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DGP000814AAA

2-01

4-2
Principles of operation

GSS6100 and SimCHAN user manual©

Spirent Communications Plc 2005 - 2007

4.2 SimCHAN

interface

SimCHAN lets you set and adjust in real time, the operating parameters of
the GSS6100. It also displays messages.

SimCHAN has three main areas, see Figure 4-1:

The menu and tool bar.

The main area.

The status bar.

Figure 4-1 SimCHAN interface

Содержание GSS6100

Страница 1: ...NS PLC EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY AUTHORISED IN WRITING BY SPIRENT SPIRENT COMMUNICATIONS PLC THE HOLDER OF THIS DOCUMENT SHALL KEEP ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN CONFIDENTIAL AND SHALL PROTECT SAME IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM DISCLOSURE AND DISSEMINATION TO ALL THIRD PARTIES TO THE SAME DEGREE IT PROTECTS ITS OWN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION SPIRENT COMMUNICATIONS PLC 2005 2007 ...

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Страница 3: ...ing both SimCHAN software and the remote command set Audience This document is intended for all users of the GSS6100 signal generator and SimCHAN software In this document References to Spirent refer to Spirent Communications Performance Analysis Wireless Positioning Spirent Communications PA WP unless otherwise stated GPS is used as a generic term for any of the satellite navigation systems suppo...

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Страница 5: ... 3 4 CHAPTER 4 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 4 1 4 1 OVERVIEW 4 1 4 2 SIMCHAN INTERFACE 4 2 4 2 1 Controlling the GSS6100 4 3 4 2 2 Help 4 3 4 2 3 Status bar 4 3 CHAPTER 5 GSS6100 OPERATING DETAILS 5 1 5 1 SIMCHAN TOOLBAR 5 2 5 1 1 ARM the GSS6100 5 2 5 1 2 RUN the GSS6100 5 3 5 1 3 HALT the GSS6100 5 3 5 2 SIMCHAN MAIN AREA 5 4 5 2 1 Pseudo Range Velocity 5 5 5 2 2 Velocity profiles 5 6 5 2 3 RF Power ...

Страница 6: ... IDN 6 3 6 2 3 ARMS 6 3 6 2 4 BITE 6 4 6 2 5 COSW 6 4 6 2 6 EREF 6 5 6 2 7 EREF 6 5 6 2 8 GPIB 6 5 6 2 9 HALT 6 6 6 2 10 IDEN 6 6 6 2 11 IPRG 6 6 6 2 12 LEVL 6 7 6 2 13 LEVL 6 7 6 2 14 MODE 6 8 6 2 15 MODE 6 8 6 2 16 NDSW 6 9 6 2 17 NMOD 6 9 6 2 18 NSAV 6 12 6 2 19 NSAV 6 13 6 2 20 NSEL 6 13 6 2 21 PFIL 6 14 6 2 22 PROF 6 14 6 2 23 PROS 6 15 6 2 24 PRTY 6 15 6 2 25 RSET 6 16 6 2 26 RUNS 6 16 6 2 2...

Страница 7: ...NNECTING A GPS RECEIVER C 1 APPENDIX D SIGNAL GENERATOR CONNECTIVITY D 1 APPENDIX E BITE RESPONSE MESSAGE E 1 APPENDIX F STANDARD GPS NAVIGATION MESSAGE F 1 F 1 INTRODUCTION F 1 F 1 1 Telemetry TLM Word All Subrames F 2 F 1 2 Handover Word HOW All Subframes F 2 F 1 3 Subframes 1 through 3 F 3 F 1 4 Subframes 4 and 5 F 10 F 1 5 Page ID s 1 through 32 F 11 F 1 6 Page ID 51 F 14 F 1 7 Page ID s 52 Th...

Страница 8: ...lc 2005 2007 H 1 3 Possible WAS data errors H 23 APPENDIX I PRODUCT SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE I 1 I 1 SAFETY NOTICE I 1 I 2 EMC AND SAFETY COMPLIANCE I 2 APPENDIX J SPECIAL NAV DATA TEMPLATE J 1 APPENDIX K CONTACTING SPIRENT CUSTOMER SUPPORT I INDEX IV LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF TABLES VIII ...

Страница 9: ... appropriate Changes to improve readability Added Special Nav Data template to Appendix Bugz 2163 Clarified calibration procedure 2325 New folder locations 2868 Changes to velocity profile sections and added info on USER profile 2 01 July 2007 Changed company name Changed contact details Usability Placed Fig 3 2 on Landscape page to allow re size for improved readability Bugz 3122 Added pin out ta...

Страница 10: ...g System Wide Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment f ICD GPS 204 Standard Receiver Performance Tests g MS3037 GSS6100 Product Specification 1 3 Deliverables a GSS6100 GPS SBAS Signal Generator b User Manual c SimCHAN software on CD ROM d USB cable e Power cables Country specific f Spirent mouse mat 1 4 Copyright notices IBM PC AT are registered trademarks of International Business Machines ...

Страница 11: ...ons EOI End or Identify GPIB General Purpose Interface Board term for the National Instruments IEEE 488 bus interface cards GUI Graphical User Interface IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers standards body for many widely used interfaces I O Input Output IP Internet Protocol generically the set of standards that define the Internet IRQ Interrupt Request Level a resource option for ...

Страница 12: ...ons via the Internet Toa Time of Application UDP IP User Datagram Protocol interface standard for connection less communications via the Internet USB Universal Serial Bus Hot pluggable interface for PC peripheral devices VMS Acronym for the Operating System used with DEC Alpha Workstations XML eXtensible Markup Language a standard syntax and semantics for passing information between computers as a...

Страница 13: ...nt refers to a Buttons such as Clear with Bold text b Filenames such as GSS6100 ini with Bold italic text c Text boxes such as Velocity m sec with Bold text You enter data values by typing the value in the text box which is referred to by its name for example Pseudo Range Velocity Velocity m sec Where necessary this document refers to the area name Pseudo Range Velocity to avoid ambiguity Alternat...

Страница 14: ...eters such as PRN PRN Code On have two states for example on or off Click in the box to select turn on PRN PRN Code On A tick mark appears in the box De select turn off PRN PRN Code On by clicking in the box again The tick mark disappears Some parameters such as Velocity Profile ON are disabled and use grey rather than black text and a grey rather than white background to the box 1 5 1 2Hardware T...

Страница 15: ...ing vehicles Satellite Based Augmentation Systems SBAS provide enhanced accuracy availability and integrity for GPS users in the civil community via one or more geosynchronous satellites The Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS is a system planned for the continental United States Similar compatible systems are also planned for Europe EGNOS and the Far East MSAS The GSS6100 fully supports both stand...

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Страница 17: ...e GSS6100 front panel Table 3 1describes the front panel indicators and connector Figure 3 1 GSS6100 front panel POWER HEALTH spirentcom com ACTIVE OUTPUT RF GSS6100 GPS SBASSignal Generator Table 3 1 Front panel indicators and connector Indicator Type Description POWER LED ON when ac power connected and internal power supply operational HEALTH LED Normally ON Flashes at 1 Hz when an error detecte...

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Страница 19: ...01 DGP000814AAA GSS6100 and SimCHAN user manual Spirent Communications Plc 2005 2007 3 1 Hardware overview and installation 3 2 REAR PANEL Figure 3 2 GSS6100 rear panel S N XXXX MODEL GSS6100 Made in U K ...

Страница 20: ... simulation TTL level compatible 0 5 V Low 0 8 V 2 0 V High 5 5 V 50 Ω input impedance Section 5 6 shows timing details EXT REF IN BNC Locks the GSS6100 to an external frequency reference 10 MHz OUT BNC Internal OCXO reference output HOST USB USB downstream connector Control and data connection to the host PC RS232 9 way D type Control and data connection to a remote terminal HOST IEEE 488 IEEE 48...

Страница 21: ...d 14 Ground for 1PPS IN 15 Ground for 1PPS OUT 16 Not connected 17 Ground 18 Ground 19 Not connected 20 Not connected 21 Ground for C A CLOCK 22 Ground for CODE 1PPS 23 Ground for C A EPOCH 24 Ground for NAV DATA 25 Ground for C A CODE Note i Input signals marked are 50 ohm terminated ii Output signals marked are 50 ohm drive capable 1 In combination with the External Reference input 1PPS IN can b...

Страница 22: ...e operation or RS232 IEEE 488 cable for remote control Note Spirent recommends that users new to the GSS6100 use SimCHAN before moving onto remote operation Using SimCHAN for set up control and adjustment of the signal generator is more instructive Apply ac power to the GSS6100 and switch it on Note The power input to the GSS6100 is auto sensing for 100 120V or 220 240V operation After a brief pow...

