Volvo 850 Manual Download Page 109

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Troubleshooting

FUEL FILLER FLAP DOES NOT OPEN

Faulty motor in fuel filler flap

4-door model

Remove the cover panel on the right light unit, pull on the hook and the

filler flap can now be opened.

5-door model

Remove the side cover on the right, and the cover of the bottom right

tail light. Pull on hook and the flap can now be opened.

IMBALANCE, VIBRATION OR HEAVY
STEERING DURING DRIVING

Wheel imbalance

Have the wheels re-balanced.

Insufficient oil in power steering pump

Check the level and add oil. See 7:8.

ENGINE OVERHEATS

Radiator hoses cracked or leaking

Check the radiator hoses and replace if necessary.

Insufficient coolant

Check the coolant level and add as necessary. See 7:10.

Electric cooling fan

Check that the electric cooling fan functions properly.

Emergency release for, fuel filler flap

Summary of Contents for 850

Page 1: ...28 1 1 Audio 1 0 1 10 36 1 2 Ashtray 1 17 13 Heated passenger and driver s seats 1 16 1 4 Parking brake 1 16 1 5 Electrically operated windows 1 29 and rear view mirrors 2 2 1 6 Cigar lighter 1 17 1 7 Bonnet release 2 22 1 8 Front foglights extra equipment 1 1 1 19 Space for extra equipment 20 Adjustable steering wheel 1 18 21 Ignition and steering wheel lock 1 7 22 Space for extra equipment 23 TR...

Page 2: ...1 1 Instruments and controls ...

Page 3: ...emains there you should immediately check the coolant level Also check the coolant level if the warning light comes on see 7 10 Refer to 3 9 for additional information about the cooling system 4 Resetting the tripmeter Press the button to reset the meter 5 Clock ambient temperature gauge Trip computer extra equipment 6 Speedometer 7 Odometer 8 Tripmeter The tripmeter is used to measure short drivi...

Page 4: ...n beam 8 Not connected 9 Bulb failure warning light 1 0 Bulb failure warning light 11 trailer Germany Not connected 1 2 Fault in SRS Airbag system 1 3 extra equipment Battery charge failure 14 Low oil pressure 1 5 Brake circuit failure 1 6 Parking brake applied 1 7 ABS anti lock brakes 1 8 malfunction Automatic transmission 19 Position W 3 or L engaged Low coolant level 20 TRACS failure 21 extra e...

Page 5: ...s not charging the battery If the lamp comes on while driving there is either a fault in the electrical system or the drive belt is slack Note If the drive belt snaps or if the belt tensioner is broken so that the alternator cannot charge the battery this light and war ning lights 4 9 15 16 and 19 will come on Bulb failure warning light Lights up if any of the following bulbs fail Dipped beam Tail...

Page 6: ...es that the Air bag s diagnostic system has discovered a fault Drive immediately to a Volvo workshop to have it checked See 2 16 2 21 for more information about the Airbag Control and warning lights Control lights Direction indicators trailer Germany If a trailer is being towed this light will flash at the same time as the direction indicator light flashes If it does not flash then a bulb has fail...

Page 7: ...Headlights ...

Page 8: ...ver be removed from the lock while driving or while the car is being towed Ignition lock steering wheel lock Lock position The steering wheel is locked when the ignition key is withdrawn from the lock Intermediate position Radio Certain electrical components e g heater fan cigar lighter radio can now be operated The ignition system is switched off Drive Key position during driving The entire elect...

Page 9: ...en released 2 Normal turns 3 Headlight flasher headlights off Pull the lever towards the steering wheel The main beam remains on until the lever is released 3 Main beam dipped beam switch headlights on Pull the lever towards the steering wheel past the headlight flasher position and release it The headlight will switch between main and dipped beam A blown direction indicator bulb will cause the in...

Page 10: ...ver The wipers return to the park position when the lever is released Especially useful in light rain 3 Windscreen wipers normal speed 4 Windscreen wipers high speed 5 Windscreen wash wipe headlight wash wipe The washers are operated in this position and the windscreen wipers make 2 or 3 sweeps after the lever is released The headlight washers operate together with the windscreen washers 1 9 ...

Page 11: ...s The indicator light switches off at the same time Press the switch once more while the indicator light is on to switch off all heating Press the switch again after the indicator light goes off to restart the heating process Trip computer control extra equipment Rotate the control to obtain the desired trip computer function See 1 13 Electrically operated sun roof extra equipment See 2 4 for inst...

Page 12: ... a motor on each head light and one switch on the dashboard This switch makes it possible to adapt the height of the headlight beam to different loads The height of the beam can only be adjusted when the headlights are turned on The correct levels for different loads are shown in the table on the right Rear window wash wipe The rear window wash wipe is operated using the switches on the windscreen...

Page 13: ... gauge certain models Indicates the temperature slightly above the road surface while driving A red warning light C comes on when the temperature is in the 2 C to 5 C range Note At low speeds or when the vehicle is stationary the ambient temperature displayed may be too high because of the heat from the engine Choice of presentation If buttons A and B are pressed in simultaneously it is possible t...

Page 14: ... and low ambient temperature In either of these cases the cursor lights up and in the case of low ambient temp erature lamp A also lights up The relevant value is shown in the display irrespective of the function selected In order to return to the selected function the control should be rotated one step and then back again Note that the low ambient temperature warning always has the highest priori...

Page 15: ...l consumption mpg Continuous information on current fuel consumption Calculation of fuel consumption once per second When the car is at a standstill the display shows Average speed Average speed since the function was last reset When the ignition is switched off the average speed is stored in memory and is used as the basis for the new figure when the engine is started once again Can be set to zer...

Page 16: ...itch The trip meter indicates 10 yard intervals for a distance of up to 1 mile Driving distance on current fuel reserve miles 0 Shows the distance which can be driven on the fuel which remains in the fuel tank calculated on the basis of the average fuel consumption and the remaining fuel in the tank When the quantity of fuel drops to below 8 litres a warning lamp lights up in the combined instrume...

Page 17: ...itch again heating is switched off The built in timer will switch off heating automatically after 10 minutes Switch off the rear seat heater if the seat is empty Note Remember to disconnect the electrical connector when removing the rear seat cushion Parking brake lever Parking brake The parking brake lever is located between the front seats The parking brake operates on the rear wheels A warning ...

