FLIR ThermaCAM P65 User Manual Download Page 15

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175

18.1

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................

175

18.2

Emissivity ..............................................................................................................................

176

18.2.1

Finding the emissivity of a sample .......................................................................

176

18.2.1.1

Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature .......................

178

18.2.1.2

Step 2: Determining the emissivity ...................................................

179

18.3

Reflected apparent temperature ..........................................................................................

179

18.4

Distance ................................................................................................................................

179

18.5

Relative humidity ..................................................................................................................

179

18.6

Other parameters ..................................................................................................................

181

19 History of infrared technology ......................................................................................................

185

20 Theory of thermography ................................................................................................................

185

20.1

Introduction ...........................................................................................................................

185

20.2

The electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................................

186

20.3

Blackbody radiation ..............................................................................................................

187

20.3.1

Planck’s law ..........................................................................................................

188

20.3.2

Wien’s displacement law ......................................................................................

190

20.3.3

Stefan-Boltzmann's law .........................................................................................

190

20.3.4

Non-blackbody emitters .......................................................................................

193

20.4

Infrared semi-transparent materials .....................................................................................

195

21 The measurement formula .............................................................................................................

201

22 Emissivity tables .............................................................................................................................

201

22.1

References ............................................................................................................................

201

22.2

Important note about the emissivity tables ..........................................................................

201

22.3

Tables ....................................................................................................................................

217

Index ................................................................................................................................................

Publ. No. 1557954 Rev. a155 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 7, 2006

Summary of Contents for ThermaCAM P65

Page 1: ...U ivatelsk p ru ka Gebruikershandleiding User s manual Benutzerhandbuch Manual del usuario Manuel de l utilisateur Manuale dell utente Manual do utilizador Felhas zn l i k zik nyv K ytt j n opas Betje...

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Page 3: ...verview 5 Connecting system components 6 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 Tutorials 8 Camera overview 9 Camera program 10 Folder and file structure 11 Electrical...

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Page 5: ...nical specifications dimensional drawings 16 Glossary 17 Thermographic measurement techniques 18 History of infrared technology 19 Theory of thermography 20 The measurement formula 21 Emissivity table...

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Page 7: ...ThermaCAM P65 User s manual Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006...

Page 8: ...eory Copyright FLIR Systems 2006 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer lang...

Page 9: ...Pending Japan PCT SE01 00983 Application PCT PCT SE01 00984 Application PCT PCT SE02 00857 Application PCT PCT SE03 00307 Application PCT PCT SE 00 00739 Application PCT 0302837 0 Application Sweden...

Page 10: ...Reg No Status Designation 29 233 400 Pending U S x Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006...

Page 11: ...2 6 Repair 25 7 2 7 Control 26 7 3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 26 7 3 1 How to correctly set the equipment 26 7 3 2 Temperature measurement 28 7 3 3...

Page 12: ...1 Setting the reference temperature 53 8 4 2 Setting up a silent alarm 53 8 4 3 Setting up an audible alarm 55 8 5 Creating a text comment file 56 8 6 Changing level span 56 8 6 1 Changing the level 5...

Page 13: ...omment 92 10 2 2 7 Text comment 97 10 2 2 8 Image description 98 10 2 3 Analysis menu 98 10 2 3 1 Edit mode 98 10 2 3 2 Add spot 100 10 2 3 3 Add box 102 10 2 3 4 Add circle 104 10 2 3 5 Add line 107...

Page 14: ...ctor 141 16 3 Image presentation 141 16 4 Temperature ranges 141 16 5 Correction parameters 142 16 6 Laser LocatIR 142 16 7 Electrical power system 142 16 8 Environmental specifications 143 16 9 Physi...

Page 15: ...of infrared technology 185 20 Theory of thermography 185 20 1 Introduction 185 20 2 The electromagnetic spectrum 186 20 3 Blackbody radiation 187 20 3 1 Planck s law 188 20 3 2 Wien s displacement la...

Page 16: ...xvi Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006...

Page 17: ...tector Note that this sensitivity is also present when the camera is switched off and the lens cap is mounted on the lens Each camera from FLIR Systems is calibrated prior to shipping It is advisable...

Page 18: ...erence to radio or television re ception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures...

Page 19: ...ic customer configuration and may contain more or less items FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change specifications at any time without pr...

Page 20: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 4 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 2 Important note about this manual...

Page 21: ...ing a few buttons which are conveniently placed on the camera allowing fingertip control of major functions A built in menu system also gives easy access to the advanced simple to use camera software...

Page 22: ...ated portable IR scanner for industrial applications predictive maintenance Model 750 1975 1st TV compatible system Model 525 1978 1st dual wavelength scanning system capable of real time analog recor...

Page 23: ...nality 2004 1st camera models specially designed for building thermography B1 B2 and B20 10401603 a3 Figure 3 3 LEFT FLIR Systems Thermovision Model 661 The photo is taken on May 30th 1969 at the dist...

Page 24: ...es 10401303 a1 Figure 3 4 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 3 5 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 3 8 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155...

Page 25: ...10401503 a1 Figure 3 6 LEFT Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot for camera testing and calibration 3 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 9 3 Welcome...

