Nvidia Quadro Workstation User Manual Download Page 235

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NVIDIA Corporation

223

Appendix D

NVIDIA ForceWare Graphics Display Driver — Feature History

The ForceWare Release 60 graphics driver offers more robust stability and

compatibility in DirectX support, antialiasing, and desktop rotation.

• Reduction of OCA issues

• Dynamic video memory streamlines operating system resources for large frame

buffer configurations

3D Graphics API Enhancements

Direct3D

DirectX 9.0c Support

OpenGL

• New drivers for the OpenGL ARB shading language (GLSL)

• Enhanced support for Windows XP 64-Bit Edition and IA32-E.

• New extensions

•

GL_NV_fragment_program2

•

GL_EXT_blend_equation_separate

•

NV_vertex_program3

•

ATI_draw_buffers

•

ATI_texture_float

•

ATI_texture_mirror_once

•

GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two

•

GL_NVX_centroid_sample

•

GL_NVX_conditional_render

Release 55 Enhancements

The Release 55 driver offers new features not found in previous releases of the
NVIDIA Driver for Windows. The following highlights the new features in Release
55:

QuadroGuide_.book Page 223 Monday, April 3, 2006 12:21 PM

Summary of Contents for Quadro Workstation

Page 1: ...ForceWare Graphics Driver Quadro Workstation User s Guide Driver Version Release 80 for Windows NVIDIA Corporation April 2006 QuadroGuide_ book Page 1 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 2: ...as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of NVIDIA Corporation NVIDIA the NVIDIA logo Detonator Digital Vibrance Control ForceWare GeForce nForce nVie...

Page 3: ...NVIDIA Settings Menu Windows Taskbar Access 23 Windows Display Properties Setting Access 25 Using the NVIDIA Display Menu 25 The NVIDIA GPU Page 27 Other NVIDIA Display Menu Items 27 Using the NVIDIA...

Page 4: ...iew Display Modes 81 Using HDTV in nView Single Display Mode 81 Using HDTV as the Primary Display in nView Clone Mode 81 Using HDTV as the Secondary Display in nView Clone Mode 83 Using HDTV in nView...

Page 5: ...g the Temperature Settings Page 138 Temperature Settings 139 Temperature Level GPU Core Temperature 139 Core Slowdown Threshold 139 Ambient Temperature 139 Enable Heat Indicator Warning When Threshold...

Page 6: ...Wizard Digital Display and Television 209 D NVIDIA ForceWare Graphics Display Driver Feature History Driver Release History 213 Release 80 Enhancements 214 Release 75 Enhancements 214 OpenGL Enhanceme...

Page 7: ...Features 229 OpenGL Enhancements 230 Release 35 Enhancements 230 Release 25 Enhancements 231 Release 20 Enhancements 232 Release 10 Enhancements 232 Release 6 Enhancements 233 TwinView 233 Virtual De...

Page 8: ...isk Space Requirements Full International Package 10 Table 5 1 TV Encoders and Supported TV Adjustment Features 74 Table 6 1 Supported TV HDTV Formats 77 Table 6 2 D Connector Output Modes 77 Table 6...

Page 9: ...n Mode Windows XP 51 Figure 4 13 nView Vertical Span Mode Windows XP 52 Figure 4 15 nView Clone Mode TV Digital Display 55 Figure 4 16 nView Clone Mode with Virtual Desktop Enabled Disabling Panning 5...

Page 10: ...g Indicators 177 Figure A 1 Display Properties Settings 3 Display Devices with 1 Attached 182 Figure A 2 One Display Device With Identifying Number 183 Figure A 3 Display Properties Settings 3 Display...

Page 11: ...izard Analog Display with HDTV DVI Pages 1 207 Figure C 7 NVIDIA Display Wizard Analog Display with HDTV DVI Pages 2 208 Figure C 8 NVIDIA Display Wizard Digital Display with TV Pages 1 209 Figure C 9...

Page 12: ...xii N V I D I A C o r p o r a t i o n N V I D I A F o r c e W a r e G r a p h i c s D r i v e r U s e r s G u i d e QuadroGuide_ book Page xii Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 13: ...user s guide is addressed to users of the control panel based NVIDIA ForceWare graphics display driver This guide focuses on NVIDIA workstation products i e graphics cards based on the NVIDIA Quadro...

Page 14: ...phics Driver Release Notes Release 80 driver version These Release Note documents describe performance improvements and software fixes in the ForceWare graphics drivers Release notes also enable add i...

Page 15: ...vel application utility that focuses on making you more productive when working on your Windows desktop nView Desktop Manager was originally created for multi display graphics cards but has grown to e...

Page 16: ...down Improved adaptive deinterlacing Support for the Next Generation of NVIDIA GPUs Additional Details by Driver Module DirectX Support for the next generation of GPUs Support for dual core CPUs OpenG...

Page 17: ...ureVideo features and improvements Improved inverse 3 2 implementation Improved inverse 2 2 implementation Adaptive Deinterlacing for HD content on GeForce 6600 and higher GPUs PureVideo support for t...

Page 18: ...6 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 1 Introduction QuadroGuide_ book Page 6 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 19: ...ware NVIDIA ForceWare Graphics Driver Installation on page 10 Notes on Feature and Configuration Support on page 16 Supported Operating Systems This Release 80 driver includes drivers designed for the...

Page 20: ...FX 4000 SDI X X NVIDIA Quadro FX 4000 X X NVIDIA Quadro FX 3500 X X NVIDIA Quadro FX 3450 X X NVIDIA Quadro FX 3400 X X NVIDIA Quadro FX 3000 X X NVIDIA Quadro FX 2000 X X NVIDIA Quadro FX 1500 X X NV...

Page 21: ...X X NVIDIA Quadro NVS 200 X NVIDIA Quadro NVS with AGP8X X X NVIDIA Quadro NVS X X NVIDIA Quadro2 MXR X NVIDIA Quadro DCC X Table 2 1 Supported NVIDIA Workstation Products continued Product Windows X...

Page 22: ...s for operation into the appropriate directories Note If you are using a mobile laptop or notebook computer please be sure that you are using the mobile version of the NVIDIA display driver The nView...

