HP 16610A User Manual Download Page 85

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Chapter 4: Configuring the Emulation Probe/Module

Setting the MPC5xx Configuration Options

To configure the debug port connection type

This configuration option is valid when the processor type has been
configured for MPC555.

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Summary of Contents for 16610A

Page 1: ... underutilized and idle equipment along with credit for buybacks and trade ins Custom engineering so your equipment works exactly as you specify Critical and expedited services Leasing Rentals Demos In stock Ready to ship TAR certified secure asset solutions Expert team I Trust guarantee I 100 satisfaction All trademarks brand names and brands appearing herein are the property of their respective ...

Page 2: ...ble You will find any other available product information on the Agilent Test Measurement website www tm agilent com HP References in this Manual This manual may contain references to HP or Hewlett Packard Please note that Hewlett Packard s former test and measurement semiconductor products and chemical analysis businesses are now part of Agilent Technologies We have made no changes to this manual...

Page 3: ...werPC MPC500 User s Guide Publication number E3456 97002 July 1998 For Safety information Warranties and Regulatory information see the pages behind the index Copyright Hewlett Packard Company 1994 1998 All Rights Reserved ...

Page 4: ...o target system memory The HP E3456A emulation probe and the HP 16610A emulation module require that a debug port connector be designed into your target system unless you have the HP E2490A analysis probe for MPC505 509 microprocessors which has a built in connector for the emulation probe or emulation module Both the HP E3456A emulation probe and the HP 16610A emulation module come with a target ...

Page 5: ... series logic analysis system when logic analysis capabilities are needed Emulation Module The HP 16610A emulation module is designed to be installed in HP 16600A 16700A series logic analysis systems The logic analysis system supplies the power and LAN interface The HP 16610A emulation module is typically used in situations where its capabilities are needed along with the logic analysis system cap...

Page 6: ...ol Interface in the HP 16600A 16700A series logic analysis system to control the emulation probe module see the logic analysis system s on line help If you re using a high level source debugger to control the emulation probe module see the debugger s documentation See also Hewlett Packard s logic analysis and emulation web site at http www hp com go emulator Comments on the Documentation Send emai...

Page 7: ... power on the system 19 To power off the system 19 To connect the emulation probe to a power source 19 Connecting the Emulation Probe to a LAN 21 To get the IP and gateway addresses 22 To configure LAN parameters using the built in terminal interface 23 To configure LAN parameters using BOOTP 26 To set the 10BASE T configuration switches 28 To verify LAN communications 29 Solving LAN Communication...

Page 8: ...for an emulation probe 40 2 Installing the Emulation Module Overview of Installation and Setup 44 Equipment and Requirements 46 Supplied Equipment and Software 46 Additional Equipment and Software Required 47 Installing into a Logic Analysis System 48 To install in a HP 16700A series logic analysis system 48 To install in a HP 16600A series logic analysis system 51 To test the emulation module 53 ...

Page 9: ...le 64 Target System Requirements 64 Debug Port Connection 64 SYPCR Register 67 On Chip Flash Support 68 Fast Download 68 Making the Target System Connection 69 To connect to a target system debug port 69 To connect to the analysis probe 71 To verify communication with the target system 73 4 Configuring the Emulation Probe Module Entering Emulation Probe Module Commands 77 To use the Emulation Cont...

Page 10: ... Emulation Probe Module and the Target System 87 To test memory accesses 87 To test by running a program 87 5 Using Debuggers Setting Up Debugger Software 92 To change the port number of an emulation probe module 93 To view logic analysis system windows next to the debugger 93 Using the Green Hills Debugger 95 To get started 95 To configure using an initialization script 98 To perform common debug...

Page 11: ...probe module and target 108 Error conditions 108 Using the Software Development Systems Debugger 110 To get started 111 To send commands to the emulation probe module 113 Download performance 114 On chip breakpoints and debugging ROM code 115 Error conditions 115 6 Solving Problems Troubleshooting Guide 119 Status Lights 121 Emulation Probe Status Lights 121 Emulation Module Status Lights 124 Buil...

Page 12: ...the logic analysis system 138 To run complete performance verification tests for an emulation probe 138 If a performance verification test fails 140 Solving Emulation Module Problems 143 To run the performance verification tests using the logic analysis system 143 To run complete performance verification tests using a telnet connection 144 If a performance verification test fails 145 7 Specificati...

Page 13: ...Contents 11 Glossary Index ...

Page 14: ...12 Contents ...

Page 15: ...13 1 Installing the Emulation Probe ...

Page 16: ... or break connections See Powering On and Powering Off the Emulation Probe on page 19 3 Connect the emulation probe to a LAN See Connecting the Emulation Probe to a LAN on page 21 4 Update the emulation probe s firmware to give it the proper personality for the microprocessor it will connect to See Updating Emulation Probe Firmware on page 40 5 Connect the emulation probe to your target system See...

Page 17: ...Setup Emulation probe HP E5900A Connect power supply Connect to LAN Update emulation probe firmware if necessary Installation done Begin using emulation probe Connect emulation probe Connect emulation probe to target interface module Connect target interface module to target ...

Page 18: ...sed to connect the emulation probe to a debug port connector in the target system The target interface module TIM is not needed when using the HP E2490A analysis probe for MPC505 509 microprocessors because the target interface module s functionality is already built into the analysis probe A 50 pin ribbon cable for connecting the emulation module to the target interface module TIM or to the HP E2...

Page 19: ... network LAN for communicating with the emulation probe The emulation probe needs to be assigned an internet IP address and it needs to know the IP address of the gateway machine Interface software that gives you access to the emulation probe s functionality You can use a third party high level source debugger to access and control the emulation module Debuggers can run on PC or UNIX workstations ...