Page 18: ...grip it on the short sides push in and then pull straight upwards Cigar lighter Press in the lighter When it has become sufficiently hot after about 6 8 seconds it will spring back ready for use The cigar lighter socket has a 120 W output Rear seat ashtray To empty the ashtray pull it out complete ly lift up the rear edge and remove 1 1 7 ...

Page 19: ...ted both vertically and lengthways Press down the lever to the left of the steering column Adjust the steering wheel to the position that suits you Press the lever up again to lock the wheel to adjust reach WARNING Check that the steering wheel is locked in position Do not adjust the steering wheel while driving 1 1 8 ...

Page 20: ...cceleration such as for overtaking does not interrupt cruise control operation The previous set speed will be maintained without having to set the switch to RESUME If the cruise control is already engaged the cruising speed can be increased or decreased by pressing the SET button A towards either or One short activation of the SET button corresponds to a speed change of 1 mph 1 6 km h The current ...

Page 21: ...ibly to the greenhouse effect When refilling replacing refrigerant only R134a should be used This must be carried out by an authorised Volvo dealer Air vents A Shut Open C Lateral adjustment Vertical adjustment Climate unit without air conditioning See 1 22 1 23 Climate unit with manual air conditioning See 1 24 1 25 Climate unit with automatic air conditioning See 1 26 1 28 Air mix The climate un...

Page 22: ...Air distribution ...

Page 23: ...s Temperature selector Driver s side Set desired temperature Air in the car recirculates i e no fresh air is brought into the cabin The control light comes on when this function is engaged Function selector Air through the air vents Air to the windscreen windows Air to the floor and windscreen Windows Heating and ventilation system without air conditioning 1 22 Air to the floor A ir to t he floor ...

Page 24: ... Use this setting for a few minutes if you wish to exclude exhaust fumes from the cars around you or to obtain heat quickly With this setting no fresh air is brought in from outside the car Remember not to drive with this function activated for more than 10 or 15 minutes otherwise you will risk an accumulation of stale air and mist inside the car Adjust the temperature with the tempera ture select...

Page 25: ...ht comes on to indicate this Function selector Air through the air vents Air to the windscreen windows Air to the floor and windscreen windows Air to the floor and air vents Fan 0 Off Air conditioning off 4 Highest fan speed Air to the floor Temperature selector Passenger s side Set desired temperature Function selector Select desired function The control can be set to any position between the mar...

Page 26: ...air conditioning system can be used at ambient temperatures as low as 0 C The fan must be set to at least speed 1 for the air conditioning system to function When air conditioning is switched on the temperature can be adjusted with the temp erature selector Use your air conditioning system regularly to maintain it in good condition Use this setting for a few minutes to exclude exhaust fumes from s...

Page 27: ... in the OFF position The light is on when the function is disengaged REC The air in the cabin recir culates i e no fresh outside air is admitted into the cabin The control light is on when this function is engaged Fan AUT air distribution auto matically regulated 0 off Move the knob to the right to increase the fan speed Air distribution automatically regulated Air through the air vents Air to the...

Page 28: ... the position of the function selector To obtain maximum air flow to the floor or windows shut the air vents If side windows mist up open the two air vents at the sides In cold weather close the centre air vents to obtain the most comfortable temperature in maximum cooling the car Optimum automatic function is obtained when the air conditioning is engaged The air conditioning can be used at ambien...

Page 29: ...s not controlled automatically but has to be set manually using the temperature selectors Do not place anything over the solar sensor on the top of the dashboard as this will cause the climate unit to receive incorrect informa tion General information Leakage of water under the car may be cau sed by condensation as a result of climate unit operation in hot weather The air conditioning is momentari...

Page 30: ... is recommended that this is used whenever young children are in the car see Owner s manual for details Never leave the vehicle without removing the ignition key Cars equipped with electrically operated windows in the rear doors have a cut out switch in the centre console to block use of the rear window winders Always remember to turn off power to the window winders by removing the ignition key if...

Page 31: ...y mirror 2 3 Sun roof 2 4 Front seats 2 6 Seat belts 2 8 Child safety 2 10 Occupant safety Australia 2 14 SRS Airbag SIPS bag 2 16 Bonnet 2 22 Doors locks and keys 2 23 Deadlock locking position alarm 2 25 Remote controlled central locking alarm system 2 26 Theft prevention 2 27 Storage space 2 29 Boot 4 door model 2 30 Boot 5 door model 2 34 2 1 ...

Page 32: ... switches for adjustment of the door mirrors are located in the centre console beside the parking brake lever A lateral adjustment B vertical adjustment Never use ice scrapers made of metal as they can easily scratch the mirror surface Some car models are fitted with wide angle door mirrors to eliminate blind spots Remember that these mirrors distort angles and distances WARNING The mirrors should...

Page 33: ...ting consists of two reading lamps for front seat occupants The courtesy lights will remain on for 30 seconds after the doors have been shut but they will be switched off if the ignition is turned on or the doors are locked Front and rear reading lamps always lit Front and rear reading lamps always off Front and rear reading lamps light up when a door is opened Left or right reading lamp lights up...

Page 34: ...entilation position press on the upper edge of the switch Press on the lower edge to close The sun roof also features a manually operated sliding sun visor on the inside of the hatch The sun visor automatically slides back somewhat when the ventilation position is selected Note Do not shut the sun visor when the sun roof is in the ventilation position otherwise you risk damaging the mechanism Note...

Page 35: ...for details Never leave the vehicle without removing the ignition key Crank for manually operated sun roof Sun roof extra equipment The sun roof operates in two ways firstly as an ordinary sun roof and secondly by raising the rear edge to allow extra ventilation in the car Operation using the crank Pull the crank down and turn Anti clockwise normal sun roof Clockwise ventilation position Ventilati...

Page 36: ...sition of the seat before you start driving When the bar is lifted the seat can slide forwards or backwards Check that the seat is locked into place every time you change the seat adjustment Angle of backrest Stepless adjustment of the backrest angle To simplify adjustment of the backrest angle do not put any pressure on the backrest while it is being adjusted Quick release The passenger seat has ...

Page 37: ...are adjusted For safety reasons adjustment stops if one of the switches is released Memory function Programming Three positions can be stored When the seat has been adjusted hold in the MEM button and at the same time press button 1 Further seat positions can be saved in memory using buttons 2 and 3 Adjustment Hold one of the memory buttons 1 2 or 3 down until the seat stops If the memory button i...