Страница 23: ...tions such as external reference lock or external trigger control Once you have set these attributes the GSS6100 must be set into the Arm state The Arm state is an interim step prior to setting the GSS6100 into the Run state The Arm state configures the GSS6100 and allows you to make any final adjustments to certain parameter types Once in the Run state the GSS6100 is operational and all requested...

Страница 24: ...mmunications Plc 2005 2007 4 2 SimCHAN interface SimCHAN lets you set and adjust in real time the operating parameters of the GSS6100 It also displays messages SimCHAN has three main areas see Figure 4 1 a The menu and tool bar b The main area c The status bar Figure 4 1 SimCHAN interface ...

Страница 25: ...AN is active that is the title bar of SimCHAN is highlighted Alt F6 toggles SimCHAN to the active state 4 2 2 Help The Help menu lets you select HTML format versions of the GSS4100 user manual and the GSS6100 user manual You can also press F1 to open the Help menu Click on About to see details on the GSS6100 signal generator connected to the PC and the version of SimCHAN 4 2 3 Status bar The Statu...

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Страница 27: ...aded before SimCHAN runs Using a parameter file lets you easily and quickly run the GSS6100 in a known state The New menu resets all SimCHAN parameters to their default states You control the GSS6100 using the tool bar Table 5 1 details the section numbers for each parameter on the SimCHAN main dialog box Table 5 1 Parameter section references Parameter Section Pseudo Range Velocity 5 2 1 Velocity...

Страница 28: ...ions New Close any open parameters file Resets the parameters Open The Windows Open file dialog box Save Saves the current parameters to a file or prompts for a new file name The toolbar also gives the basic control functions of ARM RUN and HALT 5 1 1 ARM the GSS6100 Remote Command ARMS see section 6 2 3 Figure 5 2 ARM button Click ARM to load the selected parameters to the GSS6100 and to prepare ...

Страница 29: ...the idle state without running the GSS6100 click HALT 5 1 3 HALT the GSS6100 Remote Command HALT see section 6 2 9 Figure 5 4 HALT button Click HALT to abort the operation in progress or terminate the Ready to Run state After you click HALT SimCHAN and the GSS6100 return to the Idle state You can HALT the operation to change parameters 3 The time at which the RUN command is actioned in the hardwar...

Страница 30: ... operating details GSS6100 and SimCHAN user manual Spirent Communications Plc 2005 2007 5 2 SimCHAN main area Use the main area of the SimCHAN interface see Figure 5 5 to enter the operating parameters Figure 5 5 SimCHAN interface ...

Страница 31: ...velocity from 15000 00 through to 15000 00 m s You can set the step size by typing a suitable value in the Increment text box Figure 5 6 Pseudo range velocity area Note Each time you click on the Up or Down arrow to the right of the Velocity Increment text box the value shown in the Velocity Increment text box will be added or subtracted to the Pseudo Range Velocity 5 2 1 1Velocity increment The U...

Страница 32: ...files with the remote command PROS see section 6 2 23 5 2 2 1More on velocity profiles Table 5 2 describes the elements used in velocity profiles Figure 5 7 shows these elements A velocity profile takes the form of a series of step jerk periods of equal amplitude and period These jerk periods then translate into acceleration velocity and finally range profiles The velocities generated by the profi...

Страница 33: ... velocity changes non linearly The GSS6100 fully models these effects Reference f documents the profile It comprises the following sequence Constant Initial Velocity Period D Positive Jerk Period B Max Acceleration Maximum Jerk A Constant Acceleration Period C Negative Jerk Period as ii Constant Positive Velocity Period D Negative Jerk Period as ii Constant Deceleration period C Positive Jerk Peri...

Страница 34: ...firmware incorporates eight standard profiles PROF1 through PROF8 corresponding to the profiles defined in reference f Table 5 3 details these profiles Table 5 3 Stored values for PROF1 to PROF8 Profile Jerk amplitude m s3 Maximum acceleration m s2 Period of constant acceleration s Period of constant velocity s 1 20 0 6 0 1 1 1 1 2 20 0 10 0 2 0 2 0 3 100 0 10 0 4 9 4 9 4 10 0 10 0 0 5 0 5 5 20 0 ...

Страница 35: ... be divisible by the interrupt step size which is 10ms To ensure this is always true you must manually inspect and modify the entered jerk Note SimCHAN does not carry out this computation You must complete this computation and enter the appropriate data For example a You require a jerk value of 20 m s3 and use an acceleration of 15 5 m s2 This produces a jerk period of 0 775 seconds b This jerk pe...

Страница 36: ...the saved file Note that this actually saves ALL the current application settings 5 2 2 3Carrier Doppler Offset Remote Command VCTY section 6 2 36 Figure 5 9 Setting Carrier Doppler Offset Carrier Doppler Offset can be used to simulate Ionospheric delay type effects by applying a fixed Doppler velocity offset to the current carrier Doppler velocity The code Doppler velocity remains unchanged The C...

Страница 37: ...ment and decrement the RF Power Level Offset by a value defined by the Level Increment You can also click on the slider and drag it to change the RF Power Level Offset The slider forces the RF Power Level Offset to a multiple of the value selected in Level Increment To avoid discontinuities at the range limits when using a user defined Level Increment the nearest pre defined Level Increment value ...

Страница 38: ...ours Sunday 6th January 1980 For example the default value of 800 corresponds to the week starting Sunday 7th May 1995 GPS week numbers greater than 1023 will be truncated internally modulo 1024 i e Week 1025 is treated as week 1 The week number may be entered as a value between 0 through 9999 5 2 4 2Time of Week Remote Command ZCNT see section 6 2 39 This value is the time into the week expressed...

Страница 39: ...d the control options appropriate to GPS are activated With the SBAS setting the RF signal from an SBAS type satellite is produced and the control options appropriate to SBAS are activated Note You must select SBAS to enable SBAS Message Rate 5 2 5 2Message Parity Remote Command PRTY see section 6 2 24 Parity errors may be produced on the Nav Data Message by de selecting Message Parity This invert...

Страница 40: ...r GPS or SBAS a Message File Template number in the range 0 to 3 identifies the appropriate Template The Message File Template number shown will be the active selection for the GSS6100 it is used to generate the Navigation Correction message component of the RF signal 5 2 6 PRN The PRN Pseudo Random Noise Number defines the C A code for the satellite being produced and equates to the SV ID Satelli...

Страница 41: ... G2 encoders The G1 encoder is hardwired to start in the all ones state the G2 encoder can start in any state except all zeros The G2 start conditions can be described by a G2 delay which can take values between 0 and 1022 Conventionally several of the 1023 codes mainly codes with good orthogonal properties such as low cross correlation have been assigned PRN numbers see Table 5 5 Note SimCHAN con...

Страница 42: ...rrected Note The Message Transmission rate for GPS satellites is fixed at 50 bps 5 2 8 Pseudo Range Remote Command IPRG see section 6 2 11 Note Pseudo Range may only be set while the GSS6100 is idle Pseudo Range simulates the distance between the receiver and the satellite at the start of the run This ranging effect is produced by delaying the start of the PRN and data message signals to simulate ...

Страница 43: ...play single line text messages describing events that occur during execution of the program in the text box towards the bottom of the SimCHAN window The messages are stored in time sequence with the latest message displayed You can view the record of events by clicking the down arrow on the right hand side of the text box to open the list and then scrolling to view the messages You can clear all m...

Страница 44: ...me The parity field is computed dynamically by the GSS6100 but data other than Epoch time remains fixed To allow you to meet specific testing requirements you can load a further 3 templates of each type using either the NSAV command or using the SimCHAN graphical interface and the USB bus Templates are plain text files and may be examined and altered by any text editor such as Windows Notepad Save...

Страница 45: ...ber 0 d Click Load to load and use the selected template For a full description of default message parameters and how to define user NAV and WAS files see Appendix F and Appendix G Appendix J gives details of a Nav Data template that produces a programmable Nav Data message You can only use this template with firmware version 1 11 on Note You must save all user defined Nav Data files to the follow...

Страница 46: ...will immediately commence running using the stored settings If SimCHAN is started while the GSS6100 is operating in AutoGo mode SimCHAN will display the initial settings stored in the GSS6100 s flash memory The GSS6100 will continue to run with SimCHAN active but SimCHAN will not display the running state or update the scenario time displays to reflect the progress of the scenario To stop AutoGO a...

Страница 47: ...rigger cannot be utilised 2 If an external reference frequency signal is applied there will be a period after the GSS6100 starts running when the RF signal is disturbed and out of specification This state will continue until the GSS6100 locks to the reference signal The HEALTH LED on the front panel will flash until the GSS6100 locks to the reference signal ...

Страница 48: ...s Hardware Settings Figure 5 18 Hardware Options and Settings The Hardware Options and Settings dialog box see Figure 5 18 displays the Serial Number of the connected GSS6100 unit and the Versions Release numbers of the various Firmware elements loaded into the unit The following sections describe the hardware related parameters that can be controlled and selected Remote Command to check firmware ...

