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pulsAR

radio Operator's Manual

6.3 RF Link Budget Calculations

If you have radio-line-of-sight for your link (as explained in the previous section), then it is easy to
compute the receive-signal-strength at the receiving radio and from there determine if you have an
adequate “fade margin”.

You can use our free “RF Link Budget Calculator”, shown in figure 6.4, to make all the required
computations and evaluate the trade-off between antenna gains, cable losses etc. The calculator is
available on our website at

http://www.afar.net/rf-link-budget-calculator/

Figure 6.4: RF Link Budget Calculator

Even though your link is bi-directional, in the calculator Site 1 is viewed as the transmitter and Site 2
as the receiver.   If you  configure both radios with the same  transmit  power the results for both
directions are identical.  If you configure the transmit power of the two radios to different values you
should compute the link budget in each direction separately.

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Содержание AR-24010E

Страница 1: ...thernet Bridge Operator s Manual Models AR 9010E AR 9027E AR 24010E AR 24027E AR 24110E June 2015 AFAR Communications Inc 81 David Love Place Santa Barbara CA 93117 Tel 1 805 681 1993 Fax 1 805 681 1994 go the distance ...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...ess Ethernet Bridge Operator s Manual Models AR 9010E AR 9027E AR 24010E AR 24027E AR 24110E June 2015 AFAR Communications Inc 81 David Love Place Santa Barbara CA 93117 Tel 1 805 681 1993 Fax 1 805 681 1994 25 00 ...

Страница 4: ...hours and may be reached by voice fax or email as follows Tel 1 805 681 1993 Fax 1 805 681 1994 email support afar net If you must return the equipment please contact us for a Return Material Authorization RMA number Equipment should be shipped to AFAR Communications Inc 81 David Love Place Santa Barbara CA 93117 U S A i ...

Страница 5: ...hese warranties will not apply i if adjustment repair or parts replacement is required because of accident unusual physical electrical or electromagnetic stress negligence misuse failure of electric power environmental controls transportation or abuses other than ordinary use ii if the Product has been modified or has been repaired or altered outside Afar Communications Inc s factory unless Afar C...

Страница 6: ...equipment and receiver Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Changes or modifications not expressly approved in writing by AFAR Communications Inc may void the user s authority to operate this equipment AFAR Communications Inc can not accept any financial or other re...

Страница 7: ...io co location 2 8 2 4 2 Co located radios self interference 2 9 2 4 3 SPAN Network synchronization 2 10 2 4 4 Heartbeat suppression 2 12 2 4 5 Synchronization with NetCrossing Gateways 2 12 2 5 ETHERNET BRIDGING 2 14 2 5 1 Self learning bridging 2 14 2 5 2 Packet priorities 2 14 2 6 ENCRYPTION 2 15 3 INSTALLATION AND SETUP 3 1 3 1 BENCH CHECK OUT 3 1 3 1 1 Using the radio Ethernet connection 3 1 ...

Страница 8: ...1 General 5 1 5 1 2 Starting a Telnet Session 5 1 5 1 3 Telnet Security 5 2 5 2 SNMP 5 2 5 2 1 Command Line Interface Versus SNMP 5 2 5 2 2 What is SNMP 5 3 5 2 3 Security Considerations in SNMP 5 3 5 2 4 Examples of Network Management Systems 5 3 5 2 5 pulsAR radio Management Information Base MIB 5 4 5 3 UDP COMMAND AND DATA INTERFACE 5 4 5 3 1 Purpose 5 4 5 3 2 UDP Command Packet formats 5 5 6 R...

Страница 9: ...om the ground up to provide reliable wireless networks under adverse conditions often encountered in the unlicensed bands This includes the following features 1 All the electronics are housed in an environmentally sealed enclosure rated for outdoor installation You can mount the unit in close proximity to the antenna which increases system performance by avoiding RF cable losses or expensive rigid...

Страница 10: ...nterference Each pulsAR radio can be configured over a local serial interface or over the Ethernet using an Ethernet console program provided by Afar Once a unit is configured with an IP address you can also configure and monitor the unit using Telnet or SNMP The radio firmware in non volatile memory can also be updated remotely 1 2 Radio Components Table 1 1 below shows the part numbers of variou...

Страница 11: ...ntrol The function of each connector is described in the table below Table 1 3 pulsAR Connectors Connector Type Function A N Female RF connector to antenna A B N Female RF connector to antenna B used in the tree topology C Lumberg 3 pin male Auxiliary port 3 pin used as an antenna alignment aid and for RS 232 console port D Lumberg 8 pin male 10 100 Base T data interface and DC power input 8 pin M...