Page 20: ...6600A 16700A series logic analysis system The HP E2490A analysis probe for Motorola Embedded PowerPC MPC505 509 microprocessors The analysis probe captures microprocessor signals for logic analysis The HP E2490A analysis probe has a built in target interface module which makes it unnecessary to design a debug port connector into the target system ...

Page 21: ...omponents connected power on your system as follows 1 Power on the logic analyzer if you are using one 2 Power on the emulation probe 3 Power on your target system To power off the system Power off your system as follows 1 Power off your target system 2 Power off the emulation probe 3 Power off the logic analyzer if you are using one To connect the emulation probe to a power source The emulation p...

Page 22: ...ipped from the factory with a power supply and cord appropriate for your country If the cord you received is not appropriate for your electrical power outlet type contact your Hewlett Packard sales and service office WARNING Use only the supplied HP power supply and cord Failure to use the proper power supply could result in electric shock CAUTION Use only the supplied HP power supply and cord Fai...

Page 23: ...rformance verification tests Other use of the serial port and the terminal interface is not supported By using a BOOTP server running on the LAN BOOTP is part of the HP UX SunOS and Solaris operating systems What type of LAN connection must I use The emulation probe has two LAN connectors A BNC connector that can be directly connected to an IEEE 802 3 Type 10BASE2 cable ThinLAN When using this con...

Page 24: ...address must be set to the address of the gateway machine 2 Find out whether port numbers 6470 and 6471 are already in use on your network and if that use constitutes a conflict The host computer interfaces communicate with the emulation probe through two TCP service ports The default base port number is 6470 The second port has the next higher number default 6471 In almost all cases the default n...

Page 25: ...inal interface 1 Set configuration switches S1 through S4 to ON and set the other switches as appropriate for your serial interface Switch setting definitions are printed on the bottom of the emulation probe If you will use a baud rate of 9600 baud set the switches like this 2 Connect an ASCII terminal or terminal emulator to the emulation probe s RS 232 port with a 9 pin RS 232 cable Complete ins...

Page 26: ...an command parameters are The IP address and any other LAN parameters you change are stored in nonvolatile memory and will take effect the next time the emulation probe is powered off and back on again i internet The IP address which you obtained from your network administrator g gateway The gateway address Setting the gateway address allows access outside your local network or subnet p port This ...

Page 27: ...h S1 must be set to OFF indicating that a LAN connection is being made Switch S5 should be ON if you are connecting to the BNC connector Switch S5 should be OFF if you are connecting to the 10BASE T connector If you are using the 10BASE T connector see To set the 10BASE T configuration switches on page 28 Set all other switches to ON 8 Connect the power cord to the emulation probe 9 Verify your em...

Page 28: ...daemon 1 Make sure that BOOTP is enabled on your host computer If the following commands yield the results shown below the BOOTP protocol is enabled grep bootp etc services bootps 67 udp bootpc 68 udp grep bootp etc inetd conf bootps dgram udp wait root etc bootpd bootpd If the commands did not yield the results shown you must either add BOOTP support to your workstation or use a different method ...

Page 29: ...lation probe The node name is hpprobe div hp com 3 Connect the emulation probe to your network This connection can be made by using either LAN connector on the emulation probe 4 Set the configuration switches to indicate the type of connection that is to be made Switch S1 must be set to OFF indicating that a LAN connection is being made Switch S6 must be set to OFF to enable BOOTP mode Switch S5 s...

Page 30: ...mulation probe is now active and on the network See To verify LAN communications on page 29 See Also For additional information about using bootpd refer to the bootpd 1M man page To set the 10BASE T configuration switches Set switches S7 and S8 to ON unless one of the following conditions is true If the LAN cable exceeds the standard length set switch S7 to OFF The emulation probe has a switch sel...

Page 31: ...10BASE T network such as StarLAN set this switch to LINK BEAT OFF OFF NOTE Setting switch S8 to OFF when Link Beat integrity checking is required by your network will cause the remote MAU to disable communications To verify LAN communications 1 Verify your emulation probe is now active and on the network by issuing a telnet to the IP address This connection will give you access to the emulation pr...

Page 32: ...Connecting the Emulation Probe to a LAN Example telnet 192 35 12 6 R lan lan is enabled lan i 192 35 12 6 lan g 0 0 0 0 lan p 6470 Ethernet Address 08000F090B30 See Also If you encounter problems see Solving LAN Communication Problems on page 31 ...

Page 33: ...tation for testing connectivity Make sure that only one of the LAN ports is connected Make sure the emulation probe communication configuration switches are set correctly Unplug the emulation probe power cord then plug it in again to make sure the switch settings are read correctly by the emulation probe Check that the Emulation Control Interface or debugger was configured with the correct LAN add...

Page 34: ...rect position for your LAN interface either 10BASE2 or 10BASE T Remember if you change any switch settings the changes do not take effect until you cycle power If the emulation probe still does not respond you need to verify the IP address and gateway address settings of the emulation probe To do this connect the emulation probe to a terminal or terminal emulator see Connecting a Terminal to the E...

Page 35: ...N devices connected to your network All of the devices should be configured to use the same subnet mask Subnet mask error messages do not indicate a major problem You can continue using the emulation probe The emulation probe automatically sets its subnet mask based on the first subnet mask it detects on the network If it then detects other subnet masks it will generate error messages If there are...

Page 36: ...ist on your host you need to create one Once it exists you need to ensure that it has the appropriate permissions so that you can access it See the system documentation for your workstation for help with setting up a serial device Serial connections on a PC Serial connections are supported on PCs You must use hardware handshaking if you will use the serial connection for anything other than settin...

