Intel NIOS II страница 71 Скачать руководство пользователя

Страница: 71 / 233

3.6.3.1. Instruction Cache Tag RAM

1. Ensure all code up to the JMP instruction is in the same instruction cache line or is

located in an ITCM.

2. Use a

FLUSHI

instruction to flush an instruction cache line other than the line

containing the executing code.

3. Use a

FLUSHP

instruction to flush the pipeline.

4. Use a

WRCTL

instruction to set

ECCINJ.ICTAG

INJS

INJD

. This setting

causes an ECC error to occur on the start of the next line fill.

5. Use a

JMP

instruction to jump to an instruction address in the flushed line.

6. The ECC error is injected when writing the tag RAM at the start of the line fill.
7. Use a

RDCTL

instruction to ensure that the value of

ECCINJ.ICTAG

NOINJ

8. The ECC error triggers after the target of the

JMP

instruction.

3.6.3.2. Instruction Cache Data RAM

1. Ensure all code up to the JMP instruction is in the same instruction cache line or is

located in an ITCM.

2. Use a

FLUSHI

instruction to flush an instruction cache line other than the line

containing the executing code.

3. Use a

FLUSHP

instruction to flush the pipeline.

4. Use a

WRCTL

instruction to set

ECCINJ.ICDAT

INJS

INJD

. This setting

causes an ECC error to occur on the start of the next line fill.

5. Use a

JMP

instruction to jump to an instruction address in the flushed line.

6. The ECC error is injected when writing the tag RAM at the start of the line fill.
7. Use a

RDCTL

instruction to ensure that the value of

ECCINJ.ICDAT

NOINJ

8. Execute the target of the

JMP

instruction twice (first to inject the ECC error and

second to be triggered by it).

3.6.3.3. ITCMs

Software running on the Nios II cannot directly inject an ECC error in an

ITCM

because the Nios II only writes

ITCM

s when correcting ECC errors. To inject an ECC in

ITCM

, the TCM RAM must also be connected to a

DTCM

master. The Nios II

provided

DTCM

error injection mechanism (i.e.

ECCINJ

error in the TCM RAM as follows:
1. Use a

WRCTL

instruction to set

ECCINJ

so that it will inject ECC errors in the

DTCM

connected to the

ITCM

2. Use a

STW

instruction to write the

DTCM

3. Use a

RDCTL

instruction to ensure the value of the

ECCINJ

field written by the

WRCTL

NOINJ

4. Use a

JMP

instruction to jump to an instruction address in the ITCM.

5. The ECC error should be triggered on the target of the

JMP

instruction.

3. Programming Model

NII-PRG | 2018.04.18

Nios II Processor Reference Guide

Содержание NIOS II

Страница 1: ...Nios II Processor Reference Guide Subscribe Send Feedback NII PRG 2018 04 18 Latest document on the web PDF HTML...

Страница 2: ...5 Exception and Interrupt Controllers 22 2 5 1 Exception Controller 22 2 5 2 EIC Interface 23 2 5 3 Internal Interrupt Controller 23 2 6 Memory and I O Organization 24 2 6 1 Instruction and Data Buses...

Страница 3: ...9 Exception Processing Flow 88 3 7 10 Determining the Cause of Interrupt and Instruction Related Exceptions 93 3 7 11 Handling Nested Exceptions 94 3 7 12 Handling Nonmaskable Interrupts 96 3 7 13 Ma...

Страница 4: ...Prediction 120 4 7 9 RAM Memory Protection 120 4 8 The Quartus Prime IP File 120 4 9 Instantiating the Nios II Processor Revision History 120 5 Nios II Core Implementation Details 121 5 1 Device Famil...

Страница 5: ...imination 149 7 4 2 Call Saved Registers 149 7 4 3 Further Examples of Stacks 149 7 4 4 Function Prologues 151 7 5 Arguments and Return Values 152 7 5 1 Arguments 153 7 5 2 Return Values 153 7 6 DWARF...

Страница 6: ...85 8 5 21 cmpeq 185 8 5 22 cmpeqi 186 8 5 23 cmpge 186 8 5 24 cmpgei 187 8 5 25 cmpgeu 188 8 5 26 cmpgeui 188 8 5 27 cmpgt 189 8 5 28 cmpgti 189 8 5 29 cmpgtu 189 8 5 30 cmpgtui 190 8 5 31 cmple 190 8...

Страница 7: ...70 nop 217 8 5 71 nor 217 8 5 72 or 217 8 5 73 orhi 218 8 5 74 ori 218 8 5 75 rdctl 219 8 5 76 rdprs 219 8 5 77 ret 220 8 5 78 rol 220 8 5 79 roli 221 8 5 80 ror 221 8 5 81 sll 222 8 5 82 slli 222 8 5...

Страница 8: ...d processors Related Information Nios II Processor webpage 1 1 Nios II Processor System Basics The Nios II processor is a general purpose RISC processor core with the following features Full 32 bit in...

Страница 9: ...core a set of on chip peripherals on chip memory and interfaces to off chip memory all implemented on a single Intel FPGA device Like a microcontroller family all Nios II processor systems use a cons...

Страница 10: ...provided reference design you can copy the reference design and use it without modification in the final hardware platform Otherwise you can customize the Nios II processor system until it meets cost...

Страница 11: ...ice goals Soft means the processor core is not fixed in silicon and can be targeted to any Intel FPGA family You are not required to create a new Nios II processor configuration for every new design I...

Страница 12: ...a result to a destination register Because the processor is implemented on reprogrammable Intel FPGAs software and hardware engineers can work together to iteratively optimize the hardware and test th...

Страница 13: ...design in hardware You only need to purchase a license for the Nios II processor when you are completely satisfied with its functionality and performance and want to take your design to production Rel...

Страница 14: ...ler Instruction bus Data bus Memory management unit MMU Memory protection unit MPU Instruction and data cache memories Tightly coupled memory interfaces for instructions and data JTAG debug module NII...

Страница 15: ...ic_port_valid Shadow Register Sets Required Module Optional Module Key 2 1 Processor Implementation The functional units of the Nios II architecture form the foundation for the Nios II instruction set...

