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ABB ret650, Руководство по применению

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txMin

: Minimum operating time for inverse time characteristics. At high currents,

the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting
this parameter, the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting.

IMinx

Operate time

Current

tx

txMin

IEC10000058

IEC10000058 V2 EN-US

Figure 53:

Minimum operate current and operate time for inverse time

characteristics

In order to fully comply with the curves definition, the setting parameter 

txMin

shall be set to the value which is equal to the operate time of the selected IEC
inverse curve for measured current of twenty times the set current pickup value.
Note that the operate time value is dependent on the selected setting value for time
multiplier 

kx

.

INxMult

: Multiplier for scaling of the current setting value. If a binary input signal

(ENMULTx) is activated, the current operation level is increased by this setting
constant.

ResetTypeCrvx

: The reset of the delay timer can be made in different ways. The

possibilities are described in the technical reference manual.

tResetx

: Constant reset time delay in s for step x.

HarmBlockx

: This is used to enable block of step x from 2

nd

 harmonic restrain

function.

tPCrvx, tACrvx, tBCrvx, tCCrvx

: Parameters for user programmable of inverse

time characteristic curve. The time characteristic equation is according to
equation 

31

:

Section 7

1MRK 504 169-UEN A

Current protection

128

Transformer protection RET650 2.2 IEC

Application manual

Содержание ret650

Страница 1: ...RELION 650 SERIES Transformer protection RET650 Version 2 2 Application manual...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...Document ID 1MRK 504 169 UEN Issued October 2017 Revision A Product version 2 2 1 Copyright 2017 ABB All rights reserved...

Страница 4: ...rms of such license This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit http www openssl org This product includes cryptographic software written developed b...

Страница 5: ...roduct failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons including but not limited to personal injuries or death shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the equipme...

Страница 6: ...d concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits Low voltage directive 2006 95 EC This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standa...

Страница 7: ...itoring functions 26 Communication 29 Basic IED functions 30 Section 3 Configuration 33 Description of configuration RET650 33 Introduction 33 Description of A01 33 Description of A05 34 Section 4 Ana...

Страница 8: ...ow to connect the open delta VT to the IED for low impedance earthed or solidly earthed power systems 62 Section 5 Local HMI 65 Display 66 LEDs 68 Keypad 69 Local HMI functionality 71 Protection and a...

Страница 9: ...01 Identification 101 Application 101 Setting guidelines 102 Meshed network without parallel line 102 Meshed network with parallel line 104 Directional phase overcurrent protection four steps OC4PTOC...

Страница 10: ...lity mitigation 144 Backup protection for power system faults 144 Settings for two step undervoltage protection 145 Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV 146 Identification 146 Application 147 Setti...

Страница 11: ...rfrequency protection SAPTOF 164 Identification 164 Application 165 Setting guidelines 165 Rate of change of frequency protection SAPFRC 166 Identification 166 Application 166 Setting guidelines 166 S...

Страница 12: ...TCLYLTC general settings 234 Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation SLGAPC 235 Identification 235 Application 235 Setting guidelines 235 Selector mini switch VSGAPC 236 Id...

Страница 13: ...52 Identification 252 Application 252 Setting guidelines 253 Logic for group alarm WRNCALH 253 Identification 253 Application 253 Setting guidelines 253 Logic for group indication INDCALH 253 Identifi...

Страница 14: ...ng example 263 Comparator for real inputs REALCOMP 264 Identification 264 Application 264 Setting guidelines 264 Setting example 265 Section 13 Monitoring 267 Measurement 267 Identification 267 Applic...

Страница 15: ...293 Application 293 Setting guidelines 294 Running hour meter TEILGAPC 294 Identification 294 Application 294 Setting guidelines 294 Section 14 Metering 295 Pulse counter logic PCFCNT 295 Identificati...

Страница 16: ...s of communication when used with LDCM 312 Setting examples for IEC UCA 61850 9 2LE and time synchronization 317 IEC 61850 quality expander QUALEXP 322 LON communication protocol 323 Application 323 M...

Страница 17: ...ation 342 Application 343 Setting guidelines 343 Parameter setting groups 343 Application 343 Setting guidelines 344 Rated system frequency PRIMVAL 344 Identification 344 Application 344 Setting guide...

Страница 18: ...nts 365 Rated equivalent secondary e m f requirements 365 Transformer differential protection 365 Distance protection 366 Breaker failure protection 368 Restricted earth fault protection low impedance...

Страница 19: ...vide assistance for calculating settings 1 2 Intended audience GUID C9B8127F 5748 4BEA 9E4F CC762FE28A3A v11 This manual addresses the protection and control engineer responsible for planning pre engi...

Страница 20: ...project structure The manual also recommends a sequence for the engineering of protection and control functions LHMI functions as well as communication engineering for IEC 60870 5 103 IEC 61850 DNP3...

Страница 21: ...ing parameters and technical data sorted per function The manual can be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase installation and commissioning phase and during normal service The co...

Страница 22: ...anual IEC 61850 Edition 2 1MRK 511 415 UEN Communication protocol manual LON 1MRK 511 417 UEN Communication protocol manual SPA 1MRK 511 418 UEN Point list manual DNP3 1MRK 511 419 UUS Accessories gui...

Страница 23: ...t may result in degraded process performance leading to personal injury or death It is important that the user fully complies with all warning and cautionary notices 1 4 2 Document conventions GUID 96...

Страница 24: ...c diagram and continue in another diagram have the suffix cont Illustrations are used as an example and might show other products than the one the manual describes The example that is illustrated is s...

Страница 25: ...NDCALH INDCALH INDCALH ITBGAPC IB16FCVB ITBGAPC L4UFCNT L4UFCNT L4UFCNT LCPTTR LCPTTR LCPTTR LD0LLN0 LLN0 LLN0 LDLPSCH LDLPDIF LDLPSCH LFPTTR LFPTTR LFPTTR LMBRFLO LMBRFLO LMBRFLO LOVPTUV LOVPTUV LOVP...

Страница 26: ...TRC SP16GAPC SP16GGIO SP16GAPC SPC8GAPC SPC8GGIO SPC8GAPC SPGAPC SPGGIO SPGAPC SSCBR SSCBR SSCBR SSIMG SSIMG SSIMG SSIML SSIML SSIML SXCBR SXCBR SXCBR SXSWI SXSWI SXSWI T3WPDIF T3WPDIF T3WGAPC T3WPDIF...

Страница 27: ...des ZCPSCH ZCPSCH ZCPSCH ZCRWPSCH ZCRWPSCH ZCRWPSCH ZCVPSOF ZCVPSOF ZCVPSOF ZMFPDIS ZMFLLN0 PSFPDIS ZMFPDIS ZMFPTRC ZMMMXU PSFPDIS PSFPDIS ZMFPDIS ZMFPTRC ZMMMXU 1MRK 504 169 UEN A Section 1 Introduct...

Страница 28: ...22...

Страница 29: ...rential protection feature of the RET650 provides the best possible coverage for internal turn to turn winding faults based on the theory of symmetrical components A low impedance restricted earth fau...

Страница 30: ...re that offers a secure solution for enforcing access control to IEDs and other systems within a substation This incorporates management of user accounts roles and certificates and the distribution of...

Страница 31: ...teps 2 3 EFPIOC 50N Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection 2 3 EF4PTOC 51N 67N2 Directional residual overcurrent protection four steps 2 3 TRPTTR 49 Thermal overload protection two time constan...

Страница 32: ...SPC8GAPC Single point generic control function 8 signals 5 5 AUTOBITS Automation bits command function for DNP3 0 3 3 SINGLECMD Single command 16 signals 4 4 I103CMD Function commands for IEC 60870 5...

Страница 33: ...6 TEIGAPC Elapsed time integrator with limit transgression and overflow supervision 12 12 INTCOMP Comparator for integer inputs 30 30 REALCOMP Comparator for real inputs 30 30 Table 3 Total number of...

Страница 34: ...r measured values 24 24 BINSTATREP Logical signal status report 3 3 RANGE_XP Measured value expander block 66 66 I103MEAS Measurands for IEC 60870 5 103 1 1 I103MEASUSR Measurands user defined signals...

Страница 35: ...ST4TCP DNP3 0 for TCP IP communication protocol 1 1 DNPFREC DNP3 0 fault records for TCP IP and EIA 485 communication protocol 1 1 IEC 61850 8 1 IEC 61850 1 1 GOOSEINTLKRCV Horizontal communication vi...

Страница 36: ...sion time protocol 1 1 FRONTSTATUS Access point diagnostic for front Ethernet port 1 1 SCHLCCH Access point diagnostic for non redundant Ethernet port 4 4 RCHLCCH Access point diagnostic for redundant...

Страница 37: ...settings ALTMS Time master supervision ALTIM Time management COMSTATUS Protocol diagnostic Table 5 Local HMI functions IEC 61850 or function name ANSI Description LHMICTRL Local HMI signals LANGUAGE L...

Страница 38: ...32...

Страница 39: ...he product by default All parameters should be verified by the customer since these are specific to the system object or application Optional functions and optional IO ordered will not be configured a...

Страница 40: ...rol S XCBR 3 Control EF4PTOC 51N 67N T2W PDIF 87T 3Id I W1_QA1 EF4 PTOC 51N_67N 4 IN W2_QA1 S SCBR S SCBR S SCBR Control ETP MMTR MET W Varh VN MMXU MET UN V MMXU MET U V MSQI MET Usqi OV2 PTOV 59 2 3...

