGT can be of help in this connection see Section Automatic gate height page 5 27 Calibrations or ...

Page 112: ...DE FLANK J FLANK FIRST PEAK or at the peak of the highest echo in the gate TOF MODE PEAK If the amplitudes of the echoes in the gate do not ex ceed 5 screen height all corresponding sound path and amplitude readings are rejected This en ables to avoid quickly changing random readings based on background noise of the USM 36 The following example shows the dependency of dis tance measurement on the ...

Page 113: ...d a reference echo Switch to the first operating level Select the function group dB REF Note Depending on the evaluation mode selected one of the function groups DAC TCG DGS AWS D1 1 JISDAC or CNDAC can also be displayed at this point see Section EVAL MODE page 5 73 You will find the following functions The functions are described in the order in which you need them during your work MODE Activatin...

Page 114: ...se see section below Peak the reference echo according to the test instruc tion Use the function A start to position the gate A on the reference echo Select the function RECORD and press one of the selector keys The reference echo is recorded and stored Deleting a reference echo You can delete a stored reference echo at any time If necessary select the function DELETE REF and press one of the sele...

Page 115: ...e reference amplitude as 100 dBrB dB difference between the reference echo and the highest echo in the gate B A rB Amplitude of the signal in the gate B in percent re ferred to the reference amplitude as 100 Note The dB difference is independent of any pos sible gain variation Switch to the function group EVAL on the second op erating level Use the functions READING to choose one or sever al value...

Page 116: ...luate defects in welds according to the specification AWS D1 1 You will find the corresponding functions in the function group AWS D1 1 Switch to the second operating level In the function group EVAL select the function EVAL MODE Select the evaluation method AWS D1 1 Switch to the first operating level Select the function group AWS D1 1 ...

Page 117: ...h A flaw gain in dB Absolute instrument gain with which the maximum flaw echo is at 50 5 echo height B reference gain in dB Absolute instrument gain with which the maximum reference echo e g the 1 5 mm side drilled hole from the reference standard V1 or IIW type 1 or 2 is at 50 5 echo height C sound attenuation factor in dB The value is calculated according to the formula C 0 079 dB mm s 25 4 mm w...

Page 118: ...he 1 5 mm side drilled hole Select the function A START and adjust the gate A on the reference echo Vary the gain so that the reference echo is indicated at 50 screen height Switch to the function group AWS D1 1 Select the function B REFERENCE and confirm the selection to store the reference gain Couple the probe to the test object to evaluate a flaw echo Select the function A START and adjust the...

Page 119: ...tion group AWS D1 1 5 Operation USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 5 43 The USM 36 determines automatically the values of the AWS variables C and D You can then evaluate the rat ing D using the corresponding requirements from AWS D1 1 ...

Page 120: ...st operating level and in the function group EVAL in the column TRIG on the second operating level If necessary switch to the second operating level Select the function group EVAL In addition to the sound path S the reduced projection distance and the true depth of the flaw are calculated automatically and indicated in the measurement line by means of these functions Projection distance PD Distanc...

Page 121: ...OBE ANGLE You can use the function PROBE ANGLE to adjust the angle of incidence of your probe for the material used This value is required for the automatic calculation of flaw position The following settings are possible OFF the function is turned off 30 90 You can set the value by coarse adjustment steps or by fine adjustment see Section Coarse adjustment and fine adjustment page 4 11 When a set...

Page 122: ...cidence 80 K 5 67 1 Reflection after 5 67 20 mm 113 4 mm Select the function PROBE ANGLE Select the required setting THICKNESS You can use the function THICKNESS to set the wall thickness of the test object This value is required for the automatic calculation of the true depth of a reflection The adjustment range is 1 00 27940 00 mm You can set the value by coarse adjustment steps or by fine adjus...

Page 123: ...t the required value O DIAMETER You need the function O DIAMETER when working with circular curved surfaces e g when inspecting longitudi nally welded tubes perpendicular to the main axis of the tube To make the USM 36 carry out the corresponding correction of the reduced projection distance and depth enter the outside diameter of your test object here If you want to carry out the flaw position ca...

Page 124: ...OR LEG For better orientation the instrument can mark the skip distances for the first three reflections with different background colors If necessary switch to the second operating level Select the function group EVAL Select the function COLOR LEG Choose the setting ON to turn on the function ...

Page 125: ...unction BLOCK and then the range of the calibration standard that includes the nominal value of the probe angle for example K2 30 65 for the nom inal value 45 Shift the gate to the calibration echo Switch to the function RECORD and press one of the selector keys to record the calibration echo Peak the echo The USM 36 will automatically record the time of flight of the echo with the maximum ampli t...

Page 126: ...ed hole is located at a depth of 7 68 mm and has a diameter of 5 00 mm The option CUSTOM in the function BLOCK function group AUTOANG enables you to design a calibration standard of your own and to enter its values in the func tions DIAMETER and DEPTH function group BLOCK In this regard it is important that DEPTH always refers to the center of the side drilled hole and not to the real reflecting s...

Page 127: ...perating level In the function group CONFIG1 select the function CODE Choose the first character of the code Use the Right arrow key to switch to the next posi tion and choose the next character Press one of the selector keys to complete the code entry Switch to the function CONFIRM and press one of the selector keys to confirm the code you have entered If the code you have just entered is correct...

Page 128: ...this purpose primarily in the function groups EVAL CONFIG1 and CONFIG2 on the second operating level You will find the function TOF MODE in the function groups GATE A and GATE B on the first operating lev el Moreover you have to check and if necessary correct the current date and time so that this information is stored correctly together with the test results TOF MODE The sound path measurement by...

Page 129: ...s afterwards not reached yet another time FIRST PEAK The measurement is made as in the case of J FLANK however with screen resolution ATTENTION The highest echo in the gate does not have to be identical with the echo for which the sound path is measured This can lead to evaluation errors Two measurement arrows are used in order to clearly identify readings and to avoid any misinterpretations The d...

Page 130: ...54 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 Example PEAK With the setting PEAK the sound path and amplitude measurements are made at the peak of the highest echo in the gate measured sound path 12 74 mm amplitude 86 Example FLANK measured sound path 12 35 mm amplitude 86 ...

Page 131: ...hold and the leading edge of the first echo and the amplitude measurement is made at the peak of the first echo in the gate even if there are other higher signals within the gate measured sound path 12 35 mm amplitude 37 Example FIRST PEAK Since the gate is not reached yet another time after the first PEAK J FLANK and FIRST PEAK show the same results for A B 37 measured sound path 12 35 mm amplitu...

Page 132: ...3 ATTENTION In any case the setting of the measuring point in TOF mode for the calibration and for the subsequent test use must always be identical Otherwise measuring errors may occur Switch to the first operating level Select the function group GATE A or GATE B Select the function TOF MODE Select the required setting ...

Page 133: ...s occur no distinction can be made in the echo representation between the set tings ON and OFF As soon as the phantom echoes appear in the setting ON they can be recognized at once by a regular move ment back and forth approx 3 s If this is the case vary the pulse repetition frequency until the phantom echoes disappear or have at least become sufficiently small Note It is recommended to always lea...

Page 134: ...which it should be directly displayed during the test Note As an alternative to a reading you can dis play the virtual alarm LED see Section LARGE alarm signal page 5 64 or the dataset name see Section Displaying data set name page 4 22 in the large box on the far right The following readings are selectable A A Echo height in gate A in screen height A B Echo height in gate B in screen height A C E...

Page 135: ...B Echo height in gate B in dB dBrC Echo height in gate C in dB LA Number of legs in gate A LB Number of legs in gate B DA Depth for gate A DB Depth for gate B PA Projection distance for gate A PB Projection distance for gate B RA Reduced projection distance for gate A RB Reduced projection distance for gate B ERS Equivalent reflector size Gt DGS test sensitivity Gr DGS reference gain instrument ga...

Page 136: ...litude of the highest echo in gate A below or above the DAC or TCG reference curve in dB SLB Only with CNDAC Difference of the amplitude of the highest echo in gate B below or above the DAC or TCG reference curve in dB SLC Only with CNDAC Difference of the amplitude of the highest echo in gate C below or above the DAC or TCG reference curve in dB A rA Amplitude of the highest echo in gate A in rel...