Page 23: ...o install nView Dualview mode see Initial Installation of nView Dualview Mode Windows 2000 on page 46 and Enabling nView Dualview Mode After Initial Installation Windows 2000 on page 48 Preserving Set...

Page 24: ...ge If you want to overwrite the currently loaded profile with your changed settings use the Save option Notice that a warning message indicates that you are about to overwrite the selected profile If...

Page 25: ...profile in the profiles list If you overwrote a current profile the same profile name is retained in the list Note nView Desktop Manager profile tvp files are saved in the Windows nView directory Dep...

Page 26: ...ware To uninstall the nView software follow these steps 1 From the Windows taskbar click Start Settings Control Panel to open the Control Panel window 2 Double click the Add Remove Programs item 3 Cli...

Page 27: ...the agreement then either open the file or save the file to your PC and open it later Opening the EXE file launches the NVIDIA InstallShield Wizard 4 Follow the instructions in the NVIDIA InstallShie...

Page 28: ...r a detailed discussion of using multi display nView modes see Using nView Multi Display Settings on page 33 Some NVIDIA display and nView Desktop Manager features are supported by either single displ...

Page 29: ...re an NVIDIA GeForce GPU based graphics card You may be using a different NVIDIA GPU based graphics card in which case you will see the exact name of the GPU you are using reflected in the NVIDIA GPU...

Page 30: ...18 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 2 System Requirements QuadroGuide_ book Page 18 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 31: ...ase 80 graphics display driver and restarting your computer one or both of the NVIDIA display wizards Display Wizard or TV Wizard are automatically invoked depending on the types of displays that are...

Page 32: ...atures from a convenient menu You can quickly access the NVIDIA display menu that gives you direct access to the NVIDIA display control panel pages For quick access you can use either the Desktop Acce...

Page 33: ...ode These display names are also viewable from the nView Settings page Figure 3 9 Note For example if you have multiple displays connected to an NVIDIA dual display graphics card in order to see both...

Page 34: ...video 3 To configure full screen video display see Using Full Screen Video Settings on page 120 display mode is enabled is enabled Only your primary display appears if any other nView are accessible...

Page 35: ...ake sure you have added the NVIDIA Settings menu icon to your Windows taskbar notification area For details see Adding the NVIDIA Settings Menu to the Windows Taskbar on page 126 2 From your Windows t...

Page 36: ...he NVIDIA display control panel appears Figure 3 7 Figure 3 8 shows another view of the NVIDIA Settings menu You can use this menu to quickly access the same NVIDIA ForceWare graphics display driver b...

Page 37: ...ere you can configure a variety of NVIDIA driver features To view any of the NVIDIA display control panel pages simply click a menu item from the NVIDIA display menu Note The nView Display Settings me...

Page 38: ...formation System information details selected aspects of your system than could affect overall graphics performance aspects of the currently selected NVIDIA GPU Graphics card information details the h...

Page 39: ...also use the NVIDIA Information button Figure 3 7 to access a menu from which you can choose to update your NVIDIA driver send feedback to NVIDIA keep current with NVIDIA news products and demos and v...

Page 40: ...ils on using the nView Display Settings features see the next chapter Using nView Multi Display Settings on page 33 Performance and Quality Settings see Adjusting Performance and Quality Settings on p...

Page 41: ...Desktop Manager User s Guide Release 80 driver version Menu Editing see Editing the NVIDIA Display Menu on page 144 PowerMizer for mobile computers only see Adjusting PowerMizer Settings Only for Not...

Page 42: ...y obscured such as Performance and Quality Settings and be able to view the name in its entirety Tool Tips for Disabled Settings When an option or setting is disabled grayed on any NVIDIA display cont...

Page 43: ...before you install a new version of the driver To uninstall the NVIDIA ForceWare graphics display driver follow these steps 1 From the Windows taskbar click Start Settings Control Panel to open the C...

Page 44: ...to delete all of the saved nView profiles If you click Yes all of the nView software and all of your saved profiles will be deleted If you click No the nView software is removed but the profile file a...

Page 45: ...play on page 39 Using nView Dualview Mode on page 43 Using nView Span Modes on page 48 Using nView Clone Mode on page 53 Switching Between nView Dualview and Span Clone Modes Windows 2000 on page 59 E...

Page 46: ...lays is used Note If you have only one display that is connected you will not see the nView Display Settings option on the menu Clone mode indicates that both displays in the display pair show images...

Page 47: ...plays nView Multi Display Applications For extensive information on nView applications click the Products tab from the NVIDIA Web site www nvidia com Engineering or mechanical CAD applications can use...

Page 48: ...y Graphics Artists can have common applications such as Adobe Photoshop or 3D Studio Max open with the palettes and menus on one display and the other display dedicated to workspace Writers can use on...

Page 49: ...f displays Figure 4 2 and onward connected to your computer and being used by the nView display mode you selected from the nView display modes list 1 Click a display image to select it as your current...

Page 50: ...bers to displays running in native Windows multi display mode i e Dualview which is common to both Windows and NVIDIA but not Clone mode which is an NVIDIA nView specific display mode nView Dualview m...

Page 51: ...the Device Settings button to display the context menu 2 Select Rename to open the Rename Display dialog box as shown in Figure 4 4 Figure 4 4 nView Display Settings Renaming a Display 3 Enter a name...

Page 52: ...support when used with the NVIDIA ForceWare graphics display driver Two RGB displays with second RAMDAC digital to analog converter Two analog flat panels 1 Select Rename from the display s context me...

Page 53: ...nnecting the displays to your computer and installing the current version of the NVIDIA ForceWare graphics display driver After restarting your computer the multiple display modes of the graphics card...

Page 54: ...digital display Digital display TV Analog display TV TV Analog display Primary and Secondary Displays nView Display Mode On the NVIDIA nView Display Settings page the primary display is designated by...

Page 55: ...setting on the Windows Display Settings page which gives you an extended workspace When you start Windows 9x or Windows XP using multiple displays Windows is pre configured for Dualview mode This is n...

Page 56: ...L application in Dualview mode it is accelerated as long as the window does not span more than one display If the window spans two displays drawing is not accelerated in the window Note In Span modes...