Страница 16: ...d Information Instantiating the Nios II Processor on page 106 Nios II Core Implementation Details on page 121 Instruction Set Reference on page 169 2 2 Register File The Nios II architecture supports...

Страница 17: ...er instruction The ALU supports arithmetic shift right and logical shift right left The ALU supports rotate left right 2 3 1 Unimplemented Instructions Some Nios II processor core implementations do n...

Страница 18: ...n to the basic instruction set Note For optimum performance and device footprint Intel recommends using FPH2 rather than FPH1 These floating point instructions are implemented as custom instructions T...

Страница 19: ...e and absolute operations support subnormal numbers The add subtract multiply divide square root and float to integer operations do NOT support subnormal numbers Subnormal operands are treated as sign...

Страница 20: ...ne a b fcmples 230 1 a b 1 0 Supported None a b fcmpgts 229 1 a b 1 0 Supported None a b fcmpges 228 1 a b 1 0 Supported None a b fcmpeqs 227 1 a b 1 0 Supported None a b fcmpnes 226 1 a b 1 0 Support...

Страница 21: ...codes to use the custom instructions for floating point operations 2 3 3 2 Nios II Floating Point Hardware FPH1 Component The FPH1 component supports addition subtraction multiplication and optionall...

Страница 22: ...ner as when a breakpoint is encountered transfers execution to the routine located at the break address and asserts a debugack signal Asserting the debugreq signal when the processor is already paused...

Страница 23: ...n interrupt level The Nios II processor uses the interrupt level in determining when to service the interrupt Any external interrupt can be configured as an NMI NMIs are not masked by the status PIE b...

Страница 24: ...d I O organization are the most notable difference between Nios II processor systems and traditional microcontrollers Because Nios II processor systems are configurable the memories and peripherals va...

Страница 25: ...ction and Data Buses The Nios II architecture supports separate instruction and data buses classifying it as a Harvard architecture Both the instruction and data buses are implemented as Avalon MM mas...

Страница 26: ...read requests before data has returned from prior requests The Nios II processor can prefetch sequential instructions and perform branch prediction to keep the instruction pipe as active as possible T...

Страница 27: ...and the structure of the system interconnect fabric The data and instruction master ports never cause a gridlock condition in which one port starves the other For highest performance assign the data...

Страница 28: ...uction cache may degrade performance in this situation If an application always requires certain data or sections of code to be located in cache memory for performance reasons the tightly coupled memo...

Страница 29: ...architecture supports tightly coupled memory for both instruction and data access Each tightly coupled memory port connects directly to exactly one memory with guaranteed low fixed latency The memory...

Страница 30: ...II MMU provides the following features and functionality Virtual to physical address mapping Memory protection 32 bit virtual and physical addresses mapping a 4 GB virtual address space into as much a...

Страница 31: ...gions Variable instruction and data region sizes Amount of region memory defined by size or upper address limit Read and write access permissions for data regions Execute access permissions for instru...

Страница 32: ...o the routine located at the break address The break address is specified with the Nios II Processor parameter editor in Platform Designer Soft processor cores such as the Nios II processor offer uniq...

Страница 33: ...g action based on conditions on the instruction or data bus during real time program execution Triggers can do more than halt processor execution For example a trigger can be used to enable trace data...

Страница 34: ...on a range of values within a specified range 2 7 6 Trace Capture Trace capture refers to ability to record the instruction by instruction execution of the processor as it executes code in real time...

Страница 35: ...ce with the processor executing in real time execution trace is optimized to store only selected addresses such as branches calls traps and interrupts From these addresses host side debug software can...

Страница 36: ...ng sections define the modes their relationship to your system software and application code and their relationship to the Nios II MMU and Nios II MPU 3 1 1 Supervisor Mode Supervisor mode allows unre...

Страница 37: ...to make requests to the operating system to perform I O operations manage memory and access other system functionality in the supervisor memory The Nios II MMU statically divides the 32 bit virtual a...

Страница 38: ...al address is the address that software uses A physical address is the address which the hardware outputs on the address lines of the Avalon bus The Nios II MMU divides virtual memory into 4 KB pages...

Страница 39: ...is allowed to read data from write data to or execute instructions on each particular page The MMU also controls whether accesses to each data page are cacheable or uncacheable by default Whenever an...

Страница 40: ...0000 Accessed directly or viaTLB Accessed only viaTLB High physical memory can only be accessed through the TLB Any physical address in low memory 29 bits or less can be accessed through the TLB or by...

Страница 41: ...III Stratix IV 256 entries requiring one M9K RAM For more information refer to the Instantiating the Nios II Processor chapter of the Nios II Processor Reference Handbook The operating system software...

Страница 42: ...ual addresses into each TLB entry Related Information Programming Model on page 36 Nios II Core Implementation Details on page 121 3 2 5 TLB Lookups A TLB lookup attempts to convert a virtual address...

Страница 43: ...de although all software can run in supervisor mode if desired System software defines which MPU regions belong to supervisor mode and which belong to user mode MPU protects user application Therefore...

Страница 44: ...region_limit The region limit uses a less than instead of a less than or equal to comparison because less than provides a more efficient implementation The limit is one bit larger than the address so...

Страница 45: ...nformation Related Information Working with the MPU on page 68 3 4 Registers The Nios II register set includes general purpose registers and control registers In addition the Nios II f core can option...

Страница 46: ...The Status Register section For more information refer to the Application Binary Interface chapter of the Nios II Processor Reference Handbook Related Information Application Binary Interface on page...

Страница 47: ...efer to The config Register on page 58 Available only when the MPU or ECC is present Otherwise reserved 14 mpubase Refer to The mpubase Register Available only when the MPU is present Otherwise reserv...

Страница 48: ...bmisc Refer to The tlbmisc Register Available only when the MMU is present Otherwise reserved 11 eccinj Refer to The eccinj Register Available only when ECC is present 12 badaddr Refer to The badaddr...

Страница 49: ...e n is the number of implemented register sets The processor core implements the number of significant bits needed to represent n 1 Unused high order bits are always read as 0 and must be written as 0...

Страница 50: ...interrupt exceptions are unaffected by PIE Read Write 0 Always Related Information External Interrupt Controller Interface on page 80 3 4 2 2 The estatus Register The estatus register holds a saved co...