Page 37: ...ates may not work reliably with all hosts and user interfaces Make sure the baud rate you choose is supported by your host and user interface Example To use a baud rate of 9600 baud set the switches as follows To connect a serial cable CAUTION Use a grounded shielded cable If the cable is not shielded or if the cable is not grounded at the serial controller the emulation probe may be damaged by el...

Page 38: ...l emulator such as cu or kermit 2 Plug the power cord into the emulation probe When the emulation probe powers up it sends a message similar to the one that follows to the serial port and then displays a prompt 6HULDO DEOH 3LQRXW 3LQ 1XPEHU 6LJQDO 6LJQDO HVFULSWLRQ DWD DUULHU HWHFW QRW XVHG 7 7UDQVPLW DWD GDWD FRPLQJ IURP 3 HPXODWLRQ SUREH 5 5HFHLYH DWD GDWD JRLQJ WR 3 HPXODWLRQ SUREH 75 DWD 7HUPL...

Page 39: ...wed under copyright laws HPE3499A Series Emulation System Version A 07 53 01Mar98 Location Generics HPE3459A ARM7 JTAG Emulator Version A 01 01 01Mar98 R The version numbers may be different for your emulation probe 3 Press the Return or Enter key a few times You should see a prompt such as p R or For information about the commands you can use enter or help at the prompt See Also If you encounter ...

Page 40: ...are using the correct cable The most common type of data communications configuration problem involves the configuration of the emulator as a DTE device instead of as a DCE device If you are using the wrong type of cable no prompt will be displayed A cable with one to one connections will work with a PC or an HP 9000 Series 700 workstation If you have RS 232 connection problems with the MS Windows...

Page 41: ... turning it ON again If you still don t get a prompt make sure the RS 232 cable is connected to the correct port on your PC and that the cable is appropriate for connecting the PC to a DCE device With certain RS 232 cards connecting to an RS 232 port where the emulation probe is turned OFF or is not connected will hang the PC The only way to get control back is to reboot the PC Therefore we recomm...

Page 42: ...e an updated version of the firmware from HP To display current firmware version information Use telnet or a terminal emulator to access the built in terminal interface and use the ver command to view the version information for firmware currently in the emulation probe To update firmware for an emulation probe To update the firmware you must have access to the World Wide Web and a PC or a worksta...

Page 43: ...obe Updating Emulation Probe Firmware firmware If HP sends you firmware on a floppy disk install the firmware from the floppy disk The README file on the floppy disk contains instructions for installing the firmware using a PC or workstation ...

Page 44: ...42 Chapter 1 Installing the Emulation Probe Updating Emulation Probe Firmware ...

Page 45: ...43 2 Installing the Emulation Module ...

Page 46: ...l the emulation module into the logic analysis system See Installing into a Logic Analysis System on page 48 4 Install software on the logic analysis system See Installing Software on page 54 5 Update the emulation module s firmware to give it the proper personality for the microprocessor it will connect to See Updating Emulation Module Firmware on page 56 6 Connect the emulation module to your ta...

Page 47: ...P E5901A Install emulation module if necessary Install software on logic analysis system Update emulation module firmware if necessary Installation done Begin using emulation module Connect emulation module Connect emulation module to target interface module Connect target interface module to target ...

Page 48: ... a debug port in the target system The target interface module TIM is not needed when using the HP E2490A analysis probe for MPC505 509 microprocessors because the target interface module s functionality is already built into the analysis probe A 50 pin ribbon cable for connecting the emulation module to the target interface module TIM or to the HP E2490A analysis probe A 10 pin ribbon cable for c...

Page 49: ... HP 16600A 16700A series logic analysis system into which it can be installed Interface software that gives you access to the emulation module s functionality You can use the HP 16600A 16700A series logic analysis system s Emulation Control Interface Or you can use a third party high level source debugger to access and control the emulation module ...

Page 50: ...ervice unless qualified to do so Do not attempt internal service or adjustment unless another person capable of rendering first aid and resuscitation is present Electrostatic discharge can damage electronic components Use grounded wrist straps and mats when you handle modules To install in a HP 16700A series logic analysis system Or to install in an HP 16701A expansion frame You will need a T 10 T...

Page 51: ...49 Chapter 2 Installing the Emulation Module Installing into a Logic Analysis System 4 Remove the slot cover You may use either slot 5 Install the emulation module ...

Page 52: ...ect the cable and re install the screws You may connect the cable to either of the two connectors If you have two emulation modules note that many debuggers will work only with the first module the one toward the top of the frame Slot 1 plugged into the connector nearest the back of the frame ...

Page 53: ...new emulation module will be shown in the system window See Also See Updating Emulation Module Firmware on page 56 for information on giving the emulation module a personality for your target processor To install in a HP 16600A series logic analysis system You will need a T 10 Torx screw driver 1 Turn off the logic analysis system and REMOVE THE POWER CORD Remove any other cables such as probes mo...

Page 54: ...52 Chapter 2 Installing the Emulation Module Installing into a Logic Analysis System 3 Remove the slot cover 4 Install the emulation module 5 Connect the cable and re install the screws ...

Page 55: ...e will be shown in the system window See Also See Updating Emulation Module Firmware on page 56 for information on giving the emulation module a personality for your target processor To test the emulation module If this is the first time that you have used the emulation module you should run the built in performance verification test before you connect to a target system Refer to Solving Emulation...

Page 56: ...ed an emulation module with your logic analysis system the software was installed at the factory The following files are installed from the CD ROM Emulation module firmware Emulation Control Interface To install software from CD ROM Installing a processor support package from a CD ROM will take just a few minutes If the processor support package requires an update to the HP 16600A 16700A series lo...

Page 57: ...pply 6 From the list of types of packages double click PROC SUPPORT A list of the processor support packages on the CD ROM will be displayed 7 Click on the MPC5XX package If you are unsure if this is the correct package click Details for information on what the package contains 8 Click Install The dialog box will display Progress completed successfully when the installation is complete 9 Click Clo...