Page 57: ...nView Multi Display Settings Display 1 resolution is 1280 x 768 Display 2 resolution is 1024 x 768 Taskbar is not stretched across displays Background is not stretched across displays QuadroGuide_ boo...

Page 58: ...ur multi display NVIDIA GPU based graphics card is properly installed in your computer and securely connected to your displays Make sure your displays are turned on and the NVIDIA display driver has b...

Page 59: ...zard appears run through the Wizard See the NVIDIA nView Desktop Manager User s Guide for details 6 From your desktop right click to view the Window desktop menu then click Properties and the Settings...

Page 60: ...have returned to your desktop go to the nView Display Settings page and select Dualview from the nView modes list Note To switch back to Clone Horizontal Span Vertical Span or under certain configurat...

Page 61: ...ew Span Modes vs Dualview Mode Features nView Horizontal and Vertical Span mode support and functionality include the following DirectX or OpenGL applications in Span modes are fully accelerated In nV...

Page 62: ...graphics card to which you have four displays connected you can have two sets of two spanned displays If you are using a Quadro NVS based graphics card refer to the document titled NVIDIA ForceWare D...

Page 63: ...not currently offer true multi display support for Span modes using one NVIDIA multi display graphics card5 As a result size of the actual desktop is limited to twice the smaller size of the two disp...

Page 64: ...y is designated by a and the secondary display is designated by b Both display are identified with the same number 1 in this case can also be another Windows display number depending on your configrat...

Page 65: ...top Manager part of the image from the primary display is shown on the secondary display but zoomed in This mode can be used for image editing close up work in modeling or CAD applications or image pr...

Page 66: ...s page if you click Identify when you are in nView Clone mode you will see the same number on both your displays Figure 4 15 shows nView Clone mode using a digital display as a primary display and a T...

Page 67: ...of the display then Virtual Desktop is already enabled However you still may want to adjust the resolutions of the primary and or secondary device using the steps below if you want to further adjust...

Page 68: ...d click Apply Note If you just switched to Clone from Dualview you ll need to follow the prompts to restart your computer Then when you have returned to your desktop go to the nView Display Settings p...

Page 69: ...creen resolution slider to set the resolution so that the primary display s resolution is greater than the secondary display s resolution Note If you set the same screen resolution value for both prim...

Page 70: ...which is useful for presentations or fine detail work in applications If you want to disable the auto panning on your secondary display you do one of the following Select the check box labeled Disabl...

Page 71: ...des list select Clone Horizontal Span or Vertical Span mode Note If you just switched to Clone Horizontal Span Vertical Span or under certain circumstances Single Display mode from Dualview you ll nee...

Page 72: ...own in Figure 4 19 and Figure 4 20 are Windows XP but the procedure explained below applies to all Windows operating systems Figure 4 19 Display Settings Horizontal and Vertical When using multiple di...

Page 73: ...e items between displays by dragging at an angle position the images diagonally Figure 4 20 The positions of the images don t have to correspond to the physical positions of your displays That is you...

Page 74: ...62 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 4 Using nView Multi Display Settings QuadroGuide_ book Page 62 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 75: ...Device Adjustment window from which you can configure Screen Adjustment and Display Timing settings To access the Device Adjustments window for an analog display connected to your computer follow the...

Page 76: ...and click Device Adjustments to open the Device Adjustment page Figure 5 1 which contains the Screen Adjustment and the Display Timing pages For details see Screen Adjustment and Display Timing Settin...

Page 77: ...ing Settings Analog Display General Timing Formula GTF is an older but widely used timing standard However newer display are switching to the CVT standard Discrete Monitor Timings DMT timing is a set...

Page 78: ...djustment to access the digital flat panel settings page Figure 5 3 2 See the next section Digital Display Settings for configuration details If you have more than one display connected follow these s...

Page 79: ...port multiple native resolutions Fixed Aspect Ratio Scaling Note The availability of this setting depends on your display configuration Select this setting if you want lower resolution images scaled t...

Page 80: ...ver and you do not see the nView Display Settings option and also do not see the TV Settings and the Screen Adjustment option on the NVIDIA display menu then follow these steps 1 Open the Tools page b...

Page 81: ...ow a sample NVIDIA TV Settings page Figure 5 4 TV Settings Signal Format Click the Signal format list to access a regional signal format that is suitable for your locale The list that appears allows y...

Page 82: ...utput page shown in Figure 5 5 Note Availability of settings on your TV Output page can vary from those shown in Figure 5 5 and depend on the Internal TV encoder on your NVIDIA GPU or the external TV...

Page 83: ...ation sliders to adjust the brightness contrast and saturation of the TV image To reposition your TV screen click any of these long arrow buttons outside the top bottom NOTE The settings that are visi...

Page 84: ...ed and the Contrast is decreased by a similar amount Overscan Shift Note This feature is available on the following TV encoders Conexant 871 872 873 874 875 and integrated encoders Depending on the TV...

Page 85: ...tifacts which can be distracting Selecting the Video border check box Figure 5 6 applies grey borders to the unused portion of your display to reduce this effect Figure 5 6 HDTV Output Setting Video B...

Page 86: ...version of the NVIDIA display drivers the Contrast and Brightness sliders are available for all NVIDIA GPU based graphics cards that are at minimum based on the NVIDIA GeForce4 MX 420 through GeForce4...

Page 87: ...Digital Outputs on page 76 Optimizing HDTV Viewing on page 78 Notes on Startup Functionality with HDTV Connected on page 80 Using HDTV in nView Display Modes on page 81 Using HDTV Formats on page 83...

Page 88: ...NVIDIA GPU based graphics cards with Conexant 875 or Philips 7108 TV encoders and compatible connectors or on the NVIDIA GPU internal HDTV encoder for the newer GPUs Figure 6 1 Back View of an HDTV w...

Page 89: ...he associated native desktop mode or resolution Television Formats NTSC 525 lines resolution of 720 x 480 interlaced 480i PAL 625 lines resolution of 720 x 576 interlaced 576i Supported TV HDTV Format...