Page 26: ...features and specifications have changed since the time of printing Please let us know about any errors you find as well as your suggestions for future editions by sending an e mail to documentation...

Page 27: ...1 909 820 Adapter for CompactFlash card 2 1 195 268 Battery 1 1 195 267 Battery charger 1 1 910 017 CompactFlash card 1 1 909 775 CVBS video cable 1 1 909 813 FireWire cable 4 4 1 1 909 812 FireWire c...

Page 28: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 12 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 4 Packing list...

Page 29: ...System overview This system overview shows all accessories that are possible to order for a Therma CAM P65 10570903 a3 Figure 5 1 System overview 5 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006...

Page 30: ...95 267 11 External power supply 1 909 528 12 Automotive cigarette lighter 12 VDC adapter 1 195 143 13 Shoulder strap 117 132 14 Adapter for CompactFlash card 1 909 820 15 CompactFlash card 1 909 653 1...

Page 31: ...Bluetooth wireless technology Depending on your camera configuration this feature may be an extra option One of the following part numbers 1 910 218 1 910 219 1 910 213 29 5 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155...

Page 32: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 5 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 5 System overview...

Page 33: ...ut USB or RS 232 cable The connector on the camera is also used as a connector for the video lamp 1 Bluetooth antenna For information about connecting a headset featuring Bluetooth wireless tech nolog...

Page 34: ...Rear connectors Figure 6 4 Explanations of callouts Explanation Callout FireWire cable 1 CompactFlash card 1 Power supply cable 2 CVBS cable i e composite video 3 Remote control cable 4 6 18 Publ No...

Page 35: ...d 1 Action Step On the camera look for the serial number and write it down 1 The address for the camera is ircamXXXXX where XXXXX are the five last figures in the serial number 2 6 Publ No 1557954 Rev...

Page 36: ...s will typically display two networks the camera network and the PC network 10415703 a1 1 Look for the Default Gateway number for Connection specific DNS suffix IN FRARED and write it down 2 The addre...

Page 37: ...lable It all began in 1964 more than 40 years ago The technique is now established throughout the whole world Industrialized countries as well as developing countries have adopted this technique Therm...

Page 38: ...that the healthy part is taking the entire load and therefore becomes overheated A similar example is shown in section 7 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another on page 37 Defec...

Page 39: ...ithin an area in the image or the difference between the maximum temperature in the chosen area and a reference which can be chosen by the operator for example the ambient temperature 10712703 a3 Figu...

Page 40: ...trical components safely with the equipment under normal oper ating conditions there are many other sources of information the maintenance or the production manager has to consider The priority of rep...

Page 41: ...heduled IR survey represents an unnecessary risk for the plant Besides increasing the efficiency of the maintenance cycle measured in terms of lower risk for the plant the immediate control of the rep...

Page 42: ...etting the temperature scale values 7 3 2 Temperature measurement Some cameras today can automatically find the highest temperature in the image The image below shows how it looks to the operator 1071...

Page 43: ...However the real hot spot is most probably hidden inside the box see the in yellow encircled area This fault is reported as a 23 0 C 41 4 F excess temperature but the real problem is probably essenti...

Page 44: ...t materials at increasing or decreasing conductor areas or on circuit breakers where the current path is encapsulated The image below shows three fuses the temperatures of which are very close to each...

Page 45: ...g temperature given the load and the ambient temperature Consider the following definitions Operating temperature the absolute temperature of the component It depends on the current load and the ambie...

Page 46: ...indoor substa tions the operating temperatures vary a lot more This fact is clearly shown by the bottom image as well Here the left phase is the one which shows an excess temperature The operating tem...

Page 47: ...sible but think about the load situa tion before a decision is made 5 30 C 9 54 F II Acute overheating Must be re paired immediately but think about the load situation before a decision is made 30 C 5...

Page 48: ...ction site address city and so on Date of inspection Date of report Name of thermographer Signature of thermographer Summary or table of contents Inspection pages containing IR images to document and...

Page 49: ...10713603 a3 Figure 7 10 A report example 7 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 33 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations...

Page 50: ...see is a reflection or not is for you to move Look at the target from a different angle and watch the hot spot If it moves when you do it is a reflection Measuring temperature of mirror like details i...

Page 51: ...agnetic fields which will eventually heat up the weight The overheating in the image is less than 5 C 9 F This however need not necessarily always be the case 7 5 4 Load variations 3 phase systems are...

Page 52: ...about 5 C 9 F hotter than those which do not No fault to be reported in these examples 7 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 10714103 a3 Figure 7 15 An infrared image of bundled cables When for example a n...

Page 53: ...image to the right shows another overheating situation this time again due to a loose connection It is an outdoor connection hence it is exposed to the cooling effect of the wind and it is likely tha...

Page 54: ...bad contact in the near finger of the contactor Thus the far finger carries more current and gets hotter The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same however it is similar 7 38...

Page 55: ...ind is stronger than 8 m s 16 knots There are many windy places in the world islands mountains and so on but it is important to know that overheated components found would have shown a considerably hi...

