background image

Safety Information 

1-20

 

QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01/2003 

CAUTION 

 

Damage to the instrument 

[C1]

 

Avoid spilling water or chemicals onto the BioRobot M48. 

Instrument damage caused by water or chemical spillage 

will void your Warranty. 

DE Beschädigung 

des 

Gerätes 

Vermeiden Sie es, Wasser oder Chemikalien auf der 

Oberfläche des BioRobot M48 zu verschütten. Durch 

verschüttete Chemikalien oder verschüttetes Wasser 

verursachte Geräteschäden sind nicht durch die Garantie 

abgedeckt. 

FR 

Détérioration de l’instrument 

Ne pas renverser de l’eau ou des produits chimiques sur la 

surface du BioRobot M48. Des dommages causés par de 

l’eau ou des produits chimiques ne seront pas pris en 

charge par la garantie de l’appareil. 

 

1.10 

Symbols on the BioRobot M48  

 

Symbol Location Language 

Description 

EN 

Heat hazard — the temperature of 

the cooling and heating system 

can reach up to 95ºC 

DE Gefährdung 

durch 

heiße 

Geräteteile – die Temperatur eines 

Kühl- und Heizmoduls kann bis zu 

95 ºC betragen 

 

 

Cooling 

and 

heating 

system 

FR 

Risque de brûlures — la 

température du système de 

refroidissement et de chauffage 

peut atteindre 95ºC 

Summary of Contents for BioRobot M48

Page 1: ...January 2003 User Manual...

Page 2: ...243 066 Canada QIAGEN Inc 2800 Argentia Road Unit 7 Mississauga Ontario L5N 8L2 Orders 800 572 9613 Fax 800 713 5951 Technical 800 DNA PREP 800 362 7737 France QIAGEN S A 3 avenue du Canada LP 809 91...

Page 3: ...warnings and cautions 1 8 1 10 Symbols on the BioRobot M48 1 20 2 Introduction 2 1 2 1 About this manual 2 1 2 2 General information 2 2 2 2 1 Policy statement 2 2 2 2 2 Software for operating the Bio...

Page 4: ...ft M software 5 3 5 2 3 Closing the QIAsoft M software 5 4 5 2 4 Error log window 5 4 5 2 5 Shutting down the BioRobot M48 5 5 5 3 Main features of the QIAsoft M software 5 5 5 3 1 Menu bar 5 5 5 3 2...

Page 5: ...ocedure 6 2 6 1 1 Cleaning the tip guard insert 6 4 6 2 Weekly maintenance procedure 6 4 6 2 1 Greasing the O rings 6 5 6 2 2 Replacing the O rings 6 6 6 3 Monthly maintenance procedure 6 7 6 3 1 Perf...

Page 6: ...Contents Contents 4 QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003 Appendix C C 1 Warranty statement C 1 Liability clause C 2 Index Index 1...

Page 7: ...ils about these circumstances are given in a box like this one CAUTION The term CAUTION is used to inform you about situations that could result in damage to the instrument or other equipment Details...

Page 8: ...sts Use only QIAGEN components otherwise your right to make a claim under the guarantee may be invalidated Carry out the maintenance regularly in accordance with the operating instructions QIAGEN char...

Page 9: ...inals may be live and opening covers or removing parts is likely to expose live parts When working with the BioRobot M48 Make sure the line power cord is connected to a line power outlet that has a pr...

Page 10: ...nnectors for the power cord and the computer cables Do not touch this panel with wet hands 1 3 Environment Operating conditions WARNING Explosive atmosphere W4 The BioRobot M48 is not designed for use...

Page 11: ...nts Handle such samples with the greatest of care and in accordance with the required safety regulations Always wear safety glasses two pairs of gloves and a lab coat The responsible body e g laborato...

Page 12: ...s Venting for fumes and disposal of wastes must be in accordance with all national state and local health and safety regulations and laws OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration United Stat...

Page 13: ...lters A fan blows out air through ventilation outlets located at the bottom or on the opposite side of the instrument Another 2 fans blow out air from the worktable through a HEPA filter WARNING Risk...

Page 14: ...ns Details about these circumstances are given in a box like this one DE WARNING WARNUNG WARNUNG weist auf Situationen und Umst nde hin die zu einer Verletzung des Benutzers oder anderer Personen f hr...