Страница 12: ...e two optional cables to convert from this non standard 3 pin connector to either a DE 9 connector for RS 232 console or to a standard audio jack for connection to a headphone See Appendix D for cable diagrams Table 1 4 Auxiliary Port Connector Pin Assignments Pin Signal Name Abbr Direction 1 Receive Data RD Radio Output 2 Transmit Data TD Radio Input 3 Ground GND 1 4 Radio Power The pulsAR radio ...

Страница 13: ... two RJ45 connectors and an LED The two RJ 45 connectors are labeled To LAN and To Radio Table 1 5 Power Inserter Units Connector LED Type Function To LAN RJ 45 10 100 Base T to be connected to the Local Area Network You can connect this directly to the LAN port of a computer or to an Ethernet hub The radio auto detects and provides the cross over function when required See table 1 5 for pin assig...

Страница 14: ...CV Power Inserter to Radio 6 Ethernet Rx Rx Ethernet to Radio 7 ground GND Power Inserter to Radio 8 ground GND Power Inserter to Radio 1 5 Outdoor Interconnect Cable The interconnect cable between the Power Inserter Unit and the radio carries the following signals 1 DC voltage to supply power to the pulsAR radio 2 10 100 Base T Ethernet data Both these signals are carried in a single CAT 5 cable ...

Страница 15: ...e 18 241 31 gray 18 241 11 beige Superior Essex Unshielded outdoor rated cable 5EXH04P24 BK R CMS PV CommScope Unshielded outdoor rated cable 2137113 ivory 2137114 gray General Cable Unshielded outdoor rated cable BC1002 Belden Unshielded outdoor rated cable 1 7 RADIO_ETH_TX RADIO_ETH_TX RADIO_ETH_RX VDC VDC RADIO_ETH_RX GND GND 1 7 2 3 5 4 8 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RJ 45 male Radio D Port Lumberg Conne...

Страница 16: ... remotes Point to Multipoint with Redundant Hubs Two hub radios at the central site operating on different channels The two hubs double the total throughput available but if one hub fails the other hub takes over and services all the remotes Tree topology One root node with direct links to up to 32 remotes like in point to multipoint Any of the remotes can be promoted to a branch A branch node ope...

Страница 17: ...y them with directional antennas pointing at the hub If the remotes are mobile use omni directional antennas everywhere Remote radios connect to the network automatically without need to change the configuration of the hub radio All you need is to point an antenna at the hub and ensure that the following parameters are configured correctly 1 The RF receive channel of the remote must match the tran...

Страница 18: ...vels in the tree A branch node has two independent RF configurations one for the link with the parent the other for the links with its children Typically you set the link with the parent to use antenna A and the link with the children to use antenna B This allows you to deploy a directional antenna pointing at the parent node while using an omni directional or sectorial antenna for the links with ...

Страница 19: ...y be useful if your remotes are grouped geographically such that you can use two directional or sectorial antennas to cover each group To run in this mode set the node type to root 2 and use rf 1 setup and rf 2 setup to configure the RF parameters for each antenna Tree Network throughput A branch radio allocates half of the time to communicate with its parent and the other half with its children A...

Страница 20: ... 1 Operation With the roaming option a remote leaf or even a branch node can be configured with multiple different receive channels see command roam With this capability you can deploy multiple access points in a region where a group of mobile radios will move around Mobile radios attach to the network through any of the access points and automatically switch to a new one whenever the need arises ...

Страница 21: ...to address several different applications as explained below The last two do not even involve mobile nodes 2 2 2 Roaming branches Branch nodes can also be configured to roam This is useful in a mobile environment where each moving platform can be the access point for other mobile platforms In this environment the network topology changes and adapts automatically to keep all nodes connected with st...

Страница 22: ...igure all the remotes to roam between the two hub channels If one of the hub radios fail or if there is interference in one of the channels the remote radios will automatically attach to the other hub In this application since you would be co locating the two hub radios you need to pay attention to the possibility of self interference Section 2 4 describes this issue and what you need to do to avo...

Страница 23: ...parent radio allocates the bandwidth on demand to each remote If there is no traffic to a specific remote the parent does not transmit any packets to that remote When the parent has packets to multiple children it distributes the available bandwidth evenly so that all children get equal throughput The parent starts every outbound transmission with a broadcast packet that includes the current cycle...

Страница 24: ...ed radios self interference The self interference situation is illustrated in Figure 2 4 that shows radio A transmitting on channel f1 while a co located radio is trying to receive on channel f2 Because the antennas are in close proximity antenna B will pick up a significant portion of the signal transmitted by radio A Figure 2 4 also shows a block diagram of the radio front end circuitry It inclu...

Страница 25: ...hen receive at the same time This avoids the situation depicted in Figure 2 4 altogether With a synchronized site you can then deploy upwards of 24 radios at the same location The key to the synchronized SPAN network is the generation and distribution of the synchronization information or heartbeat At any site where there is more than one co located radio the various radios detect each other and a...