Page 56: ...tance to 20 meters 66 ft which was done afterwards is shown in the image to the right where the corrected temperature is 38 8 C 101 8 F The difference is not too crucial but may take the fault into a...

Page 57: ...t is not possible to measure correct values if the object is too small Distance was properly set to 10 meters 33 ft 10714603 a3 Figure 7 20 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at incre...

Page 58: ...ffect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements It is typical for all infrared cameras and can not be avoided 7 42 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2...

Page 59: ...the plastic cover Some camera models have a separate External optics transmission entry 7 7 3 Emissivity You have to determine the emissivity for the material which you are measuring Mostly you will...

Page 60: ...5 Object too far away Are you in doubt that the camera you have is measuring correctly at the actual dis tance A rule of thumb for your lens is to multiply the IFOV by 3 IFOV is the detail of the obj...

Page 61: ...see section 8 8 6 Inserting removing the battery on page 61 1 Briefly press the green ON OFF button to switch on the camera 2 Press and hold down the green on off button for a few seconds to switch of...

Page 62: ...joystick 4 For more information about opening images see section 10 2 2 1 Images on page 87 8 2 3 Deleting one or several images Action Step Press the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar 1 Poi...

Page 63: ...ft below and press the joystick To go down one level select the symbol to the right below and press the joy stick 10726403 a2 Figure 8 2 LEFT Folder symbol to go up one level RIGHT Folder symbol to do...

Page 64: ...on page 88 8 3 Working with measurements 8 3 1 Laying out moving a spot Action Step Press the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar 1 Point to Add spot on the Analysis menu and press the joystic...

Page 65: ...ny direction by pressing and moving the joystick To leave the edit mode press the C button twice You can also leave the edit mode by holding down the joystick for a few seconds which will display a sh...

Page 66: ...ysis menu and press the joystick This will display eight gray handles on the box 2 Press the joystick once again This will make a small box in the middle turn yellow 3 Move the joystick left right or...

Page 67: ...Action Step To move the box move the joystick any direction 5 Press the C button three times to leave the edit mode 6 8 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 51 8 Tutorials...

Page 68: ...the reference temperature means that an alarm output will only be triggered if the temperature value exceeds the sum of the average temperature value in the buffer the user defined delta alarm offset...

Page 69: ...trigger the alarm 4 Select Identity by pressing the joystick left right to assign an identity to the function selected above 5 Select Output by pressing the joystick left right until Silent is highli...

Page 70: ...t until Beep is highlighted 6 Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the joystick left right Alarm temp will only be available if Set from ref temp has been disabled below 7 Specify whether the alarm temp...

Page 71: ...Building Workshop Section Room 1 Equipment Tool 1 Recommendation Repair 4 Save the file to Desktop and change the file extension to tcf 5 Transfer the tcf file to your PDA You can also move the file t...

Page 72: ...ormation about level see section 10 2 4 4 Level Span on page 111 8 6 2 Changing the span Action Step Press the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar 1 If the camera is in continuous adjust mode...

Page 73: ...e joystick 2 Move the joystick up down to select Temp unit 3 Move the joystick left right to change the temperature unit 4 Press the joystick to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box 5 8 7 3 C...

Page 74: ...s the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar 1 Point to Date time on the Setup menu and press the joystick 2 Move the joystick up down to select year month day minute and second 3 Move the joysti...

Page 75: ...4 2 Lenses on page 137 10396903 a2 Figure 8 3 Mounting an additional lens Action Step Make sure the index mark on the IR lens is lined up with the index mark on the camera 1 Carefully push the lens in...

Page 76: ...the lens in the Optics temperature text box by moving the joystick left right Usually this temperature is the same temperature as the camera s ambient temperature However in some situations such as wh...

Page 77: ...f times You can do this by using the camera until the battery is fully depleted 8 8 6 1 Inserting the battery 10397003 a2 Figure 8 4 Inserting the battery Action Step Open the lid of the battery compa...

Page 78: ...a rear spring loaded latch See the figure on page 72 8 8 7 1 Removing the remote control 10397203 a3 Figure 8 6 Removing the remote control Action Step Firmly hold the camera in your left hand and gr...

Page 79: ...and 1 Align the remote control handle with the camera handle so that the rear end of the remote control handle mates with the rear spring loaded latch 2 Pull the remote control handle backwards and th...

Page 80: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 8 64 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 8 Tutorials...

Page 81: ...uttons For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 75 1 F1 button For more information about the functionality of this button see secti...

Page 82: ...ction 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 75 3 Camera status LCD For more information about the LCD see section 9 5 Camera status LCD on page 79 4 Connector for remote control 5 Viewfinder 6 Removabl...

Page 83: ...S button For more information about the S button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 75 3 A button For more information about the A button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on pag...

Page 84: ...t connecting a headset featuring Bluetooth wireless tech nology see section 10 2 5 6 Bluetooth on page 120 Depending on your camera configuration this feature may be an extra option 7 Lens 8 9 68 Publ...

Page 85: ...9 3 Video lamp to be inserted in the RS 232 USB connector The video lamp will automatically be switched on when the user switches to visual mode 9 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 6...