Page 15: ...oRobot M48 kann zu einer Verletzung des Benutzers oder zur Besch digung des Ger tes f hren Die Bedienung des BioRobot M48 sollte nur durch qualifiziertes Personal das entsprechend geschult wurde erfol...

Page 16: ...ennen oder zu entfernen Gef hrliche Spannung im Ger t Auch in ausgeschaltetem Zustand kann an einigen Stellen im Ger t Netzspannung anliegen wenn das Ger t am Stromnetz angeschlossen ist Das ffnen ode...

Page 17: ...Computerkabel Dieses Anschlussfeld darf nicht mit nassen H nden ber hrt werden FR Risque de l lectrocution Le panneau avec les connexions pour le c ble d alimentation et les c bles de l ordinateur se...

Page 18: ...th all national state and local health and safety regulations and laws DE Infekti ses Probenmaterial Proben die mit Hilfe dieses Ger tes prozessiert werden k nnen infekti se Agenzien enthalten Die Pro...

Page 19: ...de laboratoire La personne responsable par exemple le Chef du laboratoire doit prendre les pr cautions n cessaires pour assurer la s curit de l environnement du poste de travail et pour tre s r que l...

Page 20: ...egulations and laws DE Gef hrliche Chemikalien Einige der in Verbindung mit diesem Ger t verwendeten Chemikalien sind gesundheitsgef hrdend oder k nnen nach Beendigung eines Protokoll Durchlaufes gesu...

Page 21: ...exemple le Chef du laboratoire doit prendre les pr cautions n cessaires pour assurer la s curit de l environnement du poste de travail et pour tre s r que les op rateurs de l instrument sont suffisamm...

Page 22: ...egliche Ger teteile Um den Kontakt mit dem sich bewegenden Pipettierkopf w hrend des Betriebs des BioRobot M48 auszuschlie en d rfen H nde oder Finger nicht in die ffnung der Pipettenspitzen Abwurfsta...

Page 23: ...en L ftungsschlitze und ffnungen des Ger tes nicht abdecken FR Risque de surchauffe Laisser un espace d au moins 5 cm l arri re et 15 cm du c t gauche du BioRobot M48 pour assurer une ventilation effi...

Page 24: ...els et mat riels N effectuer que la maintenance sp cifiquement d crite dans ce manuel WARNING Hazardous chemicals and infectious agents W11 The waste contains samples and reagents This waste may conta...

Page 25: ...ument or other equipment Details about these circumstances are given in a box like this one DE CAUTION ACHTUNG ACHTUNG weist auf Situationen und Umst nde hin die zu einer Besch digung des Ger tes f hr...

Page 26: ...e Garantie abgedeckt FR D t rioration de l instrument Ne pas renverser de l eau ou des produits chimiques sur la surface du BioRobot M48 Des dommages caus s par de l eau ou des produits chimiques ne s...

Page 27: ...se d placer rapidement sans pr vention pendant que l appareil est en marche EN Biohazard the waste chute may be contaminated with biohazardous material and must be handled with gloves DE Gefahr durch...

Page 28: ...bol Location Language Description EN CE marking DE CE Zeichen FR Marquage CE EN UL listing mark for Canada and the USA DE Symbol der UL Zertifizierung in Kanada und den USA FR Certifi UL au Canada et...

Page 29: ...ny advice it contains concerning hazards that may arise from use of this instrument 2 1 About this manual This manual provides information about the BioRobot M48 It guides you systematically through t...

Page 30: ...tion of the BioRobot M48 This software runs under the Microsoft Windows 2000 operating system and uses typical Windows features such as menus command buttons and dialog boxes You should be familiar wi...

Page 31: ...ts use in identifying any specific organism or for a specific clinical use diagnostic prognostic therapeutic or blood banking It is the user s responsibility to validate the performance of the BioRobo...

Page 32: ...task Personnel Training and experience Transportation No special requirements No special requirements Installation QIAGEN Instrument Service Specialists only Routine use running protocols Laboratory...

Page 33: ...selects a protocol in the QIAsoft M software and follows the on screen instructions to load samples reagents and labware onto the worktable of the BioRobot M48 The user then closes the workstation doo...