Страница 41: ...3 Control S XCBR 3 Control EF4PTOC 51N 67N T3W PDIF 87T 3Id I W1_QA1 EF4 PTOC 51N_67N 4 IN W3_QA1 W2_QA1 S SCBR S SCBR S SCBR Control TR PTTR 49 Other Functions available from the function library FUF...

Страница 42: ...36...

Страница 43: ...ined to facilitate service values reading This analog channel s phase angle will always be fixed to zero degrees and remaining analog channel s phase angle information will be shown in relation to thi...

Страница 44: ...Figure 4 A positive value of current power and so on forward means that the quantity flows towards the object A negative value of current power and so on reverse means that the quantity flows away fr...

Страница 45: ...omObject IEC05000753 IEC05 000753 1 en Origin al 1 vsd Is Is Ip Ip Ip IED IED IEC05000753 V2 EN US Figure 5 Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED Figure 5 shows the normal case where th...

Страница 46: ...0460 V2 EN US Figure 6 Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED This example is similar to example 1 but here the transformer is feeding just one line and the line protection uses the same...

Страница 47: ...verse The direction Forward Reverse is related to the reference object that is the transformer in this case When a function is set to Reverse and shall protect an object in reverse direction it shall...

Страница 48: ...rs in two ways The first solution will be to use busbar as a reference object In that case for all CT inputs marked with 1 in Figure 9 set CTStarPoint ToObject and for all CT inputs marked with 2 in F...

Страница 49: ...ings of CT terminals Where a is symbol and terminal marking used in this document Terminals marked with a square indicates the primary and secondary winding terminals with the same that is positive po...

Страница 50: ...he actions which are needed to make this measurement available to the built in protection and control functions within the IED as well For correct terminal designations see the connection diagrams val...

Страница 51: ...for all built in protection and control functions within the IED which are connected to this preprocessing function block For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the de...

Страница 52: ...he setting of the parameter CTStarPoint of the used current inputs on the TRM item 2 in Figure 12 and 11 CTprim 600A CTsec 5A CTStarPoint FromObject The ratio of the first two parameters is only used...

Страница 53: ...phase currents 3 Is the TRM where these current inputs are located It shall be noted that for all these current inputs the following setting values shall be entered CTprim 800A CTsec 1A CTStarPoint Fr...

Страница 54: ...tion and control functions within the IED which are connected to this preprocessing function block in the configuration tool For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the...

Страница 55: ...IL3 IL3 IL1 1 2 3 4 IEC11000027 3 en vsdx SMAI2 BLOCK REVROT GRP2L1 GRP2L2 GRP2L3 GRP2N AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN IEC11000027 V3 EN US Figure 14 Delta DAB connected three phase CT set 1MRK 504 169 UEN...

Страница 56: ...r the connected analog inputs and calculate fundamental frequency phasors for all three input channels harmonic content for all three input channels positive negative and zero sequence quantities by u...

Страница 57: ...ered CTprim 800A CTsec 1A CTStarPoint ToObject ConnectionType Ph Ph It is important to notice the references in SMAI As inputs at Ph Ph are expected to be L1L2 L2L3 respectively L3L1 we need to tilt 1...

Страница 58: ...bject For connection b shown in Figure 16 CTprim 1000 A CTsec 1A CTStarPoint FromObject 3 shows the connection made in SMT tool which connect this CT input to the fourth input channel of the preproces...

Страница 59: ...ake the protection scheme less sensitive however such measures are necessary in order to avoid possible problems with loss of the measurement accuracy in the IED Regardless of the applied relationship...

Страница 60: ...quare indicate the primary and secondary winding terminals with the same positive polarity b is the equivalent symbol and terminal marking used by IEC ANSI standard for phase to earth connected VTs c...

Страница 61: ...he built in protection and control functions within the IED For correct terminal designations see the connection diagrams valid for the delivered IED L1 IED L2 L3 66 3 110 3 kV V 1 3 2 66 3 110 3 kV V...

Страница 62: ...is the TRM where these three voltage inputs are located For these three voltage inputs the following setting values shall be entered VTprim 132 kV VTsec 110 V Inside the IED only the ratio of these tw...

Страница 63: ...ors for the first three input channels channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities These calculated values are then available for all built in protection and control functions within the IE...

Страница 64: ...ondary side of a phase to phase VT to the VT inputs on the IED 2 is the TRM where these three voltage inputs are located It shall be noted that for these three voltage inputs the following setting val...

Страница 65: ...gs shall be set as shown here ConnectionType Ph Ph UBase 13 8 kV If frequency tracking and compensation is required this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating station...

Страница 66: ...1 4 en vsdx Not Used Not Used SMAI2 BLOCK REVROT GRP2L1 GRP2L2 GRP2L3 GRP2N AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN IEC06000601 V4 EN US Figure 21 Open delta connected VT in high impedance earthed power system Secti...

Страница 67: ...age input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 5 5 is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog input and calculate fundamental freque...

Страница 68: ...U EQUATION1926 V1 EN US Equation 7 The primary rated voltage of such VT is always equal to UPh E Therefore three series connected VT secondary windings will give the secondary voltage equal only to o...

Страница 69: ...ot Used Not Used SMAI2 BLOCK REVROT GRP2L1 GRP2L2 GRP2L3 GRP2N AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN 2 3 4 5 IEC06000602 V4 EN US Figure 22 Open delta connected VT in low impedance or solidly earthed power system...

Страница 70: ...h input channel of the preprocessing function block 4 5 preprocessing block has a task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate fundamental frequency phasors for all four input ch...

Страница 71: ...9 V3 EN US Figure 23 Local human machine interface The LHMI of the IED contains the following elements Keypad Display LCD LED indicators Communication port for PCM600 1MRK 504 169 UEN A Section 5 Loca...

Страница 72: ...w depends on the character size and the view that is shown The display view is divided into four basic areas IEC15000270 1 en vsdx IEC15000270 V1 EN US Figure 24 Display layout 1 Path 2 Content 3 Stat...

Страница 73: ...LED pages are available IEC13000240 1 en vsd GUID 5157100F E8C0 4FAB B979 FD4A971475E3 V1 EN US Figure 26 Indication LED panel The function button and indication LED panels are not visible at the same...

Страница 74: ...LHMI or PCM600 Information panels for the indication LEDs are shown by pressing the Multipage button Pressing that button cycles through the three pages A lit or un acknowledged LED is indicated with...

Страница 75: ...in different views or menus The push buttons are also used to acknowledge alarms reset indications provide help and switch between local and remote control mode The keypad also contains programmable p...

Страница 76: ...bject control navigation and command push buttons and RJ 45 communication port 1 5 Function button 6 Close 7 Open 8 Escape 9 Left 10 Down 11 Up 12 Right 13 Key 14 Enter 15 Remote Local 16 Uplink LED 1...

Страница 77: ...pply voltage is disconnected On Normal operation Flashing Internal fault has occurred Table 7 Start LED yellow LED state Description Off Normal operation On A protection function has started and an in...

Страница 78: ...he indication has been acknowledged but the activation signal is still on LatchedAck S F sequence The activation signal is on or it is off but the indication has not been acknowledged LatchedReset S s...

Страница 79: ...and green indicator LED 1 RJ 45 connector 2 Green indicator LED The default IP address for the IED front port is 10 1 150 3 and the corresponding subnetwork mask is 255 255 254 0 It can be set through...

Страница 80: ...74...

Страница 81: ...e substations there is a current differential protection relay for the busbar Such a busbar protection will include the bus work or cables between the circuit breaker and the power transformer Interna...

Страница 82: ...al faults that will cause unwanted and false differential currents The main reasons for unwanted differential currents may be mismatch due to varying tap changer positions different characteristics lo...

Страница 83: ...the expected spill current under through faults conditions These criteria can vary considerably from application to application and are often a matter of judgment The second slope is increased to ensu...

Страница 84: ...current transformers for connection to a single restraint input Each current connected to the IED is available for biasing the differential protection function The unrestrained operation level has a...

Страница 85: ...11 and where the restrained characteristic is defined by the settings 1 IdMin 2 EndSection1 3 EndSection2 4 SlopeSection2 5 SlopeSection3 6 1 3 2 Elimination of zero sequence currents M15266 286 v7 A...

Страница 86: ...ain high performance in case of heavy internal faults even if the current transformers are saturated Both these restraint methods are used by the IED The second harmonic restraint function has a setta...

Страница 87: ...omparison of the two phasors their magnitudes must be high enough so that one can be sure that they are due to a fault On the other hand in order to guarantee a good sensitivity of the internal extern...

Страница 88: ...e sequence threshold IMinNegSeq is increased internally This assures response times of the differential protection below one power system cycle below 20 ms for 50 Hz system for all more severe interna...

Страница 89: ...he on load tap changer mechanical operating time For example typical setting value 10s 6 1 3 8 Open CT detection M15266 340 v5 The Transformer differential function has a built in advanced open CT det...

Страница 90: ...mination zero sequence current reduction shall be done In the past this was performed with help of interposing CTs or special connection of main CTs delta connected CTs With numerical technology all t...

Страница 91: ...sformer Winding CT Star Connected CT in Delta DAC Connected CT in Delta DAB Connected IL2 IL3 L2 L3 en06000549 vsd IEC06000549 V1 EN US Figure 31 Commonly used main CT connections for Transformer diff...