Page 86: ...1 Joystick For more information about the joystick see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 75 2 ON OFF button green For more information about the ON OFF button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons...

Page 87: ...ation link to communicate with the camera using a PDA laptop computer etc For more information about using IrDA see section 9 4 IrDA infrared communi cation link on page 78 4 9 Publ No 1557954 Rev a15...

Page 88: ...10394603 a4 Figure 9 5 Camera parts 4 Description of part Callout Spring loaded locking latch for the remote control 1 9 72 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 9 Camera overview...

Page 89: ...sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatIR should always be protected by the lens cap For more information about Laser Locat...

Page 90: ...button For more information about the C button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 75 2 A button For more information about the A button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 7...

Page 91: ...edit mode If the camera is in manual adjust mode press to change the function of the joystick to level up down and span left right C Press to display the menu system Press to exit the menu system Pre...

Page 92: ...functions None Adjust once Auto focus Reverse palette Next palette Visual IR Update ref temp F2 Press to switch on Laser LocatIR Button for Laser LocatIR 9 76 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN Febru...

Page 93: ...a that the camera uses when autofocusing is a 80 60 pixel box centered vertically and horizontally on the screen The camera will have difficulties autofocusing when the image has low contrasts between...

Page 94: ...f you beam a PocketWord psw file it can either be used as an image description for an infrared image or as a label or value when adding text comments to infrared images For more information about beam...

Page 95: ...lashing if the battery is being charged internally 2 CompactFlash card indicator Switched on if a CompactFlash card is inserted 3 CompactFlash status bar All segments switched on the card is empty All...

Page 96: ...er will vary by the target distance Laser LocatIR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam...

Page 97: ...es a visual camera located at the front of the camera handle The visual camera has no motorized focus and you will need to occasionally focus the camera by rotating the lens manually 9 Publ No 1557954...

Page 98: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 9 82 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 9 Camera overview...

Page 99: ...Circle 1 minimum temperature 1 Circle 1 average temperature 1 Line 1 maximum temperature 1 Line 1 minimum temperature 1 Line 1 average temperature 1 Line 1 cursor temperature 1 Isotherm 1 above 1 Iso...

Page 100: ...mperature scale is displayed on the right hand side of the screen The scale shows how the colors are distributed along the various temperatures in the image with high temperatures at the upper end and...

Page 101: ...impor tant information about battery status etc Figure 10 5 Critical camera information a few examples Explanation Message The battery level is below a critical level Battery low The camera will be sw...

Page 102: ...es Press the C button to exit the menu system Press the C button to cancel selections in menus and dialog boxes Move the joystick up down to move up down in menus submenus and dialog boxes Move the jo...

Page 103: ...pactFlash card or in the internal camera memory The following files are dis played infrared images visual images seq files sequence files captured using burst recording avi files DV AVI files captured...

Page 104: ...g and holding down the joy stick and selecting Delete all For more information see see section 8 2 3 Deleting one or several images on page 46 Navigate between the internal camera memory and the exter...

Page 105: ...ng the periodicity Press the joystick Starting the recording Press the joystick again Images will be stored sequentially in the current directory If the recording is stopped and then started again the...

Page 106: ...rding toolbar Explanation Callout Go to beginning of frame sequence 1 Go to previous frame in the frame sequence 2 Play back the frame sequence backward 3 Stop the recording or the playback of the fra...

Page 107: ...565303 a2 10 Record a frame sequence 11 Open a saved frame sequence a seq file or an avi file 12 Save the current frame as an IR image 13 Save the frame sequence as a seq file or an avi file 14 10 2 2...

Page 108: ...d voice comment dialog box You create this checklist in a simple text editor save it as voicecomment txt and put it in the Images folder in the camera When you open the voice comment dialog box the ne...

Page 109: ...ter Pro 7 0 Manuale dell operatore 1 557 796 ThermaCAM Reporter Pro 7 0 User s Manual 1 557 788 You can also create the text comment in any ASCII text editor For more information about creating a text...

Page 110: ...stick up down to select a label on the first tab and then press the joystick 10566003 a3 1 Move the joystick up down to select a value on the second tab and press the joystick 10566103 a3 2 To see the...

Page 111: ...le menu and press the joystick A dialog box with four tabs will appear on the screen Move the joystick up down to select a label on the first tab and then press the joystick 10566003 a3 1 To specify a...

Page 112: ...p the text comment for future use select Yes on the Settings tab 10566403 a2 4 To include the numerical value in your text comment go back to the first tab and select the value 5 Press the S button to...

Page 113: ...n ThermaCAM Reporter 7 0 consult any of the following manuals ThermaCAM Reporter 7 0 Bedienungsanleitung 1 557 792 ThermaCAM Reporter 7 0 Manuel d utilisation 1 557 790 ThermaCAM Reporter 7 0 Manual d...

Page 114: ...e spot is selected to display a shortcut menu 10390103 a3 Figure 10 18 Shortcut menu for Spot Figure 10 19 Explanations of the shortcut menu for Spot Explanation Command Point to Delete and press the...