Page 58: ... You need to change the personality of the emulation module for a new microprocessor You have an updated version of the firmware from HP Always update firmware by installing a processor support package This will ensure that the version of the Emulation Control Interface software is compatible the version of the emulator firmware To display current firmware version information In the Update Firmwar...

Page 59: ...ng Software on page 54 for instructions on how to install the processor support package from the CD ROM To update firmware using the Setup Assistant The Setup Assistant is an on line tool for connecting and configuring your logic analysis system for microprocessor and bus analysis The Setup Assistant is available on the HP 16600A 16700A series logic analysis systems This menu driven tool will guid...

Page 60: ...odule Firmware 2 Start the Setup Assistant by clicking its icon in the system window 3 Follow the instructions displayed by the Setup Assistant See Also Installing Software on page 54 for instructions on how to install a the processor support package from the CD ROM ...

Page 61: ... analysis system s installation guide or on line help for information on setting up a logic analysis system on the LAN Debuggers require information about a logic analysis system s LAN connection so they can communicate with an emulation module They need write the information here for future reference IP Address of Logic Analysis System __________________________ Hostname of Logic Analysis System ...

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Page 63: ...o the emulation module s built in terminal interface You should see a prompt such as M 2 At the prompt type ver You should then see information about the emulation module and firmware version 3 To exit from this telnet session type Ctrl d at the prompt See Also For information on physically connecting the logic analysis system to the LAN and configuring its LAN parameters see the installation guid...

Page 64: ...62 Chapter 2 Installing the Emulation Module Preparing for a Debugger ...

Page 65: ...63 3 Connecting to a Target System ...

Page 66: ...ion probe module drives RESET and SRESET through 100 ohm resistors with an open collector drivers There is also 1 79 Kohm pullup to 3 3 volts on the RESET and SRESET lines The HP emulation probe module adds about 40 pF to all target system signals routed to the debug connector This added capacitance may reduce the rise time of the RESET and SRESET signals beyond the processor specifications If so ...

Page 67: ...here are preferred pin outs for specific applications MPC505 509 Debug Port Connector Pins 1 and 6 may be connected to VFLS0 and VFLS1 respectively or if a single freeze line is used to the FRZ line MPC555 Debug Port Connector Option 1 For maximum debug capability access to BDM and program trace signals The E3497 66502 target interface module TIM requires 10k ohm pull up resistors on pins 1 and 6 ...

Page 68: ...ded because it leaves Program Trace pins for full analysis support The other two options sacrifice watchpoint pins or program trace pins thus forcing you to trade off analysis features MPC555 Debug Port Connector Option 2 For maximum external bus capability The E3497 66502 as well as the E3497 66503 target interface module TIM is compatible with the MPC555 processor debug port Use the following co...

Page 69: ...ands to configure the emulation probe module for this configuration cf proc MPC555 cf dbgconfig 3 rst m SYPCR Register SYPCR register is a write once register containing software watchdog timers The cf_sypcr register default value of 0xffffff88 is loaded into SYPCR on the reset break or rst m sequence of commands This disables the watchdog timer If another value of SYPCR needs to be loaded change ...

Page 70: ... an Emulation Probe Module On Chip Flash Support The emulation probe module will not directly support on chip flash Flash support should be provided by 3rd party debug vendors Fast Download The HP probe will automatically use the chip s internally supported fast download mode ...

Page 71: ...fter you have connected the emulation probe module to your target system you may need to update the firmware in the emulation module See Also For information on designing a debug port on your target board see Designing the Target System for an Emulation Probe Module on page 64 To connect to a target system debug port The emulation probe module can be connected to a target system through a 10 pin d...

Page 72: ...arget System Connection 3 Plug the other end of the 50 pin cable into the target interface module 4 Plug one end of the 10 pin cable into the target interface module 5 Plug the other end of the 10 pin cable into the debug port connector on the target system ...

Page 73: ... information on designing a target system for use with the emulation module see Designing the Target System for an Emulation Probe Module on page 64 To connect to the analysis probe 1 Remove power from the target system 2 Plug one end of the 50 pin cable into the emulation probe module 3 Plug the other end of the 50 pin cable into the connector on the analysis probe ...

Page 74: ...72 Chapter 3 Connecting to a Target System Making the Target System Connection ...

Page 75: ...o verify communication with the target system 1 Turn on the target system 2 Start the Emulation Control Interface If the electrical connections are correct and if the emulator firmware and analysis probe or TIM match your target processor the Run Control window should be displayed ...

Page 76: ...74 Chapter 3 Connecting to a Target System Making the Target System Connection ...

Page 77: ...75 4 Configuring the Emulation Probe Module ...

Page 78: ...4 Configuring the Emulation Probe Module The emulation probe module has several user configurable options These options may be customized for specific target systems and saved in configuration files for future use ...

Page 79: ...lation module is to use the Emulation Control Interface 1 Start an Emulation Control Interface session In the system window click the Emulation Control Interface icon and then select Start Session 2 Open a Configuration window Select Configuration from the Emulation Control Interface icon or from the Navigate menu in any Emulation Control Interface window 7KH HDVLHVW ZD WR FRQILJXUH WKH HPXODWLRQ ...

Page 80: ...s needed The configuration selections will take effect when you close the configuration window or when you move the mouse pointer outside the window 4 Save the configuration settings To save the configuration settings open the File Manager window and click Save See Also Help Help on this window in the Configuration window for ...

Page 81: ...er telnet LAN_address To connect to an emulation module in slot 1 enter telnet LAN_address 6472 2 Enter cf to see the current configuration settings 3 Use the cf command to change the configuration settings See Also Enter help cf for help on the configuration commands For information on connecting using telnet and for information on other built in commands see Built In Commands on page 125 DPSOH T...

