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degraded process performance leading to personal injury or death. It is important that the

user fully complies with all warning and cautionary notices.

1.4.2

Document conventions

GUID-96DFAB1A-98FE-4B26-8E90-F7CEB14B1AB6 v8

•

Abbreviations and acronyms in this manual are spelled out in the glossary. The glossary

also contains definitions of important terms.

•

Push button navigation in the LHMI menu structure is presented by using the push button

icons.
For example, to navigate between the options, use

and

•

HMI menu paths are presented in bold.

For example, select Main menu/Settings.

•

LHMI messages are shown in Courier font.
For example, to save the changes in non-volatile memory, select Yes and press

•

Parameter names are shown in italics.

For example, the function can be enabled and disabled with the

Operation setting.

•

Each function block symbol shows the available input/output signal.
•

the character ^ in front of an input/output signal name indicates that the signal

name may be customized using the PCM600 software.

•

the character * after an input signal name indicates that the signal must be

connected to another function block in the application configuration to achieve a

valid application configuration.

•

Dimensions are provided both in inches and millimeters. If it is not specifically mentioned

then the dimension is in millimeters.

1.5

IEC 61850 edition 1 / edition 2 mapping

GUID-C5133366-7260-4C47-A975-7DBAB3A33A96 v7

Function block names are used in ACT and PST to identify functions. Respective function block

names of Edition 1 logical nodes and Edition 2 logical nodes are shown in the table below.

Table 1:

IEC 61850 edition 1 / edition 2 mapping

Function block name

Edition 1 logical nodes

Edition 2 logical nodes

AGSAL

SECLLN0

AGSAL

ALMCALH

ALTIM

ALTMS

ALTRK

BRCPTOC

BTIGAPC

B16IFCVI

BTIGAPC

CCPDSC

CCRPLD

CCPDSC

CCRBRF

CCSSPVC

CCSRDIF

CCSSPVC

CMMXU

CMSQI

Table continues on next page

1MRK 505 385-UEN C

Section 1

Introduction

Breaker protection REQ650

Commissioning manual

Содержание RELION 650 SERIES

Страница 1: ...Relion 650 SERIES Breaker protection REQ650 Version 2 2 IEC Commissioning manual...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 4: ...rms of such license This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit http www openssl org This product includes cryptographic software written developed b...

Страница 5: ...roduct failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons including but not limited to personal injuries or death shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the equipme...

Страница 6: ...d concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits Low voltage directive 2006 95 EC This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standa...

Страница 7: ...monitoring functions 20 3 3 Communication 22 3 4 Basic IED functions 24 Section 4 Starting up 27 4 1 Factory and site acceptance testing 27 4 2 Commissioning checklist 27 4 3 Checking the power supply...

Страница 8: ...tings 48 8 2 Activating the test mode 49 8 3 Preparing the connection to the test equipment 49 8 4 Connecting the test equipment to the IED 50 8 5 Releasing the function to be tested 51 8 6 Verifying...

Страница 9: ...time constant Celsius Fahrenheit LCPTTR LFPTTR 65 9 3 6 1 Measuring the operate and time limit of set values 65 9 3 6 2 Completing the test 66 9 3 7 Breaker failure protection phase segregated activa...

Страница 10: ...ol 79 9 6 1 Synchrocheck energizing check and synchronizing SESRSYN 79 9 6 1 1 Testing the synchronizing function 80 9 6 1 2 Testing the synchrocheck functionality 81 9 6 1 3 Testing the energizing ch...

Страница 11: ...gy calculation and demand handling ETPMMTR 97 9 9 2 1 Verifying the settings 97 9 9 2 2 Completing the test 98 9 10 Station communication 99 9 10 1 Multiple command and transmit MULTICMDRCV MULTICMDSN...

Страница 12: ...tracing 106 11 2 1 Internal fault indications 106 11 2 2 Using front connected PC 107 11 2 3 Diagnosing the IED status via the LHMI hint menu 108 11 2 4 Hardware re configuration 109 11 3 Repair instr...

Страница 13: ...uantity the 1 1 ratio shall be set for the used analogue inputs on the IED Example of such functions are HZPDIF ROTIPHIZ and STTIPHIZ 4 Parameter IBase used by the tested function is set equal to the...