Page 115: ...different materials An emissivity table can be created and edited in FLIR Systems s PC software The emissivity file can be stored at root level or at directory level However the camera software priori...

Page 116: ...to exit the edit mode Exit edit mode Point to Set as ref temp and press the joystick to use the box tem perature as the reference temperature Set as ref temp Point to Max and press the joystick to dis...

Page 117: ...ferent materials An emissivity table can be created and edited in FLIR Systems s PC software The emissivity file can be stored at root level or at directory level However the camera software prioritiz...

Page 118: ...lanation Command Point to Delete and press the joystick to delete the circle Delete Point to Exit edit mode and press the joystick to exit the edit mode Exit edit mode Point to Set as ref temp and pre...

Page 119: ...or a number of different materials An emissivity table can be created and edited in FLIR Systems s PC software The emissivity file can be stored at root level or at directory level However the camera...

Page 120: ...nt to Delete and press the joystick to delete the line Delete Point to Exit edit mode and press the joystick to exit the edit mode Exit edit mode Point to Show profile and press the joystick to displa...

Page 121: ...log box Comments Value Label Select On to set the emissivity the reflected tem perature and the distance for this line only Selecting On will also assign an asterisk to the measurement marker s label...

Page 122: ...t level and saves those instead User defined Emissivity table You can set T Reflected if Local is enabled If not this option will be shaded User defined T Reflected You can set Distance if Local is en...

Page 123: ...is selected to display a shortcut menu 10391003 a3 Figure 10 35 Shortcut menu for Isotherm Figure 10 36 Explanations of the Isotherm shortcut menu Explanation Command Point to Delete and press the jo...

Page 124: ...t isotherm colors Dual Below See below Settings Point to Settings and press the joystick to display an Isotherm settings dialog box where you can change the settings for the isotherm 10397403 a3 Figur...

Page 125: ...the result table For more information about difference calculations see section 10 2 5 2 Difference on page 116 10 2 3 8 Ref temp 10391403 a3 Figure 10 39 Reference temperature dialog box The referen...

Page 126: ...l or at directory level However the camera software prioritizes files that are stored at directory level and the directory has to be selected in order to store the emissivity file in the camera memory...

Page 127: ...anually change level and span The level command can be regarded as the brightness while the span command can be regarded as the contrast Move the joystick up down to change the level indicated by an a...

Page 128: ...ge the color palette Figure 10 44 Explanations of the Palette dialog box Comments Value Label Move the joystick left right to change the palette Configuration depen dent Palette Move the joystick left...

Page 129: ...tup dialog box Figure 10 46 Explanations of the Image Setup dialog box Comments Value Label Move the joystick left right to change the adjust method These settings influence the image quality and diff...

Page 130: ...per ature e g power lines in front of a clear sky In this case you want to use as many colors as pos sible for your object and as few as possible for the background To do this specify a temperature sl...

Page 131: ...some image smearing On Off Noise reduction Press the Adjust region button to display a region on the screen that will be used when autoadjusting the camera Adjust region Press the joystick left right...

Page 132: ...and 10 to assign an identity to this function 1 10 Identity Move the joystick left right to define the type of result the difference calculation will use for its cal culations Depending on the Functi...

Page 133: ...n gives you a chance to add a visual image to the infrared image Yes No Prompt visual For a detailed explanation see below Unique counter Date Directory Image naming If On is selected all on screen gr...

Page 134: ...te The format depends on your settings in the Local settings dialog box YYMMDD Counter within directory nnn IR_020909_001 jpg Example The counter will be reset every day Comment Figure 10 53 Naming ba...

Page 135: ...guration depen dent Identity Select Silent to make the background of the corresponding measurement function turn red when an alarm is triggered Select Beep to additionally make the camera trigger a be...

Page 136: ...the camera To do this move the joystick left right to select Active When establishing a connection between the camera and an active digital video unit such as a PC the unit itself will activate and de...

Page 137: ...ons of the Power Setup dialog box Comments Value Label Move the joystick left right to specify the time after which the camera will be switched off if it is not used None 10 min Auto power off Move th...

Page 138: ...bel on the status bar On Off T Reflected Move the joystick left right to enable disable this label on the status bar On Off T Atmosphere Move the joystick left right to enable disable this label on th...

Page 139: ...l IR Update ref temp F1 Move the joystick left right to specify the function of the F2 button on the left side of the camera None Adjust once Auto focus Reverse palette Next palette Visual IR Update r...

Page 140: ...s in the Local settings dialog box Hour 00 59 Minute 00 59 Second 10 2 5 11 Local settings 10393903 a3 Figure 10 67 Local settings dialog box Figure 10 68 Explanations of the Local settings dialog box...

Page 141: ...oint to Profile and click Save to save the following user settings as a user profile Measurement markers Object parameters Palette Image settings Power settings Date time Once you have saved a profile...

Page 142: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 10 126 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 10 Camera program...

Page 143: ...with an external CompactFlash card and internal camera memory as it is appears using Windows Explorer The camera is the top node in the folder structure Ircam01195 The external CompactFlash card is i...

Page 144: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 11 128 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 11 Folder and file structure...