Page 82: ...out Trigger out control M To use a debugger interface Because the HP emulation probe module can be used with several third party debuggers specific details for sending the configuration commands from the debugger to the emulation module cannot be given here However all debuggers should provide a way of directly entering terminal mode commands to the emulation module Ideally you would create a file...

Page 83: ...Debug port connection type MPC555 only Reset configuration word source MPC505 509 only Break In type The built in help cf command also lists the following options which are provided only for compatibility with stand alone emulation probes Trigger Out BNC Trigger In BNC BNC break type The following option can be configured using built in commands Restriction to real time runs To configure the proce...

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Page 89: ...on probe module hardware To test memory accesses 1 Start the Emulation Control Interface and configure the emulation probe module if necessary 2 Open the Memory window 3 Write individual locations or fill blocks of memory with patterns of your choosing The access size is the size of memory access that will be used to write or read the memory values 4 Use the Memory I O window to stimulate I O loca...

Page 90: ...ints window to set breakpoints Use the Registers window to initialize register values The new register or breakpoint values are sent to the processor when you press the Enter key or when you move the cursor out of the selected register field 4 In the Run Control window click Run 5 Use the Memory Mnemonic window to view the program and use the Memory window to view any output which has been written...

Page 91: ...89 5 Using Debuggers ...

Page 92: ...hile you use your debugger If the computer running the debugger is also running X Windows server software you can display logic analyzer windows next to your debugger windows Minimum Requirements To use a debugger with the emulation probe module you need A debugger that is compatible with the emulation probe module Ask your debugger vendor whether the debugger can be used with an HP emulation prob...

Page 93: ...tem user interface displayed on your PC or workstation screen along with the debugger your computer needs to be running X Windows server software Most UNIX workstations run X Windows server software but on a PC you may need to install X Windows server software ...

Page 94: ...you want to display logic analysis system windows next to your debugger windows export the logic analysis system s display to your PC or workstation see To view logic analysis system windows next to the debugger on page 93 5 Configure the emulation probe module see the Configuring the Emulation Probe Module chapter on page 75 If you use the logic analysis system s Emulation Control Interface to co...

Page 95: ...tion probe module is not 6470 you must change it To change the port number of an emulation probe see To configure LAN parameters using the built in terminal interface on page 23 To change the port number of an emulation module see To change the port number of an emulation module on page 60 To view logic analysis system windows next to the debugger 1 Make sure the computer running the debugger is a...

Page 96: ...ws 95 PC with Reflection X server software from Walker Richer Quinn Inc 1 On the PC start the X Windows server software and connect to the logic analysis system To start Reflection X click the Reflection X Client Startup icon Enter the following values in the Reflection X Client Startup dialog a In the Host field enter the hostname or IP address of the logic analysis system b In the User Name fiel...

Page 97: ... section is intended to be used along with the MULTI documentation provided by Green Hills Software Overview MULTI connects to an emulation probe module through the Green Hills host resident program hpserv To get started 1 Build the executable If you have the demo software shipped with the Green Hills debugger follow these steps a Prepare the executable Target system Or MULTI hpserv Host computer ...

Page 98: ...tton on the MULTI window says PPC In the Builder window double click ecs bld The box next to the Debug button should display ecs The window should list the names of the source code files d In the Builder menu bar select Options CPU then set the processor type e In the Builder menu bar select Options Advanced and make sure that Output DWARF on ELF targets option is enabled f Build the demo program ...

Page 99: ...mation on port numbers 3 Start the debugger If you have not opened the Debugger window yet click Debug in the Builder window 4 Configure the emulation probe module and target system Before running the target processor you must configure the HP emulation probe module for your target system For example you may have to set the BDM clock speed the reset operation cache disabling or other configuration...

Page 100: ...script target reg r1 address 6 Download the code In the Debugger window select Remote LoadProgram The Debugger command pane indicates that the code has been downloaded to the target To configure using an initialization script You can use an initialization script to configure the emulation probe module and set up your target system If you will always be using the same configuration this way will sa...

Page 101: ...tion probe module in a logic analysis system frame called hplogic1 Set the processor type to MPC505 Initialize the stack pointer To perform common debugger tasks To display registers click the regs button in the Display window To set a breakpoint right click on the source code line where the breakpoint is to be located To clear a breakpoint right click again on the source line To step through code...

Page 102: ...o enter terminal interface commands from the Debugger window s command pane by preceding the command with the target command To view commands sent by MULTI to the emulation probe module The communication between MULTI and the emulation probe module can be viewed by running hpserv in a logging mode remote hpserv dc a o filename emulation probe module name The options dc and da log both asynchronous...

Page 103: ...mmand pane indicates that the debugger has disconnected from the emulation probe module Error conditions ERROR 800 Invalid command bcast This message usually means that there is no target interface module TIM connected to the emulation probe module or that the emulation probe module does not have firmware for the MPC500 family 1 Verify that the emulation probe module is connected to the target 2 N...

Page 104: ...nd socket connection failed WSAECONNREFUSED connection refused This message usually means the emulation probe module is not at port 6470 on the logic analysis system See Also Green Hills MULTI Software Development Environment User s Guide Using MULTI with the Hewlett Packard Processor Probe from Green Hills Software Inc The Green Hills web site http www ghs com See the Configuring the Emulation Pr...

Page 105: ...ection is intended to be used along with the XRAY documentation provided by Microtec Research Overview To get started 1 Edit the gtw brd file The file gtw brd includes example hostnames port numbers and initialization information for HP emulation probes modules that might be on the network for XRAY to connect to The gtw brd file is in the etc directory under the Microtec tools directory Target sys...