Страница 92: ...in CTs must be connected exactly as shown in figure 31 For more detailed info regarding CT data settings please refer to the three application examples presented in section Application Examples 6 1 4...

Страница 93: ...ust be ensured that the HV currents are rotated by 30 in clockwise direction Thus the DAC delta CT connection must be used for 69 kV CTs in order to put 69 kV 12 5 kV currents in phase To ensure prope...

Страница 94: ...r the general settings of the Transformer differential protection function see table 12 Table 12 General settings of the differential protection function Setting parameter Select value for solution 1...

Страница 95: ...ar 60 MVA 115 24 9 kV Dyn1 DABY CT 1500 5 Star CT 400 5 Star 60 MVA 115 24 9 kV Dyn1 DABY en06000555 vsd IEC06000555 V1 EN US Figure 33 Two differential protection solutions for delta star connected p...

Страница 96: ...input channels used for the LV side CTs CT input channels used for the LV side CTs Setting parameter Selected value for Solution 1 star connected CT Selected value for Solution 2 delta connected CT CT...

Страница 97: ...tion that all main CTS are star connected The IED can be used in applications where the main CTs are delta connected For such applications the following shall be kept in mind 1 The ratio for delta con...

Страница 98: ...ector group setting in the IED YNd1 Y IEC06000559 V1 EN US DAC Yy0 Dyn1 Y IEC06000560 V1 EN US DAB Yy0 YNd11 Y IEC06000561 V1 EN US DAB Yy0 Dyn11 Y IEC06000562 V1 EN US DAC Yy0 YNd5 Y IEC06000563 V1 E...

Страница 99: ...star point in case of star connected windings or through a separate earthing transformer in case of delta connected windings The low impedance restricted earth fault protection REFPDIF is a winding pr...

Страница 100: ...N vsd REFPDIF I3PW1CT1 I3P IdN I Protected winding IEC09000109 4 EN V2 EN US Figure 34 Connection of the low impedance Restricted earth fault function REFPDIF for a directly solidly earthed transforme...

Страница 101: ...transformer 6 2 2 3 Autotransformer winding solidly earthed M13048 13 v9 Autotransformers can be protected with the low impedance restricted earth fault protection function REFPDIF The complete trans...

Страница 102: ...n REFPDIF for an autotransformer solidly earthed 6 2 2 4 Reactor winding solidly earthed M13048 18 v10 Reactors can be protected with restricted earth fault protection low impedance function REFPDIF T...

Страница 103: ...ker double breaker and mesh corner arrangements have two sets of current transformers on the phase side The restricted earth fault protection low impedance function REFPDIF has inputs to allow two cur...

Страница 104: ...all sides and in the neutral of the power transformer with the same reference direction towards the power transformer windings The earthing can be freely selected for each of the involved current tra...

Страница 105: ...values for primary current IBase primary voltage UBase and primary power SBase are set in a Global base values for settings function GBASVAL GlobalBaseSel It is used to select a GBASVAL function for...

Страница 106: ...lt level can be required The setting is normally 1 0 but in multi breaker arrangement the setting shall be CT primary rating IBase CTFactorSec1 See setting CTFactorPri1 Only difference is that CTFacto...

Страница 107: ...erous because no power can be transmitted through the fault point during fault conditions The magnitude of the fault current A high fault current indicates that the decrease of transmitted power is hi...

Страница 108: ...BASVAL function for reference of base values Operation Set the protection to On Off OpMode This parameter can be set to 2 out of 3 or 1 out of 3 The setting controls the minimum number of phase curren...

Страница 109: ...nsidered IEC09000023 1 en vsd ZA ZB ZL A B IED I fA Fault IEC09000023 V1 EN US Figure 40 Through fault current from B to A IfA The IED must not trip for any of the two through fault currents Hence the...

Страница 110: ...nt from the parallel line to the protected line has to be considered One example is given in Figure 42 where the two lines are connected to the same busbars In this case the influence of the induced f...

Страница 111: ...entioned previously the minimum setting Is for the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3 phase output is then Is 1 3 Imin EQUATION83 V2 EN US Equation 18 The protection function can be used for...

Страница 112: ...eral steps with different current pickup levels and time delays are needed OC4PTOC can have up to four different individually settable steps The following options are possible Non directional Directio...

Страница 113: ...protection The inrush current has a large 2nd harmonic content This can be used to avoid unwanted operation of the protection function Therefore OC4PTOC has a possibility of 2nd harmonic restrain if t...

Страница 114: ...the angle RCA the direction to the fault is forward AngleROA Angle value given in degrees to define the angle sector of the directional function shown in Figure 43 StartPhSel Number of phases with hig...

Страница 115: ...ep M12982 19 v10 x means step 1 2 3 and 4 DirModex The directional mode of step x Possible settings are Off Non directional Forward Reverse Characteristx Selection of time characteristic for step x De...

Страница 116: ...outside Ix Max and Ix Min the closest of the limits to Ix is used by the function If Ix Max is smaller than Ix Min the limits are swapped tx Definite time delay for step x The definite time tx is adde...

Страница 117: ...tTypeCrvx The reset of the delay timer can be made as shown in Table 16 Table 16 Reset possibilities Curve name Curve index no Instantaneous 1 IEC Reset constant time 2 ANSI Reset inverse time 3 The d...

Страница 118: ...inx Enables the block of step x from the harmonic restrain function 2nd harmonic This function should be used when there is a risk of an unwanted trip caused by power transformer inrush currents It ca...

Страница 119: ...for several years In most cases the setting values are updated once every five years or less often Investigate the maximum load current that the equipment on the line can withstand Study components su...

Страница 120: ...must be considered due to a possible DC component of the short circuit current The lowest current setting of the fastest stage can be written according to max 1 2 t sc high I k I EQUATION1265 V1 EN U...

Страница 121: ...ons in the radial network there has to be a minimum time difference Dt between the time delays of two protections To determine the shortest possible time difference the operation time of the protectio...

Страница 122: ...47 Sequence of events during fault where t 0 is when the fault occurs t t1 is when protection IED B1 and protection IED A1 start t t2 is when the trip signal from the overcurrent protection at IED B1...

Страница 123: ...to a defined value by the object impedance an instantaneous earth fault protection can provide fast and selective tripping The Instantaneous residual overcurrent EFPIOC which can operate in 15 ms 50 H...

Страница 124: ...rce impedance ZA and low source impedance ZB should be used For the fault at the home busbar this fault current is IfA In this calculation the operational state with low source impedance ZA and high s...

Страница 125: ...1 en vsd ZA ZB ZL1 A B I M Fault IED ZL2 M C Line 1 Line 2 IEC09000025 V1 EN US Figure 50 Two parallel lines Influence from parallel line to the through fault current IM The minimum theoretical curren...

Страница 126: ...Min the limits are swapped StValMult The set operate current can be changed by activation of the binary input ENMULT to the set factor StValMult 7 4 Directional residual overcurrent protection four s...

Страница 127: ...otection is also well suited to operate in teleprotection communication schemes which enables fast clearance of earth faults on transmission lines The directional function uses the polarizing quantity...

Страница 128: ...ve a large inrush current when being energized This inrush current can produce residual current component The phenomenon is due to saturation of the transformer magnetic core during parts of the cycle...

Страница 129: ...larising quantity i e Zero seq and Neg seq for direction detection SeqTypeIDir This is used to select the type of operating current quantity i e Zero seq and Neg seq for direction detection 7 4 3 1 Co...

Страница 130: ...he dual polarizing method is used it is important that the setting INx or the product 3I0 ZNpol is not greater than 3U0 If so there is a risk for incorrect operation for faults in the reverse directio...

Страница 131: ...idual fundamental current will however be significant The inrush current of the transformer in service before the parallel transformer energizing will be a little delayed compared to the first transfo...

Страница 132: ...harmonic restrain will prevent unwanted function in case of transformer inrush current The under time function has a set time delay Below the settings for switch on to fault logics are described SOTF...

Страница 133: ...different protective equipment The following time delays can be estimated Protection operate time 15 60 ms Protection resetting time 15 60 ms Breaker opening time 20 120 ms The different characteristi...

Страница 134: ...pickup value Note that the operate time value is dependent on the selected setting value for time multiplier kx INxMult Multiplier for scaling of the current setting value If a binary input signal ENM...

Страница 135: ...idual current to earth faults in the connected power system The residual current fed from the transformer at external phase to earth faults is highly dependent on the total positive and zero sequence...

Страница 136: ...between the two described steps The transformer inrush current will have a large residual current component To prevent unwanted function of the earth fault overcurrent protection the 2nd harmonic rest...

Страница 137: ...ation gives the current fed to the protection 3I0fault1 To assure that step 1 selectivity to other earth fault protections in the network a short delay is selected Normally a delay in the range 0 3 0...

Страница 138: ...in to assure fast fault clearance of busbar fault typical 1 2 Setting of step 2 SEMOD55591 57 v5 The setting of the sensitive step 2 is dependent of the chosen time delay Often a relatively long defin...

Страница 139: ...se bubbling in the transformer oil In stressed situations in the power system it can be required to overload transformers for a limited time This should be done without the above mentioned risks The t...

Страница 140: ...rotection and Control IED Manager PCM600 The following settings can be done for the thermal overload protection Operation Off On Operation Sets the mode of operation Off switches off the complete func...