Page 90: ...DTV format the desktop should start panning To select these formats see Using HDTV Formats on page 83 If you use plasma displays with burn in display issues you can use the Video border option on the...

Page 91: ...ideo being watched since it changes the size of the native video resolution by compressing the size of the pixels In addition sometimes there is additional electronic information recorded in the invis...

Page 92: ...desktop a little in order to move those elements into view Using Overscan Shift on page 88 explains how to use the Overscan shift setting Native In the third technique native mode no overscan compens...

Page 93: ...nd HDTV Formats and Desktop Resolutions on page 77 can be independently selected and set Using HDTV as the Primary Display in nView Clone Mode Based on the connector in use all the associated HDTV for...

Page 94: ...on User s Guide Chapter 6 Configuring HDTV when the selected resolution is smaller than the selected native HDTV format See Device Adjustments TV Output on page 70 QuadroGuide_ book Page 82 Monday Apr...

Page 95: ...page 77 Using HDTV in nView Dualview Mode As with nView Single Display mode based on the connector Supported Television HDTV Formats for Analog and Digital Outputs on page 76 in use all the associated...

Page 96: ...age again Notice that the Treat Digital Display as HDTV option is now checked and you can click the Select TV format option to quickly see the HDTV formats Figure 6 3 c Proceed to step 6 6 You can cho...

Page 97: ...NVIDIA Corporation 85 Chapter 6 Configuring HDTV Figure 6 2 Quick Access to HDTV Formats HDTV Component Connection QuadroGuide_ book Page 85 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 98: ...86 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 6 Configuring HDTV Figure 6 3 Quick Access to HDTV Formats HDTV over DVI Connection QuadroGuide_ book Page 86 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 99: ...TV Figure 6 4 TV Settings HDTV Component Connection Figure 6 5 TV Settings HDTV over DVI Connection Click this list to select an HDTV EDTV SDTV format Click this list to select an HDTV format QuadroGu...

Page 100: ...le you to pan your desktop by moving your mouse over the edges of your desktop so that the hidden areas become visible 1 From the HDTV Overscan Configuration page select the Overscan shift option Figu...

Page 101: ...plying the adjustments you will be prompted to confirm proper settings by the messages in Figure 6 8 Figure 6 7 HDTV Overscan Configuration Overscan shift Selected Figure 6 8 Confirm Display Settings...

Page 102: ...e desktop is visible on your TV screen without having to pan 1 From the HDTV Overscan Configuration page select the Underscan option Figure 6 9 and click Apply Figure 6 9 HDTV Overscan Configuration U...

Page 103: ...to adjust the desktop size so that it is fully visible without panning 4 Click OK when done Troubleshooting HDTV Configuration Problem For 480i p 640x480 is the native solution Can NVIDIA support this...

Page 104: ...ay that can handle higher resolutions as the primary Do not use the nView Clone or Span modes _______________________________________________________________________ Problem 1 Screen is shrunk The scr...

Page 105: ...bottom edges of the desktop are cut For example we only see half of the Windows taskbar Answer You need to increase the amount of overscan shift by using the Overscan shift slider from the HDTV displa...

Page 106: ...94 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 6 Configuring HDTV QuadroGuide_ book Page 94 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 107: ...ettings on page 101 Using Video Overlay Settings on page 122 Using Full Screen Video Settings on page 124 Using the Tools Page on page 129 Using NVRotate Settings on page 135 Adjusting Temperature Set...

Page 108: ...Color Correction page Follow any one of these methods to access the Color Correction page Figure 7 1 From the NVIDIA display menu click Color Correction From the nView Display Settings page 1 Right c...

Page 109: ...alues for the selected color channel click and move the sliders until you see the desired adjustment Notice that the color curve graph changes as you adjust values using these sliders which also refle...

Page 110: ...ls in the next section Full Screen Video applies color correction settings on this page to any full screen video that is running on your display Color Channels The color channels list appears directly...

Page 111: ...ifies the values in the Input and Output edit boxes Enter a value that is less than or equal to 1 in the Input and or Output edit boxes Select one or more control points and then press the arrow keys...

Page 112: ...is enabled the Contrast Brightness or Gamma slider settings are not available Custom settings you may have saved are also shown in this list To activate a custom profile select it from the list and c...

Page 113: ...e 103 Modifying an Existing Application Profile on page 105 Adding a New Application Profile on page 108 Deleting Application Profiles on page 109 Basic Driver Settings on page 110 Advanced Driver Set...

Page 114: ...for workstation applications Note When you fist open the Performance Quality page the lists in the Application profile section is set to the default global driver settings state as shown in the scree...

Page 115: ...ge 105 Changing Global Driver Settings To change driver settings globally for any OpenGL based or Direct3D based application you are running follow these steps 1 Make sure the Active profile list is s...

Page 116: ...104 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 7 Configuring Key ForceWare Graphics Driver Features QuadroGuide_ book Page 104 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 117: ...e 7 4 Changing An Existing Application Profile 3 Scroll down in the Global driver setting list to view any driver setting with a check mark preceding it These checked settings are part of the selected...

Page 118: ...ant to change 9 Be sure to click Apply after each change you make to a driver setting Note If you do not want to save these settings with a new name these settings automatically become part of the exi...

Page 119: ...rporation 107 Chapter 7 Configuring Key ForceWare Graphics Driver Features Figure 7 5 Saving a Modified Profile 1 Figure 7 6 Saving a Modified Profile 2 QuadroGuide_ book Page 107 Monday April 3 2006...

Page 120: ...box Note If you don t intend to associate specific applications with this profile make sure that the Global driver settings check box is checked 4 If you want to associate one or more applications wit...

Page 121: ...vanced user running an SLI multi GPU configuration and want to create profiles that utilize SLI rendering technology see SLI Rendering Mode on page 119 and About Using Other SLI based Advanced Setting...

Page 122: ...ing to be used in Direct3D and OpenGL applications Tips on setting antialiasing modes Some antialiasing settings require a large amount of video memory If the mode you requested requires more video me...

Page 123: ...8x mode This mode offers better image quality than the 6xS mode for Direct3D applications and better image quality that the 4x mode for OpenGL applications 16x enables antialiasing using the 16x mode...