Страница 49: ...te In this mode the internal 1PPS signal is stopped and restarted immediately on the rising edge of a signal applied to the External Trigger connector The operation will start and 1PPS OUT will transition high approximately 600 700nsecs after the applied External Trigger signal 3 Delayed In this mode the GSS6100 waits for the External Trigger signal to be applied but will hold off commencing the o...

Страница 50: ...he GSS6100 Gated As 1PPS but the signal is disabled before a run the first rising edge coincides with operation time 0 start of run Rising A single rising edge occurs at operation time 0 start of run High Sets signal permanently high Low Sets signal permanently low 5 5 1 3IEEE Primary Address Remote Command GPIB see section 6 2 8 The GSS6100 is controlled using the IEEE 488 bus using the IEEE prim...

Страница 51: ... want to use The supported external frequencies are 1 5 and 10MHz The GSS6100 will automatically seek phase lock with the supplied signal The Locked Unlocked symbols indicate when a stable phase lock occurs Generally it takes between 10 and 20 seconds to achieve phase lock The External Reference Phase lock is replicated on the Status Bar of the Main Display This is grey when no Reference signal is...

Страница 52: ...ng a rising edge to the TRIG IN input Both cause the operation to start on the next one second rollover of the timer Alternatively you can select Immediate Trigger Mode which forces the timer to a point just before the one second rollover and freezes it until a rising edge is detected on the TRIG IN input the operation starts running after a short delay Note the use of TRIG IN Immediate Trigger Mo...

Страница 53: ...ccur immediately but one second after 1PPS IN is detected Note also that the 1PPS IN input is disabled whilst an operation is running i e synchronisation can only take place whilst in the HALTED state Figure 5 19 Timing requirements for 1PPS IN and resulting start timing6 EXT_REF_IN_ 10MHz 1PPS_IN Internal_10MHz_clock 1PPS_OUT Simulation_state RF_State ARMED ARMED RUNNING tsetup 10ns min thold 20 ...

Страница 54: ...n Figure 5 20 Figure 5 20 Timing requirements for TRIG IN Immediate Mode and resultant start timing EXT_REF_IN_ 10MHz TRIG_IN Internal_10MHz_clock 1PPS_OUT Simulation_state RF_State ARMED ARMED RUNNING tsetup 10ns min thold 20 ns min 5 6 3 TRIG IN Delayed Mode In delayed trigger mode to start on a defined 1PPS event the rising edge of TRIG IN must occur at least 1 1 milliseconds before the 1PPS OU...

Страница 55: ...e controller to monitor basic operation only 6 1 1 1Default IEEE 488 address The GSS6100 is delivered with the IEEE 488 Primary Address set to 02 This may be inspected and changed if desired with either the SimCHAN software over the USB or directly by the GPIB command on the IEEE 488 interface To set the address with SimCHAN start the SimCHAN software and connect the GSS6100 via the USB Select Har...

Страница 56: ...nt parameters may be supplied in integer or floating point form Values will be limited to the ranges and precision stated Units will be as stated qualifying unit codes are not permitted or recognised The query response remains valid until one of the following occur the response is read another command query message is received the RSET command is received a DCL or SDC IEEE only command is received...

Страница 57: ...SCII The message format is IDN Response Manufacturer Model serial number firmware Where Manufacturer is Spirent Communications Model is GSS6100 serial number is the serial number or zero if not known firmware is the firmware or software revision level or zero if not known Example Response Spirent Communications GSS6100 1234 1 01 6 2 3 ARMS Prepare to Run This command informs the signal generator t...

Страница 58: ...e BITE Certain fatal conditions are not cleared by querying BITE To query and clear Command Syntax errors use the SERR command see 6 2 27 An exception to the above is the external reference out of lock indication where the LED will stop flashing and the flag in the BITE flag is cleared when lock is achieved without the need to query BITE provided the unit is in the Halted state If an out of lock c...

Страница 59: ...an ASCII string and must be exactly as shown 6 2 7 EREF Query External Reference Frequency Commands the unit to return an ASCII string describing the current External Reference Frequency setting and the lock status The message format is EREF Example Response EREF 10MHz INT or EREF 10MHz EXT UNLOCKED or EREF 10MHz EXT LOCKED 6 2 8 GPIB Set the GPIB Primary Address Set the IEEE 488 bus Primary Addre...

Страница 60: ...ed The message format is HALT 6 2 10 IDEN Query the Unit Configuration Details Commands the device to return an ASCII string describing the Unit s identification and the firmware release numbers The message format is IDEN Example Response Type GSS6100 Serial Number 0001 Firmware Issue 1 00 Motherboard Revision 1 6 2 11 IPRG Set Initial Pseudorange Sets the initial pseudorange This is manifest as a...

Страница 61: ... 130dBm The command accepts any value but clips this to the maximum level if applicable and rounds to the stated resolution The message format is LEVL rf power Where rf power A floating point number specifying the level in dB Range 20 0 to 20 0 to a resolution of 0 1 dB 6 2 13 LEVL Query the front panel RF signal power level Commands the unit to return an ASCII string detailing the current RF sign...

Страница 62: ...ing Sets unit into AutoGO mode Signal Generator configuration is controlled by string e g SVID 5 LEVL 0 To action a new script the GSS6100 must be powered cycled No error checking applied To initiate an automatic run the entered string must complete with ARMS RUNS e g To achieve PRN 5 power level 15dB Doppler velocity 100 m s Use the following SVID 5 LEVL 15 VCTY 100 ARMS RUNS 6 2 15 MODE Query th...

Страница 63: ...conflicts the GSS6100 firmware must receive the NMOD command at least 6 seconds before the end of a NAV frame boundary A flag in the NMOD response indicates if the GSS6100 can accept updates New NMOD commands received by the GSS6100 are entered into a user table At the end of every 30 s frame the entries in the user table are copied into a working table used to modify the next frame of data The GS...

Страница 64: ... a signed 32 bit integer The bottom Lh bits of the 32 bit signed number will be used If a character is used instead of a decimal value the entry matching the S W B and L values will be removed Note This format lets you modify any valid string of bits The second format is more specific field value and you can modify specific sequences of bits Where field Is the name of the NAV data field to be alte...

Страница 65: ...e IODC value is split with the 2 MSBs in one word and the 8 LSBs in another word You need only send one NMOD command and the firmware will enter delete all the correct fields Example messages NMOD TOC 24 S1 W3 B4 L3 4 In response to an NMOD command the GSS6100 will return a response with the following format NMOD update zcnt entries Where update A decimal value in the range 0 to 1 1 indicates new ...

Страница 66: ...ge The sequence of messages must be terminated by the NSAV FILE SAVE message Each individual message must not exceed 256 characters in length including the line terminating newline character The complete file must not exceed 32 Kbytes including comments The message formats are NSAV GPS SBAS template NSAV FILE TEXT text NSAV FILE SAVE Where template Integer value as one of 0 1 2 3 text A line of te...

Страница 67: ...1 6995 No Record GPS 2 0 Empty GPS 3 0 Empty SBAS 0 25889 SBAS_CN3 WAS SBAS 1 0 Empty SBAS 2 0 Empty SBAS 3 0 Empty Templates marked No Record were downloaded with earlier firmware versions and no record was stored 6 2 20 NSEL Select Navigation Template Commands the device to generate the Navigation Message from the named template The unit has the capability to store four templates for each of GPS...

Страница 68: ...relation to the four parameters The selection remains effective until the next RSET PROS or PFIL command is processed or the device is powered down The message format is PFIL profile name Where profile name PROF1 PROF2 PROF8 An ASCII string defining the standard profile to be applied The PROF1 values will be applied by default 6 2 22 PROF Enable Disable Velocity Profile Commands the device to eith...

Страница 69: ...by the PROF command The message format is PROS jerk amplitude max accel period const accel period const vel Where jerk amplitude floating point number in the range 100 to 100 m s3 max accel floating point number in the range 100 to 100m s2 period const accel floating point number in the range 0 to 540 s period const vel floating point number in the range 0 to 540 s 6 2 24 PRTY Enable Disable Set P...

Страница 70: ...the device to reset its parameters and operating condition to the power up state In practice HALT and RSET perform quite similar functions with the exception that RSET defaults all parameters to a known state The message format is RSET 6 2 26 RUNS Begin operating Commands the device to start running in operation mode The message format is RUNS ...

Страница 71: ...ode generator The signal generator is capable of generating any one of the 1023 possible random sequences associated with the GPS C A encoder Each sequence or code is determined by the start conditions of the G1 and G2 coders The G1 encoder is hardwired to start in the all one state the G2 encoder can start in any state except all zeros The G2 start conditions can be described by a G2 delay This G...