Page 106: ...ation probe module to initialize it and prepare it for code download The gtwinit command sequence defined in the gtw brd file is sent to the HP emulation probe module when XRAY is establishing connection with the probe module The gtwreset command sequence is sent to the emulation probe module when the XRAY Reset command is invoked The example gtw brd file provided by Microtec Research contains ini...

Page 107: ...n the top half of the dialog At this point you are connected to the emulation probe module and the initialization commands specified in the gtw brd file have been sent to your emulation probe module If you look in the Output Logging Window you can verify that the connection and initialization did in fact take place 3 Download the application code In the Managers dialog select the Debug tab then se...

Page 108: ...s directory under the xhippchp directory in the file mo8xxads inc 2 To run the include file select Include Commands from File under the Debug menu in the Code window and double click on the include filename you want to execute To perform common debugger tasks To display registers select Register under the Windows menu in the Code window To set a breakpoint double click on the source code line wher...

Page 109: ...tring as a parameter and sends it to the emulation probe module For example if you want to send the emulation probe module command cf proc MPC505 you can type cf proc MPC505 in the XRAY Debugger command line Note that the command must be surrounded by double quotes To view commands sent by XRAY XRAY communicates with the emulation probe module using the emulation probe module s terminal interface ...

Page 110: ...id command bcast This message usually means that there is no target interface probe module TIM connected to the emulation probe module or the emulation probe module does not have firmware for the MPC500 family 1 Verify that the emulation probe module is connected to the target 2 Next check that your emulation probe module is programmed with firmware for the Motorola MPC500 For an emulation probe s...

Page 111: ...e usually means the emulation probe module is not at port 6470 on the logic analysis system See Also The Microtec Research web site http www mentorg com microtec The XRAY Debugger Reference Manual by Microtec Research See the Configuring the Emulation Probe Module chapter on page 75 for more information on configuration options and the cf command ...

Page 112: ...mation in this section is intended to be used along with the SingleStep documentation provided by SDS Overview Startup Behavior The following actions are performed at the start of a session and when you select File Debug If the reset target option is selected the target is reset Hardware breakpoints are disabled Software breakpoints are enabled All breakpoints are cleared Target system Or SingleSt...

Page 113: ...dule with the processor clock speed In the Debug dialog box click the Connection tab and then enter a Processor Clock speed which is less than or equal to the speed at which the processor will run out of reset The emulation probe module must know the target clock speed before it can communicate with the target This value depends on the oscillator or crystal used on your target system and the multi...

Page 114: ... dialog 5 Download the application and run Select the File tab and enter the application file name Exit the Debug dialog box by clicking OK Emulation probe module initialization and target initialization occur every time the Debug dialog is terminated via the OK button A summary of the actions taken by SingleStep is given here Initialize the emulation probe module with the communication speed spec...

Page 115: ... SingleStep SingleStep communicates to the emulation probe module using the emulation probe module s terminal interface commands SingleStep automatically generates and sends the commands required for normal operation This communication between SingleStep and the emulation probe module can be observed by entering the following command in the SingleStep command window control ms To send commands Ter...

Page 116: ...o match that of the target processor The initial speed that the emulation probe module uses to communicate with the target processor is set by the Processor clock item in the Connection tab of the Debug dialog You are responsible for specifying this speed to be less than or equal to the initial reset speed of the processor Usually a setting in the Target Configuration tab of the Debug dialog or a ...

Page 117: ...OM based code unselect Load Application Image in the options tab of the Debug dialog Error conditions ERROR 800 Invalid command bcast This message usually means that there is not a target interface module TIM connected to the emulation probe module or the emulation probe module does not have firmware for the MPC500 family 1 Verify that the emulation probe module is connected to the target 2 Next c...

Page 118: ... unable to establish communication with the emulator Verify communication to the emulation probe module by doing a ping to the emulation probe or to the logic analysis system If you are unable to ping the emulator probe or logic analysis system refer to Solving LAN Communication Problems on page 31 or the logic analysis system on line help respectively for more information See Also The SDS web sit...

Page 119: ...117 6 Solving Problems ...

Page 120: ...lation probe and the logic analyzer The emulation probe module itself The connection between the emulation probe module and the target interface module The connection between the target interface module and the target system The target system You can use several means to determine the source of the problem The troubleshooting guide on the next page The status lights on the emulation probe module T...

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Page 123: ...s LED is off LED is on Not applicable LED is off or on Emulation Probe Status Lights 3RZHU 7DUJHW 6WDWXV LJKWV 3ZU 7DUJHW V 0HDQLQJ PXODWLRQ SUREH LV QRW FRQQHFWHG WR SRZHU VXSSO 1R WDUJHW V VWHP SRZHU RU HPXODWRU LV QRW FRQQHFWHG WR WKH WDUJHW V VWHP 7DUJHW V VWHP LV LQ D UHVHW VWDWH 2QO ERRW ILUPZDUH LV JRRG RWKHU ILUPZDUH KDV EHHQ FRUUXSWHG 7KH WDUJHW SURFHVVRU LV LQ GHEXJ PRGH 7KH WDUJHW SURFH...

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Page 125: ...on Probe LAN LEDs 1 HVFULSWLRQ HVFULSWLRQ 1 LW ZKHQ 6 7 FRQQHFWLRQ KDV D JRRG OLQN QRW XVHG IRU 6 7 LW ZKHQ 1 GDWD LV EHLQJ WUDQVPLWWHG 32 LW ZKHQ WKH SRODULW RQ WKH UHFHLYH WZLVWHG SDLU LV UHYHUVHG IRU D 6 7 FRQQHFWLRQ 5 LW ZKHQ 1 GDWD LV EHLQJ UHFHLYHG ...