Страница 51: ...Field Description table describes the details of the fields defined in the bstatus register When a break occurs the value of the status register is copied into bstatus Using bstatus the debugger can r...

Страница 52: ...ore information refer to the Nios II Core Implementation Details chapter of this document For information about controlling the extra exception information option refer to the Instantiating the Nios I...

Страница 53: ...olation exception or on a TLB read operation The VPN field is not written on any exceptions taken when an exception is already active that is when status EH is already one 3 4 2 9 The tlbacc Register...

Страница 54: ...uctions are allowed to access memory Read Write 0 Only with MMU X X is the executable flag When X 0 instructions are not allowed to execute When X 1 instructions are allowed to execute Read Write 0 On...

Страница 55: ...0 Only with MMU DBL DBL is the double TLB miss exception flag Read 0 Only with MMU BAD BAD is the bad virtual address exception flag Read 0 Only with MMU PERM PERM is the TLB permission violation exc...

Страница 56: ...que identifier for the current process that effectively extends the virtual address The process identifier can be less than 14 bits Any unused upper bits must be zero tlbmisc PID contains the PID fiel...

Страница 57: ...the exception is related to a data access and clears D to zero for all other nonbreak exceptions The following exceptions set the D flag to one Fast TLB miss data Double TLB miss data TLB permission...

Страница 58: ...es are always full 32 bit values When an MMU is present the BADDR field contains the virtual address If there is no MMU or MPU and the Nios II address space is less than 32 bits unused high order bits...

Страница 59: ...ble bit When PE 1 the MPU is enabled When PE 0 the MPU is disabled In systems without an MPU PE is always zero Read Write 0 Only with MPU 3 4 2 13 The mpubase Register The mpubase register works in co...

Страница 60: ...nd are read as zero Refer to the MPU Region Read and Write Operations section for more information on MPU region read and write operations Related Information MPU Region Read and Write Operations on p...

Страница 61: ...ite 0 Only with MPU The MASK and LIMIT fields are mutually exclusive Refer to mpucc Control Register Field for MASK Variation Table and mpuacc Control Register Field for LIMIT Variation Table The foll...

Страница 62: ...size is in bytes MASK 0xFFFFFF log2 region_size 8 3 4 2 14 2 The LIMIT Field When the amount of memory reserved for a region is defined by an upper address limit the LIMIT field specifies the upper ad...

Страница 63: ...n for more information on cache bypass 3 4 2 14 4 The PERM Field The PERM field specifies the allowed access permissions Table 36 Instruction Region Permission Values Value Supervisor Permissions User...

Страница 64: ...9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 DTCM 1 DTCM 0 TLB DC DAT DC TAG ICDAT ICTAG RF Software writes 0x1 to inject a 1 bit ECC error or 0x2 to inject a 2 bit ECC error to the RAM field Hardware sets the value of the i...

Страница 65: ...n have up to 63 shadow register sets If n is the configured number of shadow register sets the shadow register sets are numbered from 1 to n Register set 0 is the normal register set A shadow register...

Страница 66: ...hen an external interrupt occurs if the interrupt required the processor to switch to a different register set Read Write Undefined EIC interface and shadow register sets only RSIE RSIE is the registe...

Страница 67: ...execute eret If the processor is currently running in a shadow register set insert the new register set number in sstatus CRS and execute eret Before executing eret to change the register set system s...

Страница 68: ...he mpubase register to read the loaded the mpubase register value Execute a rdctl instruction to the mpuacc register to read the loaded the mpuacc register value The MPU region read operation retrieve...

Страница 69: ...ro When using limit set the mpubase BASE to a nonzero value and clear mpuacc LIMIT to zero Note You must enable at least one instruction and one data region otherwise unpredictable behavior might occu...

Страница 70: ...bit error because the TLB is a software managed cache of the operating system page tables stored in the main memory e g SDRAM Software can invalid the TLB entry return to the instruction that took the...

Страница 71: ...CINJ ICDAT to INJS or INJD This setting causes an ECC error to occur on the start of the next line fill 5 Use a JMP instruction to jump to an instruction address in the flushed line 6 The ECC error is...

Страница 72: ...ion to ensure the value of ECCINJ DCTAG is NOINJ Before the RDCTL use a FLUSHP instruction to avoid the RAW hazard on ECCINJ 6 Do another LOAD or STORE instruction to the same line 7 The ECC error sho...

Страница 73: ...RAW hazard on ECCINJ 5 Either use a LOAD instruction from the same address or trigger a writeback of the dirty line e g FLUSHDA instruction 6 The ECC error should be triggered on the LOAD instruction...

Страница 74: ...licit request signal from an external device also hardware interrupt Interrupt controller hardware that interfaces the processor to interrupt request signals from external devices Internal interrupt c...

Страница 75: ...specify in the Nios II processor IP core setup parameters The following table columns specify information for the exceptions Exception Gives the name of the exception Type Specifies the exception typ...

Страница 76: ...ion related MMU or MPU 10 ea 4 16 General exception Trap instruction Instruction related Always 3 ea 4 16 General exception Illegal instruction Instruction related Illegal instruction detection on MMU...

Страница 77: ...ption the software and hardware configuration and the processor state 3 7 3 1 Interrupt Latency The interrupt controller can mask individual interrupts Each interrupt can have a different maximum mask...

Страница 78: ...tly zero Control registers except for status status RSIE is reset to 1 and the remaining fields are reset to 0 Instruction and data memory Cache memory except for the instruction cache line associated...

Страница 79: ...editor Note All noninterrupt exception handlers including the break handler must run in the normal register set 3 7 5 2 Understanding Register Usage The bstatus control register and general purpose r...

Страница 80: ...RNMI mode Refer to the Requested NMI Mode section of this chapter The Nios II processor EIC interface connects to a single EIC but an EIC can support a daisy chained configuration In a daisy chained c...

Страница 81: ...d restores them on exit Typically the Nios II processor is configured so that when it takes an interrupt other interrupts in the same register set are disabled If interrupt preemption within a registe...

Страница 82: ...rqn is asserted The corresponding bit n of the ienable control register is one Upon hardware interrupt the processor clears the PIE bit to zero disabling further interrupts and performs the other step...