Страница 26: ...ltiple hubs or roots in a point to multipoint or tree configurations choose any split appropriate for the traffic in your network You must use the same value in all co located radios 3 When you co locate all hubs or all roots you may use a cycle period of either 20 or 40 ms but it must be the same in all co located devices You can mix hub and root radios at the same site but in that case you must ...

Страница 27: ...u can turn off the radio participating in the synchronization protocol by setting the tdd sync mode to off This is also the appropriate setting if multiple co located radios get synchronization over RF and therefore cannot accept a heartbeat over the Ethernet In these cases you need to avoid self interference with the more traditional methods of increasing the separation between antennas and or re...

Страница 28: ...ng the cycle timers of the remaining gateways You must configure the three left radios as the hub for their RF links Each of these three radios detects the presence of the respective gateway which becomes the source of its heartbeat over the Ethernet In this way all three radios run their cycle times synchronized and following timeline A in the figure The middle site in the figure illustrates anot...

Страница 29: ...ub radio keeps multiple output queues one per remote radio 3 If the station address is unknown or is a broadcast send the packet to all the remote radios Each device has capacity to store 500 entries in its Ethernet table Entries are erased after a certain amount of time to allow for stations to be moved between LANs and not show up in two distinct LANs You can control this time out with the ether...

Страница 30: ...k performance 1 Increase in the packet size Block encryption algorithms require the packet length to be a multiple of 8 bytes for DES or Triple DES 16 bytes for AES 128 and 32 bytes for AES 256 The radio uses one of those additional bytes to control the truncation of the padded field on the receive side so there is always at least one added byte For very long packets this padding may be negligible...

Страница 31: ...Ethernet connection you need the Ethernet Console Econsole utility provided in the CD or at the Afar website Refer to the separate Ethernet Console User s Manual for installation instructions Once Econsole is installed perform the following steps 1 Connect the To LAN connector of the Power Inserter Unit of radio 2 to your PC Ethernet port If the PC Ethernet is connected to a switch go to the switc...

Страница 32: ...ype hub save configuration 9 Once radio 1 is configured as the hub it will establish a RF communication with radio 2 To verify this connection type show Check that the last lines indicates Number of children 1 You may also type show radios to see various statistics of the link with radio 2 10 Once the link is established you can use Econsole to further configure either of the two radios But Econso...

Страница 33: ...s factory default configuration by typing the command load factory save configuration 7 Configure radio 1 by typing the commands load factory node type hub save configuration 8 Once radio 1 is configured as the hub it will establish a RF communication with radio 2 To verify this connection type show Check that the last lines indicates Number of children 1 You may also type show radios to see vario...

Страница 34: ... radio Once the grooves reach the stops manually tighten the L shaped bolt so that it bites into the pole Afar also provides a different bracket for mounting the radio against a flat surface Figure 3 2 3 2 2 Earth Grounding For an outdoor installation you must provide a solid ground connection between the pulsAR metal enclosure and the Earth ground This will minimize possible damage due to static ...

Страница 35: ...r of the grounding lug is pointing downward 4 Prepare the grounding cable by stripping an adequate amount of insulation from both ends and apply anti oxidizing paste to the exposed copper 5 Insert one end of the exposed cable into the radio ground lug and tighten the screw on the lug 6 Use steel wool or sand paper to clean the grounding point on the metal tower or structure 7 Apply a thin film of ...

Страница 36: ...f 9 5 VDC and a maximum of 58 VDC With the DC voltages shown at the power inserter the maximum cable length results in an input voltage at the radio of 9 5 VDC The radio includes a voltage monitor which you can read with the show command This can be useful to determine the status of your battery for a battery powered installation DC voltage Maximum CAT5e cable length at power inserter feet meters ...

Страница 37: ...s adequate surge protection of the RF front end circuitry when you install the radio close to the antenna using a coaxial cable of less than 10 ft 3 m If the coaxial cable between the radio and antenna exceeds that length you may also want to install a lightning arrestor device at the N type connector of the radio Afar part no SUP 0205 3 2 5 Antenna Alignment When mounting the high gain antenna 24...

Страница 38: ...tory default configuration If the unit configuration has been altered you can always reload it with the command load factory In order to deploy an RF network between two or more radios you need choose one radio to be the hub and configure it with the command node type hub All other radios may be left configured with the factory configuration As you turn them on with antennas pointing at the hub th...

Страница 39: ...om other equipment operating in the same band The use of directional antennas greatly reduces the potential for interference In addition the pulsAR radio includes several features described below to identify and overcome sources of interference The radio can be commanded to perform a spectrum analysis of the ISM band and report the results in either a graphical or tabular form The command spectrum...

