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AMETEK Brookfield Page 58

Manual No. M09-1200-F1016

epth of v

essel in diamet

ers Z

Major Principal Consolidation Stress

Hydrostatic pressure increase

(pgh)

wall friction = 0 deg
wall friction = 20 deg

wall friction = 40 deg

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Figure A-6: Stress distributions in vertical walled vessels

Software can be used to estimate pressures in a container based on measurements of the bulk

density

, wall friction

, internal friction

and container diameter D. The principal consolidation

pressure

at depth Z is given by the following equation. This equation is used for Rat-hole

calculation.

· g · D

4 ·

· tan

(

1 – e 4 ·

· tan

)

We assume:

= 0.4

This applies only to the vertical section of the bin or silo. “Kick-pressure” has an effect when

the powder gets into the hopper section.

The wall friction angle represents the angle to which a wall surface must be inclined as shown

in Figure A-7 to cause powder to slip. The wall friction angle is typically in the range of 10 to

45 degrees.

The wall friction angle is also called the chute angle.

Powder slip

Figure A-7: Wall friction

Содержание PFT Powder Flow Tester

Страница 1: ...Instructions Manual No M09 1200 F1016 Instrumentation Specialty Controls Division 11 Commerce Boulevard Middleboro MA 02302 USA Tel 508 946 6200 or 800 628 8139 USA excluding MA Fax 508 946 6262 Inte...

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Страница 3: ...and Lid from Instrument 24 III 9 Clean up 24 IV POWDER FLOW PRO SOFTWARE 25 IV 1 Main Screen and Setup Tab 25 IV 2 Sample Information 26 IV 3 Standard Test Method 27 IV 4 Custom Test Method 28 IV 5 T...

Страница 4: ......

Страница 5: ...pplied to the powder all contribute to the calculations which determine the flowability of the powder The intended uses for the PFT include Pass fail tests to certify material quality prior to shipmen...

Страница 6: ...onal Items for Standard Accessory Kit Wall Lid Tivar 88 6 in dia PFT 512 Wall Lid Mild Steel 6 in dia PFT 513 Portable Carrying Case RK PFTCCKIT Optional Small Volume Shear Cell Kit Includes the follo...

Страница 7: ...PFT 624 Sieve 425 micro meters PFT 625 Cone PFT 621 Brush 7 8 rd all metal 302 S S PFT 628 I 2 Utilities Input Voltage 90 265 VAC Input Frequency 47 63 HZ Power consumption 150VAC Fuse Two 2 AMP 5 x...

Страница 8: ...Shear Cell the maximum particle size is 250 micron assuming a monosized material Asmall size fraction at 500 micron with 90 below 250 micron is acceptable Environmental Conditions 0 C to 40 C tempera...

Страница 9: ...AMETEK Brookfield Page 9 Manual No M09 1200 F1016 I 4 Dimensions 14 1 4 36 2 cm 15 5 8 39 7 cm 26 5 8 67 6 cm 14 1 4 36 2 cm 15 5 8 39 7 cm Figure I 1 PFT Dimensions...

Страница 10: ...nic failure Precautions If this instrument is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired This instrument is not intended for use in a...

Страница 11: ...USB Type B port Use with USB Cable P N DVP 202 to connect instrument to a computer Cable USB 2 0 A Male to B Male 2 RS 232 Serial Port Use with RS 232 Cable P N DVP 80 to connect instrument to a comp...

Страница 12: ...owards the sample trough drive assembly P This key is used to rotate the sample trough drive assembly clockwise Note This key is also used during calibration Q This key is used to rotate the sample tr...

Страница 13: ...PFT for shipment 2 Cut the packaging tape on the box top 3 Open the box top and remove the accessory box 4 Remove the top foam piece 5 Remove the outer box by lifting it up 6 Open the plastic bag top...

Страница 14: ...d Foam Collar Figure I 5 Removal of foam collar 14 Press the Up arrow key to raise the Compression Plate 15 Remove the Sample Trough by lifting it up off of the Drive Disc on the instrument 16 Remove...