Страница 72: ...mber The message format is SNUM Response An ASCII string of the form 0999 6 2 31 STAT Query Status Flags Commands the device to return the content of the Serial Poll Status Register in an ASCII string as two hexadecimal digits together with the name of the operating state The status register may also be read by a Serial Poll see section 0 for the definition of the status bits The message format is...

Страница 73: ... prn sbas prn Where gps prn Integer in the range 1 to 37 sbas prn Integer in the range 120 to 138 6 2 33 TIOP Select 1PPS Output Signal Selects the format of the signal generated on the rear panel 1 PPS out connector The message format is TIOP code Where code HIGH The output is always high LOW The output is always low 1PPS The output is always 1 PPS GATED The output is 1 PPS only whilst the operat...

Страница 74: ...peration when the RUNS command is applied TRIG 0 is the default mode the device defaults to this for each run thus the TRIG command is optional if the external trigger is not used If an Ext Trigger pulse is not applied send the HALT command to return to the Halted state Returning to the Halted state resets the Trig mode to 0 disabled The message format is TRIG code Where code 0 Start on next 1PPS ...

Страница 75: ...lues will be limited to a maximum of 1000 00 m s The message format is VCTY Doppler CODE Doppler CARR Doppler Where Doppler Floating point number in the range 15000 00 to 15000 00 m s A positive Doppler figure yields a decrease in the code Carrier frequency Both values may be entered to a maximum resolution of 0 01m s The CARR Doppler value is constrained to be the CODE Doppler value 1000 00 m s 6...

Страница 76: ... supplied as a multiple of four and other values will be truncated to a multiple of four The message format is ZCNT GPS time into week Where GPS time into week Integer in the range 0 to 403199 The Z Count unit is a period of 1 5 seconds so that four Z Count units is a period of six seconds 6 3 Command availability by mode Some operation information must be defined before the operation is armed and...

Страница 77: ...N ARMS AUXP BITE COSW EREF EREF GPIB IDEN IPRG LEVL LEVL MODE MODE NDSW NSAV NSAV NSEL PFIL PROS PRTY RSET SERR SG2D SIGT SNUM STAT SVID TIOP TIOP TRIG VCTY WEEK WRTE ZCNT IDN BITE COSW EREF HALT IDEN LEVL LEVL NDSW PFIL PROS PRTY RSET RUNS SERR SNUM STAT TIOP VCTY IDN BITE COSW EREF HALT IDEN LEVL LEVL NDSW PFIL PROF PROS PRTY RSET SERR SNUM STAT TIOP VCTY ...

Страница 78: ...when an erroneous command is decoded Once set the bit state is maintained and the front panel health light flashes until a SERR is performed to reset the error condition Note the BITE query gives additional information on the command or parameter error which caused the error condition 6 5 Example command sequences 6 5 1 Example GPS operations Step 1 Basic Initialisation RSET Reset Unit may be omit...

Страница 79: ...keeps setting at end of run Step 3 ARM ARMS Align RF and set Ready to Run Serial Poll Wait until Ready to Run Flags set On Ready to Run When Bit 0 1 and Bit 1 1 Step 4 Start Operation RUNS Starts on next internal 1PPS pulse Step 5 Vary Level and Doppler as desired LEVL 15 0 VCTY CODE 500 3 CARR 501 3 500 3m s with 1m s carrier offset simulating changing atmospheric delay Step 7 Revert to Idle when...

Страница 80: ...tep 2 Set Initial Conditions or Use Defaults Step 3 ARM RUN Operation ARMS Prepare to run Serial Poll Wait until Ready to Run Flags set On Ready to Run When Bit 0 1 and Bit 1 1 RUNS Set to RUN mode Front Panel Active LED will be seen to flash Trigger may now be applied Serial Poll Check Operation is Running On Running When Bit 0 0 and Bit 1 1 Step 4 Vary Level and Doppler as desired LEVL 20 0 VCTY...

Страница 81: ...eration to Idle mode RSET Reset Operation SIGT Select GPS Mode Serial Poll Note Confirm Validity Bit Set On Not Error Check for Error on each command Omitted hereafter for brevity only EREF 10MHZ Seek Lock to External Reference EREF Query after 30 seconds On Lock Response EREF 10MHz Response EREF INTERNAL if lock not achieved TRIG 1 Start on External Trigger Step 2 Set Initial Conditions or Use De...

Страница 82: ...ent Communications Plc 2005 2007 Front Panel Active LED will be seen to flash Trigger may now be applied Serial Poll Check Operation is Running On Running When Bit 0 0 and Bit 1 1 Step 4 Vary Level and Doppler as desired LEVL 20 0 VCTY 10 23 Step 5 Revert to Idle when finished ...

Страница 83: ...frequency counter capable of measuring 10 00 MHz with at least 10 digits of accuracy for example an HP53131A The frequency counter should be locked to a frequency standard accurate to 1 x 10 9 for example an HP5065A Rubidium standard It is permissible to use a less accurate standard if you are prepared to accept lower frequency accuracy for the signal generator a Turn on the GSS6100 and allow at l...

Страница 84: ... Attach the RF power meter to the MON CAL port d Allow 15 minutes for the GSS6100 to stabilise e Remove the Calibration Void if Broken label covering from the IF Level Cal adjustment port f Select the menu item Options Power Calibration g Follow the on screen prompts First SimCHAN sets up a calibration signal on the rear panel MON CAL port SimCHAN then calculates and displays the power level you m...

Страница 85: ...s the required drivers A 1 Install SimCHAN Do not connect the GSS6100 to the host PC To install the operating software on your system hard disk place the supplied CD into the CD ROM drive The SETUP program will normally auto run if it does not then simply run the application SETUP EXE in the root directory on the CD This will start an InstallShield script that will guide you through the Installati...

Страница 86: ... InstallShield wizard screens Figure 7 2 SimCHAN licence agreement The Installation program installs SimCHAN in a sub folder of C Program Files Click Browse to select an alternative location see Figure 7 3 Figure 7 3 Select installation folder The Installation program creates shortcuts you can use to start SimCHAN The name of the shortcut in the Windows Start menu is SimCHAN ...

Страница 87: ...m32 Drivers After the installation is finished you do not have to re boot the PC A 2 Removing SimCHAN The initial installation creates an Uninstall file that identifies the installed files for removal Begin the process by either inserting the Installation CD or using the Add Remove Programs facility in the Control Panel The Uninstall program will prompt you to confirm that you wish to uninstall th...

Страница 88: ...When you connect the GSS6100 to the PC for the first time you will see the Windows XP Found New Hardware Wizard see Figure 7 5 to Figure 7 9 Figure 7 5 Found new hardware wizard 1 Select No not this time and click Next Figure 7 6 Found new hardware wizard 2 Select Install the software automatically Recommended and click Next ...

Страница 89: ...ser manual Spirent Communications Plc 2005 2007 A 5 Installing SimCHAN Figure 7 7 Found new hardware wizard 3 Click Continue Anyway Figure 7 8 Found new hardware wizard 4 The installation starts When the installation is completed click Next ...

Страница 90: ...4AAA 2 01 A 6 Installing SimCHAN GSS6100 and SimCHAN user manual Spirent Communications Plc 2005 2007 Figure 7 9 Found new hardware wizard 5 The last window advises you the installation is complete Click Finish ...

Страница 91: ... a Support agreement and these upgrades will be available on suitable media or from an FTP site The Spirent Support Team will provide full instructions if your GSS6100 needs a firmware upgrade You must apply GSS6100 firmware updates using the USB bus To update the GSS6100 firmware a Close all instances of SimCHAN on the host PC b Connect the host PC to the GSS6100 using the USB bus c Start the upd...

Страница 92: ...00814AAA 2 01 B 2 Updating firmware GSS6100 and SimCHAN user manual Spirent Communications Plc 2005 2007 Figure 7 10 Open update file Figure 7 11 Firmware ready to load Figure 7 12 Firmware update complete ...

Страница 93: ...he front panel RF OUTPUT connector using a suitable cable Type 2 Use an AC coupled amplifier with equivalent gain and noise figure to that used by the active antenna This amplifier can be powered either from an external power supply or from the receiver supply intended for the active antenna A bias tee DC block may be required as shown below Receiver antenna port DC RF Bias Tee DC STR4500 If this ...

Страница 94: ...oupling of this arrangement it may be necessary to either use an external amplifier on the GSS6100 front panel output or to use the rear panel MON CAL high level output to provide sufficient signal level If you wish to construct a suitable dipole then for the GPS L1 frequency of 1575 42MHz each arm should be approximately 4 8 cm long A design for a simple dipole follows Note that in this mode you ...

Страница 95: ...2005 2007 D 1 Signal generator connectivity Appendix D Signal generator connectivity Refer to the latest documentation issued by Spirent for details on Signal generator specification Spirent specification Connectivity Reference g Capability Reference g Environmental Reference g ...