Страница 83: ...ing Flow on page 88 3 7 7 Instruction Related Exceptions Instruction related exceptions occur during execution of Nios II instructions When they occur the processor perform the steps outlined in the E...

Страница 84: ...lated Information Break Exceptions on page 78 3 7 7 3 Unimplemented Instruction When the processor issues a valid instruction that is not implemented in hardware an unimplemented instruction exception...

Страница 85: ...Model on page 36 Nios II Core Implementation Details on page 121 3 7 7 5 Supervisor Only Instruction When your system contains an MMU or MPU and the processor is in user mode status U 1 executing a s...

Страница 86: ...e width of the load or store instruction data width four bytes for word two bytes for half word Byte load and store instructions are always aligned so never take a misaligned address exception Related...

Страница 87: ...etch can cause this exception Fast TLB miss data Load store initda and flushda instructions can cause this exception The fast TLB miss exception handler can inspect the tlbmisc D field to determine wh...

Страница 88: ...for that region did not allow the action to complete An instruction fetch or data address did not match any region The general exception handler reads the MPU region attributes to determine if the ad...

Страница 89: ...the fast TLB miss exception It is built for speed to process TLB misses quickly The fast TLB miss exception handler address specified with the Nios II Processor parameter editor in Platform Designer...

Страница 90: ...ts as described in the Shadow Register Set section of this chapter Keeping status PIE set allows higher level interrupts to be taken immediate without requiring the interrupt handler to set status PIE...

Страница 91: ...errupt Exception status EH 1 34 status EH 0 status EH 1 status EH 0 TLB Miss 36 No TLB Miss RRS 0 35 RRS 0 RRS 0 RRS 0 TLB Permission Violation 36 No TLB Permission Violation pteaddr VPN 20 No change...

Страница 92: ...ermission violation set to 0 otherwise 30 Set to 1 on a bad virtual address exception set to 0 otherwise 31 Disables exceptions and nonmaskable interrupts 32 If the MMU is implemented indicates that t...

Страница 93: ...ck for interrupt exceptions With an external interrupt controller ipending is always 0 and this check can be omitted if estatus PIE 1 and ipending 0 handle interrupt Decode exception from instruction...

Страница 94: ...itten to prevent each handler from corrupting the context in which a pre empted handler runs If an exception handler issues a trap instruction an optional instruction or an instruction which could gen...

Страница 95: ...o another register set The following tables demonstrate the validity of register set assignments when preemption within a register set is enabled Table 45 Example of Illegal RIL Assignment RIL Registe...

Страница 96: ...intact the processor state associated with maskable interrupts and other exceptions as well as normal nonexception processing when each NMI is assigned to a dedicated shadow register set Therefore NMI...

Страница 97: ...ation Handling Nested Exceptions on page 94 Exception Processing on page 74 3 7 13 4 Returning From Interrupt and Instruction Related Exceptions The eret instruction is used to resume execution at the...

Страница 98: ...ted exceptions execution must resume from the instruction following the instruction where the exception occurred Therefore ea contains the correct return address On the other hand hardware interrupt e...

Страница 99: ...ch processor cores implement bit 31 cache bypass Refer to Instruction Set Reference chapter of the Nios II Processor Reference Handbook for details of the cache bypass instructions Code written for a...

Страница 100: ...o select the line and are translated bits bits 12 and up are known as the color of the address An operating system avoids illegal virtual address aliases by ensuring that if multiple virtual addresses...

Страница 101: ...ri xori These operations are immediate versions of the and or and xor instructions The 16 bit immediate value is zero extended to 32 bits and then combined with a register value to form the result and...

Страница 102: ...ions perform all the equality and relational operators of the C programming language Table 51 Comparison Instructions Instruction Description cmpeq cmpne cmpge signed cmpgeu unsigned cmpgt signed cmpg...

Страница 103: ...a register and stores the return address in register ra This instruction serves the roll of dereferencing a C function pointer ret The ret instruction is used to return from subroutines called by call...

Страница 104: ...s from the pipeline This is necessary before jumping to recently modified instruction memory sync This instruction ensures that all previously issued operations have completed before allowing executio...

Страница 105: ...erate an unimplemented instruction exception An exception routine must exercise caution if it uses these instructions because they could generate another exception before the previous exception is pro...

Страница 106: ...elect the processor core The core you select on this tab affects other options available on this and other tabs Figure 6 Nios II Platform Designer Main Tab NII PRG 2018 04 18 Intel Corporation All rig...

Страница 107: ...er to the Nios II Core Implementation Details chapter of the Nios II Processor Reference Handbook Related Information Nios II Core Implementation Details on page 121 4 2 Vectors Tab Figure 7 Nios II P...

Страница 108: ...n a typical system select a low latency memory module for the exception code Exception vector offset specifies the location of the exception vector relative to the memory module s base address Platfor...

Страница 109: ...displays the readonly calculated address The address is always a physical address even when an MMU is present Note The Nios II MMU is optional and mutually exclusive from the Nios II MPU Nios II syste...

Страница 110: ...th but might consume additional FPGA resources Be aware that when bursts are enabled accesses to slaves might go through additional hardware called burst adapters which might decrease your fMAX When t...

Страница 111: ...memory bandwidth but might consume additional FPGA resources Be aware that when bursts are enabled accesses to slaves might go through additional hardware called burst adapters which might decrease y...

Страница 112: ...best option to balance embedded multiplier usage logic element LE usage and performance Figure 9 Nios II Platform Designer Arithmetic Instructions Tab 4 4 1 Arithmetic Instructions Multiply Shift Rot...

Страница 113: ...s achieved by using the 32 bit multiplier along with the multiply extended instructions mulxss mulxsu mulxuu which can be found in the Instruction Set Reference chapter of this manual Table 58 64 bit...

Страница 114: ...te based on the device family of the target hardware and disables TLB entries TLB entries Specifies the number of entries in the translation lookaside buffer TLB TLB Set Associativity Specifies the nu...

Страница 115: ...ction region size Specifies the minimum instruction region size Allowed values range from 256 bytes to 1 MB and must be a power of two Note The maximum region size is the size of the Nios II instructi...