Page 38: ... belt is locked and cannot be extended if the belt is pulled too quickly when braking and accelerating if the car leans very sharply at any angle during hard cornering To ensure maximum protection it is important that the belt is adjusted to offer a snug fit against the body 2 8 Adjusting the shoulder belt Lap belt low on hips Therefore remember the following do not use fasteners or anything else ...

Page 39: ... certain countries Mechanical seat belt tensioner CAUTION If a seat belt has been exposed to considerable strain for example a collision then the entire seat belt i e the seat belt including the retracting and locking mechanism plus all anchorage bolts must be replaced even if it appears undamaged since its energy absorb ing properties will have been affected The belt should also be re placed if i...

Page 40: ...th a special installation kit and the car s standard 3 point seat belt and in the rear seat s outer and centre positions for children weighing up to 40 lb 18 kg In order for small children to sit securely in the child seats an extra lining is available which can easily be placed in the seat When fitting the attachments and anchorage straps to the child seat please take particular care to follow th...

Page 41: ...ar s standard three point inertial reel seat belt preferably in combina tion with a backrest Volvo s own booster cushion backrest approved for children weighing between 33 lb 15 kg and 80 lb 36 kg and 3 point seat belt are all specially designed to offer a high degree of safety When installing the booster cushion and backrest it is important to follow carefully the fitting instructions which are p...

Page 42: ... has an airbag SRS on the passenger side NB If you experience any difficulty in install ing child safety equipment please contact the manufacturer of this equipment for further instructions Integrated booster cushion extra equipment Volvo s own integrated booster cushion in the middle of the rear seat is specially desig ned to offer an excellent degree of safety In combination with the standard fi...

Page 43: ...led clean it in place in the car If however the cover is so soiled that it has to be removed for cleaning the above instructions for installation of the cushion apply Extra seat Vertical adjustment pull forward and press Centre head restraint The centre head restraint can be adjusted verti cally to suit the height of the passenger Make sure that the height of the centre head restraint is adjusted ...

Page 44: ...raints and facilitate the transfer of Child Restraints from one car to another since they would have similar upper restraint anchora ges fitted as standard The three anchorages are located on the parcel shelf and on the rear side of the backrest Remove the plug covering the anchorage point you want to use 2 14 This can be done with a suitable coin The plug is removed anti clockwise The centre anch...

Page 45: ...us Belts should not be worn with straps twisted Each belt assembly must only be used by one occupant it is dangerous to put a belt around a child being carried on the occupant s lap Seat belts should be adjusted as firmly as poss ible consistent with comfort to provide the protection for which they have been designed A slack belt will greatly reduce the protection afforded to the wearer Seat belts...

Page 46: ...ing wheel On the passenger side it is folded into a compartment above the glove compartment The SIPS airbags are mounted in the frame of the front seat backrests The airbag inflates in the event of a serious collision The angle of impact speed and nature of the object involved in the collision all play a part in whether the airbag is activated You can read more about this on page 2 21 2 1 6 WARNIN...

Page 47: ...l activate the sensor which in turn triggers the gas genera tors and inflates the airbag The airbag inflates between the driver and the door panel and absorbs the impact at the moment of collision at the same time as it starts to deflate Seat belts with seat belt tensioners Cars with airbags SRS have special pyrotechnical seat belt tensio ners 4 A small charge which is housed next to the seat belt...

Page 48: ... the sticker on the door pillar s indicate when you should contact your Volvo workshop for a specific servicing or replacement of airbags and seat belt tensioners Never attempt to make any adjustments to the SRS and SIPS bag system yourself Please contact your Volvo dealer if you have any queries regarding the SRS system WARNING Never attempt to repair any part of the SRS or SIPS bag system Any in...

Page 49: ...llow children to stand in front of the passenger seat No objects or accessories should attached to or near the SRS panel above the glove compartment or be placed in the area into which the airbag deploys There should be no loose articles on the floor seat or dashboard Do not interfere with SRS components in the hub of the steering wheel or the panel above the glove compartment SRS components may o...

Page 50: ...ear seat is the safest place for children and child safety seats WARNING Never put a child safety seat in the front passenger seat if the car has an airbag SRS on the passenger side SIPS bag The SIPS bag system is a mechanical system consisting of two main parts the airbag module and the sensor unit The airbag mo dule is located in the frame of the front seat backrest The sensor unit is located in...

Page 51: ... or a hard or fixed object at low speed there is no need for the SRS system to be activated The airbags are usually not inflated in response to side on collisions unless the car is equipped with SIPS bag impacts from the rear or if the car overturns The extent of damage to the car s bodywork is no measure of how well the SRS system works Airbag SRS SIPS bag Can the airbags be deployed accidentally...

Page 52: ...nnet is shut If you are in a garage make sure that the bonnet does not strike the roof when it is opened Opening the bonnet Pull the bonnet lock release at the bottom right edge of the instrument panel You will hear the lock being released This releases the safety catch handle in the front of the grille Lift the bonnet slightly to gain access to the safety catch handle Pull the handle and lift up ...

Page 53: ...n Both the driver s and passenger door must be closed when you lock either of them in order for the central locking to function CAUTION Always drive with the doors unlocked i e with the lock button pulled up If you are involved in an accident rescue workers will then be able to gain swift access to the inside of the car Bear in mind that if the child safety catch in the rear doors is engaged these...

Page 54: ...draw the key in horizontal position The boot is now always locked This method of locking the boot and rear seat backrest see 2 31 is useful if you lend your car to someone and want to protect the contents of the boot If you give the driver the service key the smaller key it will not be possible for the temporary driver to open the boot To reconnect the boot lock to the central locking facility Wit...

Page 55: ...can be fitted with an alarm as extra equipment Note The alarm system is activated when the front doors are locked with the key The alarm system is connected to the doors boot bonnet and ignition switch The alarm can be deactivated by turning the key in either of the front doors or the boot A red LED flashes on the upper side of the in strument panel to indicate that the alarm has been activated If...

Page 56: ... panel to indicate that the alarm has been activated The remote control should not be used to lock the doors from the inside For safety reasons it is not possible to lock the doors when the ignition key is in position I or II However it is possible to unlock them To prevent theft the remote control should not be left on the key ring when the car goes into the workshop Contact your Volvo dealer imm...

Page 57: ...e the most of your car s security devices In addition to the other security features an alarm is also available for installation extra equipment to further increase security When you lock the car always use the deadlock locking position Turn the key in the usual way to lock the doors then turn it further to activate the deadlock locking position There will be more resis tance at the last turn but ...