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Page 127: ...n probe or the logic analysis system containing the emulation module are both connected to a local area network LAN and The host computer has the telnet program often part of the operating system or an internet software package To establish a telnet connection 1 Find out the port number of the emulation probe module The default port number of an emulation probe is 6470 Because there is only one po...

Page 128: ...ds Here are a few commonly used built in commands 8VHIXO EXLOW LQ FRPPDQGV E UHDN JR LQWR WKH EDFNJURXQG PRQLWRU VWDWH FI RQILJXUDWLRQ UHDG RU ZULWH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RSWLRQV KHOS HOS GLVSOD RQ OLQH KHOS IRU EXLOW LQ FRPPDQGV LQLW QLWLDOL H LQLW F UH LQLWLDOL HV HYHU WKLQJ LQ WKH HPXODWLRQ SUREH PRGXOH H FHSW IRU WKH 1 VRIWZDUH LQLW S LV WKH HTXLYDOHQW RI F FOLQJ SRZHU LW ZLOO EUHDN 1 FRQQHFWLRQV ODQ ...

Page 129: ...ermine what firmware version is installed in the emulation probe module enter M ver See Also Use the help command for more information on these and other commands Note that some of commands listed in the help screens are generic commands for HP emulators and may not be available for your product If you are writing your own debugger contact HP for more information PXODWLRQ SUREH PRGXOH SURPSWV 8 5X...

Page 130: ...splay an M prompt M reg r1 reg r1 00000000 M This should read the value of the r1 register the value will probably be different on your target system M m 0 00000000 7c3043a6 7c2802a6 7c3143a6 4bf04111 00000010 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000020 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000030 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000040 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000050 00000000 0...

Page 131: ...tion of the emulation module 2 Check that the emulation module firmware matches your processor To do this enter M ver See Also Built In Commands on page 125 for information on entering built in commands To interpret the initial prompt The initial prompt can be used to diagnose several common problems To get the most information from the prompt follow this procedure 1 Connect the emulation probe mo...

Page 132: ...xception handlers must do the following As an epilogue to the ISR Save the SRR0 SRR1 DAR DSISR registers Set the RI bit in the MSR Machine State Register Recoverable Interrupt Bit As a prologue to the ISR If the response is ERROR 905 Driver firmware is incompatible with ID of attached device Make sure the target interface module is connected to the cable of the emulation module then try the init c...

Page 133: ...ill occur This causes the SRR0 and SRR1 registers to be written over causing a non recoverable state If the exception handler saves these registers and sets the MSR RI bit the software breakpoint will always be recoverable If hardware breakpoints have no effect Hardware breakpoints by default will not break the processor if they are set within an exception handler which has not saved the SRR s and...

Page 134: ...n this register show the cause of the reset To clear the RSR execute the following M m a2 d2 288 reg ffff If running from reset causes problems Running from reset may cause some problems once background is entered To ensure proper operation the DER register must have bits 565 LW QFRGLQJ LW DXVH RI UHVHW SODQDWLRQ 06 WHUQDO DUG 5HVHW 7KH HPXODWLRQ PRGXOH DFWXDOO XVHV DQ H WHUQDO UHVHW ZKHQ UHVHWWLQ...

Page 135: ...t in the boot code This can be fixed by ORing in 0x00000002 into the SRR1 register and resuming the run If there are problems with the debug port signals Check for pull down resistors on DSDI and DSCK Some target systems may have 220 ohm pull downs on these two signals These signals are series terminated by the analysis probe or TIM with a 46 ohm resistor A 220 ohm pull down would present a 20 dro...

Page 136: ... can be placed at any start address M reg r1 0 M m a2 d2 10000 3821 1 6000 0 6000 0 4bff fff4 M r 10000 U reg r1 reg r1 00034567 or some number U reg r1 reg r1 00102333 or some number U This program will loop forever incrementing r1 This is a good test program to load once a memory system is up to make sure the microprocessor can run code out of memory ...

Page 137: ...tion Probe Problems Solving Emulation Probe Problems To run the power up self test 1 Unplug the emulation probe then plug it in 2 Watch the status lights They should show the following pattern LED is off LED is on Not applicable LED is off or on ...

Page 138: ...ure 1RUPDO VHTXHQFH GXULQJ SRZHU XS VHOI WHVW 3ZU 7DUJHW V 0HDQLQJ QLWLDO SRZHU XS V VWHP UHVHW 1 DUUD LQLWLDOL HG VXFFHVVIXOO 1 DUUD WHVWHG VXFFHVVIXOO 227 520 VSDFH WHVWHG VXFFHVVIXOO 1 5 520 VSDFH WHVWHG VXFFHVVIXOO 5 9 5 520 VSDFH WHVWHG VXFFHVVIXOO 5 6 59 520 VSDFH WHVWHG VXFFHVVIXOO 5 0 WHVWHG VXFFHVVIXOO 1 LQWHUQDO IHHGEDFN WHVWHG VXFFHVVIXOO RXQGDU VFDQ PDVWHU 60 WHVW EHJXQ 06 WHVW FRPSOHW...

Page 139: ... break and trigger cables then cycle power To ensure that the firmware is working as it should reprogram the firmware then cycle power To run the performance verification tests In addition to the powerup tests there are several additional performance verification PV tests available Some of these tests can be performed through the HP 16700A 16700A 3ZU 7DUJHW V 0HDQLQJ 1R WDUJHW V VWHP SRZHU RU WKH ...

Page 140: ...50 pin cable from the emulation probe and plug the loopback test board HP part number E3496 66502 into the emulation probe 3 In the system window click the emulation probe and select Performance Verification 4 Click Start PV The results will appear on screen To run complete performance verification tests for an emulation probe The LAN tests can only be executed through the RS 232 port The remainde...

