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voltage of 1.5 V is applied. During the charging process, the battery voltage is
constantly being monitored through the measuring cable B+. The charging
process follows the characteristic charging curve, with minimal energy loss
(for the characteristic charging curve, Fig. 2).
Main charging phase
(all voltage values with respect to a battery temperature of 20 °C)
Charging with maximum constant charging current until the battery reaches
14.4 volts. If the charging current drops below 90 % of the rated current during
this phase due to the internal resistance of the battery and cable resistance, the
post charging phase is started.
Post charging phase
(all voltage values with respect to a battery temperature of 20 °C)
The charging voltage is kept constant at 14.4 volts for ten or four hours for gel
batteries and liquid electrolyte batteries, respectively. After this time, the de-
vice switches to the charge phase. If during this phase the current rises above
90 % of the rated current while the battery voltage drops below 13.2 volts for a
period of 15 minutes for liquid electrolyte batteries, or for more than two hours
for gel batteries, then the device switches back to the main charging phase.
Holding charge phase
(all voltage values with respect to a battery temperature of 20 °C)
The charging voltage is set to 13.8 volts. At the same time, the charging current
drops to the value necessary for the equalising charge of the battery. If the
charging current rises to its rated value due to a user and the battery voltage
falls below 13.2 volts for at least two minutes, then the device switches back to
the main charging phase.
Parallel operation
If during the post charging or holding charge phase, current is consumed, it is
recharged immediately.
Starter battery charging process (battery I)
Parallel circuit
Driving operation
During driving operation, the starter battery (battery I) is charged by the gen-
erator of the vehicle. As long as the generator is running and the voltage of the
starter battery goes above 13.7 Volt, the supply battery and the starter battery
operate in parallel. The supply battery is now charged by the generator. If the
voltage of the starter battery drops below 13.2 volt, the parallel circuit is dis-
connected again.
Mains operation
(all voltage values with respect to a battery temperature of 20 °C)
When connecting to the mains of 230 volt, the supply battery is charged first.
Once the supply battery reaches a voltage of 14,1 volt, it is switched in parallel