Page 58: ...not be able to open the rear doors themselves from inside the car if the latch is in position A The rear doors will have to be opened from outside See the caution on page 2 23 Useful advice The courtesy lights and the red warning lights at the rear edges of the doors come on when ever a door is open If you intend to leave the doors open for a long period of time but nonetheless wish to switch off ...

Page 59: ...age compartment beside front seats 6 Storage compartment in the centre console 7 Pocket in seat backrest 8 Pocket in seat backrest 9 Cup holder certain models CAUTION Do not place heavy objects on the rear parcel shelf or anywhere else where they may be thrown about when braking suddenly Always secure large heavy items using the seat belts 2 29 ...

Page 60: ...arning triangle Jack 2 30 Boot Tool bag The spare wheel is located under the carpet in a special well in the boot floor The jack with its crank is placed inside the wheel rim Make sure that the jack is properly secured in this position after use Refer to the decal on the inside of the boot lid for storage instructions ...

Page 61: ...ack rest The two red catches on the rear of the back rest are used to prevent unwanted use of the backrest folding mechanism Push the catches down to lock the back rests The backrests cannot now be folded from inside the car This is a useful facility if there are children in the car who might otherwise tamper with the folding mechan ism from the rear seat or if you lend the car to someone and want...

Page 62: ...light loads such as skis may be carried in this manner Max length 2 metres and max weight 55 lb 25 kg 2 32 CAUTION Secure the l oad properly for instance by winding the seat belt around the folded down armrest as shown in the illustration If the load is not secured in place it may be thrown forward and injure the car s occupants if the car is braked hard Protect sharp edges with a soft blanket or ...

Page 63: ...ge eyelets Always secure large and heavy cargo to avoid the danger of personal injury if the car is suddenly braked or involved in a collision There are four eyelets which can be used for anchoring cargo using ropes or straps Suitable straps and a cargo net can be purchased from your Volvo dealer 2 33 ...

Page 64: ...i clockwise and allow it to spring back 2 34 To open the rear door pull the section beneath the handle The rear door can be opened from the inside by pulling the handle to the right and pressing the door outwards Child safety lock Use the latch when you want to prevent the door from being opened from inside The easiest way to move the latch is with a small screwdriver Remember though that in the e...

Page 65: ...f B Lamp on when the boot is open Spare wheel and jack The spare wheel is located under the carpet in a special well Lift and remove the rear cover and lift the front cover to obtain access to the spare The jack and crank are within the rim Make sure that the jack is properly secured in position after use Refer to the decal in the boot area for storage instructions 2 3 5 ...

Page 66: ...then fold it down Lower the centre head restraint if necessary Press the backrest catch backwards and fold the backrest forwards 2 36 Note Make sure that the holes in the plastic sections on the backrest top engage with the hooks on the seat cushion base When returning backrest and seat cushion to their normal places make sure the head restraints are also restored to their normal positions Check t...

Page 67: ...he seat cushion is easy to remove providing a longer load area Fold the seat cushion up towards the front seats undo the red plastic fastenings disconnect the connectors lower the cushion slightly and lift it out When putting it back reverse the procedure WARNING Do not place heavy objects against the front seats as the backrest which is folded down is then placed under severe strain Do not load l...

Page 68: ...ich can be used for anchoring loads with rope or straps four in the boot and two inside the cabin Suitable straps and load nets are available at your Volvo dealer Anchorage eyelets in the boot Make sure that the heating and antenna wires on the insides of windows cannot be damaged by objects placed near them When cleaning the windows take care not to scratch the wires e g with rings 2 38 ...

Page 69: ...e of strong nylon mesh which un reels from the back of the rear seat The load net has to be positioned for use from the rear of the car Open the cover on the right seat back Pull out the load net towards you 1 First hook the rod onto the mounting on the right side then pull out the rod and hook it in place on the left side 2 3 Pull out the left load net and attach to rod 4 Note Make sure that the ...

Page 70: ...it into the holes in the rear pillars in the luggage compartment Removal of luggage cover Press in the right end of the luggage cover and disconnect it from the side panel Remove the luggage cover Install in reverse order NOTE Watch out for the aerial wiring when fitting and removing the luggage cover 2 40 ...

Page 71: ...causing serious injury Remember that a 20 kg object weighs the equivalent of 2 200 lb 1 000 kg in a head on collision at 30 mph 50 km h Remember the following when loading the car Load the cargo against the backrest Load heavy cargo as low down as possible Load wide cargo on either side of the rear seat split Secure the cargo with cargo straps through the eyelets in the cargo space If nobody is si...

Page 72: ...ting the engine gear changing and towing Fuel filler flap 3 2 Running in economical driving 3 3 Starting the engine 3 4 Changing gears 3 5 Some important hints 3 9 Loading handling 3 10 Towing a trailer 3 11 The brake system 3 12 Towing the car jump starting 3 13 Winter driving 3 15 Long distance trips 3 16 ...

Page 73: ...low speeds in top gear and avoid using the kick down on cars with automatic transmission during the first 1200 miles 2000 km Use the correct petrol A car equipped with a catalytic converter must always be driven on unleaded petrol otherwise the catalytic converter will be damaged The recommended octane rating is 95 RON Some petrol companies use cleaning additives in the petrol they sell These addi...

Page 74: ... increased wear Drive smoothly Avoid racing starts and abrupt stops This will save fuel Maintain a moderate speed on highways and motorways Avoid carrying unnecessary items extra load in the car Remove the roof rack when you no longer need it Do not open the side windows unnecessarily If your car has automatic transmission it will always change gear at the appropriate time avoid unnecessary kick d...

Page 75: ... an engine is started while the oil pressure is being built up If the car has not been used for a long period of time this ticking sound may be heard for up to 15 min utes but this is entirely normal NB Do not exceed 3000 rpm until the ticking sound disappears Warm up the engine as soon as possible After the engine has been started it is important to try and reach normal operating temperature as s...

Page 76: ...ot from the clutch pedal while driving In order to obtain the best possible fuel econ omy try to use 5th gear as often as possible in highway driving at more than approx 45 mph 70 km h In order to avoid unnecessary wear and tear on the gearbox follow the gear pattern on the gear lever For instance do not change directly from second to fifth gear Reverse gear inhibitor Reverse gear inhibitor The ge...