Страница 116: ...akpoint on instructions residing in RAM Hardware Breakpoints Sets a breakpoint on instructions residing in nonvolatile memory such as flash memory Data Triggers Triggers based on address value data va...

Страница 117: ...AM blocks Every M4K RAM block can store up to 128 trace frames Related Information Processor Architecture on page 14 4 7 Advanced Features Tab Figure 12 Nios II Platform Designer Advanced Features Tab...

Страница 118: ...e configured with up to 63 shadow register sets Shadow register sets are available only on the Nios II f core Note When the EIC interface and shadow register sets are implemented on the Nios II core y...

Страница 119: ...e on There are two misaligned memory address exceptions Misaligned data address Data addresses of load and store instructions are checked for misalignment A data address is considered misaligned if th...

Страница 120: ...o add this qip file to the current project at the time of Quartus Prime file generation In most cases the qip file contains all of the necessary assignments and information required to process the cor...

Страница 121: ...nal Cyclone III Final Cyclone III LS Final Cyclone IV GX Final Cyclone IV E Final Cyclone V Final Intel Cyclone 10 LP Final Stratix II Final Stratix II GX Final Stratix III Final continued NII PRG 201...

Страница 122: ...atency Maximize fMAX performance of the processor core The resulting core is optimal for performance critical applications as well as for applications with large amounts of code and or data such as sy...

Страница 123: ...le on the target device This option is available only on Intel FPGAs that have a hardware multiplier that supports 32 bit multiplication Embedded Multipliers Includes dedicated embedded multipliers av...

Страница 124: ...an add operation that uses the result of the multiply On the Nios II f core the addi instruction like most ALU instructions executes in a single cycle However in this code example execution of the ad...

Страница 125: ...port Note Although the Nios II processor can operate entirely out of tightly coupled memory without the need for Avalon MM instruction or data masters software debug is not possible when either the A...

Страница 126: ...he is optional However excluding instruction cache from the Nios II f core requires that the core include at least one tightly coupled instruction memory 5 2 3 2 2 Data Cache Direct mapped cache imple...

Страница 127: ...ote Avoid mixing cached and uncached accesses to the same cache line regardless whether you are reading from or writing to the cache line If it is necessary to mix cached and uncached data accesses fl...

Страница 128: ...sts of one main TLB stored in on chip RAM and two separate micro TLBs TLB for instructions ITLB and data DTLB stored in LE based registers The TLBs have a configurable number of entries and are fully...

Страница 129: ...ad multiply shift 5 2 7 1 Pipeline Stalls The pipeline is set up so that if a stage stalls no new values enter that stage or any earlier stages No catching up of pipeline stages is allowed even if a p...

Страница 130: ...ty and an execution time of four cycles Instructions that require Avalon MM transfers are stalled until any required Avalon MM transfers up to one write and one read are completed Table 68 Instruction...

Страница 131: ...tions are present they require five clock cycles MMU MPU Division exception Misaligned load store address exception EIC port Shadow register sets Related Information Data Cache on page 126 Instruction...

Страница 132: ...sted interrupt level RIL The six bit interrupt level If RIL is 0 no interrupt is requested Requested nonmaskable interrupt RNMI flag A one bit flag indicating whether the interrupt is to be treated as...

Страница 133: ...Nios II includes the ECC encoder decoder logic for each TCM and the TCM master port data width is increased to allow the Nios II to read and write the ECC parity bits The TCM must be a RAM and must s...

Страница 134: ...line None Data cache present 18 DCWB_UE Unrecoverable 2 bit ECC error in data cache data RAM or victim line buffer RAM during writeback of a dirty line Likely fatal Data cache present 19 TLB_RE Recove...

Страница 135: ...rview The Nios II s core Has an instruction cache but no data cache Can access up to 2 GB of external address space Supports optional tightly coupled memory for instructions Employs a 5 stage pipeline...

Страница 136: ...the Nios II s Core ALU Option Hardware Details Cycles per instruction Supported Instructions No hardware multiply or divide Multiply and divide instructions generate an exception None LE based multipl...

Страница 137: ...ast one tightly coupled memory to take the place of the missing master port Note Although the Nios II processor can operate entirely out of tightly coupled memory without the need for Avalon MM instru...

Страница 138: ...reside in tightly coupled memory If the address resides in tightly coupled memory the Nios II core fetches the instruction through the tightly coupled memory interface Software does not require aware...

Страница 139: ...erforming its operation when using the multicycle shift circuitry i e when the hardware multiplier is not available An M stage shift rotate multiply instruction is still performing its operation when...

Страница 140: ...5 3 8 JTAG Debug Module The Nios II s core supports the JTAG debug module to provide a JTAG interface to software debugging tools The Nios II s core supports an optional enhanced interface that allows...

Страница 141: ...shift circuitry achieves one bit per cycle shift and rotate operations 5 4 3 Memory Access The Nios II e core does not provide instruction cache or data cache All memory and peripheral accesses genera...

Страница 142: ...ructions e g add cmplt 6 All branch jmp jmpi ret call callr 6 trap break eret bret flushp wrctl rdctl unimplemented 6 All load word 6 Duration of Avalon MM read transfer All load halfword 9 Duration o...

Страница 143: ...rsion Changes 2018 04 18 Implemented editorial enhancements 2017 05 08 Added link to Nios II Performance Benchmarks 2016 10 28 Maintenance release 2015 04 02 Initial release 5 Nios II Core Implementat...

Страница 144: ...hitecture Revisions Architecture revisions augment the fundamental capabilities of the Nios II architecture and affect all Nios II cores A change in the architecture mandates a revision to all Nios II...

Страница 145: ...e Nios II s core 6 3 3 Nios II e Core Table 80 Nios II e Core Revisions Version Release Date Notes 14 0 January 2015 Initial release of the Nios II e core 6 4 JTAG Debug Module Revisions JTAG debug mo...

Страница 146: ...only be aligned to a 32 bit boundary Structures unions and strings must be aligned to a minimum of 32 bits Bit fields inside structures are always 32 bit aligned NII PRG 2018 04 18 Intel Corporation A...