Страница 40: ...put Power dBm 2 4 GHz models Antenna Gain 9 dBi 24 dBi AR 24010E 27 24 AR 24027E AR 24110E 3 2 9 Output Power Limits CE At 2 4 GHz the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI imposes a limit of 20 dBm as the maximum Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRP for direct sequence spread spectrum systems In addition the maximum spectral power density is limited to 10 dBm per MHz maximum EIR...

Страница 41: ...controlled environments The table below specifies the minimum distance that must be maintained between the antenna and any areas where persons may have access including rooftop walkways sidewalks as well as through windows and other RF transparent areas behind which persons may be located 900 MHz Minimum Distance calculation to avoid Antenna Radiation Hazard exposure of 0 610 mW cm2 Antenna Gain d...

Страница 42: ... a script command file as follows Econsole edit cmd txt a new window opens where you can type any radio commands We recommend you type the following display config show show radios logout then Save the file and close the window 3 At the Econsole prompt type Econsole connect all command cmd txt output my_network txt The Econsole program now will log onto each radio in turn and perform the commands ...

Страница 43: ...ur PC A new file can be downloaded into the radios in one of three ways 1 Using the Econsole program running in a PC connected to the same physical LAN as one of the radios This is the fastest method and allows you to download to multiple radios from the same PC 2 Using a Telnet session from anywhere on the Internet This requires the radio to have been pre configured with an IP address 3 Using a t...

Страница 44: ...files to make up space use command delete filename 6 If the radio configuration has been password protected you must first unlock the protection with the command unlock enable configuration password when the configuration is unlocked the radio prompt ends with the characters In locked mode the prompt does not include the character 7 Issue the command download path pmp0x_xx bze where path is the di...

Страница 45: ...are using Telnet Telnet is a protocol that allows you to conduct a remote radio command session from a local host The radio must have been pre configured with an IP address and be reachable over the network from the local host Refer to section 5 for details on how to configure a radio IP address and initiate a Telnet session The Telnet terminal emulation must have the capability of sending an ASCI...

Страница 46: ... Issue the command version to insure the radio is running the latest version 3 4 4 Installing new firmware using the RS 232 serial port On occasion it may be necessary to install new firmware using the RS 232 port This is generally a less desirable method as the download time is much longer and you can only update the radio that is directly connected to the PC i e remote updates are not possible T...

Страница 47: ...ilable free space Verify that there is enough free space in flash PROM for the new file The space required will be the size of the pmp0x_xx dwe file divided by 2 5 If there is not enough space in Flash PROM delete one of the program files to make up space use command delete filename 7 Start the download process by typing download file destination pmp0x_xx method inline where 0x_xx file is new vers...

Страница 48: ... the feature desired The current optional features available for the pulsAR radios include the following Feature Description Tree Allows a radio to operate as a root or branch node type in order to deploy a Tree network topology as described in section 2 1 3 Radios operating as leaf do not require this license Roaming Allows a radio to roam between multiple access points as described in section 2 ...

Страница 49: ...ted to the same Ethernet LAN as the radio With Econsole you can reach any local radios and also remote radios across multiple RF hops However Econsole does not cross an IP router Refer to the separate Econsole User s Manual for instructions on its installation Telnet Lets you establish a command session with a radio from anywhere on the Internet The only requirement is that the radio must have bee...

Страница 50: ...commands up to the one with the syntax error and discards the remaining commands Following is a brief list of syntax rules Words for commands parameters or values can be abbreviated to a point where they are unambiguous Some commands or parameters consist of compound words separated by an hyphen With compound words the hyphen is optional Additionally each word in a compound word can be abbreviated...

Страница 51: ...n volatile memory They can be loaded into the current configuration with the load command On power up the radio loads the main configuration from non volatile memory into the current configuration The current configuration is the set of parameters currently being used and can be modified by the operator through several commands This configuration is volatile If the current configuration has been m...

Страница 52: ... set and the configuration is locked the password is needed to unlock the access to those commands After changing the password you should also issue the save configuration command to save the new password in non volatile memory If you want turn off the password protection change the password to the null string as shown below note the double quotes change password enable configuration Another alter...

Страница 53: ... the specified configuration into the current set of parameters controlling the radio operation If no source is specified it defaults to the main configuration Examples load configuration source factory load lock This command locks the access to all the commands that can alter the radio configuration Once locked use the unlock command to regain access to those commands Note that a password must be...

Страница 54: ...at parameter keeps its current value distance maximum 10 500 km units km or miles Sets the limit for the maximum distance of any RF link in this network You only need to set this maximum distance at the root or hub node All other nodes will automatically configure the maximum distance to that of the parent node The units you choose km or miles will be used in other displays when reporting the meas...