Страница 14: ...lectrical installation The chapters are organized in the chronological order in which the IED should be installed The commissioning manual contains instructions on how to commission the IED The manual...

Страница 15: ...sorted by function The guideline can be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase installation and commissioning phase and during normal service 1 3 2 Document revision history GUID B...

Страница 16: ...caution hot surface icon indicates important information or warning about the temperature of product surfaces Class 1 Laser product Take adequate measures to protect the eyes and do not view directly...

Страница 17: ...nal name may be customized using the PCM600 software the character after an input signal name indicates that the signal must be connected to another function block in the application configuration to...

Страница 18: ...APC L4UFCNT L4UFCNT L4UFCNT LCPTTR LCPTTR LCPTTR LD0LLN0 LLN0 LLN0 LDLPSCH LDLPDIF LDLPSCH LFPTTR LFPTTR LFPTTR LMBRFLO LMBRFLO LMBRFLO LOVPTUV LOVPTUV LOVPTUV LPHD LPHD LPHD LT3CPDIF LT3CPDIF LT3CGAP...

Страница 19: ...SSIMG SSIML SSIML SSIML SXCBR SXCBR SXCBR SXSWI SXSWI SXSWI T3WPDIF T3WPDIF T3WGAPC T3WPDIF T3WPHAR T3WPTRC TEIGAPC TEIGGIO TEIGAPC TEILGAPC TEILGGIO TEILGAPC TMAGAPC TMAGGIO TMAGAPC TRPTTR TRPTTR TRP...

Страница 20: ...14...

Страница 21: ...9A33 A60E359C54AF v1 Only electrically skilled persons with the proper authorization and knowledge of any safety hazards are allowed to carry out the electrical installation M2366 2 v2 National and l...

Страница 22: ...pen will cause a massive potential build up that may damage the transformer and may cause injuries to humans M2372 2 v1 Never remove any screw from a powered IED or from a IED connected to powered cir...

Страница 23: ...2698 2 v2 Take care to avoid electrical shock during installation and commissioning M2693 2 v1 Changing the active setting group will inevitably change the IEDs operation Be careful and check regulati...

Страница 24: ...18...

Страница 25: ...N 67N2 Directional residual overcurrent protection four steps 1 NS4PTOC 46I2 Four step directional negative phase sequence overcurrent protection 1 LCPTTR 26 Thermal overload protection one time const...

Страница 26: ...gnals 4 I103CMD Function commands for IEC 60870 5 103 1 I103GENCMD Function commands generic for IEC 60870 5 103 50 I103POSCMD IED commands with position and select for IEC 60870 5 103 50 I103POSCMDV...

Страница 27: ...configurable logic block Total number of instances AND 280 GATE 40 INV 420 LLD 40 OR 298 PULSETIMER 40 RSMEMORY 40 SRMEMORY 40 TIMERSET 60 XOR 40 IEC 61850 or function name ANSI Function description B...

Страница 28: ...60870 5 103 1 I103SUPERV Supervision status for IEC 60870 5 103 1 I103USRDEF Status for user defined signals for IEC 60870 5 103 20 L4UFCNT Event counter with limit supervision 30 TEILGAPC Running hou...

Страница 29: ...e a single point value 64 GOOSEXLNRCV GOOSE function block to receive a switching device 9 MULTICMDRCV MULTICMDSND Multiple command and transmit 60 10 OPTICAL103 IEC 60870 5 103 Optical serial communi...

Страница 30: ...umber of setting groups ACTVGRP Parameter setting groups TESTMODE Test mode functionality CHNGLCK Change lock function SMBI Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBO Signal matrix for binary outputs SMAI1...

Страница 31: ...N General LED indication part for LHMI OPENCLOSE_LED LHMI LEDs for open and close keys GRP1_LED1 GRP1_LED15 GRP2_LED1 GRP2_LED15 GRP3_LED1 GRP3_LED15 Basic part for CP HW LED indication module 1MRK 50...

Страница 32: ...26...

Страница 33: ...hat the acceptance testing has been performed and that the application configuration is verified Maintenance testing is a periodic verification that the IED is healthy and has correct settings dependi...

Страница 34: ...laced or added the user should re configure the IED by navigating in the local HMI menu to Main menu Configuration Reconfigure HW modules to activate the changed hardware modules in order to enable th...