Page 137: ... ing for the first position Choose the required value Choose the readings for the other positions in the same way Note While a reading is chosen brief information about the reading is displayed at the top edge of the display screen A rC Amplitude of the highest echo in gate C in relation in to the DAC or TCG reference curve as 100 or difference between reference echo and flaw echo using db Ref ...

Page 138: ... other readings are displayed Enlarged display of one reading Enlarged display of four readings Readings referring mainly to the gate A are put in green frames readings referring to the gate B in blue frames and readings referring to the gate C in red frames The same readings can be selected for the enlarged dis play as for the display in small boxes see Section Con figuring the measurement line p...

Page 139: ... in enlarged mode Choose the required value Select the function MODE to display four readings in enlarged mode Press one of the selector keys to select the setting LARGE The readings selected in the functions READING 1 to READING 4 are displayed in en larged mode Note For the selection of readings see Section Configuring the measurement line page 5 58 All boxes which cannot be displayed are DISABL...

Page 140: ...e For the configuration of the alarm output see Section Configuring the alarm output page 5 76 Switch to the second operating level Select the function group EVAL Select the function LARGE or READING 4 and press one of the selector keys to select the setting VIRTU AL LED This turns the alarm signal on and it is displayed next to the readings on top of the A scan Note You can turn the alarm trigger...

Page 141: ...layed range You can choose a gate for the magnify gate function Switch to the second operating level Select the function group EVAL Select the function MAGNIFY GATE to choose the gate for this function Select the required gate Note In order to use the magnify gate function the function MAGNIFY GATE must be assigned to one of the function keys see Section Ac tivating the magnify gate function page ...

Page 142: ... enough otherwise an error message is given Note In order to use the magnify gate function a gate must be chosen for it see Section MAGNIFY GATE spanning the gate page 5 65 Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG3 For example select the function FUNCTION 1 in or der to use the function key F1 for the magnify gate function Select the function MAGNIFY GATE Switch to the...

Page 143: ...Configuring the USM 36 for test tasks 5 Operation USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 5 67 Normal A scan A scan with magnify gate turned on for the gate B ...

Page 144: ...icult coupling conditions or for spot weld test ing B FREEZE The A scan is frozen automatically when the signal touches the gate B This setting is suitable e g for measurements on hot test objects for measurements in difficult coupling conditions or for spot weld test ing AB FREEZE The A scan is frozen automatically when the signal touches either one of the gates A or B COMPARE The manually frozen...

Page 145: ...ly freeze the A scan you may con figure one of the function keys accordingly Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG3 For example select the function FUNCTION 1 in or der to use the function key F1 for the A scan freeze Select the function FREEZE MODE Switch to the first operating level and briefly press the function key F1 The A scan is frozen Press the function key ...

Page 146: ...t important default settings of the display screen are described in Chapter 4 6 Default settings of the display Scheme see page 4 16 A scan color see page 4 17 Grid see page 4 17 Brightness see page 4 18 Additional settings affecting the representation on the display screen are described below ...

Page 147: ...mode Due to the higher contrast the filled echo display mode can improve the detectability of echoes especially during faster scanning of test ob jects Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG2 Select the function ASCAN FILL and press one of the selector keys to select the filled A scan display mode Filled A scan ...

Page 148: ...RF 60 Hz the USM 36 analyzes the raw data and shows the maximum amplitudes at every one of the 800 single points Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG2 Select the function ECHO MAX and press one of the selector keys to turn on the function Example With a PRF of 1200 Hz and the function ECHO MAX turned on 1200 60 20 A scans are analyzed as raw data The highest amplit...

Page 149: ...e setup of the USM 36 are de scribed below EVAL MODE This is where you can choose a method for evaluating the measured reflector echoes Depending on the options activated you can choose from different methods dB REF default setting see page 5 37 DAC TCG see page 5 93 DGS see page 5 121 AWS D1 1 see page 5 40 JISDAC see page 5 104 CNDAC see page 5 111 Switch to the second operating level Select the...

Page 150: ...ng settings are available OFF The gate is turned off alarms and measurement functions are disabled and the gate is not visible on the display screen POSITIVE The alarm is triggered if the gate is exceeded NEGATIVE The alarm is triggered if the gate is not reached Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG2 Select the function GATE A LOGIC and choose the setting for the g...

Page 151: ...e be tween a spike and a square pulser type Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG2 Select the function PULSER TYPE Choose the required pulser type Note If you have chosen the square wave pulser the default function ENERGY on the first op erating level changes into the function WIDTH see Chapter 5 5 Setting the pulser function group PULSER page 5 13 ...

Page 152: ...bles you to define the criteria for the gate alarm output The settings for VIRTUAL LED and OUTPUT SELECT are logically dependent in the operation of the gates A and B however the gate polarity can be set inde pendently for the VIRTUAL LED by means of GATE A LOGIC and GATE B LOGIC and for OUTPUT SELECT A and OUTPUT SELECT B by means of and The optional gate C is excluded in this connection ...

Page 153: ... alarm is triggered if one of the gates A or B is ex ceeded A The alarm is triggered if the gate A is not reached B The alarm is triggered if the gate B is not reached A B The alarm is triggered if the two gates A and B are not reached Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG2 Select the function OUTPUT SELECT Press one of the selector keys to choose the required setti...

Page 154: ...tage signal Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG2 Select the function ANALOG OUTPUT Choose the required reading Horn Use this function to set an acoustic alarm signal to be output in addition to the visual alarm of the virtual LED see Section LARGE alarm signal page 5 64 Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG2 Select the function HORN...

Page 155: ...ich the display screen is automatically turned off if the instrument is not used during this time The display screen is automatically turned on again as soon as you use a control element You can define the turn off time within the range of 1 30 minutes Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG3 Select the function POWER SAVER Select the required setting ...

Page 156: ...ut only for the purpose of transferring the display content to an ex ternal unit When the VGA output is turned off the power consumption is reduced and the operating time is extended in battery op eration Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG1 Select the function VGA Select the required setting ...

Page 157: ...cated Defining layers You can define either the thickness of a single layer or the thicknesses of 10 layers within a range of 1 00 10 0 mm each Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG4 Select the function TOF in LAYER and press one of the selector keys to turn on the function Switch to the function LAYER TYPE Select the mode for a single layer STANDARD or for 10 layer...

Page 158: ...p 5 82 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 If the function TOF in LAYER is turned on only the number of the layer is displayed instead of the numerical reading for SA SB and SC in the measurement line on top of the A scan e g 7 LA Layer 7 ...

Page 159: ...is application case the gain is reduced in gate B until the backwall echo is completely displayed in the A scan The backwall echo can then be selectively integrated into the flaw evaluation However the backwall echo attenuation also allows to systematically increase the gain In this way you can for example only increase the gain within the flaw ex pectancy range in order to peak the echo in this r...

Page 160: ...round The fro zen A scan is updated every time the maximum ampli tudes are exceeded You can select the color of the envelope curve Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG3 Select the function ENVELOPE and press one of the selector keys to turn on the envelope curve Switch to the function ENVELOPE COLOR Select the required setting A scan with envelope curve ...

Page 161: ...he automatic gain control of the USM 36 keeps the echo amplitude fully automatically at a specified screen height and in this way compensates for the amplitude variations of the signal received This enables to clearly improve especially the wall thickness measurement and to make it easier To configure the automatic gain control enter the mini mum and the maximum height of amplitude in percent scre...

Page 162: ...o turn on the automatic gain control Switch to the function MAX AMP and set the re quired value Switch to the function MIN AMP and set the re quired value Switch to the function NOISE LEVEL and set the required value Note The automatic gain control is helpful e g in the calibration using AUTOCAL setting MAX AMP 81 MIN AMP 79 to keep the reference amplitude of 80 screen height constant at 1 ...

Page 163: ...urn on a short term calibration reminder for a time period within the range of 0 5 4 hours and a re minder for the yearly calibration In the case of the yearly reminder define the date at which the calibration should be carried out You can de cide how long before this date the reminder icon should be displayed Short term calibration reminder Switch to the second operating level Select the function...

Page 164: ...the arrow keys to set the date for the yearly calibration Switch to the function CAL REMINDER and select the required setup time for the reminder Switch to the function CAL RESET and press one of the selector keys to acknowledge the reminder Press one of the selector keys for 3 seconds to con firm the action The reminder will then become effec tive only after the next calibration date ...

