Thermal Arc 211i, Руководство по эксплуатации

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FABRICATOR 211i BASIC WELDING
BASIC WELDING 4-14 Manual 0-5157
Distortion
Distortion in some degree is present in all forms of
welding. In many cases it is so small that it is barely
perceptible, but in other cases allowance has to be made
before welding commences for the distortion that will
subsequently occur. The study of distortion is so complex
that only a brief outline can be attempted hear.
The Cause of Distortion
Distortion is caused by:
A. Contraction of Weld Metal:
Molten steel shrinks approximately 11 per cent in
volume on cooling to room temperature. This means
that a cube of molten metal would contract approxi-
mately 2.2 per cent in each of its three dimensions.
In a welded joint, the metal becomes attached to the
side of the joint and cannot contract freely. Therefore,
cooling causes the weld metal to flow plastically, that
is, the weld itself has to stretch if it is to overcome the
effect of shrinking volume and still be attached to the
edge of the joint. If the restraint is very great, as, for
example, in a heavy section of plate, the weld metal
may crack. Even in cases where the weld metal does
not crack, there will still remain stresses "Locked-up"
in the structure. If the joint material is relatively weak,
for example, a butt joint in 5/64" (2.0 mm) sheet,
the contracting weld metal may cause the sheet to
become distorted.
B. Expansion and Contraction of Parent Metal in
the Fusion Zone:
While welding is proceeding, a relatively small
volume of the adjacent plate material is heated to a
very high temperature and attempts to expand in all
directions. It is able to do this freely at right angles
to the surface of the plate (i.e., "through the weld",
but when it attempts to expand "across the weld" or
"along the weld", it meets considerable resistance, and
to fulfill the desire for continued expansion, it has to
deform plastically, that is, the metal adjacent to the
weld is at a high temperature and hence rather soft,
and, by expanding, pushes against the cooler, harder
metal further away, and tends to bulge (or is "upset".
When the weld area begins to cool, the "upset" metal
attempts to contract as much as it expanded, but,
because it has been "upset" it does not resume its
former shape, and the contraction of the new shape
exerts a strong pull on adjacent metal. Several things
can then happen.
The metal in the weld area is stretched (plastic defor-
mation), the job may be pulled out of shape by the
powerful contraction stresses (distortion), or the weld
may crack, in any case, there will remain "locked-up"
stresses in the job. Figures 4-29 and 4- 30 illustrate
how distortion is created.
Art # A-07705_AB
Hot Hot
Weld
Upsetting
Expansion with
compression
Cool
Figure 4-29: Parent Metal Expansion
Art # A-07706_AB
Weld
Permanent Upset
Contraction
with tension
Figure 4-30: Parent Metal Contraction
Overcoming Distortion Effects
There are several methods of minimizing distortion ef-
fects.
A. Peening
This is done by hammering the weld while it is still
hot. The weld metal is flattened slightly and because of
this the tensile stresses are reduced a little. The effect
of peening is relatively shallow, and is not advisable
on the last layer.
B. Distribution of Stresses
Distortion may be reduced by selecting a welding
sequence which will distribute the stresses suitably
so that they tend to cancel each other out. See Fig-
ures 4-30 through 4-33 for various weld sequences.
Choice of a suitable weld sequence is probably the
most effective method of overcoming distortion,
although an unsuitable sequence may exaggerate it.
Simultaneous welding of both sides of a joint by two
welders is often successful in eliminating distortion.
C. Restraint of Parts
Forcible restraint of the components being welded is
often used to prevent distortion. Jigs, positions, and
tack welds are methods employed with this in view.