Page 34: ...rkstation 1 Workstation door 4 Light switch 2 Waste chute 5 Slide table 3 Status LEDs 6 Connector panel Workstation door The workstation door can be manually opened by the user in order to gain access...

Page 35: ...The waste chute is a metal slide that receives disposable tips ejected from the pipettor head and diverts them into an attached tip waste bag At the start of a protocol the QIAsoft M software asks th...

Page 36: ...can be pulled out from the front of the instrument Slide Table NOTE The slide table cannot support more than 5 kg Connector panel The connector panel contains the power switch the socket for the power...

Page 37: ...The interior of the BioRobot M48 contains the worktable and the pipettor head 3 2 1 Worktable The worktable contains an array of slots for placing accessories disposable labware samples and reagents T...

Page 38: ...lock 2 Holds one of 3 types of 48 tube cooling block for 2 ml tubes for 1 4 ml tubes or for 0 2 ml tubes Prep Plate Holds a sample prep plate Rea_L Holds up to 4 large reagent containers via the reage...

Page 39: ...General Description QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003 3 7 Accessories for the BioRobot M48 1 Tip rack 4 Sample rack 2 Reagent container rack 5 Waste chute 3 48 tube cooling block for 2 ml tubes 1 2 3 3 4 5...

Page 40: ...prep plate 2 Small reagent container 5 Disposable tips 3 Reagent container seal 6 Tubes Tip racks A tip rack holds 84 disposable tips Tip racks are compatible with the following polypropylene tips fr...

Page 41: ...g a reagent container onto the worktable 1 Open the latches on either side of the reagent container rack 2 Insert the reagent container in the correct orientation The fins on the left and right of the...

Page 42: ...m holds up to 48 tubes via the 48 tube cooling block for 2 ml tubes This cooling block is compatible with 1 5 ml to 2 ml tubes However in this slot it is only compatible with 1 5 ml tubes The followin...

Page 43: ...k e g Matrix Technologies cat no 4141 The cooling block for 2 ml tubes can also be replaced with the 48 tube cooling block for 0 2 ml tubes which holds up to 48 PCR tubes 48 tube Cooling Block for 0 2...

Page 44: ...2003 Install the cooling block for 0 2 ml tubes as follows 1 Remove the cooling block for 2 ml tubes An aluminum base is located under the cooling block 2 Remove the 2 screws that secure the aluminum...

Page 45: ...ace the aluminum base of the cooling block for 0 2 ml tubes onto the cooling and heating system and secure the base with the 2 screws 5 Place the plastic rack of the cooling block for 0 2 ml tubes ont...

Page 46: ...sample prep plate Thus depending on the protocol the BioRobot M48 processes up to 48 samples in a single protocol run 3 2 2 Pipettor head The pipettor head is mounted above the worktable and moves in...

Page 47: ...ot M48 the pipettor head picks up disposable tips from a tip rack and performs aspiration and dispensing operations at different locations on the worktable before ejecting the tips down the waste chut...

Page 48: ...General Description 3 16 QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003...

Page 49: ...rge and strong enough to accommodate the BioRobot M48 and the computer hardware Refer to Appendix B for the weight and dimensions of the BioRobot M48 No shelves or cupboards should hang above the BioR...

Page 50: ...sonnel the National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEMA recommends that the BioRobot M48 be correctly grounded earthed The workstation and the computer hardware are equipped with 3 conductor AC...

Page 51: ...s 110 120 V an 8 A 250 V fuse compatible with 110 120 V power supplies 220 240 V a 4 A 250 V fuse compatible with 220 240 V power supplies Before connecting the instrument to the power supply you may...

Page 52: ...installation of the BioRobot M48 is carried out by a QIAGEN Instrument Service Specialist the following brief instructions are provided as reference Unpacking the BioRobot M48 The following items are...

Page 53: ...isposable tips Reagent containers large includes lids Reagent containers small includes lids Sample prep plates 42 well Reagent container seals Tubes Tip waste bags Installing the BioRobot M48 1 Insta...

Page 54: ...e delivery of the BioRobot M48 or by the QIAGEN Instrument Service Specialist at your installation site Supplied with the BioRobot M48 are an installation CD ROM for the QIAsoft M software and a diske...