Страница 55: ...er the key with the correct odd parity the software will enforce that and echo back the key with the correct parity The key phrase parameter provides an alternate way for entering a key You can enter any ascii string of up to 80 characters and the radio will generate a pseudo random key of the appropriate length The key phrase may have spaces but you need to put it in quotes Note that the key phra...

Страница 56: ...at the hub radio In a tree network configure the central radio as the root Use root 1 if you have a single antenna at the root You may also deploy a root with two antennas on ports A and B in which case use root 2 In a tree network all other nodes must be configured as either branch or leaf A branch node will attempt to connect to a parent which can be the root or another branch using the rf 1 con...

Страница 57: ...rted through SNMP This field is used for information only The location string can be up to 25 characters with no spaces If spaces are desired you may include the whole string in quotation marks contact ASCII string Optional parameter to define the contact for maintenance purposes This field is displayed in the Display configuration output and also reported through SNMP This field is used for infor...

Страница 58: ...able 4 3 below for the valid channel numbers transmit channel This is only applicable at the parent nodes for the links with their children At the child nodes the transmit channel is configured automatically when the node attaches to the parent it will be set to match the receive channel of the parent See table 4 3 below for the valid channel numbers power dbm This is the transmit power fed into t...

Страница 59: ...may be appropriate if you have fast moving vehicles and many channels to scan Note that in fast mode you can not have roaming branches and the network capacity is reduced by 22 see section 2 2 3 All radios in the network including hubs roots and branches must have this parameter set to the same value change hub slow or medium or fast Controls the criteria used by the mobile radio to change access ...

Страница 60: ...ween co located radios cycle period ms 20 or 40 A cycle period of 20 ms default results in lower latencies throughout the network However there will be more transitions between transmit and receive resulting in somewhat lower throughput capacity for the network A cycle period of 40 ms has the opposite effect For small networks a cycle period of 20 ms is usually preferred If you have a network with...

Страница 61: ...ameters left blank Once the IP configuration has been initialized the radios will reply to ping packets The IP configuration is also required in order to use the ping snmp and telnet features Alternatively you can enable the dhcp client function In that case the radio will attempt to configure its IP address parameters from a DHPC server in the network You can control whether the radio should look...

Страница 62: ...anager or Telnet session will run community string Any string of up to 9 characters For SNMP requests the community field in the request packet from this IP address must match this parameter For a Telnet session the username entered when initiating the session from this IP address must match this string If this parameter is not specified it defaults to public Note that you must always enter the ma...

Страница 63: ...mmand port parameter is the UDP port number used by the radio to receive commands The max response bytes parameter limits the length of the response packets generated by the radio If the response is longer than this value it gets truncated The socket mode 1 default is intended for applications where the controlling program allocates a single socket for packets in both directions while socket mode ...

Страница 64: ...plays the current and peak data rates to and from all the radios that have a direct link with this one Press the space bar to terminate the command monitor link node 0 1 4 N clear 0 or 1 This command continuously displays link statistics including the RSSI at both ends of the link link distance percent of packets lost and the elapsed time since this link has been up You must specify a valid node n...

Страница 65: ...g Table This table includes a line for each receive channel the Hub Serial Number of a hub transmitting in that channel the RSSI and the time elapsed in seconds since that RSSI was measured ROAMING TABLE Rx Hub Time chan Ser N RSSI elapsed 12 16322 73 1 0 25 16300 65 0 4 current chan 32 15005 53 0 0 37 DIRECT LINKS Rmt Rmt My Dropped Ant Name Ser N RSSI km TxPwr RSSI Now Ever Uptime 1 A bra 15005 ...

Страница 66: ...90 173 Hub 11 Jan 23 32 32 N A 5 00 a0 cc d6 fd 50 6 12 Jan 00 28 22 N A 6 00 a0 cc d7 0b 0d 207 154 90 204 5 11 Jan 23 30 56 20 23 N A 7 00 a0 cc d7 0b 14 Hub 11 Jan 23 31 14 14 96 N A 8 00 0d 94 00 42 69 4 12 Jan 00 29 06 21 64 N A Both formats list all the ethernet stations attached to either this radio or other radios that have a direct link to this one The tables list the MAC Ethernet address...

Страница 67: ...band dwelling on each channel for the specified amount of time defaults to 100 milliseconds While on each channel it measures the RSSI for that channel and stores its peak value It then displays the data collected in a graphical or table formats defaults to graph Note that the RSSI value reported for each channel represents the total energy present in the radio bandwidth centered around that chann...

Страница 68: ... as the default program to run after reboot On power up that program is copied from PROM into RAM and the code runs out of RAM Both sections of memory non volatile flash PROM and volatile RAM are segregated into two directories The non volatile flash PROM is called flash signifying the flash PROM and the volatile RAM is called tmp signifying the temporary status of the program Use the directory co...