Page 165: ...tivate this function you have to set a password Af ter saving the password it is only possible to switch to the mode Expert after entering the password Saving a new password ATTENTION After saving the password it is only possible to have full access to the instrument func tions after entering the password If the pass word is lost you have to reset the instrument see Section Factory default setting...

Page 166: ...To do this you must first enter the current password Switch to the second operating level Select the function group CONFIG4 Select the function PASSWORD Enter the current password Press one of the selector keys to complete the pass word entry Enter a new password Press one of the selector keys to complete the entry of the new password Enter the password again and press one of the selec tor keys Th...

Page 167: ...ll through the list of func tions and use the Right arrow key to set the functions that you want to protect to OFF Press one of the selector keys to complete the pro cessing of the list of functions The settings are saved Switch to the function MODE Use the navigation to change the user from EXPERT to INSPECTOR in order to activate the password protection Switch to the first operating level Try to...

Page 168: ...t the function MODE Use the navigation to change the user from INSPECTOR to EXPERT The text box for the entry of the password is displayed Enter the password and press one of the selector keys to complete the password entry If the correct password is entered EXPERT is now displayed You are now logged in as Expert and have access to all functions ...

Page 169: ... If you use a reference block having artificial flaws to re cord a DAC curve you can use this echo amplitude for the evaluation of a flaw without any further corrections The reference block should be made of the same mate rial as the test object The time corrected gain TCG increases the gain in dis tance sensitive mode so that all reference echoes reach 80 screen height The amplitude evaluation of...

Page 170: ... curve is recorded a possibly already existing curve must be deleted If necessary make sure that the old curve has been saved to a free dataset be fore starting to record a new curve Note You can configure the measurement line ac cordingly to display the specific readings see Section Configuring the measure ment line page 5 58 Select the function group DAC TCG Press one of the selector keys to dis...

Page 171: ...re the first DAC point The in dication 1 POINT confirms the recording After this the function gate a start is automatically selected Position the gate A on the second DAC echo Select the function AUTO80 and press one of the se lector keys to automatically set the echo to 80 screen height Select the function RECORD and press one of the selector keys to store the second DAC point The in dication 2 P...

Page 172: ...DAC echoes The finishing is confirmed by the indication STORED Setting up the DAC Select the function group SETUP The function TCG DAC MODE is automatically set to DAC Select the function DAC TYPE and then the required curve display type STRAIGHT CURVED or POLY NOMIAL Select the function group GATE A and position the gate in the expectancy range of the echoes Adjust the gain ...

Page 173: ...itch to the first operating level Select the function group DAC TCG Press one of the selector keys to display the specific function groups and functions for the DAC TCG Select the function group SETUP Select the function TCG DAC MODE and press one of the selector keys to turn the DAC evaluation off OFF The DAC curve is no longer displayed in the A scan Note The DAC curve is not lost by turning the...

Page 174: ...ect the function group SETUP Select the function DELETE CURVE and press one of the selector keys A message prompting you to confirm is displayed Press one of the selector keys for 3 seconds to con firm the deletion of the reference echo The deletion is acknowledged by the indication NO CURVE Editing DAC points You can edit individual DAC points at any time Select the function group EDIT Select the...

Page 175: ...ly select the function ENTER to store the new DAC point The changed DAC is now displayed in the A scan Multiple DAC curves You can activate multiple DAC curves and at the same time define the offsets between the multiple curves and the recording curve The offset 0 0 dB only represents the recording curve Every setting varying from 0 produces four other curves with the corresponding dB offset betwe...

Page 176: ... dB in steps of 0 1 dB Select the function group OFFSETS Select the function OFFSET and set the multiple DAC curves with a fixed offset Select the function MODE and press one of the selec tor keys to turn on the individual curve definition by means of CUSTOM The function OFFSET is dis abled Switch to the function group OFFSET2 Select the function OFFSET 1 and set the first curve individually Set t...

Page 177: ...function group AWS D1 1 page 5 40 Sensitivity correction You can use the function TRANSFER CORR to com pensate for transfer losses in the material to be tested A correction is necessary if the test object and the refer ence standard have different surface qualities You have to determine the adjustment value for the compensation of transfer losses by way of experiment In this connection the gain is...

Page 178: ...is applies especially to the parame ters voltage frequency rectification material veloci ty and reject Change in the probe delay with DAC TCG Generally a change in the probe delay automatically also affects the shape of the sound field This means that a new recording of the reference echo would be the oretically required However minor changes in the de lay line typically occurring due to the wear ...

Page 179: ...se this is the only way of ensuring that the displayed echo amplitude and the sound path projection distance depth position always belong to the highest echo in the gate Note The USM 36 checks the measuring point set ting in TOF mode before processing any ref erence amplitudes If PEAK is not set as measuring point the instrument will automat ically switch to PEAK In this case a note is displayed a...

Page 180: ...s L low M medium and H high They are permanently connected to the DAC and shifted accordingly if the gain is varied In addition a class rating takes place Flaw echoes are evaluated according to their amplitude with reference to their position within the set of curves Class I Amplitude Line L Class II Line L Amplitude Line M Class III Line M Amplitude Line H Class IV Amplitude Line H Activating JIS...

Page 181: ... correctly calibrated see Chapter 5 8 Calibrating the USM 36 page 5 28 As soon as a new curve is recorded a possibly already existing curve must be deleted If necessary make sure that the old curve has been saved to a free dataset be fore starting to record a new curve Select the function group JISDAC Press one of the selector keys to display the specific function groups and functions for the JISD...

Page 182: ... store the first DAC point The record ing is confirmed by the indication 1 POINT After this the function gate a start is automatically select ed Position the gate A on the second DAC echo Select the function AUTO80 and press one of the se lector keys to automatically set the echo to 80 screen height Select the function RECORD and press one of the selector keys to store the second DAC point The re ...

Page 183: ...cording of the DAC echoes The finishing is confirmed by the indication STORED Setting up JISDAC Select the function group SETUP The function JIS DAC is automatically set to ON Select the function BOLD LINE and press one of the selector keys to choose the required evaluation line Select the function group GATE A and position the gate in the expectancy range of the echoes Adjust the gain ...

Page 184: ... function group MAT ATTN Select the function TRANSFER CORR and set the required value Turning the JISDAC evaluation off You can turn the JISDAC evaluation off at any time Switch to the first operating level Select the function group JISDAC Press one of the selector keys to display the specific function groups and functions for the JISDAC Select the function group SETUP Select the function JISDAC a...

Page 185: ... one of the selector keys for 3 seconds to con firm the deletion of the reference echo The deletion is acknowledged by the indication NO CURVE Echo evaluation using DAC To be able to evaluate a flaw echo by means of the DAC certain conditions must be met The distance amplitude correction curve has to be re corded beforehand It only applies to the same probe that was used for re cording the curve I...

Page 186: ...ne after a DAC curve has been recorded The same applies to immersion testing The DAC curve must be recorded after setting up the final water delay line Failure to do so may lead to evaluation er rors Automatic variation of the measuring point in TOF mode An echo amplitude evaluation is normally carried out at the echo peak of the signal under examination because this is the only way of ensuring th...

Page 187: ...pecify a reference block of your own the data of which have to be documented separately Evaluations according to CNDAC After recording the reference echo the CNDAC shows the reference lines RL SL and EL depending on the corresponding choice in the functions CODE NAME standard and BLOCK reference block The reference line SL is used for the amplitude mea surement It can be assigned to all gates avai...

Page 188: ...ness test object mm RL dB SL dB EL dB 11345A RB 3 DAC DAC 10 DAC 16 11345B RB 3 DAC 4 DAC 10 DAC 16 11345C RB 3 DAC 2 DAC 8 DAC 14 4730 CSK IIA 2 8 46 DAC 4 DAC 12 DAC 18 4730 CSK IIA 2 46 120 DAC 2 DAC 8 DAC 14 4730 CSK IIIA 1 8 15 DAC 2 DAC 6 DAC 12 4730 CSK IIIA 1 15 46 DAC 5 DAC 3 DAC 9 4730 CSK IIIA 1 46 120 DAC 10 DAC DAC 6 4730 CSK IVA DAC DAC 10 DAC 16 CUSTOM CUSTOM DAC DAC DAC ...