Страница 96: ......

Страница 97: ... error message shown in Table 7 2 The return format is BITE 00000010 4 FPGA_TIMER Invalid number of ms in second Message types info fatal and warning contain information for Spirent use only Note Fatal messages will produce a pop up warning box and terminate an operation if running Message type hardware contains BITE information generated by the GSS6100 hardware You must contact Spirent for all ha...

Страница 98: ...PROM when it was locked 4 FPGA_TIMER Invalid number of ms in second An invalid number of 1 ms pulses was detected in 1 second 5 USB Receive buffer overflow To much data was received via the USB to fit into one buffer descriptor 6 USB No more receive buffer descriptors available The USB receiver ran out of buffer descriptors to store incoming data 7 USB Transmit buffer overflow An attempt was made ...

Страница 99: ... out of lock Local oscillator 2 is out of lock 16 DSP NAVD underrun A DSP ran out of NAV data 17 EEPROM Load error There was an error reading from the EEPROM 18 EEPROM Save error There was an error writing to the EEPROM 19 EEPROM Invalid contents The firmware detected invalid EEPROM contents 20 TIMER Timer FPGA load error The firmware was unable to load the Timer FPGA correctly 21 DSP DSP FPGA loa...

Страница 100: ...ut 26 MOD DSP PLL Loss of clock output The Modulator DSP PLL has no clock output 27 DSP Wrong issue An invalid DSP issue was detected 28 DSP Overtemp The DSP has reported an over temperature problem and shutdown 29 EREF External reference present state changed during run The state of the external reference changed during the run 30 NAVD End of SBAS correction data The SBAS correction data has been...

Страница 101: ...es not change and the parity bits for these words are always valid Parity bits are calculated to NATO STANAG 4294 draft issue 1 equivalent to ICD_GPS_200 Where shown the parity bits are always the transmitted parity bits The other data bits 1 24 are source data bits and as such may be inverted before transmission dependant on the calculated parity bit 30 transmitted of the previous word The source...

Страница 102: ...1 25 30 parity calculated 01 1001 F 1 2 Handover Word HOW All Subframes This is the second word in every subframe The data parity bits in this word marked will vary from frame to frame according to the time of week and subframe ID at the time of transmission Bits Contents 1 17 17 MSB s of the TOW count calculated 18 momentum alert flag 0 19 synchronisation anti spoof flag 0 20 22 subframe ID calcu...

Страница 103: ...ing to normal code on L2 01 for P code 13 16 SV accuracy 0010 17 22 SV health 0000 00 23 24 issue of data clock IODC 2 MSB s 00 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 2 Subframe 1 Word 4 Bits Contents 1 data for L2 P code flag 1 2 24 alternating ones and zeros 010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 13 16 SV accuracy 0010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 3 Subframe 1 Word 5 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros ...

Страница 104: ...1010 1010 1010 1010 17 24 Estimated group delay tGD 1 863 ns 4x2 31 s 0000 0100 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 6 Subframe 1 Word 8 Bits Contents 1 8 issue of data clock IODC 8 LSB s issue 5 1010 0101 9 24 reference time clock tOC 2 hours into week 450x24 s 0000 0001 1100 0010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 7 Subframe 1 Word 9 Bits Contents 1 8 clock correction coefficient f2 166 5x10 18 s s2 6x2 55 ...

Страница 105: ...ro calculated 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 9 Subframe 2 Word 3 Bits Contents 1 8 issue of data ephemeris IODE issue 5 0000 0101 9 24 Crs 281 25x10 3 m 9x2 5 m 0000 0000 0000 1001 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 10 Subframe 2 Word 4 Bits Contents 1 16 mean motion difference from computed value delta n 1 137x10 12 semicircles s 10x2 43 semicircles s 0000 0000 0000 1010 17 24 mean anomaly at reference...

Страница 106: ... semicircles 11x2 31 semicircles 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1011 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 12 Subframe 2 Word 6 Bits Contents 1 16 Cuc 22 3517x10 9 rads 12x2 29 rads 0000 0000 0000 1100 17 24 eccentricity e 8 MSB s 1 5134x10 9 13x2 33 0000 0000 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 13 Subframe 2 Word 7 Bits Contents 1 24 eccentricity e 24 LSB s 1 5134x10 9 rads 13x2 33 rads 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101...

Страница 107: ... 19 m1 2 1010 0001 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 15 Subframe 2 Word 9 Bits Contents 1 24 square root of semimajor axis A 24 LSB s 5153 7 m1 2 2702023066x2 19 m1 2 0000 1101 1001 1001 1001 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 16 Subframe 2 Word 10 Bits Contents 1 16 reference time ephermeristoe 2 hours into week 450x24 s 0000 0001 1100 0010 17 fit interval flag 6 hours 1 18 22 alternating ones and ze...

Страница 108: ...x10 9 semicircles 16x2 31 semicircles 0000 0000 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 18 Subframe 3 Word 4 Bits Contents 1 24 right ascension at reference timeΩo 24 LSB s 7 4506x10 9 semicircles 16x2 31 semicircles 0000 0000 0001 0000 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 19 Subframe 3 Word 5 Bits Contents 1 16 Cis 31 665x10 9 rads 17x2 29 rads 0000 0000 0001 0001 17 24 inclination angle at reference time io 8 MS...

Страница 109: ...rame 3 Word 7 Bits Contents 1 16 Crc 562 5x10 3 m 18x2 5 m 0000 0000 0001 0010 17 24 argument of perigee ω 8 MSB s 0 5 semicircles 230x2 31 semicircles 0100 0000 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 22 Subframe 3 Word 8 Bits Contents 1 24 argument of perigee ω 24 LSB s 0 5 semicircles 230x2 31 semicircles 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 25 30 parity calculated F 1 3 23 Subframe 3 Word 9 Bits Contents 1 24 ...

Страница 110: ...tained in each page of subframes 4 and 5 follows F 1 4 1 Subframe 4 1 Pages 1 6 11 16 and 21 reserved page ID 57 2 Pages 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 and 10 Almanac data for satellites 25 through 32 respectively page ID s 25 through 32 respectively 3 Pages 12 and 24 reserved page ID 62 4 Pages 19 20 22 and 23 reserved page ID s 58 through 61 respectively 5 Pages 13 14 and 15 spares page ID s 52 53 and 54 6 Page ...

Страница 111: ...24 are transmitted on pages 1 through 24 of subframe 5 and page ID s 25 through 32 are transmitted on pages 2 through 5 and 7 through 10 of subframe 4 F 1 5 1 Page ID s 1 through 32 Word 3 Bits Contents 1 2 data ID data ID two 01 3 8 Page SV ID 1 to 32 calculated 00 0001 to 10 0000 9 24 eccentricity e 1 5134x10 9 rounded to 0x2 19 0000 0000 0000 0000 25 30 parity calculated F 1 5 2 Page ID s 1 thr...

Страница 112: ... all data bad otherwise 000 or 111 20 24 SV health all signals OK if data OK if the page ID is the same as the simulated SV ID and all data bad otherwise 0 0000 or 1 1111 25 30 parity calculated F 1 5 4 Page ID s 1 through 32 Word 6 Bits Contents 1 24 square root of semimajor axis A 5153 7 m 10554778x2 11 m1 2 1010 0001 0000 1101 1001 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 5 5 Page ID s 1 through 32 Wor...

Страница 113: ...ents 1 24 mean anomaly at reference time Mo 46 0546x10 3 semicircles 386334x2 23 semicircles 0000 0101 1110 0101 0001 1110 25 30 parity calculated F 1 5 8 Page ID s 1 through 32 Word 10 Bits Contents 1 8 clock correction coefficient af0 8 MSB s 3 726x10 9 s rounded to 0x2 20 s 0000 0000 9 19 clock correction coefficient af1 795 8x10 15 s 1 rounded to 0x2 38 s 1 0000 0000 00 20 22 clock correction ...

Страница 114: ...data ID two 01 3 8 Page ID 51 11 0011 9 16 almanac reference time toa 8192 seconds 2x12 12 seconds 0000 0010 17 24 almanac reference week WNa second week 0000 0001 25 30 parity calculated F 1 6 2 Page ID 51 Word 4 Bits Contents 1 6 Satellite health for SV 1 All zeros if SV ID is 1 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 7 12 Satellite health for SV 2 All zeros if SV ID is 2 all ones otherwise 0000 0...

Страница 115: ... 7 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 19 24 Satellite health for SV 8 All zeros if SV ID is 8 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 25 30 parity calculated F 1 6 4 Page ID 51 Word 6 Bits Contents 1 6 Satellite health for SV 9 All zeros if SV ID is 9 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 7 12 Satellite health for SV 10 All zeros if SV ID is 10 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 13 18 Satellit...