Страница 69: ...rrently stored in flash PROM and RAM their size the sectors occupied and the MD5 checksum full version It also indicates which of the files is the default program Files stored in flash PROM have the flash prefix Files stored in RAM have the tmp prefix Examples dir download file source path filename destination filename method inline or binary Downloads a program file from a PC to the Radio To down...

Страница 70: ...ied into RAM and then the program is executed out of RAM If the radio is rebooted or power cycled the radio reverts back to the program defined as the default program If the memory location is not defined flash or tmp the command assumes the flash directory Examples run pmp03_04 set default program filename filename Sets the specified file as the default program to be loaded upon reboot or power c...

Страница 71: ...ttings allow the user to display only the events with the specified category range When the region is specified as tail the command displays the last 10 events followed by a blank line then waits for more events and displays then as they occur You can press the space bar to exit this mode The reboot reasons region of the event log consist of the last four events that that caused the gateway to reb...

Страница 72: ... parameter may be separated by any valid separator etc time hh mm ss Sets the radio time in hours minutes and seconds Use colons to separate the three fields zone zone code or offset Sets the time zone to be used by the radio to translate the NTP time to local time It can be specified by an offset from GMT 0800 or 0200 for example or as a zone code The valid zone codes and the respective offsets a...

Страница 73: ...abled by the key to take effect Each key is unique for a particular radio serial number and capability i e a key generated to turn ON a capability on one serial number will not work on another radio Example license key 02EL1 ZGZ42 G0000 00C54 81WAJ C9BEK logout Closes the current command session reboot Resets the radio causing the software to perform a complete start up sequence This is equivalent...

Страница 74: ...pulsAR radio Operator s Manual 4 26 ...

Страница 75: ...l configuration must be done using either the RS 232 console port or the Econsole program Once the radio has an IP address you must start the telnet application at the local machine and establish a connection with the IP address of the radio If the local machine is a PC running Windows you can start Telnet through Hyperterminal as follows 1 Start the Hyperterminal application in a typical Windows ...

Страница 76: ...s one way to find its IP address is to open a DOS window and issue the command ipconfig 5 2 SNMP 5 2 1 Command Line Interface Versus SNMP Configuration settings on the pulsAR radio are displayed and modified using a command line interface which can be accessed using either the RS 232 console port the Econsole program or via a Telnet session In a NOC environment there is a need for an automated mon...

Страница 77: ...onsiderations in SNMP SNMP was designed before the Internet grew commercial and the original design was not secure Later versions intended to provide security but grew cumbersome and complex As a result most devices provide secure operation in a non standard way The original SNMP design as embedded in the protocol assigns network devices to named communities Any transactions exchanged between the ...

Страница 78: ...ttachment of the SNMP agent to the bridged network Only IP traffic seen by the embedded host is counted The ethernet device ifIndex 2 represents the traffic passing through the radio s ethernet port This is what should be tracked by MRTG The third device represents the wireless transceiver If will appear as down if the radio does not have a working link to its peer This is useful for confirming th...

Страница 79: ...p to the configured peer address This can be used to alert a host that the radio just rebooted The command sequence number in this power up unsolicited reply is always zero The command and reply text is in ASCII Refer to section 4 for a complete list of all valid commands Prior to using the UDP interface you must initialize the radio IP and the UDP configuration using commands ip configuration and...

Страница 80: ...iven 2 CMD_TRUNCATED Response text overflow truncated if over the value specified by max response bytes 3 CMD_NOT_FOUND Unknown Command 4 CMD_AMBIGUOUS Ambiguous abbreviation 5 CMD_BAD_ARG_NAME Illegal or ambiguous argument name 6 CMD_BAD_ARG_VALUE Argument value out of range 7 CMD_ARG_MISSING Required argument missing 8 CMD_FAILED Command failed 9 CMD_DISABLED A start command must be given 5 6 ...

Страница 81: ... sky or into the ground so by focusing the energy in the horizontal plane you achieve a reasonable gain Omni directional antennas are a good choice for a hub radio in a point to multipoint application when the remote radios are all around If the remote radios happen to be all located in one particular sector when viewed from the hub location then you can use a sectorial antenna that focuses the en...

Страница 82: ...tion horizontal vs vertical is in many cases arbitrary However interfering signals from such devices as cellular phones and pagers are generally polarized vertically and an excellent means of reducing their effect is to mount your system antennas for horizontal polarization 6 2 RF Path Analysis 6 2 1 Line of Sight Requirements At UHF and microwave frequencies when you deploy an RF link between two...

Страница 83: ...pulsAR radio Operator s Manual Figure 6 1 Earth curvature Fresnel Zone and antenna heights Figure 6 2 Fresnel Zone Calculator 6 3 ...