Страница 15: ...Catch trays These accessories are made from a variety of materials ranging from metals stainless steel Aluminum to plastics Tivar 88 Teflon Clean with a nonabrasive cloth using solvents that are appr...

Страница 16: ...1 Trough 5 Attach the Outer Catch Tray outside the trough Insert the Inner Catch Tray with Shaping Blade inside the Trough The Inner catch tray locks into place with slight rotation The pin in the Tr...

Страница 17: ...r Catch Tray can be installed on the trough to catch spillage during the test II 5 Powder Flow Tester 10 Attach the appropriate Lid to the instrument Use Vane Lid for the Flow Function test and Time C...

Страница 18: ...tress Button Figure II 9 Flow Function Test 13 Start the test by pushing the RUN TEST button The lid will move downward to the position above but not touching the sample The instrument performs an aut...

Страница 19: ...mation 15 After the completion of the test the lid will automatically lift off of the sample Use the manual control on the face of the instrument to raise the Lid UPARROW to further raise the Lid to t...

Страница 20: ...ereas leaving the sample on the counter in an open bag or container will expose the sample to the environmental conditions in the test area If the sample has lumps or clumps of material spread the mat...

Страница 21: ...with your test plan III 2 Sample Trough There are two sizes of Troughs available for use with the PFT The Standard Trough and the Small Sample Volume Trough Figure III 2 shows the Standard Sample Tro...

Страница 22: ...hereby measuring the friction of powder against the surface material of the Lid The surface can be made of other materials depending on your preference Mild steel Part No PFT 512 and Tivar 88 Part No...

Страница 23: ...5 provides a convenient apron around the trough for collection of sample material which spills over the edge of the trough during sample loading and test execution Center it over the trough and observ...

Страница 24: ...haping Blade can be removed by unscrewing the thumb screw that secures it to the Inner Catch Tray This allows the user to choose the type of scraper blade that is needed for sample distribution Note t...

Страница 25: ...to the Sample Information section of the main screen on the Powder Flow Pro software Make sure that the Compression Plate on the instrument is in the upmost position Use the Up arrow on the instrument...

Страница 26: ...edure Clean the Trough with the Cleaning Brush Part No PFT 612 which came with the instrument Note that the perforated screen may require special attention with powder particles that have been trapped...

Страница 27: ...urn on the PFT using the power switch on the backside of the instrument Once the PFT is on start the software by clicking the Powder Flow Pro icon on the start program bar IV 1 Main Screen and Setup T...

Страница 28: ...s the different lid descriptions and part number to help correctly choose the lid that fits the test being run The lid can be changed in the Test Tab under Test Options Click the Tests Tab which bring...

Страница 29: ...igure IV 4 The default setting when first using the Powder Flow Pro software is Standard for the test Method Figure IV 4 Close up of Middle Column on Main Screen Choose one of the tests The first five...

Страница 30: ...nctionsobtainedfromdifferenttests E g 2 pointagainststandard or 5 point against 2 point because the comparison is likely to be incomplete The Quick Flow Function Tests are excellent for doing a first...

Страница 31: ...m Test Method To create custom tests the test method must be changed to CUSTOM in the Test Method tab shown in Figure IV 4 To enable this custom test method you must choose this from the advanced opti...

Страница 32: ...the wall lid the maximum stress to test to the number of displacement levels to test at whether to space the displacement levels evenly or in a doubling progression the number of stresses to run at e...

Страница 33: ...st time may be reduced because the steady state value is achieved earlier than the allotted test time for a specific step s Alternately the test time may increase for the opposite reason most notably...

Страница 34: ...Shear to steady state Calculate tangent load Apply tangent load Measure peak Re apply consolidation load Shear to steady state Re apply consolidation load Measure peak End test process results Loop un...

Страница 35: ...ply consolidation load shear to steady state Re apply consolidation load measure peak Leave for time consolidation period T apply load 1 Apply Time over consolidation load measure peak Load fresh powd...