Page 55: ...the workstation door is closed 3 Open the QIAsoft M software 4 Select a protocol for nucleic acid purification 5 Follow the instructions of the protocol which explain where labware reagents and sample...

Page 56: ...n the BioRobot M48 The power switch is on the left side of the instrument 2 Switch on the computer and its monitor The following start up window appears 3 Check that the workstation door is closed 4 C...

Page 57: ...the QIAsoft M software Section 5 2 3 there are 2 alternative methods of opening it again Double click the QIAsoft M V2 0 for BioRobot M48 icon on the desktop Click the Windows Start menu and select Q...

Page 58: ...2 4 Error log window When the QIAsoft M software is open 2 buttons appear in the Windows taskbar The QIAsoft M BIOS button The QIAsoft M software button If the BioRobot M48 unexpectedly develops an er...

Page 59: ...Menu bar Worktable graphic shows the layout of the worktable and indicates which slots need to be filled Temperature indicators show both the required and actual temperatures of Heat Cool Blocks 1 an...

Page 60: ...or emergency This option is not required during normal protocol execution Sterilization Allows the UV lamp to be switched on Selecting this option opens a window Section 5 4 13 page 5 27 in which you...

Page 61: ...eport Import Export Directory Allows the directory for report files to be changed Memo Import Export Directory Allows the directory for memo files to be changed NOTE A default directory is already set...

Page 62: ...play a menu from which you can select a protocol A description of the protocol appears in the dialog field below the protocol selection box To the right of the protocol selection box is the Select but...

Page 63: ...n tubes and enter the number of samples the volume of the samples and the required elution volume NOTE The displayed default values are used if no user input is made 1 Click the dark green arrow in th...

Page 64: ...window Also the Next button is activated 4 In the Select the number of samples dialog field use the scroll arrows to select the number of samples to be processed NOTE Only multiples of 6 from 6 up to...

Page 65: ...asks you to confirm that The tip guard insert is clean The waste chute is clean There is sufficient space in the tip waste bag attached to the waste chute If necessary refer to Preventive Maintenance...

Page 66: ...angement of tips in the graphic should match the arrangement of tips on the worktable Below the worktable graphic there are Yes buttons which correspond to the tip racks in the worktable graphic For e...

Page 67: ...hts the reagent containers in yellow The bottom of the window contains a graphic of the reagent containers and an adjacent table which indicates the names and the volumes of the reagents that must be...

Page 68: ...ures that the particles are properly resuspended during the protocol run However other reagents can be overfilled After adding the reagents to the worktable according to the information in this window...

Page 69: ...e default file name the date and time indicate when the file was created Click Save to save the memo If you want to open an existing memo from the default directory click Import to display the Windows...

Page 70: ...he protocol requires the use of Heat Cool Block 1 this window Page 7 16 indicates the number of tubes required and their positions Within the graphic of Heat Cool Block 1 a white circle indicates a tu...

Page 71: ...nd their positions Within the graphic of Heat Cool Block 2 a white circle indicates a tube is required while a black circle indicates a tube is not required NOTE Ensure that you use the type of elutio...

Page 72: ...46 47 48 37 38 39 40 41 42 31 32 33 34 35 36 25 26 27 28 29 30 19 20 21 22 23 24 13 14 15 16 17 18 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 The order of the elution tubes shown above corresponds to the order of the...

Page 73: ...e worktable The worktable graphic highlights the required sample racks in yellow Within a sample rack a white circle on a yellow background indicates a sample is required A black circle on a gray back...

Page 74: ...o each sample number is a dialog field where the sample name can be added You can either enter or import sample names You can also export sample names for use in a future protocol For details see belo...

Page 75: ...rted file contains fewer sample names than are required some dialog fields in the window will be left empty If the imported file contains more sample names than are required the excess sample names wi...

Page 76: ...confirm that the labware reagents and samples are loaded onto the worktable as shown in the worktable graphic If the worktable layout is correct 1 Click Confirm A dialog box appears and asks you to c...

Page 77: ...e protocol run The blue bar in the middle of the window increases in length to indicate the progress of the protocol run Several dialog fields in the window indicate the status of the protocol run Dia...