Page 189: ... level The function group CNDAC is now displayed there If a stored DAC curve exists it becomes effective now Recording a DAC curve ATTENTION Before starting to record a reference curve the instrument has to be correctly calibrated see Chapter 5 8 Calibrating the USM 36 page 5 28 As soon as a new curve is recorded a possibly already existing curve must be deleted If necessary make sure that the old...

Page 190: ...to the function BLOCK and choose the suitable reference block see Section Standards and reference blocks page 5 112 Select the function gate a start and position the gate A on the first DAC echo Select the function AUTO80 and press one of the se lector keys to automatically set the echo to 80 screen height Select the function RECORD and press one of the selector keys to store the first DAC point T...

Page 191: ... to 80 screen height Select the function RECORD and press one of the selector keys to store the second DAC point The re cording is confirmed by the indication 2 POINTS Af ter this the function gate a start is automatically selected again Record further DAC points in the same way Finally select the function FINISH and press one of the selector keys to finish the recording of the DAC echoes The fini...

Page 192: ... set to ON Select the function CNDAC DISPLAY and press one of the selector keys to turn the evaluation line on Select the function group GATE A and position the gate in the expectancy range of the echoes Adjust the gain Select the function CNDAC TYPE and choose the re quired line display mode STRAIGHT CURVED or POLYNOMIAL Depending on the choice the val ues for SLA A rA SLB and A rB slightly vary ...

Page 193: ... material to be tested A correction is necessary if the test object and the refer ence standard have different surface qualities You have to determine the adjustment value for the compensation of transfer losses by way of experiment In this connection the gain is varied accordingly but the curve shape remains the same Select the function group LINE Select the function TRANSFER CORR and set the req...

Page 194: ... in the same way Turning the CNDAC evaluation off You can turn the CNDAC evaluation off at any time Switch to the first operating level Select the function group CNDAC Press one of the selector keys to display the specific function groups and functions for the CNDAC Select the function group SETUP Select the function CNDAC MODE and press one of the selector keys to turn the CNDAC evaluation off OF...

Page 195: ...ss one of the selector keys for 3 seconds to con firm the deletion of the reference echo The deletion is acknowledged by the indication NO CURVE Echo evaluation using DAC To be able to evaluate a flaw echo by means of the DAC certain conditions must be met The distance amplitude correction curve has to be re corded beforehand It only applies to the same probe that was used for re cording the curve...

Page 196: ...The same applies to immersion testing The DAC curve must be recorded after setting up the final water delay line Failure to do so may lead to evaluation er rors Automatic variation of the measuring point in TOF mode An echo amplitude evaluation is normally carried out at the echo peak of the signal under examination because this is the only way of ensuring that the displayed echo amplitude and the...

Page 197: ...he reflecting power This diagram con sists of a set of curves showing the connection of three influencing variables Distance D between the probe coupling face and the circular disk shaped equivalent reflector Difference in gain G between a circular disk shaped equivalent reflector and a reference reflector e g an infinitely large backwall Size S of the circular disk shaped equivalent reflector The...

Page 198: ...ethod with many dif ferent probes and on various materials Note Before setting up the DGS mode the instru ment has to be calibrated at first since none of the functions affecting the DGS evaluation VELOCITY PROBE DELAY VOLTAGE ENERGY DAMPING FREQUENCY REC TIFY can be changed any more after re cording the reference echo For dual element probes the sound velocity can only be set between 5350 and 650...

Page 199: ...sequently displayed evaluation curve will then take the effective sound at tenuation into account independently of the distance The reference echo must come from the test object if possible If this is not possible it should be ensured that the reference block is made of the same material as the test object The evaluation must be carried out using the same probe that was used for recording the refe...

Page 200: ...cording a DGS reference echo before changing the delay line The same applies to immersion testing The DGS setting must be made after setting up the final water delay line Failure to do so may lead to evaluation er rors Automatic variation of the measuring point in TOF mode An echo amplitude evaluation is normally carried out at the echo peak of the signal under examination because this is the only...

Page 201: ... choose DGS Switch back to the first operating level The function group DGS is now displayed there Basic settings for the DGS measurement You can choose the probe and set other DGS parame ters in this step Select the function group DGS Press one of the selector keys to display the specific function groups and functions for the DGS Select the individual functions in the different function groups an...

Page 202: ...ME XTAL FREQUENCY probe frequency Frequency of the element or crystal preset for pro grammed probes EFF DIAMETER Effective element or crystal diameter of the probe used preset for programmed probes DELAY VELOCITY Sound velocity in the probe delay line preset for pro grammed probes REFERENCE TYPE Type of the reference reflector used backwall side drilled hole or circular disk shaped equivalent refl...

Page 203: ... to record the reference echo Select the function group DGS Press one of the selector keys to display the specific function groups and functions for the DGS Select the function group GATE A Peak the echo of the reference reflector in this case the backwall echo from the test object After this position the gate A on the reference echo Select the function group REF ECHO Select the function RECORD RE...

Page 204: ...rn on the DGS evaluation The DGS curve is calculated and displayed in the A scan Taking the general DGS diagram as a basis the USM 36 calculates the required test sensitivity for displaying the 3mm curve with its maximum at 80 screen height and makes this setting The current gain is set to 0 during this The curve is automatically adjusted in the case of sub sequent gain variations ...

Page 205: ...quivalent reflector size later on Switch to the second operating level Select the function group EVAL Select the reading ERS for one of the items in the measurement line see Section Configuring the measurement line page 5 58 Locks error messages As long as a valid reference echo is stored no functions can be changed which could cause an incorrect DGS evaluation with the exception of PROBE DELAY wi...

Page 206: ...ion AMPL CORRECT at any time even after the DGS calibration in the function group MAT ATTN using the function TRANSFER CORR The settings of the functions AMPL CORRECT and TRANSFER CORR have an additive effect likewise the settings of the functions REF ATTEN and TEST ATTEN Using multiple DGS curves After turning the DGS evaluation on at least one curve is displayed for a certain ERS equivalent refl...

Page 207: ...ion off By turning it on again you can use the function DGS MODE to go back to the DGS evaluation again without losing any settings Deleting a DGS reference echo You can delete the echo of the reference reflector After this the DGS evaluation is not possible until you have recorded a new reference echo Switch to the first operating level Select the function group DGS Press one of the selector keys...

Page 208: ...rilled hole mm Near field length in steel mm Min distance in steel mm 1 B1 S 6 0 9 0 23 35 2 B2 S 3 0 4 5 45 68 3 B4 S 1 5 2 3 90 135 4 MB2 S 3 0 4 5 8 12 5 MB4 S 1 5 2 3 15 23 6 MB5 S 1 2 1 8 20 30 7 9 MWB 2 1 6 2 4 15 23 10 12 MWB 4 0 8 1 2 30 45 13 15 SWB 2 1 6 2 4 39 59 16 18 SWB 5 0 7 1 1 98 147 19 21 WB 1 3 3 5 0 45 68 22 24 WB 2 1 6 2 4 90 135 ...

Page 209: ...e 2 12 2013 5 133 Probe Wavelength in steel mm Focus depth in steel mm 25 MSEB 2 3 0 8 2 26 MSEB 4 1 5 10 2 27 MSEB 4 0 1 5 18 4 28 MSEB 5 1 2 10 2 29 SEB 1 5 9 20 4 30 SEB 2 KF5 3 0 6 2 31 SEB 4 KF8 1 5 6 2 32 SEB 2 3 0 15 3 33 SEB 4 1 5 12 2 34 SEB 2 0 1 5 12 2 ...

Page 210: ...ves for the dual element probes are not derived from the general DGS diagram but have been individually mea sured for steel 5920 m s and stored in the instrument You can only carry out a DGS evaluation with one of the dual element probes available if the sound velocity is between 5330 and 6500 m s ...

Page 211: ...th the conventional angle beam probes which contain rect angular elements In the case of conventional angle beam probes it may happen that the reflectors evaluat ed according to the DGS method are over evaluated The following probes using the trueDGS technology are currently available MWB45 2 tD probe 35 MWB60 2 tD probe 36 MWB70 2 tD probe 37 MWB45 4 tD probe 38 MWB60 4 tD probe 39 MWB70 4 tD pro...