Страница 147: ...second 32 bits r6 v Register arguments third 32 bits r7 v Register arguments fourth 32 bits r8 v Caller saved general purpose registers r9 v r10 v r11 v r12 v r13 v r14 v r15 v r16 v v Callee saved g...

Страница 148: ...points to the last used slot The frame pointer points to the saved frame pointer near the top of the stack frame The figure below shows an example of the structure of a current frame In this case func...

Страница 149: ...support If you are not using a debugger you can optimize your code by eliminating the frame pointer using the fomit frame pointer compiler option When the frame pointer is eliminated register fp is a...

Страница 150: ...ter Calling alloca higher addresses lower addresses space for outgoing stack arguments sp sp space for outgoing stack arguments memory allocated by alloca a c o l l a g n i l l a c r e t f A e r o f e...

Страница 151: ...ure is passed using registers the function might need to copy the register contents back to the stack This operation is similar to that required in the variable arguments case as shown in the figure a...

Страница 152: ...er Usage on page 147 7 4 4 1 Prologue Variations The following variations can occur in a prologue If the function s frame size is greater than 32 767 bytes extra temporary registers are used in the ca...

Страница 153: ...th Variable Arguments Related Information Stack Frame for a Function with Variable Arguments on page 150 7 5 2 Return Values Return values of types up to 8 bytes are returned in r2 and r3 For return v...

Страница 154: ...type specifies how to calculate the relocated address The bit mask specifies where the address is found in the instruction Table 85 Nios II Relocation Calculation Name Value Overflow check 45 Relocat...

Страница 155: ...n a n a R_NIOS2_UJMP 18 No S A 16 0xFFFF S A 4 0xFFFF 0x003FFFC0 6 R_NIOS2_CJMP 19 No S A 16 0xFFFF S A 4 0xFFFF 0x003FFFC0 6 R_NIOS2_CALLR 20 No S A 16 0xFFFF S A 4 0xFFFF 0x003FFFC0 6 R_NIOS2_ALIGN...

Страница 156: ...cation section 0xFFFFFFFF 0 R_NIOS2_RELATIVE 39 47 No BA A 0xFFFFFFFF 0 R_NIOS2_GOTOFF 40 47 No S A 0xFFFFFFFF 0 R_NIOS2_GOT_LO 42 47 No G 0xFFFF 0x003FFFC0 6 R_NIOS2_GOT_HA 43 47 No Adj G 0x003FFFC0...

Страница 157: ...eyond the Linux specific information in Nios II ABI Register Usage Table and the Nios II Relocation Calculation Table Related Information Relocation on page 154 Register Usage on page 147 7 9 1 Linux...

Страница 158: ..._NIOS2_GOTOFF_HA gotoff_lo R_NIOS2_PCREL_LO hiadj R_NIOS2_PCREL_HA lo R_NIOS2_TLS_GD16 tls_gd R_NIOS2_TLS_LDM16 tls_ldm R_NIOS2_TLS_LDO16 tls_ldo R_NIOS2_TLS_IE16 tls_ie R_NIOS2_TLS_LE16 tls_le R_NIOS...

Страница 159: ...eturn value is always returned in r2 Calls to __tls_get_addr must use the normal position independent code PIC calling convention in PIC code these sequences are for example only and the compiler migh...

Страница 160: ...odified On non Linux systems r23 is a general purpose callee saved register The global pointer r26 or gp is globally fixed It is initialized in startup code and always valid on entry to a function Thi...

Страница 161: ...n SIGILL Illegal instruction SIGILL Break instruction SIGTRAP Supervisor only data address SIGSEGV Misaligned data address SIGBUS Misaligned destination address SIGBUS Division error SIGFPE TLB Permis...

Страница 162: ...of pairs of 32 bit tag and 32 bit value terminated by an AT_NULL tag 7 9 5 Linux Position Independent Code Every position independent code PIC function which uses global data or global functions must...

Страница 163: ...3 r22 GOT n R_NIOS2_RELATIVE x The call and jmpi instructions are not available in position independent code Instead all calls are made through the GOT Function addresses may be loaded with call which...

Страница 164: ...otoff Label1 word gotoff Label2 word gotoff Label3 Related Information Procedure Linkage Table on page 165 7 9 6 Linux Program Loading and Dynamic Linking 7 9 6 1 Global Offset Table Because shared li...

Страница 165: ...for lazy binding The link editor fills in an initial value pointing to the lazy binding stubs at the start of the PLT section Each PLT entry appears as shown in the example below Example 24 PLT Entry...

Страница 166: ...unctions outside the current shared object must pass through the GOT The program loads function addresses using call and the link editor may arrange for such entries to be lazily bound Because PLT ent...

Страница 167: ...ap instruction with immediate operand 31 all ones The OS must distinguish this instruction from a trap 0 system call and generate a trap signal 7 9 7 3 Atomic Operations The Nios II architecture does...

Страница 168: ...I R2 ISA 7 11 Application Binary Interface Revision History Document Version Changes 2018 04 18 Implemented editorial enhancements Updated the information about object macros in Development Environmen...

Страница 169: ...4 3 2 1 0 IMM16 OP 8 1 2 R Type The defining characteristic of the R type instruction word format is that all arguments and results are specified as registers R type instructions contain A 6 bit opco...

Страница 170: ...and jmpi transfer execution anywhere within a 256 MB range Table 92 J Type Instruction Format Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 IMM26 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 IMM...

Страница 171: ...Table 94 OPX Encodings for R Type Instructions OPX Instruction OPX Instruction OPX Instruction OPX Instruction 0x00 0x10 cmplt 0x20 cmpeq 0x30 cmpltu 0x01 eret 0x11 0x21 0x31 add 0x02 roli 0x12 slli...

Страница 172: ...IMMED 1 cmple rC rA rB cmpge rC rB rA cmplei rB rA IMMED cmplti rB rA IMMED 1 cmpleu rC rA rB cmpgeu rC rB rA cmpleui rB rA IMMED cmpltui rB rA IMMED 1 mov rC rA add rC rA r0 movhi rB IMMED orhi rB r0...

Страница 173: ...all Nios II instruction mnemonics in alphabetical order Table 97 Notation Conventions Notation Meaning X Y X is written with Y PC X The program counter PC is written with address X the instruction at...