Page 78: ...button if you need to interrupt the protocol run and make an adjustment on the worktable Resume Locks the workstation door and continues the protocol from the next step of the protocol run Click this...

Page 79: ...umbered from 1 to 48 as before Section 5 4 9 page 5 19 Next to each sample number is a dialog field containing the sample name if entered earlier in the protocol The samples are divided into groups of...

Page 80: ...of creation and the sample names numbered from 1 to 48 The saved file can be opened in Microsoft Excel An example file appears as follows Genome 2003 1 1 23 59 Position No Name Results 1 a Pass 2 b Pa...

Page 81: ...ily maintenance procedure Section 6 1 page 6 2 and click Next to move to the next window 5 4 13 Sterilizing the BioRobot M48 This window Page 14 16 gives you the option of sterilizing the interior of...

Page 82: ...le plastic labware The reusable accessories e g racks can remain on the worktable 2 Click Yes Another window Page 15 16 appears and displays the Select the time hours of UV sterilization dialog field...

Page 83: ...tches off Start Time The time at which the UV lamp was switched on Total Accumulated Time for UV Lamp The total amount of time for which the UV lamp has been used includes previous sterilizations Duri...

Page 84: ...bot M48 01 2003 If the keyboard is not touched for 5 minutes during sterilization a screen saver appears This screen saver displays the time remaining for sterilization and the text of the memo Move t...

Page 85: ...nce Removal and replacement of mechanical and electrical parts are carried out by QIAGEN Instrument Service Specialists only Servicing Each BioRobot workstation is supplied with a one year Warranty th...

Page 86: ...After running the last protocol of the day perform the daily maintenance procedure 1 Remove the tip waste bag from the waste chute If necessary remove any disposable tips from the waste chute Discard...

Page 87: ...ree paper towels Avoid contaminating the tip adapters with dust Do not use ethanol to clean the tip adapters 8 Optional Sterilize the interior of the workstation with the UV lamp Sterilization is cont...

Page 88: ...ntains samples and reagents This waste may contain toxic or infectious material and must be disposed of properly Refer to your local safety regulations for proper disposal procedures 3 Close the works...

Page 89: ...te one UV treatment 6 2 1 Greasing the O rings Greasing the O rings of the pipettor head is required during the weekly maintenance procedure 1 Switch on the BioRobot M48 and open the QIAsoft M softwar...

Page 90: ...dle nosed pliers 5 At the bottom of each tip adapter wipe clean the groove for the O ring 6 Ensure that the new O rings are not turned inside out i e the O ring should appear completely flat and not w...

Page 91: ...A dialog box with instructions appears You will need to Open the workstation door Load the worktable according to the dialog box 6 disposable tips and a large reagent container with 10 ml water are r...

Page 92: ...Preventive Maintenance 6 8 QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003...

Page 93: ...er cord is connected to the computer and to the wall power outlet BioRobot M48 shows no movement when a protocol is started BioRobot M48 is not switched on Check that the BioRobot M48 is switched on B...

Page 94: ...ck Door 2 Click the appropriate button in the error dialog box to try to continue the protocol run If you cannot resolve an error with a continue option or if the error dialog box does not have a cont...

Page 95: ...s used in the protocol run The sample numbers of the block or plate in which the collision occurred The position of the pipettor head after the collision including the position of the tip guard and th...

Page 96: ...M 2 IN port Submodule number port number 3 OUT port Submodule number port number Error codes This list of error codes is for reference only Section 7 2 3 page 7 8 lists the most common error codes an...

Page 97: ...EM_STOP Motor stopped due to emergency 11 E ERR_MOTOR_RANGE_OVER Motor is beyond effective coordinates 12 E ERR_MOTOR_XY_LESS_HEIGHT Cannot move in X or Y direction due to too low Z height 13 E ERR_MO...

Page 98: ...ameter stack overflowed 25 W ERR_2ND_INSTANCE Ignored 2nd BIOS execution 26 E ERR_INVALID_KIND Invalid kind number 27 E ERR_MINUS_VOLUME Cannot assign minus volume 28 E ERR_LOSE_TIP Tip did not connec...