Страница 141: ...temperature is DQot The thermal time constant can now be estimated as 0 ln ln o ot t t DQ DQ EQUATION1180 V1 EN US Equation 33 If the transformer has forced cooling FOA the measurement should be made...

Страница 142: ...transformer temperature is high The signal is released when the estimated heat content is below the set value This temperature value should be chosen below the alarm temperature ResLo is set in of th...

Страница 143: ...t via the local HMI or PCM600 The following settings can be done for the breaker failure protection GlobalBaseSel Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase UBase and SBa...

Страница 144: ...1 out of 3 is sufficient For Contact operation means back up trip is done when circuit breaker is closed breaker position is used IP Current level for detection of breaker failure set in of IBase This...

Страница 145: ...ndent of re trip timer The minimum time delay for the re trip can be estimated as _ 2 1 cbopen BFP reset margin t t t t t EQUATION1430 V1 EN US Equation 34 where tcbopen is the maximum opening time fo...

Страница 146: ...tions tripping different back up circuit breakers tCBAlarm Time delay for alarm in case of indication of faulty circuit breaker There is a binary input CBFLT from the circuit breaker This signal is ac...

Страница 147: ...PDSC will detect situation with deviating positions of the poles of the protected circuit breaker The protection has two different options to make this detection By connecting the auxiliary contacts i...

Страница 148: ...onitor the function is activated only directly in connection to breaker open or close command during 200 ms In the alternative Continuous monitor function is continuously activated CurrUnsymLevel Unsy...

Страница 149: ...ge regulator or wrong settings under manual control symmetrical voltage decrease Overload symmetrical voltage decrease Short circuits often as phase to earth faults unsymmetrical voltage decrease UV2P...

Страница 150: ...1 Equipment protection such as for motors and generators M13851 50 v3 The setting must be below the lowest occurring normal voltage and above the lowest acceptable voltage for the equipment 8 1 3 2 D...

Страница 151: ...f 3 In most applications it is sufficient that one phase voltage is low to give operation If UV2PTUV shall be insensitive for single phase to earth faults 2 out of 3 can be chosen In subtransmission a...

Страница 152: ...ck of trip Block all In case of a low voltage the undervoltage function can be blocked This function can be used to prevent function when the protected object is switched off If the parameter is set B...

Страница 153: ...power system like metallic connection to a higher voltage level broken conductor falling down to a crossing overhead line transformer flash over fault from the high voltage winding to the low voltage...

Страница 154: ...n capacitors M13852 13 v1 High voltage will deteriorate the dielectricum and the insulation The setting has to be well above the highest occurring normal voltage and well below the highest acceptable...

Страница 155: ...curve The choice is highly dependent of the protection application OpModen This parameter describes how many of the three measured voltages that should be above the set level to give operation The set...

Страница 156: ...vn BCrvn CCrvn DCrvn PCrvn Parameters to set to create programmable under voltage inverse time characteristic Description of this can be found in the technical reference manual CrvSatn When the denomi...

Страница 157: ...nce the residual voltage will reach different values The highest residual voltage equal to three times the phase to earth voltage is achieved for a single phase to earth fault The residual voltage inc...

Страница 158: ...l voltage for the capacitor 8 3 3 3 Power supply quality M13853 15 v3 The setting must be above the highest occurring normal residual voltage and below the highest acceptable residual voltage due to r...

Страница 159: ...ase is indicated by voltage collapse in that phase The other healthy phase will still have normal phase to earth voltage The residual sum will have the same value as the remaining phase to earth volta...

Страница 160: ...e setting parameters described below are identical for the two steps n step 1 and 2 Therefore the setting parameters are described only once OperationStepn This is to enable disable operation of step...

Страница 161: ...rvn PCrvn Parameters for step n to set to create programmable undervoltage inverse time characteristic Description of this can be found in the technical reference manual CrvSatn Set tuning parameter f...

Страница 162: ...of load or load shedding can also result in overexcitation if the voltage control and frequency governor is not functioning properly Loss of load or load shedding at a transformer substation can resu...

Страница 163: ...s after a short time interval the heating will start from a higher level therefore OEXPVPH must have thermal memory A fixed cooling time constant is settable within a wide range The general experience...

Страница 164: ...VPH has a thermal memory which can take a long time to reset Activation of the RESET input will reset the function instantaneously Recommendations for Output signals M6496 84 v7 Please see the default...

Страница 165: ...ntage factor Normal setting is around 110 180 depending of the capability curve of the transformer generator Setting should be above the knee point when the characteristic starts to be straight on the...

Страница 166: ...tion is given in an overexcitation capability diagram as shown in figure 62 The settings V Hz and V Hz are made in per unit of the rated voltage of the transformer winding at rated frequency Set the t...

Страница 167: ...2 5 50 200 110 120 130 140 150 100 0 05 0 1 0 2 0 5 10 20 100 V Hz Continous Time minutes t6 t5 t4 t3 t2 t1 transformer capability curve relay operate characteristic en01000377 vsd IEC01000377 V1 EN...

Страница 168: ...162...

Страница 169: ...change gas turbine start up and so on Sometimes shunt reactors are automatically switched in due to low frequency in order to reduce the power system voltage and hence also reduce the voltage depende...

Страница 170: ...ensitive loads The setting level the number of levels and the distance between two levels in time and or in frequency depends very much on the characteristics of the power system under consideration T...

Страница 171: ...system against breakdown by shedding generation in over production situations The overfrequency start value is set in Hz All voltage magnitude related settings are made as a percentage of a settable...

Страница 172: ...s are required at a rather high frequency level but in combination with a large negative rate of change of frequency the underfrequency protection can be used at a rather high setting 9 3 3 Setting gu...

Страница 173: ...supply a stable value It is recommended to have a time delay long enough to take care of signal noise However the time rate of change frequency and frequency steps between different actions might be c...

Страница 174: ...168...

Страница 175: ...currents unequal transient saturation of CT cores with different remanence or different saturation factor may result in differences in the secondary currents from the two CT sets Unwanted blocking of...

Страница 176: ...of the measured voltage in the relay point Examples are impedance protection functions undervoltage function energizing check function and voltage check for the weak infeed logic These functions can...

Страница 177: ...tries in the primary system and differences in the current and voltage instrument transformers The minimum value for the operation of the current and voltage measuring elements must always be set with...

Страница 178: ...UNsINs or OptimZsNs In mode UZsIZs OR UNsINs both negative and zero sequence based algorithms are activated and working in an OR condition Also in mode OptimZsNs both negative and zero sequence algori...

Страница 179: ...ase is the base voltage for the function according to the setting GlobalBaseSel The setting of the current limit 3I0 is done in percentage of IBase The setting of 3I0 must be higher than the normal un...

Страница 180: ...age that might occur during emergency conditions A setting of approximately 70 of UBase is recommended The current threshold IPh shall be set lower than the IMinOp for the distance protection function...

Страница 181: ...ator place selection and external or internal blockings The complete apparatus control function is not included in this product and the information below is included for understanding of the principle...

Страница 182: ...pervision of operator place Command supervision Block deblock of operation Block deblock of updating of position indications Substitution of position indications Overriding of interlocking functions O...

Страница 183: ...eceive for switching device GOOSEXLNRCV Proxy for signals from switching device via GOOSE XLNPROXY The extension of the signal flow and the usage of the GOOSE communication are shown in Figure 65 IEC1...

Страница 184: ...ontrol functions with XCBR and XSWI located in a breaker IED Control operation can be performed from the local IED HMI If users are defined in the IED then the local remote switch is under authority c...

Страница 185: ...4 5 6 PSTO All then it is no priority between operator places All operator places are allowed to operate According to IEC 61850 standard the orCat attribute in originator category are defined in Table...

Страница 186: ...so provides blocking functions that can be distributed to different apparatuses within the bay There are two different blocking alternatives Blocking of update of positions Blocking of commands IEC130...

Страница 187: ...given The switch controller represents the content of the SCSWI logical node according to IEC 61850 with mandatory functionality 11 1 1 3 Switches SXCBR M16602 3 v6 Switches are functions used to clos...

Страница 188: ...or SXSWI function The command response functionality is dependent on the connection of the execution information XIN from the SCSWI function controlling the represented switch Otherwise the function o...

Страница 189: ...Figure 67 Configuration with XLNPROXY and GOOSEXLNRCV where all the IEC 61850 modelled data is used including selection 1MRK 504 169 UEN A Section 11 Control Transformer protection RET650 2 2 IEC 183...

Страница 190: ...h to start moving it checks if the switch is blocked for the operation When the switch has started moving and no blocking condition has been detected XLNPROXY issues a response to the SCSWI function t...

Страница 191: ...The OPCAP input and output are used for the CBOpCap data of a XCBR respectively SwOpCap for a XSWI The interpretation for the command following is controlled through the setting SwitchType 11 1 2 Inte...

Страница 192: ...pen breaker with predefined switching conditions synchrocheck Also the case that one side is dead energizing check is included The Generic Automatic Process Control function GAPC handles generic comma...

Страница 193: ...e open Open rel Close rel Open rel SMPPTRC Trip logic Position Pos from other bays Synchronizing OK Synchrocheck OK Start Synchronizing Synchronizing in progress SCILO Interlocking Enable open Enable...

Страница 194: ...mand is desired the model direct control with normal security is used At control with enhanced security there is an additional supervision of the status value by the control object which means that ea...