Page 77: ... is indicated by D When mode E or S is selected the transmission makes use of all the gears automatically chang ing up or down in response to acceleration and speed The car should be at a complete stand still when position D is selected after R 3 Low gear Automatic changes up and down between first second and third gears when the programme mode is set at E or S In this position the indicator lamp ...

Page 78: ...best possible fuel consumption If speed increases while you are driving down hill in D and you release the accelerator pedal the transmission will automatically select 3rd gear Sport Mode This mode is adapted to sporty driving The transmission changes up and down at higher engine speeds so as to offer maximum performance Winter Mode This mode may be selected for starting moving off in slippery roa...

Page 79: ...enengaged when 2nd 3rd and 4th gears are selected The lock up function can sometimes be felt as an additional gear change Starting and stopping a car equipped with an automatic transmission 1 Move the selector lever to position P 2 Start the engine with the ignition key 3 Press the brake pedal and move the selector lever to the required position the selected gear will be engaged after a slight del...

Page 80: ... banks of snow Do not overheat the engine and cooling system Cooling system The possibility of the cooling system overheating increases particularly in hot weather if you drive at full throttle and low engine speed up steep hills and with a trailer the car idles with the air conditioning switched on you switch off the engine directly after driving at high speed you mount extra lamps in front of th...

Page 81: ...rcement in the roof This means that some older ski boxes with a fixed distance between the roof rack supports cannot be used Holes for roof rack Weight distribution affects handling At the specified kerb weight your car has a tendency to understeer which means that the steering wheel has to be turned more than seems appropriate for the curvature of the bend This characteristic together with excell...

Page 82: ...own to a lower gear and adjust your speed For cars with automatic transmission refer to 3 9 for further special instructions As the engine is under greater strain when towing a trailer the oil must be changed more often see page 7 7 Remember that the cooling system and engine can overheat if they are put under more strain than usual see page 3 9 The maximum permitted trailer weight for an unbraked...

Page 83: ...ot forget that if you are towing a caravan or trailer the brakes will be subjected to more load than normal Moisture on the brake discs and brake pads may affect braking Driving in heavy rain and slush or passing through an automatic car wash may cause water to collect on the brake discs and pads This will cause a delay in braking effect when the pedal is depressed In such situations it is therefo...

Page 84: ...with the engine switched off the brake and steering servo will not work Approximately four times greater brake pedal pressure will be required for braking In addition the steering will feel heavier than normal Drive as smoothly as possible Try to keep the tow line taut so as to avoid unnecessary jerking Special instructions for automatic transmissions The gear selector has to be in N The highest p...

Page 85: ...If you are using jump leads from another car stop that car s engine and make sure that the two cars do not touch each other First connect the positive terminals red battery lead or sign of the two batteries using the red jump lead I and 2 in the diagram above Attach one clamp from the black jump lead to the donor battery s negative terminal marked with blue N or a sign 3 Battery The battery contai...

Page 86: ...ature limits are observed 5W 30 oil particularly the synthetic type is recommended Be sure to use good quality oil but do not use this cold weather oil for hard driving in warm climates See 7 7 or ask your Volvo dealer for more information The battery is subjected to a far greater strain in the winter since the heater windscreen wipers lighting etc are used more often Moreover battery capacity dec...

Page 87: ...ious fluids in the engine compartment Check the condition of the drive belts Check the state of charge of the battery Examine the tyres carefully including the spare Check the brakes Check the lighting Warning triangles are required by law in some countries Check that your car is equipped as necessary Before travelling to countries with traffic on the other side of the road the headlights should b...

Page 88: ...ility The handling and riding comfort of the car can vary considerably depending on the inflation pressure and the type of tyres fitted Read the following pages carefully Tread wear indicators special wheel rims 4 2 Inflation pressures 4 3 General 4 4 Spare tyre 4 5 ...

Page 89: ... wheel rims are those which have been tested and approved by Volvo Ask your Volvo dealer if in doubt Snow tyres tyre chains In winter we recommend that you use 185 65 R15 winter tyres on steel rims includes 850 turbo Use winter tyres on all four wheels NOTE Certain wheel rims from other Volvo models may be used Ask your Volvo dealer for further information Studded tyres should be run in for 300 60...

Page 90: ...ormal and you should not reduce tyre pressure if you happen to check the tyres while they are still warm However you should nevertheless increase tyre pressure if it is too low Bear in mind that inflation pressure can also be affected by the outside air temperature it is thus best to check your tyre pressures outdoors while the tyres are cold Tyre dimension mph km h 1 3 occupants Full load towing ...

Page 91: ...ad holding on icy or snow covered roads we recommend Volvo winter tyres When replacing a tyre be sure that the new tyre is of the same type radial dimension or designation and preferably also of the same make as the other three otherwise there is a risk that the roadholding characte ristics of the car may be altered Your Volvo dealer can supply tyres which are specially designed for your particula...

Page 92: ...conven tional tyre Tyre inflation pressure should be 420 kPa 60 psi irres pective of the load in the car and the axle to which the tyre is attached This tyre meets all existing legal requirements and it is strong enough to cope with the maximum permitted axle load If this tyre is destroyed you can purchase a new replacement from your Volvo dealer Note The temporary spare may only be used as a temp...

Page 93: ... 2 Replacing bulbs 5 5 Replacing fuses 5 14 Troubleshooting 5 16 In case of emergency Even if you maintain your car in good running order there is always the possibility that something may go wrong such as a puncture blown fuse or bulb etc ...

Page 94: ...brake and engage 1st gear or reverse gear manual gearbox or P automatic transmission Place chocks in front of and behind those wheels which stay on the ground On cars with aluminium rims and a cover remove the cover using a socket wrench Cars with steel wheels have a detachable hubcap Remove as follows grip with both hands and pull straight out When fitting the hubcap ensure that its hole for the ...

Page 95: ... it down to release the crank Position the jack on the stud in the jack attachment as shown in the diagram NB Crank the jack base down until it lies flat against the ground Check once again that the jack is inserted into the attachment point as in the diagram and that the base plate is horizontal under the attachment Jack up the car until the wheels are clear of the ground Remove the wheel bolts a...

Page 96: ...ten wheel bolts diagonally using a torque wrench Refit the hubcap The should face towards the tyre valve Applies to steel wheels Always secure the jack and crank according to the diagram in the boot to prevent them from rattling symbol on the rear of the hubcap WARNING The jack should stand on firm level ground Never crawl under the car when it is raised The jack supplied with the car should alway...