Page 99: ...43 E ERR_ZERO_DIV Divided Zero In Script Stack command 44 E ERR_DOTDEF_GENERAL Not defined general label 45 E ERR_INVALID_STACK Invalid stack command 46 E ERR_INVALID_MOTOR_NAME Invalid motor name 47...

Page 100: ...8 Ensure that the cables between the computer and the BioRobot M48 are secure If the problem persists contact QIAGEN Technical Services Error 10 Motor stopped emergently This error indicates that the...

Page 101: ...r too long in the reagent container and evaporation has occurred For several times the reagent container is nearly empty and is not washed before being refilled with reagent Other common causes of a Z...

Page 102: ...2 and contact QIAGEN Technical Services Error 35 User stopped motor This error indicates that the user had stopped the QIAsoft M software Error 49 Heat Cool Block 1 temperature is out of range This e...

Page 103: ...Error 52 Ventilator fan is stopped This error indicates that the ventilator fan has stopped The BioRobot M48 cannot operate without the fan and stops operating immediately Click the Continue button in...

Page 104: ...Troubleshooting 7 12 QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003...

Page 105: ...e last two fit on Heat Cool Block 2 only Note that the cooling block for 2 ml tubes on Heat Cool Block 1 accommodates 1 5 ml tubes only Disposable tip A item of labware that is picked up by a tip adap...

Page 106: ...ons above the worktable and contains 6 syringe pumps each of which is connected to a tip adapter Protocol A set of instructions for the BioRobot M48 that allows the instrument to automate a particular...

Page 107: ...able or the samples Tip guard insert A plastic tray that fits inside the tip guard It can be removed for cleaning Tip rack A rack that accommodates 84 disposable tips on the worktable Tip waste bag Th...

Page 108: ...Glossary 8 4 QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003...

Page 109: ...major source of information regarding advanced or specialized uses of our products This information is helpful to other scientists as well as to the researchers at QIAGEN We therefore encourage you to...

Page 110: ...Appendix A A 2 QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003...

Page 111: ...A 250 V for 220 240 V AC WARNING Electrical hazard W12 Never install a fuse different from that specified in the user manual Operating temperature 15 30 C 59 86 F Humidity 80 relative humidity at 30...

Page 112: ...00 operating system English Instrument features Automated nucleic acid isolation using MagAttract magnetic particles Desktop instrument Aspirates and dispenses 6 samples or reagents simultaneously usi...

Page 113: ...separation of MagAttract magnetic particles from the aspirated liquid Each channel of the pipettor head contains a sensor for detecting the bottom of a reagent container One channel contains a sensor...

Page 114: ...he keyboard and allows the bar codes of samples to be scanned into the QIAsoft M software during setup of a protocol Specifications of an example bar code reader Interface keyboard interface for DOS V...

Page 115: ...12 sample tubes During sample processing up to eight 42 well sample prep plates are required Six samples are processed per plate Incubation elution and storage steps occur on the 2 Peltier cooling and...

Page 116: ...Appendix B B 6 QIAGEN BioRobot M48 01 2003...

Page 117: ...e shipper will pay all transport fees Limitation of warranties and remedies THE FOREGOING WARRANTY IS QIAGEN S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY AND REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE PARTS IS THE SOLE AND...

Page 118: ...e duration of the original warranty period and in no case beyond the original expiration date of original warranty unless authorized in writing by an officer of the Company Read out devices interfacin...

Page 119: ...s 5 4 7 3 window 5 4 F Fuse box 3 4 4 3 H Heat Cool Block 1 3 10 loading 5 16 Heat Cool Block 2 3 10 loading 5 17 I Installation 4 1 Interlock 3 2 3 9 L Large reagent containers 3 9 Light switch 3 2 3...

Page 120: ...ing 5 15 Sample rack 3 10 Sample tubes 3 10 Samples loading 5 19 Servicing 6 1 Shutting down 5 5 Slide table 3 2 3 4 Slots 3 5 Small reagent containers 3 9 Starting up 5 2 Status LEDs 3 2 3 3 Steriliz...

Page 121: ...mail info westburg co il Web site www westburg co il Korea LRS Laboratories Inc SongBuk P O Box 61 Seoul 136 600 Tel 02 924 86 97 Fax 02 924 86 96 E mail webmaster lrslab co kr Web site www lrslab co...

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