Страница 116: ...s 15 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 19 24 Satellite health for SV 16 All zeros if SV ID is 16 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 25 30 parity calculated F 1 6 6 Page ID 51 Word 8 Bits Contents 1 6 Satellite health for SV 17 All zeros if SV ID is 17 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 7 12 Satellite health for SV 18 All zeros if SV ID is 18 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 13 18 Sa...

Страница 117: ...lth for SV 22 All zeros if SV ID is 22 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 13 18 Satellite health for SV 23 All zeros if SV ID is 23 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 19 24 Satellite health for SV 24 All zeros if SV ID is 24 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 25 30 parity calculated F 1 6 8 Page ID 51 Word 10 Bits Contents 1 22 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 10 23 24 ...

Страница 118: ...ate ID two 01 3 8 Page ID 52 53 or 54 11 0100 or 11 0101 or 11 0110 9 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 7 2 Page ID s 52 through 54 Word 4 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 7 3 Page ID s 52 through 54 Word 5 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25...

Страница 119: ...6 Page ID s 52 through 54 Word 8 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 7 7 Page ID s 52 through 54 Word 9 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 7 8 Page ID s 52 through 54 Word 10 Bits Contents 1 22 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 23 24 solved...

Страница 120: ...data ID data ID two 01 3 8 Page ID 55 11 0111 9 24 ASCII message data ST 0101 0011 0101 0100 25 30 parity calculated F 1 8 2 Page ID s 55 Word 4 Bits Contents 1 24 ASCII message data C 0100 0011 0010 0000 0010 0000 25 30 Parity calculated F 1 8 3 Page ID s 55 Word 5 Bits Contents 1 24 ASCII message data GPS 0100 0111 0101 0000 0101 0011 25 30 Parity calculated F 1 8 4 Page ID s 55 Word 6 Bits Cont...

Страница 121: ... 8 Bits Contents 1 24 ASCII message data LAT 0100 1100 0100 0001 0101 0100 25 30 Parity calculated F 1 8 7 Page ID s 55 Word 9 Bits Contents 1 24 ASCII message data OR 0100 1111 0101 0010 0010 0000 25 30 Parity calculated F 1 8 8 Page ID s 55 Word 10 Bits Contents 1 16 ASCII message data 0010 0000 0010 0000 17 22 alternating ones and zeros 1010 10 23 24 solved to ensure parity bits 29 30 zero calc...

Страница 122: ...ID 56 Word 3 Bits Contents 1 2 data ID data ID two 01 3 8 Page ID 56 11 1000 9 16 α0 7 45x10 9 seconds 8x2 30 seconds 0000 1000 17 24 α1 7 45x10 9 s semicircle 1x2 27 s semicircle 1111 1111 25 30 parity calculated F 1 9 2 Page ID 56 Word 4 Bits Contents 1 8 α2 5 96x10 8 s semicircle2 1x2 24 s semicircle2 1111 1111 9 16 α3 5 96x10 8 s semicircle3 1x2 24 s semicircle3 0000 0001 17 24 β0 88064 second...

Страница 123: ... parity calculated F 1 9 4 Page ID 56 Word 6 Bits Contents 1 24 A1 4 4x10 15 s s 5x2 50 s s 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1011 25 30 parity calculated F 1 9 5 Page ID 56 Word 7 Bits Contents 1 24 A0 24 MSB s 3 7x10 9 seconds 4x2 30 seconds 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 25 30 parity calculated F 1 9 6 Page ID 56 Word 8 Bits Contents 1 8 A0 8 LSB s 3 7x10 9 seconds 4x2 30 seconds 0000 0100 9 16 reference...

Страница 124: ... F 1 9 8 Page ID 56 Word 10 Bits Contents 1 8 delta time due to future leap seconds ΔtLSF 0 0000 0000 9 22 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 10 23 24 solved to ensure parity bits 29 30 zero calculated 25 30 parity calculated 00 F 1 10 Page ID 57 This page is reserved and contains alternating ones and zeros Page ID 57 is transmitted on pages 1 6 11 16 and 21 of subframe 4 F 1 10 1 Page ID 5...

Страница 125: ...Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 10 4 Page ID 57 Word 6 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 10 5 Page ID 57 Word 7 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 10 6 Page ID 57 Word 8 Bits Contents 1 24 ...

Страница 126: ...1010 1010 1010 23 24 solved to ensure parity bits 29 30 zero calculated 25 30 parity calculated 00 F 1 11 Page ID s 58 Through 62 These pages are reserved and contain alternating ones and zeros Page ID s 58 through 61 are transmitted on pages 19 20 22 and 23 of subframe 4 respectively Page ID 62 is transmitted on pages 12 and 24 of subframe 4 F 1 11 1 Page ID s 58 through 62 Word 3 Bits Contents 1...

Страница 127: ...ntents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 11 4 Page ID s 58 through 62 Word 6 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 11 5 Page ID s 58 through 62 Word 7 Bits Contents 1 24 alternating ones and zeros 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 11 6 Page ID s 58 throu...

Страница 128: ...s 29 30 zero calculated 25 30 parity calculated 00 F 1 12 Page ID 63 This page contains A S flags and satellite configuration data for all 32 satellites plus health words for satellites 25 through 32 The health word for the simulated satellite is all ok and the health words for all of the other satellites is all bad Page ID 63 are transmitted on page 25 of subframe 4 F 1 12 1 Page ID 63 Word 3 Bit...

Страница 129: ...4 Anti Spoof A S flags and satellite configurations satellites 11 to16 All Block II satellites with A S off 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 12 4 Page ID 63 Word 6 Bits Contents 1 24 Anti Spoof A S flags and satellite configurations satellites 17 to 22 All Block II satellites with A S off 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 25 30 parity calculated F 1 12 5 Page ID 63 Word 7 Bits...

Страница 130: ... health for SV 25 All zeros is SV ID is 25 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 25 30 parity calculated F 1 12 7 Page ID 63 Word 9 Bits Contents 1 6 Satellite health for SV 26 All zeros if SV ID is 26 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 7 12 Satellite health for SV 27 All zeros if SV ID is 27 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 13 18 Satellite health for SV 28 All zeros is SV ID is 28 all one...

Страница 131: ...h for SV 30 All zeros if SV ID is 30 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 7 12 Satellite health for SV 31 All zeros if SV ID is 31 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 13 18 Satellite health for SV 32 All zeros is SV ID is 32 all ones otherwise 0000 00 or 1111 11 19 22 alternating ones and zeros 10 10 23 24 solved to ensure parity bits 29 30 zero calculated 25 30 parity calculated 0 ...

Страница 132: ......

Страница 133: ...e following pages detail the message file format G 2 File format G 2 1 General The file is ASCII text only Any normal text editor e g Windows Notepad may be used for creating or modifying files Comments are allowed and are denoted by an exclamation mark in the first column The length of any line must not exceed 24 characters The total number of lines in the file must not exceed 549 The TOW and wee...

Страница 134: ...nt is included after each line of data defining the word number A typical line is as follows 8BAAAB tttttt wd 1 The first 6 characters represent the 24 bit word data in hexadecimal format 8 B A A A B 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 The bit order is leftmost transmitted first The next six characters are reserved for future implementation of parity adjustment In this release these ch...

Страница 135: ...d2 subframes 1 to 3 subframe1 002200 tttttt wd3 AAAAAA tttttt wd4 AAAAAA tttttt wd5 AAAAAA tttttt wd6 AAAA04 tttttt wd7 0501C2 tttttt wd8 060007 tttttt wd9 000020 tttttt wd10 subframe2 050009 tttttt wd3 000A00 tttttt wd4 00000B tttttt wd5 000C00 tttttt wd6 00000D tttttt wd7 000EA1 tttttt wd8 0D999A tttttt wd9 01C2A8 tttttt wd10 subframe3 000F00 tttttt wd3 000010 tttttt wd4 001126 tttttt wd5 6669B8...

Страница 136: ... 410000 tttttt wd3 020000 tttttt wd4 0001FF tttttt wd5 A10D9A tttttt wd6 000000 tttttt wd7 400000 tttttt wd8 05E51E tttttt wd9 000000 tttttt wd10 page id2 420000 tttttt wd3 020000 tttttt wd4 0001FF tttttt wd5 A10D9A tttttt wd6 000000 tttttt wd7 400000 tttttt wd8 05E51E tttttt wd9 000000 tttttt wd10 page id s 3 to 32 and page id s 51 to 63 removed for brevity ...

Страница 137: ...iate to WAAS change note 3 is SBAS_CN3 WAS Raw SBAS correction data has the basic format shown in Figure 7 13 Figure 7 13 Raw SBAS correction data diagram 250 BITS 6 BIT MESSAGE TYPE IDENTIFIER 0 63 24 BITS 212 BIT DATA 3 CONTINGUOUS BLOCKS 8 BIT PREAMBLE OF 24 BITS TOTAL IN PARITY As can be seen from the diagram above the message can be split into two main segments data and parity Each line of da...