Page 97: ...downwards 2 Then press the clip to the side 3 Remove the bulb and connector Disconnect the connector It is important that the connector is correctly connected to the bulb See illustration Insert the new bulb without touching the glass with your fingers Refit in reverse order to remove Check that the bulb works Switch off the lights and turn the ignition key to position 0 Open the bonnet Turn the p...

Page 98: ... clockwise Insert a new bulb and refit the bulb holder in the light unit Check that the bulb works Replacing bulbs in front corner housing Switch off the lights and turn the ignition key to position 0 Open the bonnet Loosen the spring which retains the light housing Withdraw the entire light housing separate the bulb holder from the light unit Leave the connector with its wires in the bulb holder ...

Page 99: ...o as follows Switch off the lights and turn the ignition key to position 0 Open the rear light cover The cover is secured by two twist clips Loosen and remove the bulb holder The bulbs are located in the bulb holder Let the connector with its wires remain attached to the bulb holder Remove the bulb by pressing in and turning a few mm anti clockwise Insert a new bulb into the bulb holder and replac...

Page 100: ...e the holder Check that the bulb works and refit the cover extra equipment All the bulbs in the rear light unit are replaced from inside the boot Procedure Switch off the lights and turn the ignition key to position 0 Remove the upper cover from the light unit using a srewdriver Remove the lower cover by taking off the side panel first and then the cover Remove the speaker in the upper cover Press...

Page 101: ...rds Press in the catches on the reflector Replace the bulb Refit the reflector Check that the light works before refitting the cover 5 door model Turn the ignition key to position 0 Use both hands to grip the sides of the cover and pull the cover backwards downwards Remove the protective plate Remove the bulb by pressing inwards and turning a few millimetres anti clockwise Insert a new bulb and re...

Page 102: ... turn gently to loosen the lamp holder and lens Replace the bulbs and refit the lamp holder and lens Boot light Switch off the lights Press in the catch with a screwdriver and remove the bulb holder Replace the bulb and refit the bulb holder Number plate lamps Switch off the lights Unscrew the two screws Insert the screwdriver and turn gently to loosen the glass lens Replace the bulb and re instal...

Page 103: ...rom the bulb holder Pull the blown bulb straight out Roof mounted courtesy lights Switch off the lights Insert a screwdriver and turn gently to loosen the glass lens Replace the bulb and press the glass lens back into place Rear reading lights Switch off the lights Insert a screwdriver and turn to loosen the light unit Replace the bulb and press the light unit back into place Insert a screwdriver ...

Page 104: ...s Do as follows to replace a bulb Front Slide the light unit upwards and lift it out twist off the bulb holder Pull the blown bulb straight out Replace the bulb and refit the bulb holder Rear Insert a screwdriver and turn gently to loosen the glass lens Pull the blown bulb straight out Replace the bulb and press the glass lens back into place Insert a screwdriver and turn Footwell lights Insert a ...

Page 105: ...uipment Switch off lights Turn the plastic cover anti clockwise and remove it Release the spring clip and move it to the side Replace the bulb and refit the components in reverse order Other bulbs These bulbs may be difficult to replace Let your Volvo dealer attend to them ...

Page 106: ...st of fuses to check which fuse you should look for Simply pull the fuse straight out and look at it from the side to see if there is a break in the curved wire If there is fit a new fuse of the same ampe rage and colour the designation is printed on the fuse Never use a fuse with an amperage which is too high If several fuses blow one after the other in the same position in the fuse box this is a...

Page 107: ...0 A 17 18 Front foglight Auxiliary headlamps 15 A 19 Main beam left 15 A 20 Main beam right Main beam indicator light 15 A 21 Dipped beam left 15 A 22 Dipped beam right 15 A 23 Left hand parking lights front and rear 10 A 24 Number plate lights Right hand parking lights front and rear 10 A 25 Rear fog light Rear fog light indicating lamp 10A 26 Electrically heated front seats Electrically operated...

Page 108: ...cuit breaker no 37 in the fuse box has been activated Wait approx 20 seconds for the circuit breaker to cool down Check fuse no 35 THE ENGINE DOES NOT START OR IS DIFFICULT TO START The instructions for starting the engine have not been followed see 3 4 Start the engine in accordance with the instructions The battery is poorly charged or flat Start the vehicle with an auxiliary battery see 3 14 Re...

Page 109: ...ook and the flap can now be opened IMBALANCE VIBRATION OR HEAVY STEERING DURING DRIVING Wheel imbalance Have the wheels re balanced Insufficient oil in power steering pump Check the level and add oil See 7 8 ENGINE OVERHEATS Radiator hoses cracked or leaking Check the radiator hoses and replace if necessary Insufficient coolant Check the coolant level and add as necessary See 7 10 Electric cooling...

Page 110: ...intenance of the rustproofing layer which should be checked regularly and any damaged areas rectified It also involves checking and treatment of the paintwork to prevent the formation of rust Rustproofing checking and maintenance 6 2 Paintwork checking and maintenance 6 4 Washing the car 6 6 Cleaning the upholstery 6 8 ...

Page 111: ...agent What can you as a car owner do to retain this excellent rustproofing in prime condition There are two very effective means of maintaining the rustproofing of your car Keep your car clean Use a high pressure spray on the chassis components underbody wheelhousings and wing edges to keep them free from dirt Let your Volvo dealer carry out a regular check on your car s rust proofing layer and ma...

Page 112: ...r of the rustproofing layer Parts of the body which may need to be touched up with the recommended rustproofing compounds are Visible welded seams and panel seams thin compound Underbody and wheelhousings thick compound Door hinges thin compound Bonnet hinges and locks thin compound After completion of all work on the car remove excess rustproofing compound with a cloth soaked in white spirit When...

Page 113: ...the product plate on the left wing inner panel Minor stone chips and scratches Materials Tin of primer Tin of paint or touch up pen Brush Masking tape If the stone chip has not penetrated down to the metal and an undamaged layer of paint remains the touch up paint can be applied as soon as the spot has been cleaned If the stone chip has penetrated down to the metal proceed as follows Place a strip...

Page 114: ... have to be repainted suitably mask the surrounding area with mask ing tape and paper Remove the masking imme diately after the final coat has been sprayed on before the paint dries Remove loose paint flakes with masking tape Shake the aerosol can for at least 1 minute Spray on the primer Move the spray can slowly and regularly from side to side about 20 30 cm from the surface as shown in the diag...