Страница 35: ...considered Direct point to point link between PCM600 and the IED front port The front port can be seen as a service port A link via a station LAN or from remote via a network The physical connection...

Страница 36: ...guration AP_FRONT Setting up the PC or workstation for point to point access to IEDs front port An ethernet cable max 2 m length with RJ 45 connectors is needed to connect two physical Ethernet interf...

Страница 37: ...vsd IEC13000059 V1 EN US Figure 5 Right click Local Area Connection and select Properties 4 Select the TCP IPv4 protocol from the list of configured components using this connection and click Propert...

Страница 38: ...e obtained automatically by the IED see Figure 7 The IP address must be different from the IP address chosen for the IED IEC13000062 1 en vsd IEC13000062 V1 EN US Figure 7 Select Use the following IP...

Страница 39: ...protection IED and correct phase sequence connection that is L1 L2 L3 Polarity check to prove that the predicted direction of secondary current flow is correct for a given direction of primary curren...

Страница 40: ...ry equipment care shall be exercised to isolate the VT from the circuit being tested to avoid backcharging the VT from the secondary side 4 9 Using the RTXP test switch GUID F1E29C06 7FE8 44D8 AD5A EE...

Страница 41: ...ng anything else such as a measurement probe may damage the female connector and prevent a proper electrical contact between the printed circuit board and the external wiring connected to the screw te...

Страница 42: ...36...

Страница 43: ...ure that all data have been saved to FLASH it is necessary to leave the IED with auxiliary power connected after all the commissioning is done including setting the Local Remote switch to the desired...

Страница 44: ...For main CTs with 2A rated secondary current it is recommended to connect the secondary wiring to the 1A input Take the rated permissive overload values for the current inputs into consideration 5 3 S...

Страница 45: ...iguration Communication Station communication SPA SPA 1 Use the same settings for these as is set in the SMS system for the IED 6 1 2 Entering IEC settings M11735 32 v6 The SPA IEC port is located on...

Страница 46: ...lyzer and record the communication between the IED and the IEC master Check in the protocol analyzer s log that the IED answers the master messages 3 Generate one binary event by activating a function...

Страница 47: ...mm 4 dB Margins for installation aging and so on 5 dB 1 dB Losses in connection box two contacts 0 5 dB contact 1 dB Losses in connection box two contacts 1 dB contact 2 dB Margin for 2 repair splices...

Страница 48: ...42...

Страница 49: ...tation automation system An optical network can be used within the station automation system This enables communication with the IEDs through the LON bus from the operator s workplace from the control...

Страница 50: ...plication Software Library in MicroSCADA applications The HV Control 670 software module is used for control functions in the IEDs The module contains a process picture dialogues and a tool to generat...

Страница 51: ...3 dB Margins for installation aging and so on 5 dB 2 dB Losses in connection box two contacts 0 75 dB contact 1 5 dB Losses in connection box two contacts 1dB contact 2 dB Margin for repair splices 0...

Страница 52: ...46...

Страница 53: ...ld be able to provide a three phase supply of voltages and currents The magnitude of voltage and current as well as the phase angle between voltage and current must be variable The voltages and curren...

Страница 54: ...ze to the SV data stream During the re synchronization the protection functions will be blocked once a second for about 45 ms and this will continue for up to 10 minutes To avoid this configure PTP IE...

Страница 55: ...coming into operation need to be checked when commissioned to verify the configuration and settings 8 2 Activating the test mode M11412 2 v15 Put the IED into the test mode before testing The test mod...

Страница 56: ...h restoring the trip circuits to the protection IED If a test switch is not used perform measurement according to the provided circuit diagrams Never disconnect the secondary connection of a current t...

Страница 57: ...ually EvDisable set to No and Yes respectively Remember that a function is also blocked if the BLOCK input signal on the corresponding function block is active which depends on the configuration Ensur...

Страница 58: ...g modules 8 7 Testing the protection functionality GUID 125B6F28 D3E5 4535 9CD6 6C056B79F496 v2 Each protection function must be tested individually by secondary injection Verify operating levels trip...

Страница 59: ...MODE function block appropriately configured in PCM600 ACT It may be convenient to control the input on mentioned component from for example an LHMI function key or similar during commissioning to qui...