Page 145: ...te the following The camera is shipped with charged batteries To increase the battery life the battery should be fully discharged and charged a couple of times by using the camera or leaving the camer...

Page 146: ...attery is correctly inserted into the camera 1 Connect the power supply cable to the camera 2 The message Charging battery will appear on the screen 3 While charging the battery status symbol will pul...

Page 147: ...1 The charger is under power but no battery is inserted Fixed green light 1 The charger is under power and a battery is inserted Flashing green light 1 The battery is too cold or too warm Flashing red...

Page 148: ...ediately seek medical care If left untreated the battery fluid could cause damage to the eye When charging the battery only use a specified battery charger Do not attach the batteries to a power suppl...

Page 149: ...be discharged is 15 45 C 18 8 113 F Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy 12 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH...

Page 150: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 12 134 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 12 Electrical power system...

Page 151: ...nector consists of a fixed inner tube and a sliding outer tube The outer tube controls the locking teeth To unlock the connector pull the outer tube in the indicated direction See the figure below Nev...

Page 152: ...10403003 a1 Figure 13 2 Unlocking a LEMO connector 13 136 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 13 A note on LEMO connectors...

Page 153: ...l alcohol C2H5OH may be used to clean the lenses The lenses should be wiped once with the solution then the cotton wool should be discarded If ethyl alcohol is unavailable DEE i e ether diethylether C...

Page 154: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 14 138 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 14 Maintenance cleaning...

Page 155: ...power supply connector is properly insert ed If you are using the power supply the power supply connector may not be prop erly inserted into the power connector on the camera Verify that the mains pl...

Page 156: ...or on the camera When connecting the in frared camera to an exter nal video monitor no image appears Verify that the video cable connector is properly insert ed The video cable connector may not be pr...

Page 157: ...gital image enhancement 640 480 pixels full color Built in digital video 16 2 Detector Focal Plane Array FPA uncooled microbolome ter 320 240 pixels Type 7 5 13 m Spectral range 16 3 Image presentatio...

Page 158: ...Display shows battery status Battery operating time In camera AC adapter or stand alone 2 bay charger Battery charging AC adapter 90 260 VAC 50 60 Hz 12 VDC out AC operation 9 16 VDC 11 16 VDC when c...

Page 159: ...34 Camera type 253 241 124 161 mm 9 49 4 88 6 34 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Size L W H Standard 1 4 20 Tripod mounting 16 10 Interfaces connectors U...

Page 160: ...MO 1B 6 pins Connector type Pin number Type Signal name 1 I O USB_D 2 I O USB_D 3 OUT USB_POWER 4 GND GND 5 OUT RS232_TX1 6 IN RS232_RX1 10563403 a1 Figure 16 2 Video lamp to be inserted in the RS 232...

Page 161: ...on page 144 Connector type Pin number Type Signal name 3 OUT POWER 4 GND GND 16 11 2 Remote control connector 10402803 a1 Figure 16 3 Pin configuration for remote control connector on camera operator...

Page 162: ...connector 10402503 a1 Figure 16 5 Pin configuration for CVBS connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis RCA PHONO Connector type Pin number Type Signal name CENTER PIN VIDEO CVBS CHAS...

Page 163: ...Wire 4 pins Connector type Pin number Type Signal name 1 OUT TPB0 2 OUT TPB0 3 IN TPA0 4 IN TPA1 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 147 16 Technical specifications dimensional draw...

Page 164: ...ical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instantaneous field of view size of one detector element 10586403 a2 Figure 16 8 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for cert...

Page 165: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 124 mm lens camera type 234 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 149 16 Technical specification...

Page 166: ...0 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 124 mm lens camera type 253 16 150 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specificatio...

Page 167: ...1 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 72 mm lens camera type 218 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 151 16 Technical specification...

Page 168: ...2 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 72 mm lens camera type 234 16 152 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specification...

Page 169: ...3 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 72 mm lens camera type 253 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 153 16 Technical specification...

Page 170: ...4 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 36 mm lens camera type 218 16 154 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specification...

Page 171: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 36 mm lens camera type 234 281 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 155 16 Technical specificati...

Page 172: ...6 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 36 mm lens camera type 253 16 156 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specification...

Page 173: ...7 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 18 mm lens camera type 218 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 157 16 Technical specification...

Page 174: ...8 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 18 mm lens camera type 234 16 158 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specification...

Page 175: ...9 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 18 mm lens camera type 253 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 159 16 Technical specification...

Page 176: ...20 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 9 mm lens camera type 218 16 160 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specification...

Page 177: ...21 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 9 mm lens camera type 234 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 161 16 Technical specification...

Page 178: ...pe 253 Figure 16 23 F number and close focus limits for various lenses 9 0 mm 18 mm 36 mm 72 mm 124 mm Lens 0 15 0 1 0 3 1 2 4 Close focus limit m 0 49 0 32 0 98 3 93 13 11 Close focus limit ft 1 0 1...

Page 179: ...asic dimensions battery charger 10388003 a4 Figure 16 24 Overall dimensions of the battery charger 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 163 16 Technical specifications dimensional dr...