Страница 195: ...Sel Op phase or only at operate Op phase 11 1 3 3 Switch SXCBR M16675 3 v8 tStartMove is the supervision time for the apparatus to start moving after a command execution is done from the SCSWI functio...

Страница 196: ...code is given During the tIntermediate time the position indication is allowed to be in an intermediate 00 state When the time has expired the command supervision is reset and a cause code is given Th...

Страница 197: ...ted based on the measured load current and the known impedance from the voltage measuring point to the load point The automatic voltage control can be either for a single transformer or for parallel t...

Страница 198: ...changer can be operated from the front of the IED or from a remote place alternatively On the IED front there is a local remote switch that can be used to select the operator place For this functiona...

Страница 199: ...ee phases considered As only the highest of the phase current is considered it is also possible to use one single phase current as well as two phase currents In these cases the currents that are not u...

Страница 200: ...should be taken To avoid unnecessary switching around the setpoint a deadband degree of insensitivity is introduced The deadband is symmetrical around USet see figure 71 and it is arranged in such a...

Страница 201: ...ording to the setting FSDMode The ULOWER command in fast step down mode is issued with the settable time delay tFSD The measured RMS magnitude of the busbar voltage UB is shown on the local HMI as val...

Страница 202: ...s equal to 1 For other values see figure 72 It should be noted that operating times shown in the figure 72 are for 30 60 90 120 150 180 seconds settings for t1 and 10 seconds for tMin t1 180 t1 150 t1...

Страница 203: ...ing The line voltage drop compensation function can be turned On Off by the setting parameter OperationLDC When it is enabled the voltage UL will be used by the Automatic voltage control for tap chang...

Страница 204: ...TCC 1 Automatic load voltage adjustment proportional to the load current 2 Constant load voltage adjustment with four different preset values In the first case the voltage adjustment is dependent on t...

Страница 205: ...rs on the parallel transformers gradually diverge and end up in opposite end positions Three alternative methods can be used for parallel control with the Automatic voltage control for tap changer sin...

Страница 206: ...er irrespective of their individual tap positions Effectively this means that if the tap positions of the followers were harmonized with the master from the beginning they would stay like that as long...

Страница 207: ...ontrol with the reverse reactance method SEMOD159053 145 v4 Consider Figure 75 with two parallel transformers with equal rated data and similar tap changers The tap positions will diverge and finally...

Страница 208: ...e the principle of reverse reactance has been introduced for the transformers in figure 75 The transformers are here supposed to be on the same tap position and the busbar voltage is supposed to give...

Страница 209: ...IT2 RLIT2 jXLIT2 ICC T2 ICC T1 IL IEC06000491 V3 EN US Figure 77 Circulating current caused by T1 on a higher tap than T2 The circulating current Icc is predominantly reactive due to the reactive natu...

Страница 210: ...co operate or in different IEDs If the functions are located in different IEDs they must communicate via GOOSE interbay communication on the IEC 61850 communication protocol Complete exchange of TR8AT...

Страница 211: ...bed previously in section Automatic voltage control for a single transformer By doing this the overall control strategy can be summarized as follows For the transformer producing receiving the circula...

Страница 212: ...On Simultaneous tapping is then avoided at the same time as tapping actions in the long term are distributed evenly amongst the parallel transformers The algorithm in Automatic voltage control for ta...

Страница 213: ...ransformer will then automatically initiate URAISE or ULOWER commands with appropriate t1 or t2 time delay in order to keep the LV side of the transformer within the deadband of the busbar voltage Hom...

Страница 214: ...rol In this situation the followers will continue to follow the master the same way as when it is in automatic control If one follower in a master follower parallel group is put in manual mode still w...

Страница 215: ...arding the currents in the primary network However the CT measured currents for the transformers would be different The capacitor bank current may flow entirely to the load on the LV side or it may be...

Страница 216: ...be utilized for different purposes for example to block the voltage control function when active power is flowing from the LV side to the HV side or to initiate switching of reactive power compensati...

Страница 217: ...to consider in the parallel control In a simple case when only the switchgear in the transformer bays needs to be considered there is a built in function in TR8ATCC block that can provide information...

Страница 218: ...s working in parallel according to the current station configuration When the parallel voltage control function detects that no other transformers work in parallel it will behave as a single voltage c...

Страница 219: ...ol mode termReadyForMSF Activated when the transformer is ready for master follower parallel control mode raiseVoltageOut Order from the master to the followers to tap up lowerVoltageOut Order from th...

Страница 220: ...e transformers in figure 80 would then be according to the table 26 Table 26 Setting of TxRXOP TrfId T1 T1RXOP Off T2RXOP On T3RXOP On T4RXOP Off T5RXOP Off T6RXOP Off T7RXOP Off T8RXOP Off TrfId T2 T...

Страница 221: ...uto matically reset Alarm Auto Block The risk of voltage instability increases as transmission lines become more heavily loaded in an attempt to maximize the efficient use of existing generation and t...

Страница 222: ...ding on the actual parameter setting This error condition can be reset by the input RESETERR on TCMYLTC function block or alternatively by changing control mode of TR1ATCC or TR8ATCC function to Manua...

Страница 223: ...o the INERR input input module error or BIERR on TCMYLTC or TCLYLTC function block Interruption of communication with the tap changer The outputs POSERRAL and AUTOBLK or TOTBLK will be set This error...

Страница 224: ...ed in table 29 Table 29 Blocking via binary inputs Input name Activation Description BLOCK manually reset On Off via binary input The voltage control function can be totally blocked via the binary inp...

Страница 225: ...removed when the transformer is reconnected input signal DISC set back to zero One transformer in a parallel group switched to manual control automatically reset Auto Block When the setting Operation...

Страница 226: ...the following blocking conditions in any of the followers will also cause mutual blocking Master follower out of position Master follower error No master More than one master General It should be not...

Страница 227: ...ording to the settings LowVoltTap and HighVoltTap When the tap changer reaches its lowest highest position the corresponding ULOWER URAISE command is prevented in both automatic and manual mode Monito...

Страница 228: ...disappears If the TCINPROG signal is not fed back from the tap changer mechanism TR1ATCC or TR8ATCC will not reset until tTCTimeout has timed out The advantage with monitoring the TCINPROG signal in...

Страница 229: ...ut signal HOURHUNT when the number of tap changer operations exceed the number given by the setting HourHuntDetect during the last hour sliding window Active as well in manual as in automatic mode 3 T...

Страница 230: ...group Thus transformers that can be part of the same parallel group must have unique identities Moreover all transformers that communicate over the same horizontal communication GOOSE must have uniqu...

Страница 231: ...ltage control for tap changer TR1ATCC for single control and TR8ATCC for parallel control function On Off I1Base Base current in primary Ampere for the HV side of the transformer I2Base Base current i...

Страница 232: ...75 125 of the tap changer step UDeadbandInner Setting value for one half of the inner deadband to be set in percent of UBase The inner deadband is symmetrical around USet see section Automatic voltage...

Страница 233: ...parallel control with the reverse reactance method then OperCapaLDC must always be set On Rline and Xline For line voltage drop compensation these settings give the line resistance and reactance from...

Страница 234: ...tap change control regulates the voltage towards a set target value representing a voltage magnitude without considering the phase angle Thus UB as well as UL and also the dashed line could all be sa...

Страница 235: ...d Xline Apparently the ratio Rline Xline according to equation 56 that is the value of j1 must be set with respect to the power factor also meaning that the reverse reactance method should not be appl...

Страница 236: ...Set is given in percent of UBase LVAConst3 Setting of the third load voltage adjustment value This adjustment of the target value USet is given in percent of UBase LVAConst4 Setting of the fourth load...

Страница 237: ...th sign which effectively means that a negative value of P means an active power greater than a value in the reverse direction This is shown in figure 84 where a negative value of P means pickup for a...

Страница 238: ...signals PGTFWD PLTREV QGTFWD and QLTREV Parallel control ParCtrl OperationPAR Setting of the method for parallel operation OperCCBlock This setting enables disables blocking if the circulating current...

Страница 239: ...values for the transformers in the same parallel group will be calculated and used OperHoming Enables disables the homing function Applicable for parallel control with the circulating current method a...

Страница 240: ...irrespective of the setting of CLFactor The setting of this factor gives the weighting of the deviation with respect to the load current InitCLCounter The ContactLife counter monitors the remaining nu...

Страница 241: ...d DOWN one blocking input BLOCK and one operator position input PSTO SLGAPC can be activated both from the local HMI and from external sources switches via the IED binary inputs It also allows the ope...

Страница 242: ...i switch VSGAPC function is a multipurpose function used in the configuration tool in PCM600 for a variety of applications as a general purpose switch VSGAPC can be used for both acquiring an external...

Страница 243: ...1 5 Generic communication function for Double Point indication DPGAPC SEMOD55384 1 v4 11 5 1 Identification GUID E16EA78F 6DF9 4B37 A92D 5C09827E2297 v3 Function description IEC 61850 identification I...

Страница 244: ...ID changes the timestamp of the output POSITION will be updated as the time when DPGAPC function detects the change Refer to Table 31 for the description of the input output relationship in terms of t...

Страница 245: ...the SPC8GAPC function block is REMOTE 11 6 3 Setting guidelines SEMOD176518 4 v6 The parameters for the single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GAPC function are set via the local HMI or PCM600 Ope...