Page 115: ...distributor or the rear section of the engine After cleaning the engine the spark plug wells should be inspected for water and blown dry if necessary Suitable detergents Car wash detergent or a dessertspoon of ordinary washing up liquid diluted in 10 litres of water Spots on trim mouldings around windows wings and doors can be re moved using a suitable car polish Never use abrasive cutting paste o...

Page 116: ...months or so because the paint will not have hardened sufficiently Hand wash the car during this period Polishing and waxing Polish and wax the car when the surface begins to lose its lustre and when you wish to give it an extra protective layer for example before the onset of winter It is not normally necessary to polish the car during the first year after delivery although waxing may be benefici...

Page 117: ...the following method Ammonia solution 1 teaspoon ammonia approx 90 mixed with 3 dl water Ammonia soap solution The above ammonia solution is mixed with 1 dl soap suds Soap suds can be made from such substances as colour less cosmetic soap which is dissolved in lukewarm water Removing stains from fabrics and floor mats Remove stains as soon as possible Scrape off the dirt with a blunt knife or simi...

Page 118: ... well as trade in value when the time comes to change to a newer car Volvo Service 7 2 Engine compartment 7 5 Engine oil checking and changing 7 6 Power steering brakes clutch 7 8 Gearbox oil checking 7 9 Coolant checking 7 10 Drive belt checking 7 11 Windscreen wipers headlight wipers 7 12 Replacing wiper blades 7 13 Body lubrication 7 14 ...

Page 119: ...dules be entrusted to your Volvo dealer who has the expertise technical information and special equipment needed to ensure that the work is done to the high standards which you as a Volvo owner have the right to expect You can also rest assured that your Volvo dealer will use only genuine Volvo replace ment parts which are of the same high quality as the parts used by the factory in manufacturing ...

Page 120: ...ed U K only and the invoices inserted after each service A properly stamped Service Booklet is an indication that the car has been well maintained and will influence its market value More information can be obtained from your Service Booklet U K The maintenance check list should be inserted in the Service Record book Important If our warranty is to apply we insist on the following conditions that ...

Page 121: ...d be disconnected when a boost charger is used Switch off the radio before disconnecting the battery If your radio has an anti theft code and the battery is disconnected the radio code has to be re entered in order for the radio to function CAUTION Certain turbo models have reduced ground clearance due to the low slung design of the chassis Please observe caution when lifting the car on a hoist Ja...

Page 122: ...eservoir 5 Oil filler cap engine 6 Air filter 7 Windscreen headlight washer fluid reservoir 8 Power steering fluid reservoir 9 Oil dipstick engine 10 Oil dipstick automatic transmission 11 Battery 12 Product data plate WARNING Electric cooling fan The cooling fan can start up again even after the engine has been turned off ...

Page 123: ... two marks on the dipstick i e halfway between the MAX and MIN markings which is entirely normal Do not add too much oil as this will result in excessive oil consumption NOTE Screw down the oil filler cap after filling with oil Oil fillercap Draining the engine oil The drain plug is located at the rear of the oil sump Drain the oil when it is warm WARNING Do not spill oil on the exhaust pipe Fire ...

Page 124: ...occurs first Unfavourable conditions prolonged driving in dusty sandy areas prolonged driving with attached trailer caravan prolonged driving in hilly terrain prolonged driving at extremely high speeds above 100 mph 1 50 km h prolonged idling stop start driving at low temperatures under 0 C driving mainly short distances less than 7 miles 10 km SAE 15W 40 or SAE 20W 40 oils are recommended for use...

Page 125: ...heck the level at every service There is no need to change the oil Brake and clutch fluid The brake and clutch fluid share the same reservoir The fluid level should be between the MIN and MAX markings Fluid type Brake fluid pref DOT 4 or DOT 4 Check the level regularly Fluid change every second year Note The fluid should be changed every year if the brakes are used frequently and severely e g when...

Page 126: ...ll as this might result in the ejection of oil from the trans mission Too little oil on the other hand can negatively affect the operation of the transmission part icularly in cold start conditions A Cold transmission oil oil temperature 40 C This temperature is reached after the engine has been run at idling speed in an enclosed workshop or garage At oil temperatures below 40 C the oil level may ...

Page 127: ...re control to max heat Open the drain taps at the rear left of the engine block and at bottom right corner of the radiator 3 Disconnect the lower hose on the right side Filling 4 Close the drain taps and reconnect the hose 5 Fill the expansion tank to the MAX mark or just above 6 Run the engine until warm and make cer tain that there are no leaks Top up with coolant to the MAX mark once again Lowe...

Page 128: ... automatic belt tension er Belt tension neither can nor should be ad justed Do not attempt to check the belts your self they will be checked in connection with workshop service Leave belt replacement to the Volvo dealer Owing to the location of the belts it may be difficult for you to replace them It is advis able to let your Volvo dealer do this work Genuine Volvo drive belts must always be used ...

Page 129: ...al position of the nozzle Washer reservoir The windscreen and headlight washers and the rear window washer on the 5 door model share the same fluid reservoir It is located under the bonnet and it has a capacity of approx 4 5 litres The reservoir should be filled with a washer solvent containing de icer in cold weather to prevent the reservoir and hoses from freez ing There is a filter next to the ...

Page 130: ...er blade attachment Fit the new blade in reverse order to the above instructions and check that it is properly at tached to the wiper arm Use a nailbrush and lukewarm water contain ing a few drops of washing up liquid to clean the wiper blades If the blades still leave marks on the wind screen fit new ones Replacing headlight wiper blades Pull the wiper blade forwards and withdraw the wiper blade ...

Page 131: ...tal points Lubricant 1 Bonnet lock and Oil 5 Boot lock 1 Low temperature grease latch only metal parts 3 Oil 6 Window winder 4 Oil grease 2 Door stop bearing 4 Oil 7 Front seat slide rails 4 3 Sun roof wind deflector 1 Oil and lock mechanisms 2 Oil 4 Door lock outer slide surfaces 4 Low temp 8 Door locks 3 Volvo Lock Lubricant erature grease or Low Temperature Grease ...

Page 132: ...Specifications Specifications This chapter contains data which you may find useful 8 1 ...