Page 180: ...16 14 Basic dimensions battery 10388103 a4 Figure 16 25 Overall dimensions of the battery 16 164 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Page 181: ...Basic dimensions remote control 10394003 a4 Figure 16 26 Overall dimensions of the remote control 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 165 16 Technical specifications dimensional dra...

Page 182: ...rall dimensions of the camera For camera type 253 replace 234 mm 9 21 with 241 mm 9 49 Three digit camera type number is stated on configuration label 16 166 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN Februa...

Page 183: ...imensions camera 10563203 a2 Figure 16 28 Overall dimensions of the camera when the video lamp is mounted 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 167 16 Technical specifications dimensi...

Page 184: ...of the standard tripod mount 1 4 20 For camera type 253 replace 100 mm 3 94 with 107 mm 4 21 Three digit camera type number is stated on configuration label 16 168 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN...

Page 185: ...19 Basic dimensions video lamp 10563303 a2 Figure 16 30 Overall dimensions of the video lamp 16 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 169 16 Technical specifications dimensional drawing...

Page 186: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 16 170 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 16 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Page 187: ...tive humidity of air and the distance to the object calculated atmospheric transmission A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck cavity radiator The temperature...

Page 188: ...age that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals isotherm A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck isothermal cavity An electrically powe...

Page 189: ...A number between 0 and 1 reflection Percentage of water in the air relative to what is physically possible Air temperature dependent relative humidity The areas that contain temperatures outside the p...

Page 190: ...otherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image transparent isotherm Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mod...

Page 191: ...ity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 18 2 Emissivity The most important object parame...

Page 192: ...method Action Step Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 18 1 1 Reflection source 1 If the reflection source is a spot source...

Page 193: ...does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 18 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector me...

Page 194: ...en 4 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 5 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 6 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 7 Measure the temperature of...

Page 195: ...following two facts That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 18 5 Relative h...

Page 196: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 18 180 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 18 Thermographic measurement techniques...

Page 197: ...t he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that woul...

Page 198: ...use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attemptin...

Page 199: ...the heat from a person standing 3 meters away 10 ft The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous...

Page 200: ...able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the...

Page 201: ...e all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 Figure 20 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radi...

Page 202: ...presents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for a...

Page 203: ...the radiation emitted from a blackbody 20 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 20 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blac...

Page 204: ...t law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to and finding the maximum we have This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation tha...

Page 205: ...trogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 m in the extreme infrared wavelengths 10327203 a3 Figure 20 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales f...

Page 206: ...formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m2 we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not fo...

Page 207: ...simplifies to Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definit...

Page 208: ...the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 10401203 a1 Figure 20 8 Spectral radiant emittance of...

Page 209: ...o the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the pro...

Page 210: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 20 194 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 20 Theory of thermography...

Page 211: ...ortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is...

Page 212: ...er to derive a workable formula and Trefl can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittanc...

Page 213: ...task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperature...

Page 214: ...s now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of U...

Page 215: ...g measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters 0 88 Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 21 Publ...

Page 216: ...g measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters 0 88 Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 21 200 P...

Page 217: ...Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 6 Vlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at 5 m Photogrammet...

Page 218: ...ongly Aluminum 1 0 04 0 06 T 50 100 polished Aluminum 2 0 05 T 100 polished sheet Aluminum 4 0 05 T 100 polished plate Aluminum 3 0 28 3 m 27 roughened Aluminum 3 0 18 10 m 27 roughened Aluminum 1 0 0...

Page 219: ...100 oxidized Brass 1 0 59 0 61 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Brass 1 0 03 T 200 polished Brass 2 0 03 T 100 polished highly Brass 2 0 20 T 20 rubbed with 80 grit emery Brass 1 0 06 T 20 sheet rolled Bra...

Page 220: ...radiating Brick 1 0 66 T 1230 silica 95 SiO2 Brick 1 0 29 T 1500 sillimanite 33 SiO2 64 Al2O3 Brick 5 0 87 SW 17 waterproof Brick 9 0 06 LW 70 phosphor bronze Bronze 9 0 08 SW 70 phosphor bronze Bronz...

Page 221: ...l ished Copper 1 0 13 0 15 T 1100 1300 molten Copper 1 0 6 0 7 T 50 oxidized Copper 4 0 78 T 27 oxidized black Copper 2 0 78 T 20 oxidized heavily Copper 1 0 88 T oxidized to black ness Copper 1 0 02...

Page 222: ...carefully Gold 2 0 02 T 100 polished highly Gold 8 0 849 LLW 20 polished Granite 8 0 879 LLW 21 rough Granite 9 0 77 0 87 LW 70 rough 4 different samples Granite 9 0 95 0 97 SW 70 rough 4 different s...

Page 223: ...y polished Iron and steel 1 0 24 T 20 freshly worked with emery Iron and steel 1 0 55 0 61 T 950 1100 ground sheet Iron and steel 2 0 69 T 20 heavily rusted sheet Iron and steel 1 0 77 T 20 hot rolled...

Page 224: ...250 wrought carefully polished Iron and steel 9 0 85 LW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 9 0 64 SW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 4 0 07 T 92 sheet Iron galvanized 1 0 23 T 30 sheet burnished...