Страница 84: ...lf the wavelength see figure 6 3 Figure 6 3 Fresnel Zone Definition If a significant portion of the Fresnel Zone is obstructed the receive signal strength at the receiving antenna can be significantly attenuated A rule of thumb is that you need at least 60 of the first Fresnel Zone clear of any obstructions in order for the radio wave propagation to behave as if it is in free space Even though at ...

Страница 85: ...r value for the k factor 6 2 5 Clearing Obstructions The calculator allows you to quickly determine whether you have enough clearance above a particular obstruction in the RF path or alternatively how high you need to elevate your antennas to clear the obstruction For each potential obstruction in the path you need to know its distance from one of your end points and the height of the obstruction ...

Страница 86: ...ed computations and evaluate the trade off between antenna gains cable losses etc The calculator is available on our website at http www afar net rf link budget calculator Figure 6 4 RF Link Budget Calculator Even though your link is bi directional in the calculator Site 1 is viewed as the transmitter and Site 2 as the receiver If you configure both radios with the same transmit power the results ...

Страница 87: ...t or loss per meter at 2 4 GHz and the calculator computes the total loss Note that each connector along the way introduces additional attenuation typically around 0 2 dB per connection The pulsAR radio is housed in a watertight enclosure so that you can mount it in very close proximity to the antenna That way you can keep the RF coaxial cable very short and therefore reduce these losses Antenna G...

Страница 88: ... sensitivity in radios from different manufacturers You can configure the pulsAR radio to operate at four different RF speeds Lower speeds give you a better receiver sensitivity Appendix B lists the sensitivity for the various models and at the different RF speeds Use the correct sensitivity value from the radio specification Fade Margin The Fade Margin is the difference between the Received Signa...

Страница 89: ...iguration is omitted the value for that parameter is not modified For commands that are not part of the radio configuration if a parameter is omitted the value for that parameter defaults to the value indicated in bold Configuration Management Commands Command Parameters Values change password enable configuration string display configuration source current main alternate basic factory load config...

Страница 90: ...remotes 1 32 32 name 23 character string rmt nnnnn network id 0 65535 0 location 25 character string contact 25 character string rf 1 setup antenna a b rf 1 a rf 2 b rf 2 setup receive channel min max appx C rf 1 12 rf 2 25 transmit channel min max appx C rf 1 12 rf 2 25 speed mbps speeds appx B max power dbm 0 26 900 MHz models 0 27 2 4 GHz models 18 roam scan rf1 only both rf1 and rf2 rf1 only s...

Страница 91: ...cal only radio onlyf off ping destination ip address count 0 500 def 4 size bytes 32 1400 snmp manager ip address community ASCII string 9 max access g gs gt gst authentication traps 0 1 delete 1 4 udp configuration console on off off vital port 1 1 0xFFFF 0 vital port 2 1 0xFFFF 0 command port 1 0xFFFF 422 max response bytes 400 65521 512 socket mode 1 2 1 peer address ip address peer command por...

Страница 92: ... b antenna off monitor flow monitor link node 0 1 4 N clear 0 1 monitor roaming show tables table status links tree radios ethernet ip stack econsole properties format count times spectrum analysis antenna a b display graph table dwell time ms 1 1000 def 100 time analysis channel 0 50 antenna a b display graph table dwell time ms 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 A 4 ...

Страница 93: ...full download file source path filename destination path filename method binary inline run file filename filename set default program filename filename Event Logging Commands Command Parameters Values Factory Configuration clear log region all events reboot reasons display log region end tail beginning all events reboot reasons length 1 500 def 10 id 0 200 min level 0 7 def 0 max level 0 7 def 7 m...

Страница 94: ...ands Command Parameters Values Factory Configuration date date dd mmm yyyy time hh mm ss zone offset or code GMT help command history license key 35 character string logout reboot time time hh mm ss date dd mmm yyyy zone offset or code GMT version A 6 ...

Страница 95: ...g 0321 08 RJ45 at the power inserter Networked Operation Network topologies Point to point point to multipoint Mesh Tree Linear Network Loop Roaming Management Telnet SNMP MIB2 or Econsole reach any node over wireless Security DES Triple DES AES 128 AES 256 encryption 32 bit network ID password Console Diagnostic Port Interface RS 232 V 24 asynchronous 9600 to 115 kbaud Connector 3 pin circular Lu...

Страница 96: ...pulsAR radio Operator s Manual B 2 ...

Страница 97: ...een channels Chan Freq MHz Chan Freq MHz Chan Freq MHz 1 11 911 21 921 2 12 912 22 922 3 903 13 913 23 923 4 904 14 914 24 924 5 905 15 915 25 925 6 906 16 916 26 926 7 907 17 917 27 927 8 908 18 918 28 9 909 19 919 29 10 910 20 920 30 AR 9010E AR 9027E Channel ranges 3 27 5 25 Model Number of Non Overlapping Channels Suggested Channel Allocation Frequency Separation MHz AR9010E 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 1...