Страница 36: ...eady state Re apply consolidation load measure peak Apply Wall consolidation load rotate for required shear displacement End test process results Loop until all increasing compaction loads are taken L...

Страница 37: ...section I 7 for more information In non emergency situations the user can abort the test by clicking on the Stop icon in the upper left corner of the main screen or by clicking the Stop Test button w...

Страница 38: ...king the disc icon above the selected graph To get the desired picture the buttons above the graphs can be used to zoom in zoom out as well as scroll the axis Right clicking on the axis gives the opti...

Страница 39: ...dy State locus the gradient angle and cohesion are reported For each Consolidation Failure Locus the Major Principal Consolidation Stress Unconfined Failure Strength Angle of Internal Friction gradien...

Страница 40: ...gure IV 16 Stress Data Graph for Wall Friction Test c Flow Curve Flow Function Test shows the curve of Unconfined Failure Strengths versus Major Principal Consolidation stress and reports the Flow Fun...

Страница 41: ...t Graph A graph of a normalized flow function is obtained by selecting Potential Arching Diameter from the drop down list box located above the graph The normalized flow function provides a means for...

Страница 42: ...ersects the Flow Function curve this point of intersection defines the critical consolidation stress Wall Friction Test data Not applicable Density Test data Not applicable d Friction Angle Curve Flow...

Страница 43: ...les at each stress setpoint at each displacement setting including the Maximum Wall Friction at each stress setpoint Density Test data Not applicable Figure IV 20 Friction Angle Graph for Flow Functio...

Страница 44: ...and Time critical Rat hole stress Wall Friction Test data shows one curve based on the initial fill density and the different consolidation stresses during the test Bulk Density Curve Test data shows...

Страница 45: ...ted showing powder depth vs rat hole diameter Figure IV 24 Powder Depth vs Rat Hole Diameter Graph Time Consolidated Flow Function Test data shows two sets of Arching and Rat hole dimensions one based...

Страница 46: ...and Rat hole dimensions are not applicable Density Test data Not applicable IV 7 3 How to Create a Data Report Once a test has been completed the user can view an analysis report by pressing the view...

Страница 47: ...output parameters to consider For example only the Time consolidated values from a Time Consolidated Flow Function test are compared to other files The instantaneous values for the Time Consolidated...

Страница 48: ...set is part of the Comparison no densities are reported for critical stresses because the critical stresses for the Wall file are unknown For Bulk Density Test data the density data from the compactio...

Страница 49: ...tatistics could not be done on the Time Consolidation Flow Function Failure Locus gradient because there are several Consolidation Failure Loci per data set Up to 30 data sets can be compared Figure I...

Страница 50: ...Statistics can be done on the following results Steady State Locus gradient angle and cohesion Flow Function gradient intercept and Flow Index at a given stress Arching dimension and critical arching...

Страница 51: ...ptions The Data File Management icon allows the user to import and export data stress files export to Excel and backup and archive data Figure IV 32 Data File Management Data can be exported or import...

Страница 52: ...undocking the control window which can be done by double clicking the bar on the top or left of the window and dragging it to the Custom Page See Figure IV 33 Figure IV 33 Custom Page IV 11 Help File...

Страница 53: ...ing or time sensitive but must be specifically designed for Here the entire contents of the vessel are live giving a first in first out discharge regime To achieve this the hopper walls must be suffic...

Страница 54: ...er than the arching diameter What are the flow patterns that can occur Mass flow Flowing core Drain down angle of repose Static material Critical rat hole diameter Core flow Figure A 1a Core flow Figu...

Страница 55: ...function which gives a measure of the amount of strength the material retains at a stress free surface following consolidation to a given stress level The simplest way of explaining the flow function...

Страница 56: ...ctored into the purchasing decision Reverse engineering If you have plant experience with powders that flow easily or poorly on a given process line you can use the PFT to determine the flow propertie...

Страница 57: ...Time consolidation test The Time Consolidated Flow Function test compares the cohesive strength or hopper flow behavior of a powder that has experienced a brief interruption of flow a few seconds to t...