Page 225: ...3 0 4 T Lime 4 0 07 T 22 Magnesium 4 0 13 T 260 Magnesium 4 0 18 T 538 Magnesium 2 0 07 T 20 polished Magnesium 1 0 86 T Magnesium pow der 1 0 08 0 13 T 600 1000 Molybdenum 1 0 19 0 26 T 1500 2200 Mol...

Page 226: ...l 4 0 11 T 22 electroplated on iron unpolished Nickel 2 0 37 T 200 oxidized Nickel 4 0 37 T 227 oxidized Nickel 4 0 85 T 1227 oxidized Nickel 1 0 37 0 48 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Nickel 4 0 045 T 1...

Page 227: ...6 0 96 SW 20 oil gray gloss Paint 1 0 92 0 96 T 100 oil various colors Paint 2 0 94 T 100 oil based average of 16 colors Paint 6 0 95 SW 20 plastic black Paint 6 0 84 SW 20 plastic white Paint 9 0 92...

Page 228: ...ted circ board Plastic 9 0 55 LW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 29 SW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 93 LW 70 PVC plastic floor dull structured Plastic 9 0 94 SW 70 PVC plast...

Page 229: ...02 0 03 T 200 600 pure polished Silver 2 0 98 T 32 human Skin 1 0 97 0 93 T 0 100 boiler Slag 1 0 89 0 78 T 200 500 boiler Slag 1 0 76 0 70 T 600 1200 boiler Slag 1 0 69 0 67 T 1400 1800 boiler Slag S...

Page 230: ...T 20 50 burnished Tin 2 0 07 T 100 tin plated sheet iron Tin 1 0 40 T 200 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 50 T 500 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 60 T 1000 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 15 T 200 poli...

Page 231: ...w Water 5 0 98 SW 17 Wood 8 0 962 LLW 19 Wood 1 0 5 0 7 T ground Wood 9 0 81 0 89 LW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 9 0 67 0 75 SW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 1 0 8 0 9 T 20 planed Wood 2 0 90...

Page 232: ...6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 04 0 05 T 200 300 polished Zinc 1 0 20 T 50 sheet Zinc 22 216 Publ No 1557954 Rev a155 ENGLISH EN February 7 2006 22 Emissivity tables...

Page 233: ...g list 11 Add box command 100 Add circle command 102 Add diff command 109 Add isotherm command 107 Add line command 104 address viii Add spot command 98 Add visual marker command 112 adjusting focus 6...

Page 234: ...n 70 S button 67 remote control A button 74 C button 74 buttons continued remote control continued S button 74 Buttons command 123 dialog box 123 C cable insulation 22 cables cleaning 137 calibration...

Page 235: ...37 lenses 137 commands Add box 100 Add circle 102 Add diff 109 commands continued Add isotherm 107 Add line 104 Add spot 98 Add visual marker 112 Bluetooth 121 Burst recording 89 Buttons 123 Camera in...

Page 236: ...ngs 124 Obj par 110 Palette 112 dialog boxes continued Periodic save 89 Power setup 121 Range 111 Ref temp 109 Save setup 117 Spot settings 99 Status bar 122 Text comment 92 Voice comment 91 Differenc...

Page 237: ...ems about 6 copyright viii history 6 E series 7 first thermo electrically cooled 6 model 525 6 model 650 6 continued history continued model 750 6 model 780 6 model P60 7 thermo electrically cooled fi...

Page 238: ...uctive heating 35 infrared communications link 71 how it works 78 infrared semi transparent body 193 infrared technology history 181 inserting battery 61 inspection 23 insulation cable 22 interfaces 1...

Page 239: ...li 183 level changing 56 Level Span command 111 lid battery compartment 67 line laying out moving 49 Line shortcut menu 104 Line settings dialog box 105 load variations 35 Local settings command 124 d...

Page 240: ...able 4 4 11 FireWire cable 4 6 11 headset 11 lens cap camera body 11 power supply 11 packing list continued shoulder strap 11 USB cable 11 video cable 11 video lamp 11 Palette command 112 dialog box 1...

Page 241: ...ove all command 109 removing battery 62 remote control 62 repair priority 24 report 23 reporting 23 32 requests for enhancement 10 resistance variations 37 resizing measurement marker 50 result table...

Page 242: ...ure excess 29 normal operating 29 temperature reflected apparent 44 temperature behavior 22 temperature measurement 26 temperature range operating 142 storage 142 temperature ranges 141 temperature sc...

Page 243: ...in packing list 11 V variations load 35 variations resistance 37 vibration 142 video cable in packing list 11 video camera 81 video lamp 67 69 in packing list 11 viewfinder 66 specifications 141 Visua...

Page 244: ...elance graphic artist in Z rich 1956 Eduard Hoffmann the director of the Haas sche Schriftgie erei commissions Miedinger to develop a new sans serif typeface 1957 The Haas Grotesk face is introduced 1...

Page 245: ......

Page 246: ...flirthermography com Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 E mail IRCanada flir com USA Primary sales service contact in USA Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flirthermography com Web www flirther...

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