Страница 138: ...plete 250 bit message has been created it is encoded by a rate convolutional Forward Error Correction FEC process The FEC data is produced in software by contiguously feeding the data bits through a constrained length 7 Veterbi encoder This action converts each data bit into two data symbols This process like the parity calculations is invisible to the user H 1 2 Default WAS file WAAS_DEF WAS The ...

Страница 139: ...lable message types and their contents Table 7 3 Available message types Type Contents 0 Do not use this GEO for anything for SBAS testing only 1 PRN Mask assignments set up to 51 of 210 bits 2 to 5 Fast corrections 6 Integrity information 7 Fast correction degradation factor 8 Reserved for future messages 9 GEO navigation message X Y Z time etc 10 Degradation Parameters 11 Reserved for future mes...

Страница 140: ...e is disabled but a satellite off period is specified with the Satellite off mode selected as O P Test Message In this case this message is transmitted continuously during the off period The content of the 212 bit data field is always set to alternating 1 s and 0 s An example to illustrate 212 bit data block and its hexadecimal equivalent is shown below 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010...

Страница 141: ... 7 15 Bit Sequence Message Type 1 0100001001000010000001001000000100 010 00000 11 Bit 1 of the 212 bit data block Bit 15 of 250 bit message IODP PRN2 Bit 210 PRN10 PRN25 PRN120 PRN32 PRN22 PRN15 PRN7 WAS data line for the 212 bit data block of message type 1 is Hex 42 42 04 81 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3 H 1 2 5 Examples of Message Type 2 Fast Corrections Th...

Страница 142: ...ast of these messages contains data for fewer than 7 satellites then this may be replaced by a mixed message type 24 when this is enabled The IODP value bits 3 4 will correspond to that used in the preceding PRN mask message i e 3 The IODF values bits 1 2 increment for each new transmission i e they cycle between 0 and 2 and will be initialised with 1 Fast Correction Data PRCf As only 8 of the pos...

Страница 143: ... of the range error the user can expect from the fast and slow error corrections that are being broadcast UDREII UDREII 99 9 METRES 0 0 75 1 1 0 2 1 25 3 1 75 4 2 25 5 3 0 6 3 75 7 4 5 8 5 25 9 6 0 10 7 5 11 15 0 12 50 0 13 150 0 14 NOT MONITORED 15 DO NOT USE In this example our monitored satellites will have the following UDREI values PRN 2 1 25M 0010 PRN 7 1 0M 0001 PRN 10 3 75M 0110 PRN 15 6 0...

Страница 144: ...5 Note that this message will not be broadcast if its nominal transmission time corresponds with that for a fast correction message sequence Thus if both fast corrections and integrity information update periods are set to 6 seconds no separate integrity data messages will be generated IODFn occupies bits 1 8 of the 212 bit message The remaining 204 bits is divided into 51 slots of 4 bit UDREI s o...

Страница 145: ... 30 14 4 60 15 5 80 Parameter No of Bits System latency tlat 4 IODP 2 Spare 2 aii Indicator 4 for each of 51 satellites IODP 3 System Latency 0 The complete contiguous 212 bit data block and its hexadecimal equivalent is shown below 0000 1100 0000 0000 0000 0101 0101 0000 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01...

Страница 146: ... aGf1 are also updated to this time The accuracy is set to the user defined URA value Parameter No of Bits Value Issue of Data 8 3 t0 13 43248 seconds Accuracy 4 0 XG ECEF 30 42164174 metres YG ECEF 30 0 metres ZG ECEF 25 0 metres XG Rate of Change 17 0 m s YG Rate of Change 17 0 m s ZG Rate of Change 18 0 m s XG Acceleration 10 0 m s2 YG Acceleration 10 0 m s2 ZG Acceleration 10 0 m s2 aGf0 12 0 ...

Страница 147: ...ltc_lsb 10 0 Cltc_v1 10 0 Iltc_v1 9 60 Cltc_v0 10 0 Iltc_v0 9 60 Cgeo_lsb 10 0 Cgeo_v 10 0 Igeo 9 60 Cer 6 0 Ciono_step 10 0 Iiono 9 120 Ciono ramp 10 0 RSSUDRE 1 0 RSSiono 1 0 Spare 88 The complete contiguous 212 bit data block and its hexadecimal equivalent is shown below 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111 1000 0000 0000 0000 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111 1000 0000 0000 ...

Страница 148: ...v1 8 0 t0t 8 116 WNt 8 61 WNLSF 8 61 DN 8 1 ΔtLSF 8 0 UTC Standard Identifier 3 0 GPS Time of Week 20 475231 seconds TOW GPS Week Number 10 829 Glonass Indicator 1 0 Glonass time offset 74 reserved The complete contiguous 212 bit data block and its hexadecimal equivalent is shown below 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111 0100 0011 1101 0000 0000 0011 1101 000...

Страница 149: ...ono grid points is applied for this satellite and IODI is also incremented Parameter No of Bits Number of Bands being broadcast 4 Band Number 4 Issue of Data IODI 2 IGP Mask 201 Spare 1 Number of Bands being broadcast 3 Band Number 1 Issue of Data IODI 0 The complete contiguous 212 bit data block and its hexadecimal equivalent is shown below 0011 0001 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 0111 1111 1000 0100 0...

Страница 150: ...nstellation file Similarly clock error will apply if non zero values are specified for the clock error terms Δaf0 Δaf1 Δaf2 in the same file The error correction values are calculated on every 16 second epoch and the time of applicability is set to be at least 60 seconds after the nominal message transmission time There are two formats for this message type with or without velocity corrections i e...

Страница 151: ...001 δy rate of change ECEF 0 m s 81 82 89 00000000 δz rate of change ECEF 0 00146484375 m s 81 90 97 11111101 δaf1 0 0 seconds sec 81 98 105 00000000 Time of Day Applicability 704 seconds 13 106 118 0000000101100 IODP 3 2 119 120 11 1 Denotes a 2 s complement number Parameter Value No Bits Bit Positions Binary data Velocity Code 1 1 121 1 PRN Mask No PRN 7 2 6 122 127 000010 Issue of Data 2 8 128 ...

Страница 152: ...0100 δaf1 0 0 seconds sec 81 98 105 00000000 Time of Day Applicability 704 seconds 13 106 118 0000000101100 IODP 3 2 119 120 11 1 Denotes a 2 s complement number Parameter Value No Bits Bit Positions Binary data Velocity Code 1 1 121 1 PRN Mask No PRN 22 5 6 122 127 000101 Issue of Data 2 8 128 135 00000010 δx ECEF 13 375 metres 111 136 146 00001101011 δy ECEF 1 875 metres 111 147 157 11111110001 ...

Страница 153: ...01953125 m s 81 90 97 00000100 δaf1 0 0 seconds sec 81 98 105 00000000 Time of Day Applicability 704 seconds 13 106 118 0000000101100 IODP 3 2 119 120 11 1 Denotes a 2 s complement number Parameter Value No Bits Bit Positions Binary data Velocity Code 0 1 121 0 PRN Mask No PRN 2 1 6 122 127 000001 Issue of Data 2 8 128 135 00000010 δx ECEF 0 5 metres 91 136 144 000000100 δy ECEF 17 125 metres 91 1...

Страница 154: ...output interval as it is subservient to the fast corrections message This message types combines both fast and slow correction data Fast correction data can be broadcast for up to 6 satellites in addition to long term data for up to 2 satellites The example below has fast correction data for PRNS 2 7 10 15 22 and 120 and long term data for satellites 2 and 7 Parameter Value No Bits Bit Positions B...

Страница 155: ... 0001 1001 0000 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0010 0001 0110 1001 0000 0000 1100 0100 00 2nd 106 Bits 00 0000 1000 0001 0000 0001 0001 0001 0010 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0010 0001 0010 1000 1001 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110 Hex 05 0F F0 19 00 20 00 10 00 21 69 00 C8 00 81 01 11 21 00 00 20 21 28 93 00 00 6 H 1 2 15 Example of Message Type 17 GEO Almanacs This message cont...

Страница 156: ...F 0 metres sec 31 75 77 000 ZG dt ECEF 0 metres sec 41 78 81 0000 Data ID 0 2 82 83 00 2 PRN number 0 8 84 91 00000000 NOT used Alternate 1 s 0 s 57 92 148 1010 1010 Data ID 0 2 149 150 00 3 PRN number 0 8 151 158 00000000 Not used Alternative 1 s 0 s 57 159 215 1010 1010 TOD time of day 640 seconds 11 216 226 00000001010 1 Denotes a 2 s complement number The complete contiguous 212 bit data block...