Page 212: ...5 136 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 ...

Page 213: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 6 1 Documentation 6 ...

Page 214: ...e of the function keys see Chapter 5 3 Assignment of function keys page 5 7 As an alternative you can store test reports using the corresponding function on the second operating level Storing using COPY Note If you repeatedly select the same filename for storing a consecutive numbering is auto matically attached to the filename for exam ple FILE_002 Check in the function group FILES on the second ...

Page 215: ...ct a directory on the SD card Press one of the two selector keys to choose the se lected directory Switch to the function ACTION Select one of the functions STORE REPORT test re port or FAST REPORT fast report Switch to the function FILENAME Choose the option NEW FILE and press one of the two selector keys Choose the first character of the filename Use the Right arrow key to switch to the next pos...

Page 216: ...elector keys The test report is stored in the selected directory on the SD memory card under the name entered here Note You can create and delete directories by in serting the SD memory card into the SD card reader of your PC or by connecting the USM 36 to a PC via a USB cable see Sec tion USB interface page 8 3 ...

Page 217: ...cond operating level In the function group FILES select the function DIRECTORY and press one of the two selector keys The directory of the SD memory card appears Press the arrow keys to select a directory on the SD card Press one of the two selector keys to choose the se lected directory Switch to the function ACTION and select the func tion SHOW REPORT Switch to the function FILENAME Select the n...

Page 218: ...isplay screen In the top part you will see various data of the report memory location and filename date and time instrument number and software version Use the arrow keys to shift the view in order to display other data of the test report provided they were also selected during storing Press one of the selector keys to close the test report view ...

Page 219: ...at JPG and BMP as well as the AS CII files in the format UGO To do this insert the SD memory card into the SD card reader of your PC or connect the USM 36 to your PC via a USB cable see Section USB interface page 8 3 Deleting test reports You can delete files and directories easily by inserting the SD memory card into the SD card reader of your PC or by connecting the USM 36 to a PC via a USB cabl...

Page 220: ...ry of the SD memory card appears Press the arrow keys to select a directory on the SD card Press one of the two selector keys to choose the se lected directory Switch to the function ACTION and select the func tion DELETE DATASET Switch to the function FILENAME Select the name of the required file The selection switches automatically to the function ENTER Press one of the two selector keys Press o...

Page 221: ...ther to store the A scan and the list of parameters as well To do this you have to turn on the corresponding function Switch to the second operating level In the function group FILES select the function IMAGE IN REPOR and choose YES Select the function PARAM IN REPOR and choose YES Next time a test report is stored the selected informa tion is inserted ...

Page 222: ...f 31 characters each The memo file is stored in the subdirectory MEMO of the currently selected directory on the SD memory card Creating a new memo file Switch to the second operating level In the function group FILES select the function MEMO EDIT Choose the option NEW MEMO and press one of the two selector keys Choose the first character of the text Use the Right arrow key to switch to the next p...

Page 223: ...EDIT Select the name of the required file Edit the text as required Press one of the two selector keys to complete the entry Note You can use any text editor to edit memo files by inserting the SD memory card into the SD card reader of your PC or by connect ing the USM 36 to a PC via a USB cable see Section USB interface page 8 3 Please keep in mind that a memo file may contain a maximum of 5 line...

Page 224: ...ile and turn on the function MEMO IN REPORT Switch to the second operating level In the function group FILES select the function MEMO EDIT Select the name of the required file Press one of the selector keys to close the text editor box Switch to the function MEMO IN REPOR and choose YES Next time a test report is stored the contents of the se lected memo file are attached to the end of the test re...

Page 225: ... of 5 lines consisting of 31 charac ters each The header file is stored in the subdirectory HEADER of the currently selected directory on the SD memory card Creating a new header file Switch to the second operating level In the function group FILES select the function HEADER EDIT Choose the option NEW FILE and press one of the two selector keys Choose the first character of the filename Use the Ri...

Page 226: ...EADER EDIT Select the name of the required file Edit the text as required Press one of the two selector keys to complete the entry Note You can use any text editor to edit header files by inserting the SD memory card into the SD card reader of your PC or by connect ing the USM 36 to a PC via a USB cable see Section USB interface page 8 3 Please keep in mind that a header file may contain a maximum...

Page 227: ... header file and turn on the function HDR IN REPORT Switch to the second operating level In the function group FILES select the function HEADER EDIT Select the name of the required file Press one of the selector keys to close the text editor box Switch to the function HDR IN REPOR and choose YES Next time a test report is stored the contents of the se lected header file are inserted into the head ...

Page 228: ...rectly view recorded videos on the display screen of the USM 36 Recording a video You can store a video on the SD memory card The fre quency is 50 frames per second with the setting FINE and 10 frames per second with the setting COARSE During recording various control functions and the op eration of the gates are available to you In addition you can set several flags in order to find single sequen...

Page 229: ... COARSE Switch to the function FILENAME Choose the option NEW FILE and press one of the two selector keys Choose the first character of the filename Use the Right arrow key to switch to the next posi tion and choose the next character Press one of the two selector keys to complete the filename entry Switch to the function RECORD and press one of the two selector keys to start the recording If the ...

Page 230: ...ss one of the two selector keys to start the recording Switch to the function FLAG and press one of the two selector keys to set a flag The name of the flag cor responds to the number of the single frame when the function key is pressed Switch to one of the function groups of gates and op erate the gates as usual Vary the gain as usual In the function group RECORD select the function RECORD and pr...

Page 231: ...small reading program for PC s which can be used for viewing videos recorded by means of the USM 36 on the display screen of a PC Switch to the second operating level Switch to the function FILENAME and select the name of the required file Switch to the function REPLAY and press one of the two selector keys You will then automatically switch to the first operating level with the A scan The replay ...

Page 232: ...ay speed In the function group REPLAY select the function Play and press one of the two selector keys to inter rupt the recording Switch to the function group CONTROL and select the function FLAG Press one of the selector keys to toggle between the flags set during recording Select the function TIME and press one of the two se lector keys to choose and to display a certain point of time of the vid...

Page 233: ...u will find information on how to use the program in a detailed operating manual Note The version 2 60 or a later version of Ultra MATE must be available 6 6 Data Recorder option The functions of the option Data Recorder are available to you in the function group DR on the second operating level The data recorder enables you to easily manage test tasks with wall thickness measurements and to store...

Page 234: ...nt the corresponding cell in the grid matrix remains empty Start by creating an empty grid matrix in a Data Record er file After this you can display this grid matrix on the screen and fill it with thickness readings Creating a Data Recorder file Before you are able to store readings in a grid matrix you have to create a Data Recorder file When doing this you have to define the following pa ramete...

Page 235: ...the next posi tion and choose the next character Press one of the two selector keys to complete the filename entry Switch to the function FIRST POINT Select the coordinates for the first cell in the top left corner of the grid matrix The choice of the option 1A means that the column names start with 1 and the row names with A Press one of the two selector keys to complete the choice Switch to the ...

Page 236: ...irection for the grid ma trix Switch to the function READING and press the func tion keys to select the measuring method for exam ple SA sound path in the gate A Switch to the function CREATE and press one of the two selector keys The Data Recorder file is created After creating the Data Recorder file the number of rows and columns is indicated ...

Page 237: ...tion group DR select the function FILENAME and select the name of the required Data Recorder file Press one of the two selector keys to complete the filename selection Switch to the first operating level You will see the A scan Press one of the two selector keys for 3 seconds The A scan is displayed in a slightly reduced mode with the grid matrix of the selected Data Recorder file on its right You...

Page 238: ...is immediately indicated in the currently se lected cell of the grid matrix Use the two rotary knobs to select another cell Press the Left arrow keys to store the displayed read ing together with the A scan After storing the next cell is automatically selected Press the Right arrow keys to only store displayed reading without the A scan If an A scan has been stored together with the reading you wi...

Page 239: ... same time The reading is deleted You can now store a new reading in this cell A scan preview If you select a cell containing a stored reading with an A scan attached to it the A scan is displayed next to the grid matrix The live A scan is not displayed during this time Viewing Data Recorder files You can view stored Data Recorder files with or without readings and A scans on the display screen of...