Page 124: ...requests that it be disabled Unified back depth buffer Note that this setting is on by default allowing the OpenGL driver to allocate one back buffer and one depth buffer at the same resolution of the...

Page 125: ...e advanced settings described below may depend on the type of NVIDIA GPU that your graphics card is using and or the type of graphics card you are using Figure 7 9 NVIDIA Driver Settings Advanced Colo...

Page 126: ...ttings option is selected from the View list 2 Select Conformant texture clamp from the driver settings list The available slider settings are On and Off Extension Limit Note You cannot change this se...

Page 127: ...e Acceleration Driver Setting Multi display compatibility mode is available if you have two or more active displays when running in nView Dualview display mode or if you are using different classes of...

Page 128: ...plays this setting is replaced by one of the multi display modes described below Multi display compatibility mode is available if you have two or more active displays when running in nView Dualview di...

Page 129: ...een OpenGL applications You can select one of the following methods Use Block Transfer is the block transfer method Auto select allows the driver to determine the best method based on your hardware co...

Page 130: ...e This option is available on newer NVIDIA GPUs such as the Quadro FX 4500 and later series of GPUs On enables gamma correct antialiasing which results in a better color calculation to help reduce jag...

Page 131: ...GPU check box on the SLI page Select SLI antialiasing to use quality modes beyond 16x antialiasing for application profiles that use SLI About Using Other SLI based Advanced Settings For additional in...

Page 132: ...option is only available on NVIDIA GPU based multi display graphics cards To use this option you need to have connected the projectors to the multi display graphics card and enabled nView Clone mode...

Page 133: ...a stereo effect select this option to exchange the left and right images In general you may need to enable this option only on vertical interlace monitors and in passive mode Enable Overlay Applies to...

Page 134: ...color depth if you have problems accessing overlay functionality Using Video Overlay Settings Use the Video Overlay settings to adjust the quality of video or DVD playback on your display Note that t...

Page 135: ...elp in accessing the NVIDIA display menu see Accessing the NVIDIA Display Control Panel Pages on page 20 Figure 7 11 Video Overlay Settings Windows XP 2000 Overlay Zoom Controls Zoom Control Zoom cont...

Page 136: ...o screen on which you would like to zoom by clicking the area You can then zoom to that portion of the screen by moving the Out In slider control below Overlay Color Controls Hue and Saturation You ca...

Page 137: ...e hardware overlay These settings have no effect on videos created using software overlays or a blit process such as VMR Note If any settings changes you make do not take effect e g the controls have...

Page 138: ...tings Full Screen Device Select the display on which you want video to be played back in full screen mode Note After selecting any of these Full Screen Device settings you may need to exit and restart...

Page 139: ...gure 7 14 to link the degree of rotation you specify on the NVRotate page see Using NVRotate Settings on page 135 for a video overlay between the primary and secondary displays Adjust Colors See Adjus...

Page 140: ...on which the video mirror is rendered Both applies the zoom selection to the both the primary and the secondary display on which the video is rendered See Using Video Overlay Settings on page 122 Not...

Page 141: ...ols have no effect on the video after you click Apply close the video overlay application and then re open it Some applications have their own overlay color control settings If you run one of these ap...

Page 142: ...Settings Menu Icon Displayed in the Windows Taskbar Notification Area You can click this icon to display and use the NVIDIA Settings menu to apply any of the NVIDIA graphics driver settings which are...

Page 143: ...formance and Quality Settings Custom Color Settings Rotation Settings Desktop Color Settings nView Desktop Manager Figure 7 17 and Figure 7 18 show sample NVIDIA Settings menus Figure 7 17 NVIDIA Sett...

Page 144: ...ptimization Wizard Run the Display Optimization Wizard to adjust your displays for optimal viewing and representation of colors Note Displays in nView Clone mode cannot be optimized If you would like...

Page 145: ...ting the Force TV detection check box can be useful in situations where the particular television model that is connected to your graphics card does not properly load the signals that allow the graphi...

Page 146: ...dds the NVIDIA display menu item to your desktop context menu Clearing the Enable desktop context menu check box removes the NVIDIA display menu option but retains the nView Desktop Manager menu items...

Page 147: ...ideo Mirror feature you can also use the NVRotate feature to rotate the overlay video If you want to apply the specified rotation to both the primary and secondary displays use the Track overlay rotat...

Page 148: ...ns You are using slower GPUs such as those in the NVIDIA GeForce2 or older series Other demands are placed on the NVIDIA graphics driver such as moving the application window across the desktop Enabli...

Page 149: ...ver Features Figure 7 21 NVRotate Settings Inverted Landscape Mode Figure 7 22 NVRotate Settings Portrait Inverted Portrait Mode To rotate your desktop click one of these arrow buttons or Select one o...

Page 150: ...PUs and on certain older NVIDIA GPUs only if the option has been enabled on your computer Temperature settings let you adjust the temperature of the selected NVIDIA GPU on your computer Accessing the...

Page 151: ...s in your system Note The recommended value for this setting is the default that is preset Any changes to this value should be made with extreme caution Ambient Temperature Ambient temperature is the...

Page 152: ...from the NVIDIA display menu If you need help in accessing the NVIDIA display menu see Accessing the NVIDIA Display Control Panel Pages on page 20 Figure 7 24 Screen Resolution Refresh Rates Page Scre...

Page 153: ...depending on the capabilities of the display Hide modes that this monitor cannot support specifies whether to include modes that are not supported by your display CAUTION Choosing a mode that is inapp...

Page 154: ...ons divisible by the number 8 2 Click Apply 3 Move the Screen resolution slider to a custom resolution you added 4 Click Apply The screen may go blank for a few seconds for the new setting to take eff...

Page 155: ...er Note To use the Advanced Timing page you must be an advanced user and familiar with the concepts of display timing standards and parameters If you are not familiar it is recommended that you do not...

Page 156: ...ndard timings such as DMT GTF CVT and EDID see Display Timing Standards on page 147 in the next section Custom values If you are an advanced user and would prefer to enter custom timing values in the...

Page 157: ...ines a monitor can display in one second expressed in kHz generally somewhere between 20 and 180 kHz Note In the case of an analog display CRT it is limited by the speed at which the display can move...