Страница 60: ...er leave the signals forced or to revert all of them back to the unforced state IEC15000022 V1 EN US It is possible to power cycle the IED in this state without losing the forcing states and values Th...

Страница 61: ...D Once the user is satisfied with the forcing setup then all the changes can be effectuated simultaneously towards the IED potentially changing inputs and outputs on multiple I O boards at the same ti...

Страница 62: ...cing changes and return the IED to normal operation GUID 00E2BAD8 A29E 4B9D 80E6 E12F59E019BD v1 Regardless of which input output signals have been forced all forced signals will return to their norma...

Страница 63: ...ediately undoes all forcing regardless of how it was accomplished and disabled 8 8 4 3 Undo forcing by using PCM600 GUID CE7FD186 99FC 41C8 910F 894A57037777 v2 1 Uncheck Forcing Session under the men...

Страница 64: ...58...

Страница 65: ...d on the local HMI under Main menu Settings IED Settings Monitoring Disturbance report DRPRDRE 1 9 1 3 Disturbance recorder DR M11750 2 v7 A Manual Trig can be started at any time This results in a re...

Страница 66: ...d on the local HMI or after upload in PCM600 as follows 1 on the local HMI under Main menu Events or in more details via 2 the Event Viewer in PCM600 The internal FIFO register of all events will appe...

Страница 67: ...erating current with the set value 6 Set the operation mode to 2 out of 3 and inject current into one of the phases and then check that no TRLn signal appears 9 3 1 2 Completing the test M11754 24 v5...

Страница 68: ...to 80 180 3 2 Increase the injected current note the operate value of the tested step of the function and compare it to the set value 3 3 Decrease the current slowly note the reset value and compare i...

Страница 69: ...ent input phase until the TRIP signal appears 3 Switch the fault current off Do not exceed the maximum permitted overloading of the current circuits in the IED 4 Compare the measured operating current...

Страница 70: ...o the configuration signal matrixes 10 Reverse the direction of the injected current and check that the step does not operate 11 Check that the protection does not operate when the polarizing voltage...

Страница 71: ...nd check the time delay For inverse time curves check the operate time at a current equal to 110 of the operate current in order to test parameter txmin 9 Check that all operate and start contacts ope...

Страница 72: ...trip time with the setting according to the formula 11 Reset the thermal memory 12 Continue to test another function or end the test by changing the test mode setting to Off 9 3 6 2 Completing the tes...

Страница 73: ...nection with the check of operate values above Choose the applicable function and trip mode such as FunctionMode Current and RetripMode UseFunctionMode 1 Apply the fault condition including start of C...

Страница 74: ...3 should have been verified in the tests above In applicable cases the modes 1 out of 4 and 2 out of 4 can be checked Choose the mode below which corresponds to the actual case Checking the case BuTr...

Страница 75: ...only whenFunctionMode Current Contact is selected It is suggested to make the tests in one phase only or at three phase trip applications for just three phase tripping Checking the case with fault cur...

Страница 76: ...hort while inject a current fault current in one phase to about 110 of the set operating current and switch the current off Observe to not exceed the maximum permitted overloading of the current circu...

Страница 77: ...t fault current in same phase to about 90 of the set operating current IP Switch off the current 9 Switch on the fault current and wait longer than the set value tOper No TRIP signal should appear 10...

Страница 78: ...Operate time in seconds k1 Settable time multiplier of the function for step 1 U Measured voltage U1 Set start voltage for step 1 For example if the measured voltage jumps from the rated value to 0 8...

Страница 79: ...he measured operate value for one phase 6 Measure the time delay for the TR1 signal and compare it with the set value 7 Check the inverse time delay by injecting a voltage corresponding to 1 2 U1 8 Re...

Страница 80: ...e U1 Set start voltage for step 1 8 Repeat the test for Step 2 of the function 9 4 3 2 Completing the test SEMOD54358 38 v4 continue to test another function or end the test by changing the TESTMODE s...

Страница 81: ...25 v8 Prepare the IED for verification of settings outlined in Section Preparing the IED to verify settings The Current circuit supervision function CCSSPVC is conveniently tested with the same three...

Страница 82: ...rminal 6 Disconnect one of the phase voltages and observe the logical output signals on the binary outputs of the IED BLKU and BLKZ signals should appear simultaneously wether the BLKU and BLKZ reset...