Страница 98: ...2 2 444 32 2 464 3 2 406 13 2 426 23 2 446 33 2 466 4 2 408 14 2 428 24 2 448 34 2 468 5 2 410 15 2 430 25 2 450 35 2 470 6 2 412 16 2 432 26 2 452 36 2 472 7 2 414 17 2 434 27 2 454 37 2 474 8 2 416 18 2 436 28 2 456 38 2 476 9 2 418 19 2 438 29 2 458 39 2 478 10 2 420 20 2 440 30 2 460 40 2 480 AR 24010E AR 24027E AR 24110E Channel ranges 1 40 2 39 5 35 Model Number of Non Overlapping Channels S...

Страница 99: ...E SCALE 3 Pin CBL 04 NON J Becker 9 16 2003 APPLICATION REVIS NEXT ASSY USED ON REV DESCRIPTION 3 Pin Field Connector Female MATERIAL 2 Serial Direct Cable Db9 F F 6 Belkin F3B20706 1 DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURER PART NO ITEM 1 2 3 Contact arrangements shown from face of DB9 connector ITEM 1 DB 9 ITEM 2 Contact arrangements shown from rear of 0321 03 connector 6 cable cut in will make two cables 0321 ...

Страница 100: ... all eight conductors reach to end of interior channel before crimping Item 2 4 Add label near item 2 Afar Communications CBL 0503 XXX where XXX is cable length in feet For cables shorter than 3 ft the length is shown as AXX where XX is in inches AFAR Communications Inc A J B Initial Release 09 15 03 1 8 RJ 45 Plug ITEM 2 ITEM 3 WHT ORN ORN WHT GRN BLUE WHT BLUE GRN WHT BRN BRN ITEM 1 W BLU W GRN ...

Страница 101: ...pulsAR radio Operator s Manual D 3 ...

Страница 102: ...pulsAR radio Operator s Manual APPENDIX E Quick Setup Examples The next pages show examples on how to configure the pulsAR radios to deploy various topologies E 1 ...

Страница 103: ...ry load factory node hub save node max children 1 save Changing RF Channels optional rf1 rec 18 tr 18 rf1rec 18 Changing Tx Power optional rf1 power 23 rf1 power 23 Checking Link Operation show radios show radios monitor link monitor link AC Power CAT5 Coax LAN AC Power CAT5 Coax LAN ...

Страница 104: ...Configuration load factory load factory node hub save save Changing RF Channels optional rf1 rec 18 tr 18 rf1 rec 18 Changing Tx Power optional rf1 power 23 rf1 power 23 Verifying Network Operation show radios AC Power CAT5 Omni LAN AC Power CAT5 Coax LAN HUB REMOTES ...

Страница 105: ...load factory load factory node type root 1 node type branch node type branch node type leaf node max children 1 node max children 1 node max children 1 rf1 ant b tr 6 rec 6 rf1 ant a rec 6 rf1 ant a rec 12 rf1 ant a rec 18 rf2 ant b tr 12 rec 12 rf2 ant a tr 18 rec 18 save save save save LAN LAN LAN LAN Channel 6 Channel 12 Channel 18 ...

Страница 106: ...factory load factory load factory load factory node type root 1 node type leaf node type branch node type leaf rf1 tr 12 rec 12 1 rf1 rec 12 1 rf1 rec 12 1 rf1 rec 25 rf2 tr 25 rec 25 1 save save save save Note 1 Channel 12 and 25 are the defaults for rf1 and rf2 configurations These commands are not necessary if you plan to use those defaults At any node use command show tree to view the complete...

Страница 107: ... type branch node type branch node type leaf rf1 tr 12 rec 12 1 rf1 rec 12 1 rf1 rec 12 1 rf1 rec 25 rf1 rec 25 rf1 rec 6 12 18 25 32 rf2 tr 6 rec 6 rf2 tr 25 rec 25 1 rf2 tr 18 rec 18 rf2 tr 32 rec 32 save save save save save save Note 1 Channel 12 and 25 are the defaults for rf1 and rf2 configurations These commands are not necessary if you plan to use those defaults At any node use command show...

Страница 108: ...actory load factory load factory load factory node type root 1 node type branch node type branch node type branch node type leaf rf1 rec 15 tr 15 rf1 rec 10 15 20 25 30 35 rf1 rec 5 15 20 25 30 35 rf1 rec 5 10 15 20 25 30 roam both rf2 ant a tr 5 rec 5 rf2 ant a tr 10 rec 10 rf2 ant a tr 35 rec 35 rf1 rec 5 10 15 20 25 30 save save save save rf2 ant a rec 35 save Note 1 For each branch node set RF...

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