Page 240: ...eral the functions of the grid matrix are automat ically turned on when you create a new Data Recorder file or select a stored Data Recorder file for editing or viewing When the functions of the grid matrix are turned on you can display the grid matrix on the first operating level by a long press of one of the two selector keys It is not possible to switch over to the zoomed A scan display mode du...

Page 241: ...select the function GRID Press one of the two selector keys to set the function to OFF This turns off the functions of the grid matrix Turning the grid matrix on Switch to the second operating level In the function group DR select the function GRID Press one of the two selector keys to set the function to ON This turns on the functions of the grid matrix ...

Page 242: ...6 30 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 ...

Page 243: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 7 1 Maintenance and care 7 ...

Page 244: ...alcohol ATTENTION Do not use any methyl alcohol and no sol vents or dye penetrant cleaners The plastic parts may be damaged or become brittle due to them 7 2 Battery care Battery care The capacity and life of batteries mainly depend on the correct handling Therefore please observe the tips be low You should charge the batteries in the following cases before the initial startup after a storage time...

Page 245: ... The handling of batteries the charging process and the meaning of LED s and power indicators is described in detail in Chapter Operation using a battery page 3 4 ATTENTION You should only use the batteries recom mended by us and the corresponding char ger Any improper handling of the batteries and charger involves an explosion hazard 7 3 Maintenance The USM 36 requires basically no maintenance AT...

Page 246: ... files You can download the latest software version for your instrument from the GE website by means of any cus tomary web browser After downloading you have to copy the update file to the main directory of the SD memory card Open the browser and enter the address www geinspectiontechnologies com After the default homepage has appeared select an other language at the top edge of the display if nec...

Page 247: ... location Copy the update file sdu to the main directory of the SD memory card Installing an update Note Only one file with the extension sdu may be located in the main directory of the SD card for the installation If several update files are located in the main directory the installation process is aborted and an error message is displayed To install the new software proceed as follows Check whet...

Page 248: ...RADE MODE appears The installation process will then start The following messages are displayed one by one LOADING FILE VERIFYING FILE PROGRAMMING FLASH At the end of the installation the instrument is powered off automatically After this you can power the USM 36 on again and use the new software version Note For resetting the instrument to factory default settings see Section Factory default set ...

Page 249: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 8 1 Interfaces and Peripherals 8 ...

Page 250: ...n the top of the instrument Loosen the knurled screw 1 and remove the cover Place the cover back on the instrument and tighten the knurled screw to close the cover watertight The following are located under the cover USB interface 2 Card slot for SD memory cards 3 Service interface 4 VGA output 5 Connection for charger power adaptor 6 6 5 2 4 3 1 ...

Page 251: ...f the SD memory card see Chapter 3 4 Inserting the SD memory card page 3 10 Note If the instrument is connected to a PC via the USB interface it functions as an external drive It is then not possible to use the instru ment After disconnecting the USB cable the normal operation is possible again Service interface LEMO 1B The service interface is meant for using the alarm output and for service purp...

Page 252: ...orresponding further use The interface is a 10 way socket of the type LEMO 0B Its standard contact assignment makes it suitable for all VGA output units Use the VGA adaptor UM 31 order no 35 653 to connect a VGA output unit Note Before you are able to use the VGA output you have to turn on the function VGA func tion group CONFIG1 on the second operat ing level at first 8 3 Printer The USM 36 is no...

Page 253: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 9 1 Appendix 9 ...

Page 254: ...rst Starting point of the gate A 5 28 A START DGS first Starting point of the gate A 5 121 A START GATE A first Starting point of the gate A 5 21 A START CNDAC first Starting point of the gate A 5 111 A START DAC TCG first Starting point of the gate A 5 93 A START JISDAC first Starting point of the gate A 5 104 A SCAN COLOR CONFIG2 second Choice of color for the A scan 4 17 A WIDTH GATE A first Wi...

Page 255: ...ction 5 28 RECORD CNDAC first Recording of points curve points for the DAC 5 111 RECORD DAC TCG first Recording of points curve points for the DAC 5 93 RECORD JISDAC first Recording of points curve points for the DAC 5 104 ENTER FILES second Execution of the file processing mode selected using the function ACTION 6 2 AUTO80 CNDAC first 5 111 AUTO80 DAC TCG first 5 93 AUTO80 JISDAC first 5 104 B RE...

Page 256: ...n of the entry in the function CODE 5 51 EVAL MODE EVAL second Choice of echo evaluation 5 73 RECORD REF DGS first 5 121 REF SIZE DGS first Diameter of the reference reflector 5 121 REFERENCE dB REF first 5 37 IMAGE IN REPOR FILES second Inserting an A scan into the test report 6 9 GRID CONFIG1 second Choice of a grid for the A scan 4 17 MODE dB REF first Activation of the echo comparison 5 37 MOD...

Page 257: ...st Flaw gain in dB for the AWS evaluation 5 40 DAMPING PULSER first Damping of the probe oscillating circuit 5 13 FILENAME FILES second Choice or entry of filenames for reports 6 2 FILENAME DR second Choice or entry of filenames for the Data Recorder 6 21 DATE CONFIG1 second Setting of the date 4 15 DATE CONFIG3 second Entry of the date for the yearly calibration 5 87 DATE FORMAT CONFIG1 second Ch...

Page 258: ...envelope curve 5 84 ENVELOPE COLOR CONFIG3 second Choice of the color for the envelope curve 5 84 CREATE DR second Creating a dataset 6 21 COLOR CONFIG1 second Choice of color scheme for the display screen 4 16 COLOR LEG EVAL second Activation of the color marking for legs 5 48 FREEZE MODE CONFIG3 second Setting of the automatic display freeze Freeze 5 68 USER GAIN STEP CONFIG2 second User adjusta...

Page 259: ...nsity of the initial pulse 5 13 CAL REMINDER CONFIG3 second Activation of the reminder function for the calibration 5 87 CAL REMINDER CONFIG3 second Activation of the reminder function for the yearly calibration 5 87 CAL RESET CONFIG3 second Resetting of the reminder function for the calibration 5 87 CAL RESET CONFIG3 second Resetting of the reminder function for the yearly calibration 5 87 S REF1...

Page 260: ... EDIT FILES second Editing the memo text for the test report 6 11 TOF MODE GATE A first Choice of measuring point at the signal in the gate A 5 21 TOF MODE GATE B first Choice of measuring point at the signal in the gate B 5 21 READING 1 READING 2 READING 3 READING 4 READING 5 READING 6 EVAL second Choice of the readings for the six boxes of the measurement line 4 5 MIN AMP CONFIG4 second 5 85 MOD...

Page 261: ...RF CONFIG2 second Activation of the phantom echo detection 5 57 POWER SAVER CONFIG3 second Activation of the power saving mode 5 79 PROBE DELAY RANGE first Compensation of the probe delay line 5 9 ADV DIRECTION DR second Advance direction for the automatic filling of the grid matrix 6 21 DUAL RECEIVER first Pulser receiver separation 5 18 VELOCITY RANGE first Velocity 5 9 LAYER EDIT CONFIG3 second...

Page 262: ...81 REFERENCE TYPE DGS first 5 121 REJECT RECEIVER first Suppression of unwanted echo indications 5 18 VOLTAGE PULSER first Pulser voltage 5 13 X VALUE TRIG first Entry of the distance between the probe index point and the face of the angle beam probe 5 47 X VALUE EVAL second Entry of the distance between the probe index point and the face of the angle beam probe 5 47 TIME CONFIG1 second Setting of...

Page 263: ...ality of conformance and workmanship of the instrument Should you nevertheless detect an error on your instru ment power the instrument off and remove the batter ies Inform your local GE customer service and support indicating the error and describing it Keep the shipping container for any repairs possibly re quired which cannot be made on the spot If there is anything special that you would like ...

Page 264: ...68 Chemin des Ormeaux 69578 Limonest Cedex France T 33 0 472 179 220 F 33 0 472 179 237 Great Britain GE Inspection Technologies Ltd Building 4 Leicester Road Rugby CV21 1BD UK T 44 0 845 601 5771 USA GE Inspection Technologies LP 50 Industrial Park Road Lewistown PA 17044 USA T 1 717 242 03 27 F 1 717 242 26 06 ...

