Circutor AFQm, Instruction Manual, Page: 153 / 230

153
Instruction Manual
AFQm
ENGLISH

Individual distortion rate (U
n
%
or
I
n
%)
: A ratio in % between the RMS value of the voltage or
harmonic current (Un or In) and the RMS value of the fundamental component (U
1
or I
1
).
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
𝑈𝑈
1
∗ 100
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼
1
∗ 100
𝑈𝑈 =
�𝑈𝑈
1
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼 =
�𝐼𝐼
1
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
(
𝑈𝑈
)% =
�𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑈𝑈
1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
(
𝐼𝐼
)% =
�𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
= 𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
− 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
(
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
) = [
𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹
ℎ
∗ 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∗ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼 )]
𝑅𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
=
𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
𝑈𝑈
1
∗ 100
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼
1
∗ 100
𝑈𝑈 = �𝑈𝑈
1
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼 = �𝐼𝐼
1
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝑈𝑈 )% =
�𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑈𝑈
1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼 )% =
�𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
= 𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
− 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
( 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ) = [ 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹
ℎ
∗ 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∗ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼 )]
𝑅𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
=
𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹
Equation 1:Individual distortion rate

True root mean square value (TRMS)
: The square root of the sum of the squares of all components
forming the wave.
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
𝑈𝑈
1
∗ 100
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼
1
∗ 100
𝑈𝑈 = �𝑈𝑈
1
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼 =
�𝐼𝐼
1
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝑈𝑈 )% =
�𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑈𝑈
1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
(
𝐼𝐼
)% =
�𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
= 𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
− 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
( 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ) = [ 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹
ℎ
∗ 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∗ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼 )]
𝑅𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
=
𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹
Equation 2:True root mean square value

Harmonic content : The difference between the total voltage or current and the corresponding
fundamental value.

Harmonic distortion rate (THD) : The ratio between the RMS value of the harmonic content of the
voltage and/or current and the value of the fundamental component.
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
𝑈𝑈
1
∗ 100
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼
1
∗ 100
𝑈𝑈 = �𝑈𝑈
1
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼 = �𝐼𝐼
1
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝑈𝑈 )% =
�𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑈𝑈
1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼 )% =
�𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
= 𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
− 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
( 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ) = [ 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹
ℎ
∗ 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∗ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼 )]
𝑅𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
=
𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛
𝑈𝑈
1
∗ 100
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
% =
𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼
1
∗ 100
𝑈𝑈 =
�𝑈𝑈
1
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼 =
�𝐼𝐼
1
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝑈𝑈 )% =
�𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑈𝑈
1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
(
𝐼𝐼
)% =
�𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
= 𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
− 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
( 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ) = [ 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹
ℎ
∗ 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∗ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼 )]
𝑅𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
=
𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹
Equation 3:Harmonic distortion rate.

Total demand distortion (TDD)
: Ratio between the effective value of the residual harmonic current
and the value of the maximum demand current.
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
% =
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
1
∗ 100
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
% =
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
1
∗ 100
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = �𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
1
2
+ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 =
�𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
1
2
+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 )% =
�𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
2
2
+ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
3
2
+ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
5
2
+ ⋯
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
1
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
(
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
)% =
�𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
= 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
− 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
( 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ) = [ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
ℎ
∗ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∗ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 )]
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
=
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 )% =
�𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
2
2
+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
3
2
+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
5
2
+ ⋯
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Equation 4:Total demand distortion.
Where I
L
, is defined as the average of the maximum demand currents in the last 12 months, measured
monthly. If this value is not available, the nominal line current can be used.
4.1.2.- MOST COMMON HARMONICS
Table 18
lists the most common harmonic generator loads and the wave shape of the current they
consume, as well as their harmonic spectrum.