Страница 174: ...tion about these and all Nios II exceptions refer to the Programming Model chapter of the Nios II Processor Reference Handbook Related Information Programming Model on page 36 8 5 1 add Instruction ad...

Страница 175: ...21 20 19 18 17 16 A B C 0x31 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x31 0 0x3A 8 5 2 addi Instruction addi Operation rB rA IMM16 Assembler Syntax addi rB rA IMM16 Example addi r6 r7 100 Description Si...

Страница 176: ...ptions None Instruction Type I Instruction Fields A Register index of operand rA B Register index of operand rB IMM16 16 bit signed immediate value Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18...

Страница 177: ...B Register index of operand rB IMM16 16 bit unsigned immediate value Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 A B IMM16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 IMM16 0x2c 8 5 5 andi I...

Страница 178: ...ptions Misaligned destination address Instruction Type I Instruction Fields A Register index of operand rA B Register index of operand rB IMM16 16 bit signed immediate value Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27...

Страница 179: ...on If unsigned rA unsigned rB then bgeu transfers program control to the instruction at label In the instruction encoding the offset given by IMM16 is treated as a signed number of bytes relative to t...

Страница 180: ...nstruction at label Pseudo instruction bgtu is implemented with the bltu instruction by swapping the register operands 8 5 11 ble Instruction branch if less than or equal signed Operation if signed rA...

Страница 181: ...word aligned Exceptions Misaligned destination address Instruction Type I Instruction Fields A Register index of operand rA B Register index of operand rB IMM16 16 bit signed immediate value Bit Fiel...

Страница 182: ...uction encoding the offset given by IMM16 is treated as a signed number of bytes relative to the instruction immediately following bne The two least significant bits of IMM16 are always zero because i...

Страница 183: ...m execution and transfers control to the debugger break processing routine Saves the address of the next instruction in register ba and saves the contents of the status register in bstatus Disables in...

Страница 184: ...tion Instruction Type R Instruction Fields None Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 0x1e 0 0x1e 0x09 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x09 0 0x3a 8 5 19 call Instruction ca...

Страница 185: ...eference C language function pointers Exceptions Misaligned destination address Instruction Type R Instruction Fields A Register index of operand rA Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 1...

Страница 186: ...s the 16 bit immediate value IMM16 to 32 bits and compares it to the value of rA If rA IMM16 cmpeqi stores 1 to rB otherwise stores 0 to rB Usage cmpeqi performs the operation of the C programming lan...

Страница 187: ...gned immediate Operation if signed rA signed IMM16 then rB 1 else rB 0 Assembler Syntax cmpgei rB rA IMM16 Example cmpgei r6 r7 100 Description Sign extends the 16 bit immediate value IMM16 to 32 bits...

Страница 188: ...13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x28 0 0x3a 8 5 26 cmpgeui Instruction compare greater than or equal unsigned immediate Operation if unsigned rA unsigned 0x0000 IMM16 then rB 1 else rB 0 Assembler Sy...

Страница 189: ...e Operation if signed rA signed IMMED then rB 1 else rB 0 Assembler Syntax cmpgti rB rA IMMED Example cmpgti r6 r7 100 Description Sign extends the immediate value IMMED to 32 bits and compares it to...

Страница 190: ...C programming language The maximum allowed value of IMMED is 65534 The minimum allowed value is 0 Pseudo instruction cmpgtui is implemented using a cmpgeui instruction with an IMM16 immediate value o...

Страница 191: ...programming language Pseudo instruction cmpleu is implemented with the cmpgeu instruction by swapping its rA and rB operands 8 5 34 cmpleui Instruction compare less than or equal unsigned immediate Op...

Страница 192: ...ate Operation if signed rA signed IMM16 then rB 1 else rB 0 Assembler Syntax cmplti rB rA IMM16 Example cmplti r6 r7 100 Description Sign extends the 16 bit immediate value IMM16 to 32 bits and compar...

Страница 193: ...13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x30 0 0x3a 8 5 38 cmpltui Instruction compare less than unsigned immediate Operation if unsigned rA unsigned 0x0000 IMM16 then rB 1 else rB 0 Assembler Syntax cmpltui...

Страница 194: ...A B Register index of operand rB C Register index of operand rC Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 A B C 0x18 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x18 0 0x3a 8 5 40 cmpnei In...

Страница 195: ...s which custom instruction to use Custom instructions can use up to two parameters xA and xB and can optionally write the result to a register xC Usage To access a custom register inside the custom in...

Страница 196: ...resentable in 32 bits There is no overflow exception Nios II processors that do not implement the div instruction cause an unimplemented instruction exception Usage Remainder of Division If the result...

Страница 197: ...The original divu operation rD remainder Exceptions Division error Unimplemented instruction Instruction Type R Instruction Fields A Register index of operand rA B Register index of operand rB C Regi...

Страница 198: ...entifying the data cache line flushd ignores the tag field and only uses the line field to select the data cache line to clear Skip comparing the cache line tag with the effective address to determine...

Страница 199: ...the cache This process comprises the following steps Compute the effective address specified by the sum of rA and the signed 16 bit immediate value Identify the data cache line associated with the co...

Страница 200: ...9 18 17 16 A 0 IMM16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 IMM16 0x1b Related Information Cache and Tightly Coupled Memory initda on page 203 initd on page 201 flushd on page 198 8 5 47 flushi Instruc...

Страница 201: ...uction memory Exceptions None Instruction Type R Instruction Fields None Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 A 0 0 0x04 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x04 0 0x3a 8 5 49...

Страница 202: ...r the valid bit for the line If the Nios II processor core does not have a data cache the initd instruction performs no operation Usage Use initd after processor reset and before accessing data memory...

Страница 203: ...ss is not currently cached so the instruction does nothing Skip checking if the data cache line is dirty Because initd skips the dirty cache line check data that has been modified by the processor but...

Страница 204: ...essor core does not have an instruction cache the initi instruction performs no operation Usage This instruction is used to initialize the processor s instruction cache Immediately after processor res...

Страница 205: ...x0d 0 0x3a 8 5 53 jmpi Instruction jump immediate Operation PC PC31 28 IMM26 x 4 Assembler Syntax jmpi label Example jmpi write_char Description Transfers execution to the instruction at address PC31...