Page 133: ... below the windscreen 2 Type designation max permissible loads and code numbers for colour and upholstery On a plate on the wheel arch liner behind the right headlight 3 Engine type designation part and manufacturing serial numbers On upper side of engine block beside the water pump 4 Gearbox type designation and manufacturing serial number a Manual gearbox on the front b Automatic transmission on...

Page 134: ...dually diluted with fuel or moisture making it appear that the oil level has not changed The diluting ingredients evaporate when the vehicle is then driven at high speeds as on motorways making it appear that oil is consumed at an excessive rate after driving at high speeds 8 3 Length 4 door 466 cm 5 door 471 cm Width 1 76 cm 1 76 cm Height 142 cm 144 cm Wheelbase 266 cm 266 cm Track front 1 52 cm...

Page 135: ...l filter Turbo 0 9 litres if the oil cooler is drained Power steering Oil quality ATF oil Capacity approx 0 8 litre Brake and clutch fluid Fluid type Brake fluid pref DOT 4 or DOT 4 Capacity approx 0 6 litre Air conditioning Refrigerant R134a Volume 825 grammes 750 grammes certain markets Oil type ZXL 100 PG PAG Gearbox Oil quality Manual Volvo synthetic gearbox oil 97308 Automatic Volvo synthetic...

Page 136: ... 1 2 435 cc 2 44 1 1 984 cc 1 98 1 Compression ratio 10 0 1 10 0 1 10 3 1 No of valves 10 10 20 Valve clearance self adjusting self adjusting self adjusting Firing order 1 2 4 5 3 1 2 4 5 3 1 2 4 5 3 Ignition setting idling 5 B T D C at 850 rpm 10 B T D C at 850 rpm 10 B T D C at 850 rpm Spark plugs self adjusting 8 Volvo P N 271727 0 self adjusting 8 Volvo P N 271727 0 Volvo P N 271603 3 electrod...

Page 137: ...5 Bore 83 mm 81 mm 81 mm Stroke 90 mm 77 mm 90 mm Cubic capacity 2 435 cc 2 44 1 1 984 cc 1 98 1 2 319 cc 2 32 1 Compression ratio 10 5 1 8 4 1 8 5 1 No of valves 20 20 20 Valve clearance self adjusting self adjusting self adjusting Firing order 1 2 4 5 3 1 2 4 5 3 1 2 4 5 3 Ignition setting idling 10 B T D C at 850 rpm 6 B T D C at 850 rpm 6 B T D C at 850 rpm Spark plugs Volvo P N 271727 0 Volvo...

Page 138: ...alves Manual B5234T5 20 valves Automatic Output 1 66 177 kw 88 94 rps 166 177 kw 88 94 rps 225 240 hp at 5280 5600 rpm 225 240 hp at 5280 5600 rpm Torque 300 330 Nm 33 88 50 80 rps 300 Nm 33 88 33 94 rps 30 6 33 7 kpm at 2000 5280 30 6 kpm at 2000 5280 3000 4800 rpm 2000 5600 rpm No of cylinders 5 5 Bore 81 mm 81 mm Stroke 90 mm 90 mm Cubic capacity 2 319 cc 2 32 1 2 319 cc 2 32 1 Compression rati...

Page 139: ...234T5 recommended 95 unleaded minimum 91 unleaded 98 octane unleaded fuel is recommended for B5234T5 Power transmission Manual Single disc dry plate clutch All synchromesh gearbox with synchromesh on all gears including reverse integrated final drive Operation via floor mounted gear lever Overdrive Automatic 4 speed fully automatic electronically controlled transmission comprising a hydraulic torq...

Page 140: ... 50 42LE Ratios 1st gear 3 61 1 2nd gear 2 06 1 3rd gear 1 37 1 4th gear 0 98 1 Reverse 3 95 1 Engine Highest permitted constant engine speed Permissible for brief periods only while accelerating max B5202S 6300 r m 6500 r m B5252S 6000 r m 6300 r m B5204S 6500 r m 6800 r m B5254S 6300 r m 6800 r m B5204T 6200 r m 6500 r m B5234T 6200 r m 6500 r m B5234T5 6200 r m 6500 r m 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Over...

Page 141: ...ed as conductors Negative pole connected to body Certain markets Cars without air conditioning or automatic transmission Bulbs 12 V 8 1 0 Sedan Estate Voltage 12 Volt Battery capacity 520 A 100 min 420 A 75 min electrolyte specific gravity 1 28 recharged at 1 21 Alternator max current 1400 W 100A 1120 W 80A Starter motor output 1 4 kW ...

Page 142: ...Volvo was the first manufacturer of pas senger cars to engage in the full scale supply of cars with this system to the USA way back in 1976 It is also important that you as a car owner understand which of the car s compon ents can affect the contents of its exhaust gases and which measures are necessary to limit the emission of harmful exhaust gases Catalytic converter 9 2 Positive crankcase venti...

Page 143: ...nverters must always be run on unleaded petrol Otherwise the catalytic converter will be come ineffective See Fuel requirements Lambda Sond oxygen sensor system This is an emission control system designed to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy An oxygen sensor monitors the composition of the exhaust gases leaving the engine The value provided by this analysis of the exhaust gases is fed into...

Page 144: ... poor condition The ca librated nipple should be removed and cleaned The flame barrier should be replaced Fuel evaporation system Cars equipped with catalytic converters have a fuel evaporation system which prevents the emission of fuel vapour into the air The system consists of an equalizing reservoir in the fuel tank a Roll Over valve ahead of the fuel tank and a carbon filter cannister with int...

Page 145: ...annels is activated This starts an afterburning process which means smaller hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide HC and CO emissions and reduces the catalytic converted warm up period The pump starts when the car has been started and is moving It stays working until the catalytic converter has reached normal working temperature The pump whines softly this is normal ...

Page 146: ... detail on 7 2 and in the Service booklet We recommend that you schedule your car for service just prior to the annual roadworthi ness MOT test as regards engine components That the engine receives proper lubrication 7 6 describes the replace ment of engine oil and the oil filter That the exhaust system is totally free from leakage and is in sound condition as regards the fuel system That the pipe...

Page 147: ...uipped with catalytic converters and engines which can be run on methanol are examples of the Volvo Car Corporation s tireless efforts to minimise the impact of motoring on the environment The use of genuine Volvo parts the maintenance of the ignition and fuel systems and other service measures we carry out are directly aimed at reducing emission levels We would also like to emphasise the environm...

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