Page 158: ...e is moved from top to bottom in the case of a CRT analog display or more generally the frequency at which the entire screen is refreshed Specify the frequency at which your entire screen is refreshed...

Page 159: ...ing standard However newer display are switching to the CVT standard Discrete Monitor Timings DMT DMT is a set of pre defined VESA timings VESA updates this standard every year If DMT timing is availa...

Page 160: ...ater Accessing the Menu Editing Page To access the Menu Editing page click Menu Editing from the NVIDIA display menu Figure 7 27 If you need help in accessing the NVIDIA display menu see Accessing the...

Page 161: ...Menu Editing Enabled Removing Menu Items These menu items have been temporarily removed from the NVIDIA display menu Clear the Enable menu editing check box after removing menu in order to navigate n...

Page 162: ...anually follow these steps a Select the Enable menu editing check box to insert the check mark b Drag the menu items that you want to restore back to the menu Adjusting PowerMizer Settings Only for No...

Page 163: ...evel The current power level can apply to either AC outlet or Battery power source depending on the power source being used by your computer AC Outlet Adjust the power consumption from the AC power so...

Page 164: ...mum Performance Choose a compromise between the two settings by using Balanced Using the HiRes Desktop Scaling Feature High resolution HiRes desktops are used with many workstation applications which...

Page 165: ...enGL window resolution Figure 7 31 illustrates the difference in OpenGL applications when viewed on a desktop set to 1920 x 1200 versus a desktop set to 3480 x 2400 with hires scaling enabled Figure 7...

Page 166: ...ttings to display the Windows Display Properties Settings page Figure 7 32 3 If Dualview is enabled click the display icon corresponding to your high resolution display Figure 7 32 Windows Display Pro...

Page 167: ...display menu select the nView Display Settings option to display the nView Display Settings page Figure 7 33 6 Select the HiRes desktop scaling from 3840 x 2400 to 1920 x 1200 check box and Figure 7...

Page 168: ...156 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 7 Configuring Key ForceWare Graphics Driver Features QuadroGuide_ book Page 156 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 169: ...IA Direct Access NVIDIA Direct Access allows you to directly configure monitor settings without using the physical buttons on the monitor On monitors that use the Display Data Channel Command Interfac...

Page 170: ...EC LCD1904M NEC LCD1960NX NEC LCD1960NXi NEC LCD1970GX NEC LCD1970NX NEC LCD1970V NEC LCD1980FXi NEC LCD1980SX NEC LCD1980SX NEC LCD1980SXi NEC LCD200VX NEC LCD2070NX NEC LCD2080UX NEC LCD2080UX NEC L...

Page 171: ...DIA Direct Access page is not available 2 To restore your monitor to your manufacturer s default settings click Restore Factory Settings then click OK or Apply You may want to use this setting if you...

Page 172: ...ea of your monitor click the sub menu item Size and Position to open and use the Size and Position page See Adjusting Display Size and Position on page 164 Configuring Display Settings Click the sub m...

Page 173: ...NVIDIA Direct Access online controls to change your display settings and would like to protect these settings To lock the physical controls on your display check Lock buttons on display Changing Lang...

Page 174: ...ng the physical buttons on the connected monitor Brightness slider adjusts the display s brightness which is the lightness or darkness of your display Move the slide to the left to make your desktop a...

Page 175: ...ighting with a higher temperature contains more blue Change this setting when the white areas on the desktop appear dull with more yellow tint or the white areas of the desktop appear blue To change t...

Page 176: ...depend on which controls are available using the physical buttons on the connected monitor Size Click the controls to increase or decrease the size of the viewable area of your display Click the Decr...

Page 177: ...ft side of the desktop extends beyond the viewable area of your display Click the up arrow if the top of your desktop has a black border the desktop needs to be more vertically centered on the display...

Page 178: ...166 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 8 Using NVIDIA Direct Access QuadroGuide_ book Page 166 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 179: ...st as dual processors or dual core CPUs improve computer performance SLI allows dual GPUs Graphics Processing Units to significantly accelerate graphics performance This chapter explains how to instal...

Page 180: ...ndering Mode SLI frame rendering combines two PCI Express graphics boards with an SLI connector to transparently scale application performance on a single display by presenting them as a single graphi...

Page 181: ...ro FX 4500 4400 3450 or 3400 graphics cards An SLI bridge connector provided with your graphics board must also be installed to utilize the full capabilities of SLI Frame Rendering For SLI Multi View...

Page 182: ...e components in anti static bags 1 Power off the system and remove the power cord from the power supply 2 Gently remove or open the system enclosure Refer to owners manual that came with your computer...

Page 183: ...This message should apear twice one for each graphics board 3 Run setup exe in the SLI driver you saved to your desktop 4 Follow the Next prompts to proceed with driver installation 5 Once the softwa...

Page 184: ...e SLI 5 Check Enable SLI multi GPU 6 Click the Select display list arrow then click the display that you want to use as the SLI display 7 Click OK You can now configure your system to use SLI as expla...

Page 185: ...iguous frame The position of the split is adjusted dynamically as the workload moves between the GPUs In AFR each GPU renders alternate frames of data from the application SLI AA You can use SLI to pr...

Page 186: ...endering e Click Apply 2 Choose the frame rendering mode SFR typically benefits pixel shader or texture intensive operations whereas AFR benefits geometry intensive operations To select AFR select 3D...

Page 187: ...al driver settings c From the Global driver settings View list select Advanced settings d From the Global driver settings list box select SLI rendering and then choose SLI antialiasing e Click Apply 2...

Page 188: ...alancing performed by each GPU in DirectX and OpenGL applications select the Show GPU load balancing check box on the NVIDIA SLI Multi GPU page This option enables an SLI status bar that reflects how...

Page 189: ...oad Balancing Indicators AFR load balancing bar SFR load balancing line SLI AA indicator shows relative work provided by each GPU shows relative portion of the screen rendered by each GPU shows the ef...