Страница 83: ...ting current Consider that the set value 3I2 is in percentage of the base current IBase 9 5 2 3 Measuring the operate value for the zero sequence function M1405 72 v11 Measure the operate value for th...

Страница 84: ...operation of the du dt and di dt based function M1405 96 v12 Check the operation of the du dt and di dt based function if included in the IED 1 Simulate normal operating conditions with the three phas...

Страница 85: ...ll be tested with the used settings To test a specific function it might be necessary to change some setting parameters for example AutoEnerg Off DLLB DBLL Both ManEnerg Off Operation Off On Activatio...

Страница 86: ...bus and line is less than set value of FreqDiffMax and above set value of FreqDiffMin The test procedure below will depend on the settings used Input STARTSYN must be activated during the test FreqDif...

Страница 87: ...t voltage values to verify that the function operates within the set UDiffSC Check with both U Line and U Bus respectively lower than the other 4 Increase the U Bus to 110 GblBaseSelBus and the U Line...

Страница 88: ...activated 3 Apply voltage to the U Line equal to 100 GblBaseSelLine with a frequency equal to 50 Hz and voltage U Bus equal to 100 GblBaseSelBus with a frequency outside the set limit 4 Check that th...

Страница 89: ...of a dead bus to a live line 1 Verify the settings AutoEnerg or ManEnerg to be DBLL 2 Apply a single phase voltage of 30 GblBaseSelBus to the U Bus and a single phase voltage of 100 GblBaseSelLine to...

Страница 90: ...he test by changing the TESTMODE setting to Off Restore connections and settings to their original values if they were changed for testing purposes 9 6 2 Autorecloser for 1 2 3 phase operation SMBRREC...

Страница 91: ...about 5 10s After that it is high again A CB condition CBREADY of a type OCO shall be high true before and during tripping start auto reclosing During tripping it goes low for a recharging time for ex...

Страница 92: ...permanent high signal or controlled by a switch 3 Read and make notes of the reclosing operation counters on the local HMI under Main menu Test Function status Control AutoRecloser79 5 0 1 SMBRREC 79...

Страница 93: ...t Function status Control AutoRecloser79 5 0 1 SMBRREC 79 5 0 x Should the operation not be as expected this should be investigated It could be caused by an inappropriate setting or missing condition...

Страница 94: ...ly a fault causing three phase trip and thereby a START and a TR3P signal to the auto recloser 3 Wait for the tSync time out limit Check that no reclosing is made Checking the response when auto reclo...

Страница 95: ...IED The operation of the single command function SINGLECMD is then checked from the local HMI by applying the commands with Mode Off Steady or Pulse and by observing the logic statuses of the corresp...

Страница 96: ...fault and all of the trips Functional outputs TRIP all TRLn and TR3P should be active at each fault No other outputs should be active 4 Initiate a single phase to earth fault and switch it off immedi...

Страница 97: ...ch it off immediately when the trip signal is generated for the corresponding phase Initiate the second single phase to earth fault in one of the remaining phases within the time interval shorter than...

Страница 98: ...the input logical signal BLOCK is logical zero and that on the local HMI the logical signals PRESALM PRESLO TEMPALM TEMPLO ALARM and LOCKOUT are logical zero Using service kit prepare the IED for ver...

Страница 99: ...verify settings in this chapter Values of logical signals for SSIMG protection are available on the local HMI under Main menu Tests Function status Monitoring InsulationLiquid 71 SSIML 71 x where x 1...

Страница 100: ...s that are available on the Local HMI as well Values of the logical signals belong to the breaker monitoring are available on the local HMI under Main menu Test Function status Monitoring BreakerMonit...

Страница 101: ...e LOAccCurrPwr 7 6 Calculation of accumulated energy IPOWPH is stopped when injected current is lower than set AccStopCurr value 8 Test of CB operation cycles 8 1 Test the actual set values defined by...

Страница 102: ...y changing the Test mode setting to Off Restore connections and settings to their original values if they were changed for testing purposes 9 8 6 Voltage harmonic monitoring VHMMHAI GUID B2F24353 AAEA...

Страница 103: ...frequencies are connected to the pulse counter input The test should be performed with settings Operation On or Operation Off and the function blocked or unblocked The pulse counter value is then chec...