Страница 246: ...39 5 v3 AUTOBITS function block has one setting Operation On Off enabling or disabling the function These names will be seen in the DNP3 communication management tool in PCM600 11 8 Single command 16...

Страница 247: ...heck condition Single command function SINGLECMD CMDOUTy OUTy Close CB1 User defined conditions Synchro check Configuration logic circuits en04000206 vsd IEC04000206 V2 EN US Figure 87 Application exa...

Страница 248: ...vice 1 User defined conditions Configuration logic circuits en04000208 vsd IEC04000208 V2 EN US Figure 89 Application example showing a logic diagram for control of external devices via configuration...

Страница 249: ...rator station or remote control gateway Steady sets the outputs to a steady signal 0 or 1 depending on the values sent from the station level Pulse gives a pulse with 100 ms duration if a value sent f...

Страница 250: ...244...

Страница 251: ...ults 1ph 3ph operating mode Single phase tripping for single phase faults two phase tripping for two phase faults and three phase tripping for three phase faults 1ph 2ph 3ph operating mode If the OHL...

Страница 252: ...ripMin 150ms The typical connection is shown below in figure 90 BLOCK BLKLKOUT TRIN TRINL1 TRINL2 TRINL3 PSL1 PSL2 PSL3 1PTRZ 1PTREF P3PTR SETLKOUT RSTLKOUT STDIR TRIP SMPPTRC TRL1 TRL2 TRL3 TR1P TR2P...

Страница 253: ...single phase tripping schemes are used a single phase autoreclosing attempt is expected to follow For cases where the autoreclosing is not in service or will not follow for some reason the input prepa...

Страница 254: ...e phase tripping application 12 1 2 3 Single two or three phase tripping M14828 15 v5 The single two three phase tripping mode provides single phase tripping for single phase faults two phase tripping...

Страница 255: ...input SETLKOUT will result in lock out This is normally the case for overhead line protection where most faults are transient Unsuccessful autoreclose and back up zone tripping can in such cases be c...

Страница 256: ...REVN BLOCK START FW REV STL1 FWL1 REVL1 STL2 FWL2 REVL2 STL3 FWL3 REVL3 STDIR STARTCOMB STN FWN REVN STN FWN REVN PROTECTION 3 IEC16000180 2 en vsdx IEC16000180 V2 EN US Figure 92 Example of the conne...

Страница 257: ...ut Sets the scheme for lock out Off only activates the closing circuit lock out output On activates the closing circuit lock out output and latches the TRIP related outputs The normal selection is Off...

Страница 258: ...activation conditions no longer are fulfilled It is only used in Steady mode When used for direct tripping of circuit breaker s the off delay time shall be set to at least 0 150 seconds in order to ob...

Страница 259: ...according to the specific application needs 12 4 1 2 Setting guidelines GUID B08F2636 33DA 4937 92EB 1A8AC0909AB4 v2 OperationOn or Off 12 5 Logic for group indication INDCALH 12 5 1 Identification GU...

Страница 260: ...idelines GUID E6BD982D 9E47 4CC2 9666 6E5CABA414C0 v3 There are no settings for AND gates OR gates inverters or XOR gates For normal On Off delay and pulse timers the time delays and pulse lengths are...

Страница 261: ...delays must be introduced into the logic schemes to prevent errors for example race between functions 12 7 Fixed signal function block FXDSIGN IP15080 1 v2 12 7 1 Identification SEMOD167904 2 v2 Funct...

Страница 262: ...e neutral point is available This means that only two inputs are used Since all group connections are mandatory to be connected the third input needs to be connected to something which is the GRP_OFF...

Страница 263: ...or receiving up to 16 booleans input locally If the BLOCK input is activated it will freeze the output at the last value Values of each of the different OUTx from function block B16I for 1 x 16 The su...

Страница 264: ...on the output OUT as a sum of the values of all the inputs INx that are activated OUT is an integer When all INx where 1 x 16 are activated that is Boolean 1 it corresponds to that integer 65535 is av...

Страница 265: ...ger output signals from one function to binary logical inputs to another function IB16 function does not have a logical node mapping The Boolean 16 to integer conversion function IB16 will transfer a...

Страница 266: ...hat is 1 is 65535 65535 is the highest boolean value that can be converted to an integer by the IB16 function block 12 11 Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation ITBGAPC SEMOD1...

Страница 267: ...4 BOOLEAN Output 4 8 0 OUT5 BOOLEAN Output 5 16 0 OUT6 BOOLEAN Output 6 32 0 OUT7 BOOLEAN Output 7 64 0 OUT8 BOOLEAN Output 8 128 0 OUT9 BOOLEAN Output 9 256 0 OUT10 BOOLEAN Output 10 512 0 OUT11 BOOL...

Страница 268: ...lues defined A resolution of 10 ms can be achieved when the settings are defined within the range 1 00 second tAlarm 99 999 99 seconds 1 00 second tWarning 99 999 99 seconds If the values are above th...

Страница 269: ...es Signed Comparison is performed on signed values of input and reference values RefSource This setting is used to select the reference source between input and setting for comparison Input REF The fu...

Страница 270: ...e system relative to each other or to a fixed value It is a basic arithmetic function that can be used for monitoring supervision interlocking and other logics 12 14 3 Setting guidelines GUID DE69FF5B...

Страница 271: ...ample GUID E7070CF6 B44B 4799 BE18 5C75B9FE2A87 v2 Let us consider a comparison is to be done between current magnitudes in the range of 90 to 110 with nominal rating is 100 and the order is kA For th...

Страница 272: ...EqualBandHigh 5 0 of reference value EqualBandLow 5 0 of reference value Section 12 1MRK 504 169 UEN A Logic 266 Transformer protection RET650 2 2 IEC Application manual...

Страница 273: ...tage sequence component measurement VMSQI U1 U2 U0 SYMBOL TT V1 EN US Phase neutral voltage measurement VNMMXU U SYMBOL UU V1 EN US 13 1 2 Application SEMOD54488 4 v12 Measurement functions are used f...

Страница 274: ...ange in measured value is above set threshold limit or time integral of all changes since the last time value updating exceeds the threshold limit Measure value can also be based on periodic reporting...

Страница 275: ...s seen on the local HMI under Main menu Measurements Monitoring Servicevalues P_Q CVMMXN P_Q S Apparent three phase power P Active three phase power Q Reactive three phase power PF Power factor ILAG I...

Страница 276: ...group setting table k Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement U and I UGenZeroDb Minimum level of voltage in of UBase used as indication of zero voltage zero point clamping If measured valu...

Страница 277: ...ude deadband Dead band integral deadband Int deadband or Deadband and xx se cyclic xx 5 sec 30 sec 1 min The reporting interval is controlled by the parameter XDbRepInt XDbRepInt This setting handles...

Страница 278: ...ure 96 example The first phase will be used as reference channel and compared with the curve for calculation of factors The factors will then be used for all related channels IEC05000652 V2 EN US Figu...

Страница 279: ...librate the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 97 it is necessary to do the following 1 Set correctly CT and VT data and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef see Section Setting o...

Страница 280: ...current level to 3 Current below 3 will force S P and Q to zero UBase set in Global base Base setting for voltage level in kV 400 00 Set rated OHL phase to phase voltage IBase set in Global base Base...

Страница 281: ...current at 30 of Ir 0 00 IAmpComp100 Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 100 of Ir 0 00 UAmpComp5 Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 5 of Ur 0 00 UAmpComp30 Amplitude factor to calibrate vo...

Страница 282: ...it is necessary to do the following 1 Set correctly all CT and VT and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef see Section Setting of the phase reference channel data using PCM600 for analog input...

Страница 283: ...o 3 UBase set in Global base Base setting for voltage level in kV 35 00 Set LV side rated phase to phase voltage IBase set in Global base Base setting for current level in A 495 Set transformer LV win...

Страница 284: ...ture lockout condition in the circuit breaker tPressureAlarm This is used to set the time delay for a pressure alarm indication given in s tPressureLO This is used to set the time delay for a pressure...

Страница 285: ...GUID 0C8E498B 2A65 44ED 91D6 53EC72F49222 v2 The parameters for Liquid medium supervision SSIML can be set via local HMI or Protection and Control Manager PCM600 Operation This is used to disable enab...

Страница 286: ...because there could be a number of abnormal operations or few operations with high level currents within the predetermined maintenance interval Hence condition based maintenance scheduling is an optim...

Страница 287: ...50000 20000 10000 2000 5000 1000 100 200 500 10 20 50 0 1 0 2 0 5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 IEC12000623_1_en vsd IEC12000623 V1 EN US Figure 99 An example for estimating the remaining life of a circuit brea...

Страница 288: ...the previous value The accumulated energy value can be reset to initial accumulation energy value by using the Reset accumulating energy input RSTIPOW Circuit breaker operation cycles Routine breaker...

Страница 289: ...Operation On or Off IBase Base phase current in primary A This current is used as reference for current settings OpenTimeCorr Correction factor for circuit breaker opening travel time CloseTimeCorr Co...

Страница 290: ...nd start of main contact separation 13 5 Event function EVENT IP14590 1 v2 13 5 1 Identification SEMOD167950 2 v2 Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2...

Страница 291: ...t of the event function block that shall generate events Off Channel 1 8 Channel 9 16 Channel 1 16 MinRepIntVal 1 16 M12811 29 v3 A time interval between cyclic events can be set individually for each...