Page 190: ...178 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Chapter 9 Using NVIDIA Scalable Link Interface SLI QuadroGuide_ book Page 178 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 191: ...the Secondary Display for nView Dualview Mode on page 182 GeForce4 MX Installing the NVIDIA ForceWare Graphics Display Driver on page 185 Attaching Displays for GeForce4 MX nView Dualview Mode on pag...

Page 192: ...VIDIA GPU based PCI and AGP cards 3 Make sure the graphics cards are securely seated in their slots 4 Connect the appropriate display devices to each card making sure that the cable connectors are sec...

Page 193: ...choice 6 On the next window that appears make sure that none of the choices is highlighted If one is click it to remove the highlight 7 Click Have Disk 8 Click Browse and locate the path containing NV...

Page 194: ...play device numbered 1 appears active connected and attached to the Quadro FX 3000 graphics card Display 2 connected to the GeForce4 MX and display 3 connected to the Quadro FX 3000 graphics card are...

Page 195: ...connected to the GFX 5900 Ultra card click Attached and click Apply Figure A 3 show that display 3 is now enabled and attached 5 Click Identify to identify the attached display devices 1 and 3 on thei...

Page 196: ...ppendix A Using Two NVIDIA GPU Based Graphics Cards Figure A 3 Display Properties Settings 3 Display Devices with 2 Attached Figure A 4 Two Display Devices With Identifying Numbers QuadroGuide_ book P...

Page 197: ...Don t search I will choose to enable it and click Next 7 Enable the check box labeled Show compatible hardware if it is not checked already 8 On the Model list if it appears click the NVIDIA based gr...

Page 198: ...d by numbered display images as shown in Figure A 5 Remember that we already attached display devices 1 and 3 for the Quadro FX 3000 based graphics card Now we will enable display devices 2 and 4 for...

Page 199: ...s that nView Dualview mode is enabled If you check the nView Display Settings page for either of the NVIDIA based graphics cards that are installed you will see that nView Dualview mode is enabled 1 F...

Page 200: ...d disabled because nView Span and Clone modes do not detect the secondary display device as separate display devices 1 Right click on either display image 2 or 4 representing the GeForce4 MX based gra...

Page 201: ...Identifying Numbers Note You can repeat steps 4 and 5 and chose Vertical Span or Clone mode The result will be similar to what is shown in Figure A 7 and Figure A 8 in that the secondary displays bec...

Page 202: ...from the NVIDIA display menu and easily access the corresponding NVIDIA Display control panel pages to configure advanced display settings for each graphics card See Chapter 8 Configuring Key ForceWar...

Page 203: ...g Two NVIDIA GPU Based Graphics Cards Figure A 10 NVIDIA Display Menu Showing Both Quadro FX 3000 and GeForce4 MX Graphics Cards GeForce4 MX menu Quadro FX 3000 menu GeForce4 MX 420 QuadroGuide_ book...

Page 204: ...e NVIDIA Settings Menu to the Windows Taskbar on page 126 1 Right click the NVIDIA Settings icon from your Windows taskbar notification area A menu of configuration options appears as shown in Figure...

Page 205: ...phics Cards 2 To see the configuration options for each GPU based graphics card point to the GPU names on the menu Figure A 11 and then move the cursor to any of the options that appear on the next me...

Page 206: ...194 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix A Using Two NVIDIA GPU Based Graphics Cards QuadroGuide_ book Page 194 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 207: ...HDTV display Also see Supported HDTV Connectors in the next section Any NVIDIA graphics card solution for HDTV ships with an appropriate video cable examples are shown in the Sample Video Cables sect...

Page 208: ...s to viewing the analog and digital programming in this mode That is discussed next The Component output is in the Native Resolution format of 1080i this is important to know Like the Yellow Composite...

Page 209: ...V Formats on page 83 uses the standard digital interface to transmit uncompressed HD digital video The formats are limited by the available EIA 861B modes from the EDID or the custom modes you may hav...

Page 210: ...User s Guide Appendix B Using HDTV with NVIDIA GPU Based Graphics Cards Sample Cables Shipped with NVIDIA HDTV Encoded Graphics Cards Figure B 3 Sample Video Cables QuadroGuide_ book Page 198 Monday...

Page 211: ...x B Using HDTV with NVIDIA GPU Based Graphics Cards Note Only cables with a component connection can be used with an HDTV Figure B 4 Sample NVIDIA Personal Cinema A V Cables QuadroGuide_ book Page 199...

Page 212: ...200 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix B Using HDTV with NVIDIA GPU Based Graphics Cards QuadroGuide_ book Page 200 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 213: ...few different display configurations NVIDIA Display Wizard Typical Setup on page 202 NVIDA Display Setup Wizard Custom Setup on page 203 NVIDIA Display Wizard HDTV Component Connection on page 205 NV...

Page 214: ...adro Workstation User s Guide Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages NVIDIA Display Wizard Typical Setup Figure C 1 NVIDIA Display Wizard Typical Setup QuadroGuide_ book Page 202 Monday April 3 2006 12...

Page 215: ...orporation 203 Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages NVIDA Display Setup Wizard Custom Setup Figure C 2 NVIDIA Display Setup Wizard Custom Setup Pages 1 QuadroGuide_ book Page 203 Monday April 3 2006 1...

Page 216: ...204 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages Figure C 3 NVIDIA Display Setup Wizard Custom Setup Pages 2 QuadroGuide_ book Page 204 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 217: ...on 205 Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages NVIDIA Display Wizard HDTV Component Connection Figure C 4 NVIDIA TV Display Wizard HDTV Component Connection Page 1 QuadroGuide_ book Page 205 Monday April...

Page 218: ...206 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages Figure C 5 NVIDIA TV Display Wizard HDTV Component Connection Page 2 QuadroGuide_ book Page 206 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 219: ...207 Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages NVIDA Display Wizard Analog Display with HDTV DVI Figure C 6 NVIDIA Display Wizard Analog Display with HDTV DVI Pages 1 QuadroGuide_ book Page 207 Monday Apri...

Page 220: ...208 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages Figure C 7 NVIDIA Display Wizard Analog Display with HDTV DVI Pages 2 QuadroGuide_ book Page 208 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 221: ...on 209 Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages NVIDA Display Wizard Digital Display and Television Figure C 8 NVIDIA Display Wizard Digital Display with TV Pages 1 QuadroGuide_ book Page 209 Monday April...