Страница 206: ...er In processors without a data cache ldbio acts like ldb For more information on data cache refer to the Cache and Tightly Coupled Memory chapter of the Nios II Software Developer s Handbook Exceptio...

Страница 207: ...nsfer In processors without a data cache ldbuio acts like ldbu For more information on data cache refer to the Cache and Tightly Coupled Memory chapter of the Nios II Software Developer s Handbook Exc...

Страница 208: ...rs with a data cache ldhio bypasses the cache and is guaranteed to generate an Avalon MM data transfer In processors without a data cache ldhio acts like ldh For more information on data cache refer t...

Страница 209: ...d data from the cache instead of from memory Use the ldhuio instruction for peripheral I O In processors with a data cache ldhuio bypasses the cache and is guaranteed to generate an Avalon MM data tra...

Страница 210: ...ache this instruction may retrieve the desired data from the cache instead of from memory Use the ldwio instruction for peripheral I O In processors with a data cache ldwio bypasses the cache and memo...

Страница 211: ...high halfword Operation rB IMMED 0x0000 Assembler Syntax movhi rB IMMED Example movhi r6 0x8000 Description Writes the immediate value IMMED into the high halfword of rB and clears the lower halfword...

Страница 212: ...i is implemented as addi rB r0 IMMED 8 5 62 movia Instruction move immediate address into word Operation rB label Assembler Syntax movia rB label Example movia r6 function_address Description Writes t...

Страница 213: ...enerates a carry unsigned overflow If a 0 1 result is desired follow the mulxuu with the cmpne instruction Overflow Detection signed operands After the multiply operation overflow can be detected usin...

Страница 214: ...21 20 19 18 17 16 A B IMM16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 IMM16 0x24 8 5 66 mulxss Instruction multiply extended signed signed Operation rC signed rA x signed rB 63 32 Assembler Syntax mulxss...

Страница 215: ...unimplemented instruction exception Usage mulxsu can be used as part of the calculation of a 128 bit product of two 64 bit signed integers Given two 64 bit integers each contained in a pair of 32 bit...

Страница 216: ...t unsigned integers each contained in a pair of 32 bit registers T1 U1 and T2 U2 their 128 bit product is U1 x U2 U1 x T2 32 T1 x U2 32 T1 x T2 64 The mulxuu and mul instructions are used to calculate...

Страница 217: ...bitwise logical NOR of rA and rB and stores the result in rC Exceptions None Instruction Type R Instruction Fields A Register index of operand rA B Register index of operand rB C Register index of op...

Страница 218: ...logical OR of rA and IMM16 0x0000 and stores the result in rB Exceptions None Instruction Type I Instruction Fields A Register index of operand rA B Register index of operand rB IMM16 16 bit signed im...

Страница 219: ...operand rC N Control register index of operand ctlN Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 0 0 C 0x26 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x26 N 0x3a 8 5 76 rdprs Instruction re...

Страница 220: ...13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 IMM16 0x38 8 5 77 ret Instruction return from subroutine Operation PC ra Assembler Syntax ret Example ret Description Transfers execution to the address in ra Usage Any...

Страница 221: ...Rotates rA left by the number of bits specified in IMM5 and stores the result in rC The bits that shift out of the register rotate into the least significant bit positions Usage In addition to the ro...

Страница 222: ...left logical Operation rC rA rB4 0 Assembler Syntax sll rC rA rB Example sll r6 r7 r8 Description Shifts rA left by the number of bits specified in rB4 0 inserting zeroes and then stores the result in...

Страница 223: ...rA unsigned rB4 0 Assembler Syntax sra rC rA rB Example sra r6 r7 r8 Description Shifts rA right by the number of bits specified in rB4 0 duplicating the sign bit and then stores the result in rC Bits...

Страница 224: ...x3a IMM5 0x3a 8 5 85 srl Instruction shift right logical Operation rC unsigned rA unsigned rB4 0 Assembler Syntax srl rC rA rB Example srl r6 r7 r8 Description Shifts rA right by the number of bits sp...

Страница 225: ...on Mem8 rA IMM16 rB7 0 Assembler Syntax stb rB byte_offset rA stbio rB byte_offset rA Example stb r6 100 r5 Description Computes the effective byte address specified by the sum of rA and the instructi...

Страница 226: ...ruction s signed 16 bit immediate value Stores the low halfword of rB to the memory location specified by the effective byte address The effective byte address must be halfword aligned If the byte add...

Страница 227: ...cation specified by the effective byte address The effective byte address must be word aligned If the byte address is not a multiple of 4 the operation is undefined Usage In processors with a data cac...

Страница 228: ...e written to a register or a conditional branch can be taken based on the carry condition Both cases are shown in the following code sub rC rA rB cmpltu rD rA rB sub rC rA rB bltu rA rB label The orig...

Страница 229: ...xtends the immediate value IMMED to 32 bits subtracts it from the value of rA and then stores the result in rB Usage The maximum allowed value of IMMED is 32768 The minimum allowed value is 32767 Pseu...

Страница 230: ...ified with the Nios_II Processor parameter editor in Platform Designer The 5 bit immediate field imm5 is ignored by the processor but it can be used by the debugger trap with no argument is the same a...

Страница 231: ...is specified by status PRS By default status PRS indicates the register set in use before an exception such as an external interrupt caused a register set change To write to an arbitrary register set...

Страница 232: ...5 4 3 2 1 0 0x1e 0 0x3a 8 5 97 xorhi Instruction bitwise logical exclusive or immediate into high halfword Operation rB rA IMM16 0x0000 Assembler Syntax xorhi rB rA IMM16 Example xorhi r6 r7 100 Desc...

Страница 233: ...truction Fields A Register index of operand rA B Register index of operand rB IMM16 16 bit unsigned immediate value Bit Fields 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 A B IMM16 15 14 13 12 11...

Результаты поиска

Содержание NIOS II

Отзывы:

Похожие инструкции для NIOS II

Бренды по названию

Популярные бренды

Intel NIOS II, Руководство владельца

Результаты поиска

Содержание NIOS II

Отзывы:

Похожие инструкции для NIOS II

Бренды по названию

Популярные бренды