Страница 157: ...elated to the error associated with the applicable GIVEI and a user entered error factor The IODI value in this message will normally correspond with that in the preceding ionospheric grid message transitory exceptions may occur if IODI changes Note As correction data is always available for all enabled IGPs the Not Monitored condition GIVEI 15 will never be applicable in this implementation Note ...

Страница 158: ...7 regions are defined then more than one service message is required to transmit all the information If no service message is required then a warning message is displayed on starting the run and this message is then disabled for the remainder of the run Parameter No Bits Bit Positions For each of 7 Regions 28 Region Latitude 10 15 Region Longitude 11 Region Radius Indicator 3 WAAS Service Indicati...

Страница 159: ...sage This is broadcast when no other message type is scheduled An example to illustrate 212 bit data block and its hexadecimal equivalent is shown below 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 10...

Страница 160: ...000000 Time 3 Message type 7 UDRE degradation factor 531c0c000500055555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 Time 4 Message type 18 Ionospheric Grid Point Masks 9a48310ff007f8440441fc01fc100010ff80ff8400041fc01fc110110 Time 5 Message type 18 Ionospheric Grid Point Masks c648321fe00ff0800083fc07f8100010ff007f8440441fc01fc100010 Time 6 Message type 2 fast corrections 5308b000000ffb000005000ffc0000...

Страница 161: ...fast corrections 53087000000fe8000003ffeffd000000000000000000adaecda0fffff Time 19 Message type 26 Ionospheric delay corrections 9a682105f843c25e0df06f83bc1fe10f09784fc29e17f0b7857c27fd5 Time 20 Message type 26 Ionospheric delay corrections c6682208f83fc1be0cf077843c19e0cf067837c1be0ef07f843c25fd5 Time 21 Message type 26 Ionospheric delay corrections 53682308f843c1de0df067833c17e0cf07f847c1be0b905...

Страница 162: ...ealmanac 53441e000580419e000000055555555555555400aaaaaaaaaaaaaa80a Time 34 Message type 63 Null Message 9afcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Time 35 Message type 63 Null Message c6fcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Time 36 Message type 2 fast corrections 53087000000fe5000ffafd1fe8000000000000000000adaecda0fffff Time 37 Message type 63 Null Message 9afcaaaa...

Страница 163: ...0000adaecda0fffff Time 49 Message type 63 Null Message 9afcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Time 50 Message type 63 Null Message c6fcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Time 51 Message type 63 Null Message 53fcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Time 52 Message type 63 Null Message 9afcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Ti...

Страница 164: ... Null Message 9afcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Time 59 Message type 63 Null Message c6fcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Time 60 Message type 2 fast corrections 5308b000000002000023f8bfe9000000000000000000adaecda0fffff In the SBAS_CN3 WAS file this 60 second block of data is continuously repeated ...

Страница 165: ... Primary Overload conditions could present a fire hazard The limiting oxygen index value of the glass epoxy laminate is 25 32 Protection circuits incorporated minimise the overload and or component failure hazards The case is vented to minimise heat and gas concentration b Secondary Under overload conditions the external finishing paint will burn Excessive overload heating of materials will cause ...

Страница 166: ...d safety compliance The GSS6100 complies with the Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC by application of the harmonised standard EN60950 The GSS6100 complies with the EEC EMC Directive 89 336 EEC by application of the following harmonised standard EN61326 1 Electrical Equipment for Measurement Control and Laboratory Use EMC Requirements ...

Страница 167: ...is lines beginning with denote a comment TYPE FIXED VERSION 1 Number of bits in the repeating pattern LENGTH 12 Here is the data over two lines in HEX format 111001 110101 Each Nav Data bit is represented by 1 or 0 and the maximum number of characters in a line is 64 You can use multiple lines by incorporating characters n Line feed and r Carriage return at the end of each line Note There must be ...

Страница 168: ......

Страница 169: ...ed unusual or unacceptable behaviour is exhibited by the simulation system This includes faults in the software hardware or the documentation In the unlikely event of a fault occurring Spirent has a fault reporting system designed to ensure a swift return to normal operation Once Spirent are informed a System Incident Report SIR is raised by the Customer Support staff and an investigation initiate...

Страница 170: ...ing Tower No 35 Xueyuan Road Room 1302 Beijing 100083 China Contact Customer Support Tel Toll free mainland China 8008109529 Tel Outside mainland China 86 1082330033 Fax 86 1082330022 E mail help_asia spirent com All other Regions and Positioning Customers Spirent Communications Plc Aspen Way Paignton Devon TQ4 7QR United Kingdom Contact Customer Support Tel 44 1803 546333 Fax 44 1803 546301 E mai...

Страница 171: ...2 01 DGP000814AAA GSS6100 and SimCHAN user manual Spirent Communications Plc 2005 2007 III Index figures and tables Index and list of figures and tables ...

Страница 172: ...13 H 14 H 15 H 18 H 21 H 23 C C A code 2 1 3 3 5 14 5 15 6 17 Calibration 1 1 7 1 7 2 Cic F 8 Cis F 8 Clock Noise H 5 CRC F 9 H 2 Crs F 5 Cuc F 6 Cus F 7 D Datagram 1 4 DC block C 1 C 2 Degradation H 3 H 9 H 11 H 24 H 26 Delay 5 13 5 15 5 16 5 26 5 27 6 6 6 17 6 25 H 20 Dipole C 2 Doppler 5 10 6 8 6 21 6 25 6 26 6 28 E Earth Centred Earth Fixed H 10 H 15 H 16 H 17 H 19 H 20 EGNOS 2 1 Ephemeris F 1...

Страница 173: ... MSAS 2 1 MSB F 2 F 3 F 5 F 6 F 7 F 8 F 9 F 13 F 23 N Nav Data Template 5 14 5 18 5 19 6 13 G 3 J 1 Navigation Data Nav Data 1 1 1 6 3 3 5 13 5 16 5 19 6 4 6 9 6 22 F 1 G 1 G 3 J 1 NMEA 1 2 Note 2 1 3 4 4 3 5 5 5 7 5 9 5 11 5 13 5 15 5 16 5 17 5 18 5 19 5 20 5 25 5 26 5 27 6 4 6 5 6 22 6 24 6 26 6 27 A 3 C 2 E 1 H 2 H 3 H 8 H 23 H 24 J 1 ns F 4 O Offset 5 10 6 25 H 3 H 12 On 1 6 5 13 5 15 6 4 6 24...

Страница 174: ...Synchronisation 5 26 5 27 F 2 System Latency H 9 T TCP IP 1 4 TLM F 2 TOW 4 1 F 2 G 1 H 12 Track Errors H 14 U UDP IP 1 4 UDREI H 6 H 7 H 8 H 18 Upload H 14 URA H 10 USB 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 2 3 4 4 1 4 3 5 18 6 1 A 1 A 3 B 1 E 1 E 2 E 3 USB driver A 1 A 3 UT 5 3 5 27 UTC F 10 F 22 F 23 H 3 H 12 UTC Standard H 12 V Validity 6 24 6 26 6 27 Velocity 1 1 1 5 1 6 4 1 5 1 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 10 6 8 6 14 6 1...

Страница 175: ...x 5 14 Figure 5 14 SBAS dialog box 5 16 Figure 5 15 Pseudo Range dialog box 5 16 Figure 5 16 Warning and prompts log window 5 17 Figure 5 17 Load Navigation Template 5 18 Figure 5 18 Hardware Options and Settings 5 22 Figure 5 19 Timing requirements for 1PPS IN and resulting start timing 5 27 Figure 5 20 Timing requirements for TRIG IN Immediate Mode and resultant start timing 5 28 Figure 7 1 Inst...

Страница 176: ...onnectors 3 2 Table 3 3 1 PPS IN OUT 25 way connector pin out 3 3 Table 5 1 Parameter section references 5 1 Table 5 2 Elements used in velocity profiles 5 6 Table 5 3 Stored values for PROF1 to PROF8 5 8 Table 5 4 Parameters for User Velocity Profile 5 9 Table 5 5 PRN assignments 5 15 Table 6 1 NMOD supported fields 6 11 Table 6 2 Commands by Mode 6 23 Table 7 1 Hardware BITE messages E 1 Table 7...

Страница 177: ......

Страница 178: ...ations Plc can give no warranty or undertaking and make no representation as to their accuracy In particular Spirent Communications Plc hereby expressly excludes liability for any form of consequential indirect or special loss and for loss of data loss of profits or loss of business opportunity howsoever arising and whether sustained by the user of the information herein or any third party arising...

Страница 179: ...ment or any methods or techniques available therefrom must not be disclosed to any other person whatsoever Spirent Communications Plc Confidential The information contained in this document is the property of Spirent Communications Plc Except as specifically authorised in writing by Spirent Communications Plc the holder of this document shall keep the information contained herein confidential and ...

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