Page 222: ...210 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages Figure C 9 NVIDIA Display Wizard Various Types of TV Connectors QuadroGuide_ book Page 210 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 223: ...NVIDIA Corporation 211 Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages Figure C 10 NVIDIA Display Wizard Digital Display with TV Pages 2 QuadroGuide_ book Page 211 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 224: ...212 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix C NVIDIA Setup Wizard Pages QuadroGuide_ book Page 212 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 225: ...oduced in each release Driver Release History Release 80 is the latest release of the NVIDIA ForceWare graphics display driver for Windows Table D 1 includes a summary of previous driver releases and...

Page 226: ...ements SLI support for OpenGL workstation applications with Quadro based PCI Express graphics cards Release 60 ForceWare 61 76 61 77 Release 55 ForceWare 56 64 56 72 57 30 Release 50 ForceWare 52 16 5...

Page 227: ...management optimization Efficient synchronization between clients allows for sharing of off screen resources with DirectX applications This avoids potential performance issues with applications that u...

Page 228: ...age Added a triple buffering option for improved frame rates Does not apply to applications that are fully OpenGL based Added a transparency antialiasing option which applies to graphics cards based o...

Page 229: ...out menu layout and functionality The menu automatically resizes to fit content when you first launch the NVIDIA display control panel You can also resize the slideout menu by dragging the window bord...

Page 230: ...to create a custom mode Custom modes creation and advanced timings adjustments are combined on one page Improved SLI multi GPU mode pages available with NVIDIA SLI graphics cards intended for use by...

Page 231: ...ent and New Features Display Driver DirectX OpenGL Performance Improvements Improved stability and robustness Improved NVIDIA SLI multi GPU func tionality Support for 512 MB graphics cards HDTV over D...

Page 232: ...ew switches for scripting driver settings Driver Independence For ForceWare graphics drivers Release 50 and later any nView version can be installed over any driver version Release 65 Enhancements 512...

Page 233: ...advantage of the capabilities of the newest generation of NVIDIA GPUs Support for Microsoft s Certified Output Protection Protocol COPP Improved media capture interface 3D Graphics API Enhancements D...

Page 234: ...s Application Profiles Control Panel User Interface Release 60 Enhancements Latest GPU Support The ForceWare Release 60 graphics drivers support the newest generation of NVIDIA GPUs including Improved...

Page 235: ...0c Support OpenGL New drivers for the OpenGL ARB shading language GLSL Enhanced support for Windows XP 64 Bit Edition and IA32 E New extensions GL_NV_fragment_program2 GL_EXT_blend_equation_separate...

Page 236: ...Span modes Per display Desktop Management User Interface Enhancements New application profiles capability lets you associate a collection of driver settings such as antialiasing and display quality s...

Page 237: ...mic Memory Mapping Dynamic memory mapping adds support for 256 MB graphics cards for video display and OpenGL drivers NVIDIA Unified Compiler As today s GPUs become more and more programmable they are...

Page 238: ...Support for Special Panels and Devices Large Panels Wide Panels Seamless Spanning Modes Included in the mode list to support T221 style large panels Interlaced Modes for HDTV DVI Device Hot Plugging F...

Page 239: ...onents Device Selection drop down in the slider tray Panel access for non administrator users Tool tips for the slider tray Performance and Quality Settings TV Out Settings Device Selection Overlay Se...

Page 240: ...e performance OpenGL Windows 9x Rotation Support New Extensions Supported GL_ARB_occlusion_query Faster Vertex Processing Pipeline Improved geometry processing and display list support Faster vertex a...

Page 241: ...lip Sync functionality support Support for multiple Macrovision clients Simplified Video Mirror controls TV Overscan Support Depending on the TV encoder used Release 40 supports TV overscan allowing t...

Page 242: ...nd display list tuning for UGv17 Multi monitor Improvements New accelerated spanning mode is enabled by default Reduced Power Consumption Release 40 utilizes CPU cycles more efficiently resulting in r...

Page 243: ...r support multi monitor GPU architecture and desktop management support nView consists of two main modules nView Display Manager New support for multi monitor functionality including Clone modes and H...

Page 244: ...NVIDIA XPress Link technology Release 10 Enhancements The Release 10 driver offers new features not found in previous releases of the NVIDIA Driver for Windows Support for Microsoft DirectX 8 Support...

Page 245: ...panels and monitors with limited resolution Virtual Desktop is used to set a larger than viewable area on the second display which supports full pan and scan of the entire desktop area Currently Virtu...

Page 246: ...ontrol Digital Vibrance Control DVC a mechanism for controlling color separation and intensity boosts the color saturation of an image DVC is supported by the NV11 chipset i e the GeForce2 MX or Quadr...

Page 247: ...Release 5 driver adds capabilities in the following areas OpenGL Changes have been made to the core extensions performance and available features of OpenGL OpenGL 1 2 Core Release 5 adds all the feat...

Page 248: ...lor4ub Vertex3f vertex array range extension is fully functional Control Panel enables accelerated full scene anti aliasing GeForce Quadro GeForce2 multi monitor hardware is accelerated on Windows 200...

Page 249: ...orrectly FLUSHAFTERBLITENABLE is a new Registry key that controls the wait after blit condition when the DDBLT_WAIT flag is set Default is DISABLED do not wait Note This Registry key was formerly name...

Page 250: ...238 Quadro Workstation User s Guide Appendix D NVIDIA ForceWare Graphics Display Driver Feature History QuadroGuide_ book Page 238 Monday April 3 2006 12 21 PM...

Page 251: ...ate configuration page control panel nView Desktop Manager The nView Desktop Manager control panel refers to the entire nView Desktop Manager control panel window tabbed style or NVIDIA menu style fro...

Page 252: ...tup where two or more displays such as an analog display a digital display or a TV are connected to two or more NVIDIA GPU based graphics cards installed in the computer multi display configuration A...

Page 253: ...cs Cards window A window is any independent window on your desktop Applications such as Microsoft Windows Outlook or Explorer may have several windows which are all part of the same application Window...

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