Страница 104: ...rrent or voltage below previous value 7 Check after 1 minute whether the MAXPAFD and MAXPRFD outputs are retaining the old maximum value 8 Similarly the testing can be done for MAXPAFD and MAXPRFD out...

Страница 105: ...o the ActiveGroup menu to achieve information about the active setting group The ActiveGroup menu is located on the local HMI underMain menu Test Function status Setting groups ActiveGroup The ActiveG...

Страница 106: ...test mode folder 2 Change the On setting to Off Press the E key and the left arrow key 3 Answer YES press the E key and exit the menus Section 9 1MRK 505 385 UEN C Testing functionality by secondary i...

Страница 107: ...ons or tripping outputs with the circuit breaker closed and the tripping of the breaker verified When several breakers are involved each breaker must be checked individually and it must be verified th...

Страница 108: ...erformed in the right order to allow for simple and safe secondary testing even with the object in service 10 2 2 1 Preparation SEMOD56528 10 v2 Before starting maintenance testing the test engineers...

Страница 109: ...ovided with a continuous trip circuit supervision it is possible to check that circuit is really closed when the test plug handle has been removed by using a high ohmic voltmeter and measuring between...

Страница 110: ...n be considerably higher due to harmonics Normally a CVT secondary can have around 2 5 3 third harmonic voltage 10 2 2 8 Restoring SEMOD56528 36 v2 Maintenance is very important to improve the availab...

Страница 111: ...diagnostics tree Indicated result Possible reason Proposed action Internal fail Off No problem detected None Internal fail On A failure has occurred Check the rest of the indicated results to find th...

Страница 112: ...DOG INT APPERROR INT RTEERROR or any of the HW dependent signals INT Warning OFF ON This signal will be active if one or more of the following internal signals are active INT RTCERROR INT IEC61850ERRO...

Страница 113: ...t in order to take effect of the changes During restart internal events get generated and Runtime App error will be displayed These events are only indications and will be for short duration during th...

Страница 114: ...nged Sequence of faults if more than one unit is faulty Exact time when the fault occurred 11 2 3 Diagnosing the IED status via the LHMI hint menu GUID 7E8503E9 441B 487A 9CD7 B43463D1CAE5 v3 In order...

Страница 115: ...channel that is not configured Please configure a valid reference channel GOOSE is configured on a disabled port At least one of the access points configured for GOOSE is disabled The port can be disa...

Страница 116: ...IED off and move the HW module 3 Switch the IED on wait for it to start and then perform a HW reconfig 4 Perform a license update in PCM600 The new module is now available in PCM600 at the new positi...

Страница 117: ...input module both front and rear 7 Pull out the faulty module 8 Check that the new module has a correct identity number 9 Check that the springs on the card rail are connected to the corresponding me...

Страница 118: ...112...

Страница 119: ...status BR External bistable relay BS British Standards BSR Binary signal transfer function receiver blocks BST Binary signal transfer function transmit blocks C37 94 IEEE ANSI protocol used when send...

Страница 120: ...or CCVT Capacitive voltage transformer DAR Delayed autoreclosing DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency The US developer of the TCP IP protocol etc DBDL Dead bus dead line DBLL Dead bus live...

Страница 121: ...ated switchgear GOOSE Generic object oriented substation event GPS Global positioning system GSAL Generic security application GSE Generic substation event HDLC protocol High level data link control p...

Страница 122: ...tion in the IED is representative of a type of function IP 1 Internet protocol The network layer for the TCP IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernet networks IP is a connectionless best effort packe...

Страница 123: ...Permissive overreach POTT Permissive overreach transfer trip Process bus Bus or LAN used at the process level that is in near proximity to the measured and or controlled components PRP Parallel redun...

Страница 124: ...r SVC Static VAr compensation TC Trip coil TCS Trip circuit supervision TCP Transmission control protocol The most common transport layer protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet TCP IP Transmission...

Страница 125: ...synchronize it with Universal Time 1 UT1 thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth s orbit the rotational axis tilt 23 5 degrees but still showing the Earth s irregular rotation on which UT1 is...

Страница 126: ...120...

Страница 127: ...121...

Страница 128: ...AB Grid Automation Products SE 721 59 V ster s Sweden Phone 46 0 21 32 50 00 www abb com protection control Copyright 2017 ABB All rights reserved Scan this QR code to visit our website 1MRK 505 385...

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