Страница 58: ...andcontainerdiameterD Theprincipalconsolidation pressure 1 at depth Z is given by the following equation This equation is used for Rat hole calculation 1 g D 4 tan W 1 e 4 tanjw Z D We assume 0 4 Thi...

Страница 59: ...at the wall under zero normal stress see Figure A 8a This determines the stickiness i e whether powder is likely to stick to wall surface under close to zero stress i e will powder build up on the wal...

Страница 60: ...density after the material is poured and compacted to high stress Summary To summarize the Brookfield Powder Flow Tester offers four standard tests 1 Flow function test Measures internal strength flow...

Страница 61: ...ll the trough with powder using the metal scoop Gently load the powder by allowing it to fall off the scoop into the annular ring Rotate the scraping tool in a clockwise direction until the excess pow...

Страница 62: ...om Calibration Verification Tables When running the flow function test described above the average values for major principal consolidating stress and unconfined failure strength should fall between t...

Страница 63: ...hat is near the walls of the vessel remains stagnant until the level descends to the point where that powder is at the top surface Critical Arch The largest arch span that a given powder can support b...

Страница 64: ...vity Arching and Ratholing does not occur This is indicated in hopper calculations as Free Flow or 0 0 Geometeric Spacing Series of values where each value is equal to the previous value times a const...

Страница 65: ...layer of powder and the lid Wall Friction test Steady State Flow Continuous powder flow where the Normal and Shear Stresses have reached a constant level Time Consolidated Test Compacts the powder at...

Страница 66: ...uter box qty 1 PFT PACK2 PFT Tray Stitched qty 1 PFT PACK3 1 7 PE Foam D C s bottom qty 1 PFT PACK4 1 7 PE Foam D C s top qty 1 PFT PACK5 PFT Shipping Pallet qty 1 PFT PALLET Poly Bag for PFT Shipping...

Страница 67: ...Lid Part Number PFT 500 for 6 Lid or Part Number PFT 515 for 5 Lid and Trough Part Number PFT 400 for 6 Trough or Part Number PFT 405 for 5 Trough are installed on the PFT This is necessary in order t...

Страница 68: ...Trough to accomplish this if necessary from the PFT Install the Trough on the PFT 5 Press the down arrow to lower the Vane Lid until it just makes contact with the foam insert Then press and hold the...

Страница 69: ...tion when installing around the bellows to ensure that the bellows do not deform 7 Secure the access door for the bubble level by using plastic shrink wrap or tape that will not damage the paint Secur...

Страница 70: ...s also supplied in the Repack Kit NOTE The marks indicating the front have two cut outs Cut Outs Bottom Foam Packaging Piece 9 Place the plastic bag PFT BAG onto the bottom foam packaging piece and op...

Страница 71: ...11 Slide the plastic bag up over the PFT from the bottom to the top 12 Secure the plastic bag at the top with a rubber band which is supplied in the Repack Kit 13 Place the top foam packaging piece PF...

Страница 72: ...72 Manual No M09 1200 F1016 14 Slide the outer carton box PFT PACK2 over the PFT and insert between the outer carton packaging kit and the bottom foam packaging piece Bottom Foam Packaging Piece Oute...

Страница 73: ...n the instrument If the PFT is not being sent back to you package all necessary items in bubble bags and place in accessory carton Part Number PFT PACK1 16 Close and tape up the accessory carton 17 Pl...

Страница 74: ...kit Part Number PFT PACK3 in one direction Strap the outer carton to the pallet using 2 more straps with strapping protectors Part Number CTN 14 in the other direction see Figure A If you have the Re...

Страница 75: ...cluded in the Repack Kit Part Number LBL11 PFT3 Place one label on the top of the shipping carton and one on the side see figures below 21 SHIPTHE CARTON BYFREIGHT Do not use a package carrier service...

Страница 76: ...ne 508 946 6200 Fax 508 923 5009 www brookfieldengineering com For repair or service outside the United States consult AMETEK Brookfield or the authorized dealer from whom you purchased the instrument...

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