Страница 292: ...st EL Trip value recorder TVR Disturbance recorder DR and Fault locator FL Disturbance report function is characterized by great flexibility as far as configuration starting conditions recording times...

Страница 293: ...cation IND uses information from the binary input function blocks BxRBDR Trip value recorder TVR uses analog information from the analog input function blocks AxRADR which is used by Fault locator FL...

Страница 294: ...turbance reports are stored disturbance data can be read from the local HMI and from a PC for example using PCM600 LED information yellow start red trip is stored Every recording will get a number 0 t...

Страница 295: ...st Off Disturbance report function does not save any recordings and no LED information is displayed If the IED is in test mode and OpModeTest On Disturbance report function works in normal mode and th...

Страница 296: ...13 6 3 3 Analog input signals M12179 92 v5 Up to 40 analog signals can be selected among internal analog and analog input signals PCM600 is used to configure the signals The analog trigger of Disturba...

Страница 297: ...d parameters Trip value recorder M12179 442 v3 ZeroAngleRef The parameter defines which analog signal that will be used as phase angle reference for all other analog input signals This signal will als...

Страница 298: ...ewhere are linked to the information on a report Such parameters are for example station and object identifiers CT and VT ratios 13 7 Logical signal status report BINSTATREP GUID E7A2DB38 DD96 4296 B3...

Страница 299: ...nks on a binary signal need to be counted The limit counter provides four independent limits to be checked against the accumulated counted value The four limit reach indication outputs can be utilized...

Страница 300: ...e the total running energized time of the generator transformer reactor capacitor bank or even line Settable time limits for warning and alarm are provided The time limit for overflow indication is fi...

Страница 301: ...e substation automation system or read via the station monitoring system as a service value When using IEC 61850 8 1 a scaled service value is available over the station bus The normal use for this fu...

Страница 302: ...puts on the same board used for pulse counting 14 2 Function for energy calculation and demand handling ETPMMTR SEMOD153638 1 v2 14 2 1 Identification SEMOD175537 2 v4 Function description IEC 61850 i...

Страница 303: ...d with the pulse output setting values EAFAccPlsQty EARAccPlsQty ERFAccPlsQty and ERVAccPlsQty of the energy metering function and then the pulse counter can be set up to present the correct values by...

Страница 304: ...Wh value in each pulse It should be selected together with the setting of the Pulse counter PCGGIO settings to give the correct total pulse value ERFAccPlsQty and ERVAccPlsQty gives the MVArh value in...

Страница 305: ...iguration tool ECT in PCM600 The access point is activated if the Operation checkbox is checked for the respective access point and a partial or common write to IED is performed To increase security i...

Страница 306: ...he other subnetwork By default this is set to 0 0 0 0 which means that no default gateway is selected ECT validates the entered value but the default gateway has to be in the same subnetwork as the ac...

Страница 307: ...h availability Seamless Redundancy HSR provides redundant communication over station bus running the available communication protocols The redundant communication uses two Ethernet ports IEC09000758 4...

Страница 308: ...ed when the parameter is set to PRP 0 PRP 1 or HSR The settings for the next access point will be hidden and PhyPortB will show the second port information Redundant communication is activated after a...

Страница 309: ...s Merging Units MU The rear access points are used for the communication The merging units MU are called so because they can gather analog values from one or more measuring transformers sample the dat...

Страница 310: ...te specifies that when a package is sent to the destination device it should be sent through the selected router If no route is specified the source device will not find the destination device 15 4 2...

Страница 311: ...tal communication between two or more intelligent electronic devices IEDs from one or several vendors to exchange information and to use it in the performance of their functions and for correct co ope...

Страница 312: ...with IEC 61850 8 1 M16925 3 v4 Figure108 shows the GOOSE peer to peer communication Control Protection Control Protection Control and protection GOOSE en05000734 vsd Station HSI MicroSCADA Gateway IED...

Страница 313: ...ion for Single Point Value SPGAPC function is used to send one single logical output to other systems or equipment in the substation SP16GAPC can be used to send up to 16 single point values from the...

Страница 314: ...pplication GUID 808177B7 02CA 40DF B41B 8B580E38478B v1 The GOOSE receive function blocks are used to receive subscribed data from the GOOSE protocol The validity of the data value is exposed as outpu...

Страница 315: ...nd the inaccuracy added by the merging unit must be coordinated with the requirement for the actual type of protection function Factors influencing the accuracy of the sampled values from the merging...

Страница 316: ...send the data over process bus to other clients or subscribers in the system Some merging units are able to get data from classical measuring transformers others from non conventional measuring trans...

Страница 317: ...s IEC61850 8 1 en08000069 3 vsd IEC08000069 V2 EN US Figure 111 Example of a station configuration with the IED receiving analog values from both classical measuring transformers and merging units 16...

Страница 318: ...is set to Block and the IED hardware time synchronization is lost or the synchronization to the MU time is lost the protection functions in the list 37 will be blocked due to conditional blocking If...

Страница 319: ...d and processd normally DTT from the remote end is still processed IEC13000299 2 en vsd Direct transfer trip DTT local remote IED IED MU Not OK OK IEC13000299 V2 EN US Figure 113 MU failed mixed syste...

Страница 320: ...ailure protection CCRBRF PoleSlip Out of step protection PSPPPAM Breaker failure protection single phase version CCSRBRF Restricted earth fault protection low impedance REFPDIF Current circuit supervi...

Страница 321: ...TR1ATCC Generator stator overload protection GSPTTR Automatic voltage control for tapchanger parallel control TR8ATCC Directional Underpower protection GUPPDUP Thermal overload protection two time con...

Страница 322: ...ce protection quadrilateral for earth faults ZMMAPDIS Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV Fullscheme distance protection quadrilateral for earth faults ZMMPDIS Line differential protection 3 CT sets with in...

Страница 323: ...has no time synchronization source configured then the binary data events will be synchronized with the merging unit However the global complete time might not be correct Disturbance recordings then...

Страница 324: ...o PTP SyncLostMode set to Block to block protection functions if time synchronization is lost or set to BlockOnLostUTC if the protection functions are to be blocked when global common synchronization...

Страница 325: ...igure 116 Setting example when MU is the synchronizing source Settings on the local HMI under Main menu Configuration Time Synchronization TIMESYNCHGEN 1 IEC61850 9 2 HwSyncSrc set to PPS as generated...

Страница 326: ...ION CLOCK IEC10000074 2 en Original vsd IEC10000074 V2 EN US Figure 117 Setting example with external synchronization Settings on the local HMI under Main menu Configuration Time Synchronization TIMES...

Страница 327: ...d IEC UCA 61850 9 2LE Data MU IED IEC10000075 2 en Original vsd IEC10000075 V2 EN US Figure 118 Setting example without time synchronization It is also possible to use IEC UCA 61850 9 2LE communicatio...

Страница 328: ...used to display the detailed quality of an IEC UCA 61850 9 2LE analog channel The component expands the channel quality output of a Merging Unit analog channel received in the IED as per the IEC 61850...

Страница 329: ...enter and also from other IEDs via bay to bay horizontal communication For LON communication an SLM card should be ordered for the IEDs The fibre optic LON bus is implemented using either glass core o...

Страница 330: ...module is used for control functions in the IEDs The module contains a process picture dialogues and a tool to generate a process database for the control application in MicroSCADA When using MicroSC...

Страница 331: ...915 1 v1 Settings M14789 4 v3 The parameters for the multiple command function are set via PCM600 The Mode setting sets the outputs to either a Steady or Pulsed mode 16 5 SPA communication protocol IP...

Страница 332: ...iple where the IED is a slave and the PC is the master Only one master can be applied on each fibre optic loop A program is required in the master computer for interpretation of the SPA bus codes and...

Страница 333: ...ifferent communication speeds are used in the same fibre optical loop or RS485 network take this into account when making the communication setup in the communication master the PC With local fibre op...

Страница 334: ...RTU connected to the Communication and processing module the only hardware needed is optical fibres and an opto electrical converter for the PC RTU or a RS 485 connection depending on the used IED co...

Страница 335: ...the PC RTU PC RTU Commands M17109 62 v4 The commands defined in the IEC 60870 5 103 protocol are represented in dedicated function blocks These blocks have output signals for all available commands ac...

Страница 336: ...FORMATION NUMBER parameter for each input signal Supervision indications in monitor direction Function block with defined functions for supervision indications in monitor direction I103Superv This blo...

Страница 337: ...ted when the fault locator function is included in the IED Disturbance recordings M17109 111 v9 The transfer functionality is based on the Disturbance recorder function The analog and binary signals r...

Страница 338: ...Configuration Communication Station Communication IEC60870 5 103 config selector SlaveAddress BaudRate RevPolarity optical channel only CycMeasRepTime MasterTimeDomain TimeSyncMode EvalTimeAccuracy Ev...

Страница 339: ...e delivered All GI data from a single block will come from the same cycle If EventRepMode HiPriSpont spontaneous events will be delivered prior to GI event To prevent old GI data from being delivered...

Страница 340: ...on the disturbance recorder for each input The user must set these parameters to whatever he connects to the corresponding input Refer to description of Main Function type set on the local HMI Record...

Страница 341: ...and information types M17109 145 v6 Product type IEC103mainFunType value Comment REL 128 Compatible range REC 242 Private range use default RED 192 Compatible range RET 176 Compatible range REB 207 P...