Page 265: ...ances that could impact health and the environment In order to avoid the dissemination of those substances in the environment and to diminish the pressure on our natural resources we advise you to use the appropriate take back systems Those systems will reuse or recycle in an environmentally safe way most of the materials of your instrument which is no longer capable of function ing The crossed ou...

Page 266: ...ates that the product may contain cadmium Cd lead Pb or mercury Hg For proper recycling return the batteries to the manufacturer or to a designat ed collection point What do the markings mean Batteries and accumulators must be marked either on the battery on the accumulator or on their packaging depending on the size with the separate collection sym bol In addition the marking must include the che...

Page 267: ...resence of toxic metals in the product Pb for lead Hg for mercury and Cd for cadmium Cadmium poisoning can result in cancer of the lungs and prostate gland Chronic diseases may include kidney damage pulmonary emphysema as well as bone diseases such as osteomalcia and osteoporo sis Cadmium may also cause anemia discoloration of the teeth and anosmia loss of smell Lead is poisonous in all compounds ...

Page 268: ...9 16 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 9 4 Recycling directives Overview 5 4 4 5 6 1 7 3 2 3 ...

Page 269: ... instrument For opening the compartment the quick acting clo sures have to be actuated 2 Battery ML1220 Lithium back up battery on main board 3 PC Brass Al Polyester Upper equipment cover Polycarbonat PC with pressed in brass thread inserts Keypad 4 Stainless steel Handle ratchet disk 5 Aluminum Rotary knob holder for handle 6 PC Housing lower part covers 7 Aluminum Div mounting brackets ...

Page 270: ...9 Appendix Recycling directives 9 18 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 Materials to be disposed of separately 2 1 ...

Page 271: ... to open the compartment at the bottom of the equip ment the quick acting closures have to be actuated Battery is easily to be removed after opening the cover 2 Battery ML 1220 On main board After loosing six screws on the bottom side and one further in battery compartment the complete upper housing can be taken away Then battery can be removed from PCB ...

Page 272: ...9 Appendix Recycling directives 9 20 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 Other materials and components 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 ...

Page 273: ...Recycling directives 9 Appendix USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 9 21 6 6 6 ...

Page 274: ...9 Appendix Recycling directives 9 22 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 7 7 8 6 8 ...

Page 275: ...read inserts 3 Keypad Mounted in upper housing mixture of several materials plastic plate foils aluminium stainless steel 4 TFT display Mounted in the top case assembly 5 Aluminium mounting brackets Stainless steel inserts can be pressed out 6 Nickel silver sheets Shielding sheets of nickel silver desoldered from PCB 7 Aluminium Turned parts of aluminium natural black anodized 8 Stainless steel Ha...

Page 276: ...ndled separately Lithium ion battery 0 49 Battery compartment Battery ML1220 0 01 Battery holder on main board Sub total 0 50 Material components possibly interfering with certain recycling processes PC brass 0 15 Housing upper part Polycarbonate PC with molded in brass thread inserts TFT display 0 15 Mounted in top case assembly PCB s 0 30 Mounted in lower housing part Sub total 0 60 ...

Page 277: ...ounting sheets for TFT PC 0 45 Housing lower parts battery cover Rubber 0 05 O rings rubber feet rubber tube keypad sealing Nickel silver sheets 0 10 On main PCB and mounted in housing lower part Sub total 1 00 Composites Membrane keypad 0 15 Mixture of materials foils aluminium plastic plate stainless steel spring steel Sub total 0 15 Total 2 25 Recycling Material Code Weight approx kg Descriptio...

Page 278: ... 36 Material components that cannot be separated into single materials by destructive mechanical processes Mounting material cables clamps screws 0 10 Total weight including battery 2 35 Special notes none Recycling Material Code Weight approx kg Description ...

Page 279: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 10 1 Specifications 10 ...

Page 280: ...cations of USM 36 10 2 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 10 1 Specifications of USM 36 Display screen Size Diagonal 7 inches Active range W H 152 4 91 44 mm2 Resolution W H 800 480 pixels Range 4 14 108 mm 555 inches for longitudinal wave ...

Page 281: ...hift DISPLAY DELAY 15 3 500 µs Probe delay 0 1 000 µs Velocity 250 16 000 m s PRF Automatically optimized 15 2 000 Hz 3 automatic setting modes Auto Low Auto Med Auto High Manual Connectors Probe connectors 2 LEMO 1 or 2 BNC USB interface USB type B connector Service interface LEMO 1B 8pin ...

Page 282: ...ionally Square wave pulser Pulser voltage SQ mode 120 300 V in steps of 10 V with a tolerance of 10 Pulser falling rising time max 10 ns Pulser width SQ mode 30 500 ns in steps of 10 ns Pulser amplitude spike mode low 120 V high 300 V Pulser energy spike mode low 30 nS high 100 nS Damping 50 ohms 1000 ohms ...

Page 283: ... 5 Receiver Digital gain Dynamic range 110 dB adjustable in steps of 0 2 dB Analog bandwidth 0 5 20 MHz Equivalent input noise 80 nV Filters Broadband 1 5 MHz 2 2 25 MHz 4 5 MHz 10 MHz 13 15 MHz Rectification positive half wave negative half wave full wave RF signal Hz ...

Page 284: ...ndependent gates gates A and B triggering by gate A gate C option triggering by gate A or B Measurement mode Peak Flank J FLANK FIRST PEAK Memory Card slot SD card slot for all standard SD cards Capacity 8 GB SD card Datasets UGO data structure in ASCII Reports JPG or BMP format ...

Page 285: ...ptor Charging method optional external charger Charge level proportional charge level indicator Power adaptor charger Universal power supply unit 100 240 VAC 50 60 Hz Size H W D 177 255 100 mm3 7 0 10 3 9 in3 Weight 2 2 kg incl battery Languages Bulgarian Chinese Czech Dutch English Finnish French German Hungarian Italian Japanese Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish ...

Page 286: ...rt 2 6 2g per axis 5 150 Hz 1 oct min 25 cycles Shocks EN 60068 Part 2 27 1000 cycles per axis 15 g 11 ms half sine Enclosure IP66 according to IEC 60529 Operating temperature range 10 55 C Cold operation 10 C for 16 hrs 502 5 Procedure II Heat operation 55 C for 16 hrs 501 5 Procedure II Storage temperature range 20 50 C 24 hrs including battery Cold storage 20 C for 72 hrs 502 5 Procedure I Heat...

Page 287: ...III JIS Z3060 GB11345 TCG 110 dB dynamic 100 dB µs slope DGS DGS calibration tool according to EN 1712 EN 1713 EN 1714 ASTM E164 Data logger Grid file creation 3G Gate C SWP for pulser parameter optimization voltage setting 120 300 V in steps of 10 V pulse width setting 30 500 ns in steps of 10 ns Phantom PRF Phantom PRF for the identification of erroneous echoes caused by multi ple reflections in...

Page 288: ...cations according to EN 12668 10 10 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 10 2 Specifications according to EN 12668 You will find the specifications according to EN 12668 for your instrument on the product CD included in the standard package ...

Page 289: ...USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 11 1 Index 11 ...

Page 290: ... Alarm output 5 76 AMPL CORRECT DGS 5 126 Analog output 5 78 Angle of incidence 5 45 Angle beam probe 0 7 5 44 A scan 4 3 Fill 5 71 Freezing 5 68 5 69 Normal 4 3 Storing 6 9 Zoom 4 3 Zoomed 6 28 A SCAN COLOR 4 17 A scan color 4 17 A scan freeze 5 68 ASCANFILL 5 71 A START 5 22 A THRESHOLD 5 23 Auto Gain Control 5 85 AUTOANG 5 49 AUTOCAL 5 30 Automatic gain control 5 85 Automatic gate height 5 27 A...

Page 291: ...ndicator 3 7 Warning of low charge level 3 7 Battery charge level 0 8 3 7 Battery icon 3 7 Battery operation 1 2 3 4 Battery warning 0 8 BEA 5 83 B FREEZE 5 68 BLOCK 5 50 BRIGHTNESS 4 18 Brightness 4 18 B START 5 22 BSTARTMODE 5 26 B THRESHOLD 5 23 B WIDTH 5 22 C Calibration Dual element probes 5 33 Straight beam probes 5 29 Calibration reminder 5 87 Care 7 2 Changing Operating level 0 3 0 4 Charg...