Страница 342: ...wer as specified in standard For more information refer to IEC standard IEC 60870 5 103 16 7 DNP3 Communication protocol 16 7 1 Application GUID EF1F0C38 9FF6 4683 8B10 AAA372D42185 v1 For more inform...

Страница 343: ...included self supervision with internal event list function block provides good supervision of the IED The fault signals make it easier to analyze and locate a fault Both hardware and software supervi...

Страница 344: ...48775D0 ACF0 49C6 A7F6 69AF37F1C68F v1 17 3 1 Application GUID 51EEC9C7 8ECF 4546 BC26 326861654340 v4 Change lock function CHNGLCK is used to block further changes to the IED configuration once the c...

Страница 345: ...ad that can be produced by Ethernet network traffic on the IED The communication facilities must not be allowed to compromise the primary functionality of the device All inbound network traffic will b...

Страница 346: ...340...

Страница 347: ...the local HMI under Main menu Diagnostics IED status Product identifiers and under Main menu Diagnostics IED Status Identifiers ProductVer ProductDef FirmwareVer SerialNo OrderingNo ProductionDate IED...

Страница 348: ...Example 2 1 0 1 is the Major version of the manufactured product this means new platform of the product 2 is the Minor version of the manufactured product this means new functions or new hardware add...

Страница 349: ...or configurable binary inputs results in a highly adaptable IED that can cope with a variety of power system scenarios Different conditions in networks with different voltage levels require highly ad...

Страница 350: ...DE v1 Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Primary system values PRIMVAL 18 5 2 Application M15288 3 v6 The rated system frequency and p...

Страница 351: ...on ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Global base values GBASVAL 18 7 2 Application GUID D58ECA9A 9771 443D BF84 8EF582A346BF v4 Global base values function GBASVAL is used to provide global values common...

Страница 352: ...ly in the Application Configuration tool These names will define SMBI function in the Signal Matrix tool The user defined name for the input or output signal will also appear on the respective output...

Страница 353: ...I function to prevent operation due to non valid frequency values MinValFreqMeas is set as of UBase 3 If SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph Ph at least two of the inputs GRPxL1 GRPxL2 and GRPxL3 where...

Страница 354: ...ired phase angle RMS value frequency and frequency derivates and so on 244 values in total Besides the block group name the analog inputs type voltage or current and the analog input names that can be...

Страница 355: ...sets the AnalogInputType of a SMAI block to Current the MinValFreqMeas is still visible However using the current channel values as base for frequency measurement is not recommendable for a number of...

Страница 356: ...7000197 V2 EN US Figure 125 Twelve SMAI instances are grouped within one task time SMAI blocks are available in three different task times in the IED Two pointed instances are used in the following ex...

Страница 357: ...uence voltage is used for the frequency tracking feature For task time group 1 this gives the following settings see Figure 125 for numbering SMAI1 1 DFTRefExtOut DFTRefGrp7 to route SMAI7 7 reference...

Страница 358: ...pe Observe that positive sequence voltage is used for the frequency tracking feature For task time group 1 this gives the following settings see Figure 125 for numbering SMAI1 1 SMAI12 12 DFTReference...

Страница 359: ...er remotely the PST setting RemoteModControl may not be set to Off The possible values are Off Maintenance or All levels The Off value denies all access to data object Mod from remote Maintenance requ...

Страница 360: ...ocked by the LN In addition the components can be blocked when their Beh is blocked This can be done if the component has a block input The block status of a component is shown as the Blk output under...

Страница 361: ...PTP PTP according to IEEE 1588 2008 and specifically its profile IEC IEEE 61850 9 3 for power utility automation is a synchronization method that can be used to maintain a common time within a station...

Страница 362: ...rce which can have the following values Off SPA LON BIN Binary Minute Pulse SNTP IRIG B PPS CoarseSyncSrc which can have the following values Off SPA LON DNP IEC 60870 5 103 The function input to be u...

Страница 363: ...the IEDs to a network and enabling PTP To set one IED as the grandmaster change Priority2 to 127 instead of the default 128 IEC16000089 1 en vsdx IEC16000089 V1 EN US Figure 128 Enabling PTP in ECT T...

Страница 364: ...tem Figure 129 describes an example system The REC and REL are both using the 9 2 stream from the SAM600 and gets its synch from the GPS Moreover the REL and REC both acts as a boundary clock to provi...

Страница 365: ...ll as sync to the merging unit If synchronization of the IED and the merging unit is based on GPS set the parameter LostSyncMode to BlockOnLostUTC in order to provide a block of protection functions w...

Страница 366: ...360...

Страница 367: ...hese types are related to the design of the iron core and the presence of airgaps Airgaps affects the properties of the remanent flux The following three different types of protection CTs have been sp...

Страница 368: ...ves a remanent flux higher than 80 of the saturation flux The High Remanence HR type is a CT with closed iron core for example protection classes TPX P PX according to IEC class C K according to ANSI...

Страница 369: ...ormed in our network simulator The current transformer models are representative for current transformers of high remanence and low remanence type The results may not always be valid for non remanence...

Страница 370: ...mum fault current for the relevant fault position should be used and therefore both fault types have to be considered 19 1 4 Secondary wire resistance and additional load M11614 3 v1 M11614 4 v4 The v...

Страница 371: ...e actual unwanted residual current during the commissioning 19 1 6 Rated equivalent secondary e m f requirements SEMOD53723 1 v1 M11616 3 v2 With regard to saturation of the current transformer all cu...

Страница 372: ...020 VA channel for Ir 1 A and SR 0 150 VA channel for Ir 5 A In substations with breaker and a half or double busbar double breaker arrangement the fault current may pass two main CTs for the transfo...

Страница 373: ...he protection function and can be a function of the primary DC time constant of the close in fault current k This factor depends on the design of the protection function and can be a function of the p...

Страница 374: ...nnel for Ir 1 A and SR 0 150 VA channel for Ir 5 A 19 1 6 4 Restricted earth fault protection low impedance differential GUID AFAFC587 6986 4FF4 A5E1 6F5DC0A72A6B v1 The requirements are specified sep...

Страница 375: ...al ratios and magnetization characteristics the CTs must satisfy Requirement 64 and the Requirement 65 2 sr R al alreq ef ct L pr r I S E E I R R I I EQUATION2239 V2 EN US Equation 66 Where Ief Maximu...

Страница 376: ...e to earth fault currents often are relatively small and the requirements might result in small CTs However in applications where the zero sequence current from the phase side of the transformer is a...

Страница 377: ...2 class P PR M11623 6 v4 A CT according to IEC 61869 2 is specified by the secondary limiting e m f EALF The value of the EALF is approximately equal to the corresponding Eal Therefore the CTs accord...

Страница 378: ...alculated rated equivalent limiting secondary e m f EalANSI that fulfils the following alANSI alreq E maximum of E EQUATION1384 V2 EN US Equation 73 A CT according to ANSI IEEE is also specified by th...

Страница 379: ...nization as primary or secondary server in a redundant configuration is not recommended 19 4 PTP requirements GUID 741CC863 D760 49D6 85B2 AFECA222A8C3 v1 For PTP to perform properly the Ethernet equi...

Страница 380: ...only the transportation Thus the accuracy of the current and voltage inputs to the merging unit and the inaccuracy added by the merging unit must be coordinated with the requirement for actual type of...

Страница 381: ...rican Wire Gauge standard BBP Busbar protection BFOC 2 5 Bayonet fibre optic connector BFP Breaker failure protection BI Binary input BIM Binary input module BOM Binary output module BOS Binary output...

Страница 382: ...urbance recorder according to IEEE ANSI C37 111 1999 IEC 60255 24 Contra directional Way of transmitting G 703 over a balanced line Involves four twisted pairs two of which are used for transmitting d...

Страница 383: ...erformance architecture ESD Electrostatic discharge F SMA Type of optical fibre connector FAN Fault number FCB Flow control bit Frame count bit FOX 20 Modular 20 channel telecommunication system for s...

Страница 384: ...EC 60870 5 103 Communication standard for protection equipment A serial master slave protocol for point to point communication IEC 61850 Substation automation communication standard IEC 61850 8 1 Comm...

Страница 385: ...the data link layer 2 Ingression protection according to IEC 60529 IP 20 Ingression protection according to IEC 60529 level 20 IP 40 Ingression protection according to IEC 60529 level 40 IP 54 Ingress...

Страница 386: ...PC MIP Mezzanine card standard PMC PCI Mezzanine card POR Permissive overreach POTT Permissive overreach transfer trip Process bus Bus or LAN used at the process level that is in near proximity to the...

Страница 387: ...rdware clocks in every embedded system in a network Each embedded node can instead synchronize with a remote clock providing the required accuracy SOF Status of fault SPA Str mberg Protection Acquisit...

Страница 388: ...ault applied to the balance point that is the set reach The relay does not see the fault but perhaps it should have seen it See also Overreach UTC Coordinated Universal Time A coordinated time scale m...

Страница 389: ...as the residual or the earth fault current 3UO Three times the zero sequence voltage Often referred to as the residual voltage or the neutral point voltage 1MRK 504 169 UEN A Section 20 Glossary Trans...

Страница 390: ...384...

Страница 391: ...385...

Страница 392: ...AB Grid Automation Products 721 59 V ster s Sweden Phone 46 0 21 32 50 00 abb com protection control Copyright 2017 ABB All rights reserved Specifications subject to change without notice 1MRK 504 169...

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