Page 292: ...119 Connecting Charger power adaptor 3 3 Probe 3 9 CONTROL 6 20 CREATE 6 24 D DAC 0 7 Adding points 5 99 Echo evaluation 5 102 5 109 5 119 Editing points 5 98 Multiple DAC curves 5 99 Sensitivity correction 5 101 5 108 5 117 Setting up 5 96 Turning off 5 97 Turning on 5 93 DAC according to JIS 5 104 DAC curve Deleting 5 98 Recording 5 94 Recording CNDAC 5 113 Recording JISDAC 5 105 DAC TCG 5 93 DA...

Page 293: ...ument 3 12 Language 4 13 Scheme 4 16 Units 4 14 Defects errors 1 3 Defining probe angle 5 49 Defining the probe index angle 5 49 DELAY VELOCITY DGS 5 126 DELETE DATASET 6 8 Deleting CNDAC 5 119 DAC curve 5 98 DGS reference echo 5 131 Directory 6 4 File 6 7 JISDAC 5 109 Reading 6 27 Reference echo 5 38 Test report 6 7 Deleting the DAC curve CNDAC 5 119 Deleting the DAC curve JISDAC 5 109 DGS 0 7 Ba...

Page 294: ...8 Display range 5 9 5 10 Display screen 4 3 A scan representation 4 3 Display zero 5 12 Displaying dataset name 4 22 DR 6 21 6 23 6 25 6 27 6 29 DUAL pulser receiver separation 5 19 E Echo evaluation 5 24 5 28 5 52 Echo height comparison 5 37 ECHO MAX 5 72 Echo Max 5 72 Echo start gate 5 21 Editing DAC points 5 98 Header file 6 14 Memo file 6 11 Test report 6 7 EFF DIAMETER DGS 5 126 EN 12668 10 1...

Page 295: ... 8 3 FILENAME 4 20 4 21 6 3 6 5 6 8 6 17 6 19 6 23 6 25 6 27 Firmware 7 4 First operating level 4 9 5 3 FIRST PEAK 5 24 5 53 FIRST POINT 6 23 Flag 6 18 6 20 FLANK 5 24 5 53 Flaw class 5 41 Flaw gain 5 41 Flaw position calculation 5 44 FRAME 6 20 Freeze 0 7 5 68 FREEZE MODE 5 68 FREQUENCY 5 18 FULLWAVE 5 19 FUNCTION 1 5 8 Function groups 4 4 Function keys 4 8 Functions Display on the screen 4 4 Fir...

Page 296: ...2 GATE A 5 21 GATE A LOGIC 5 74 GATE B 5 21 Gate B Start 5 26 Gate logic 5 74 Gate tracking 5 26 GB 11345 5 111 GRID 4 17 6 29 Grid matrix 6 21 Turning off 6 29 Turning on 6 29 H HDR IN REPORT 6 15 Header 6 13 HEADER EDIT 6 13 Header file Creating 6 13 Editing 6 14 Including in the test report 6 15 HOME 4 11 Horn 5 78 I IMAGE IN REPOR 6 9 Index angle of probe 5 49 Instrument settings 4 19 Interfac...

Page 297: ...RGE 5 62 Alarm 5 64 LAST POINT 6 23 Layer 5 81 LED on charger power adaptor 3 8 LED on power supply unit 3 8 Legs 5 48 Limits of testing 1 5 LINE 5 118 LOCK 5 6 Locks DGS 5 129 M MAGNIFY GATE 5 65 Magnify gate 0 7 Magnify gate function 5 65 Maintenance 7 3 Making measurements 5 36 Material Instrument 9 13 Test object 1 6 Materials 9 20 Matrix 6 21 Turning off 6 29 Turning on 6 29 ...

Page 298: ...ory card Inserting 3 10 Removing 3 10 MODE 5 62 Multiple DGS curves 5 130 N Navigation 4 7 NEG HALFWAVE 5 19 Notes 6 10 O Object diameter 5 47 O DIAMETER 5 47 OFFSET 5 100 OFFSET2 5 100 OFFSETS 5 100 Operating level Function groups 5 2 Operating levels Concept 4 9 Operating manual 1 13 Operating time 0 8 Operational concept 4 9 Operator training 1 4 Operator s controls 4 2 Options 1 11 Enabling 5 ...

Page 299: ...assword 5 89 Changing 5 90 Lost 5 89 Saving 5 89 Password protection 5 89 Canceling 5 90 PEAK 5 24 5 53 Penetration 5 14 Phantom echo detector 5 57 PHANTOM PRF 5 57 Play 6 20 POINT 5 98 5 99 POINT GAIN 5 98 5 99 POS HALFWAVE 5 19 Power key 4 7 Power level indicator 0 8 POWER SAVER 5 79 Power saving mode 5 79 Power supply 3 2 Powering Off 3 11 Powering On 3 11 Prerequisite Measurement 5 36 Prerequi...

Page 300: ...valuation 5 132 Pulse repetition frequency 5 14 5 15 5 16 PULSER 5 13 Pulser 5 13 Pulser type 5 75 Pulser voltage 5 13 Pulser receiver separation 0 7 5 19 R Radio frequency 5 19 RANGE 5 9 5 10 Rating Welds 5 40 READING 5 58 6 24 Reading 4 5 Deleting 6 27 Storing 6 26 RECALL DATASET 4 21 Recalling Dataset 4 21 6 5 6 8 6 19 Dataset name 4 22 Settings 4 21 RECEIVER 5 18 Receiver 5 18 Receiver frequen...

Page 301: ...Reference block CNDAC 5 111 5 112 Reference echo Deleting 5 38 Echo height comparison 5 39 Recording 5 38 Reference gain 5 41 Reference lines CNDAC 5 118 REFERENCE TYPE DGS 5 126 REJECT 5 20 Reject 0 7 Remaining wall thickness 1 6 Reminder 0 7 Reminder for calibration 5 87 Remote control 6 21 Repair 7 3 REPLAY 6 19 6 20 Report header 6 13 Reset 3 12 Restart 3 12 Restoring 3 12 RF 5 19 Rotary knob ...

Page 302: ...JISDAC 5 107 Settings Displaying dataset name 4 22 Protecting 5 91 Recalling 4 21 6 5 Saving 4 19 SHOW REPORT 6 5 Side drilled hole 5 50 Skip distances 5 48 Software 1 2 3 11 7 4 Sound attenuation DGS evaluation 5 130 Sound attenuation factor 5 41 Sound energy 5 14 Spanning the gate 5 65 Specifications 10 2 Specifications according to EN12668 10 10 Speed 6 20 Square wave pulser 5 13 5 75 Start dis...

Page 303: ...CG DAC MODE 5 97 Technical test requirements 1 5 Temperature 1 6 TEST ATTEN DGS 5 126 TEST ATTEN sound attenuation in the test object DGS evaluation 5 130 Test object material 1 6 Test report 6 2 Deleting 6 7 Displaying 6 5 Printing 6 7 Storing 6 2 THICKNESS 5 46 Thickness 5 46 Through transmission 5 19 TIME 4 15 6 20 Time 4 15 TOF in LAYER 5 81 TOF MODE 5 24 5 52 TOF mode 5 28 TOF mode symbol 4 5...

Page 304: ...S 5 135 U UGO 4 19 UltraMATE 6 21 UNITS setting units 4 14 Updates 7 4 Upgrade 5 51 USB interface 8 2 8 3 USER GAIN STEP 5 6 V VELOCITY 5 11 Velocity 5 11 Version number 5 51 7 4 Video Recording 6 16 Viewing 6 19 VIRTUAL LED 5 64 VOLTAGE 5 13 W Wall thickness 5 46 Wall thickness measurement 1 5 Waste disposal 9 14 WEEE directive 9 13 Weld Rating 5 40 WIDTH 5 15 X X VALUE 5 47 XTAL FREQUENCY DGS 5 ...

Page 305: ...11 Index USM 36 Issue 2 12 2013 11 17 Z Zoom 4 3 ...

Page 306: ...11 Index 11 18 Issue 2 12 2013 USM 36 ...

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