Page 141: ...onnected directly to a 9 pin RS 232 interface that conforms to the IBM PC AT 9 pin standard 4 Use a terminal emulator to connect to the emulation probe 5 Enter the pv 1 command See Also Options available for the pv command are explained in the help screen displayed by typing help pv or pv at the prompt DPSOHV Here are some examples of ways to use the pv command To execute both tests one time pv 1 ...

Page 142: ...hts Reserved Reproduction adaptation or translation without prior written permission is prohibited except as allowed under copyright laws HPE3499B Series Emulation System Version A 07 53 01Mar98 Location Generics HPE3459A ARM7 JTAG Emulator Version A 01 01 01Mar98 R If a performance verification test fails There are some things you can do if a failure is found on one of these tests Details of the ...

Page 143: ...e been set in the virtual EEPROM through the lan command If the lan command shows bad information for the link level address and IP then try to set them to correct values If you are unable to set them to correct values their is a failure in the FLASH ROM which requires service from HP Test 3 10BaseT Feedback Test failed here R pv t3 v2 1 Testing HPE3499B Series Emulation System Test 3 LAN 10BaseT ...

Page 144: ...rigger Out BNC Feedback Test R pv t4 v2 1 Testing HPE3499B Series Emulation System Test 4 Break In and Trigger Out BNC Feedback Test failed Break In not receiving Break Out HIGH FAILED Number of tests 1 Number of failures 1 Before returning to HP check to ensure that you have connected a good Coaxial cable between the two BNCs If the cable is good the emulator is bad TEST 5 Target Probe Feedback T...

Page 145: ...n module uses the HP 16600A 16700A series logic analysis system s LAN interface If you are having LAN related problems with the emulation module refer to the logic analysis system s on line help To run the performance verification tests using the logic analysis system 1 End any Emulation Control Interface or debugger sessions 2 Disconnect the 50 pin cable from the emulation module and plug the loo...

Page 146: ... the BKG and USER LEDs will be out 2 telnet to the emulation module 3 Enter the pv 1 command See Also Options available for the pv command are explained in the help screen displayed by typing help pv or pv at the prompt Note however that some of the options listed may not apply to your emulation module DPSOHV If you are using a UNIX system to telnet to a logic analysis system named mylogic enter t...

Page 147: ...erPC Emulator Version A 01 02 18Dec97 M You may get an error like ERROR 172 Bad status code 0xff from the hard reset sequence just before the prompt This is because the self test loopback connector is installed instead of being connected to a real PowerPC target system You may also get a prompt for the same reason and this is normal and expected Any errors after the PASSED Number of tests 1 Number...

Page 148: ...t 1 Output 12 High not received on Input 6 Output 12 and Input 6 not pulled high on release Output 8 Low not received on Input 10 Output 7 Low not received on Input 20 Output 4 Low not received on Input 14 Output 2 Low not received on Input 18 FAILED Number of tests 1 Number of failures 1 If the you get a verbose output like this check to make sure that the loopback test board was connected proper...

Page 149: ...147 7 Specifications and Characteristics ...

Page 150: ...low ground Input function is selectable The BNC introduces approximately 2 5 ms skid after break in at 25 MHz Communications Serial Port 9 pin female type D subminiature connector RS 232 DCE to 115 2 kbaud 10BASE T LAN Port RJ 45 connector IEEE 802 3 10BASE T StarLAN 10BASE 2 LAN Port 50 ohm BNC connector IEEE 802 3 10BASE2 ThinLAN When using this connector the processor probe provides the functio...

Page 151: ...ut are typical operating characteristics for the HP E3456A emulation probe and MPC505 509 555 target interface module 2SHUDWLQJ KDUDFWHULVWLFV 0LFURSURFHVVRU RPSDWLELOLW 0RWRUROD 03 03 DQG 03 PEHGGHG 3RZHU3 PLFURSURFHVVRUV RU LQGRRU XVH RQO QYLURQPHQWDO KDUDFWHULVWLFV 7HPSHUDWXUH 2SHUDWLQJ WR WR 1RQRSHUDWLQJ WR WR OWLWXGH 2SHUDWLQJ QRQRSHUDWLQJ P IW 5HODWLYH XPLGLW WR ...

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Page 153: ...151 8 Service Information ...

Page 154: ...been replaced it will be sent back to you The unit returned to you will have the same serial number as the unit you sent to HP The HP service center can also troubleshoot the hardware and replace the failed part To do this send your entire measurement system to the service center including the logic analysis system target interface module and cables In some parts of the world on site repair servic...

Page 155: ...han that of a new assembly These part numbers are subject to change without notice PXODWLRQ 3UREH FKDQJH VVHPEOLHV 3 3DUW 1XPEHU HVFULSWLRQ 3URJUDPPHG SURFHVVRU SUREH PXODWLRQ 3UREH 5HSODFHDEOH 3DUWV 3 3DUW 1XPEHU HVFULSWLRQ 3RZHU 6XSSO SLQ WDUJHW FDEOH SLQ FDEOH 7DUJHW QWHUIDFH 0RGXOH PXODWLRQ 0RGXOH FKDQJH VVHPEOLHV 3 3DUW 1XPEHU HVFULSWLRQ 3URJUDPPHG SURFHVVRU SUREH PXODWLRQ 0RGXOH 5HSODFHDEOH ...

Page 156: ... clean the instrument If the instrument requires cleaning 1 Remove power from the instrument 2 Clean the instrument with a mild detergent and water 3 Make sure that the instrument is completely dry before reconnecting it to a power source ...

Page 157: ...tion points on top of the probe adapter emulation module An emulation module is installed within the mainframe of a logic analyzer It provides run control within an emulation and analysis test setup See also emulation probe emulation probe An emulation probe is a stand alone instrument connected via LAN to the mainframe of a logic analyzer or to a host computer It provides run control within an em...

Page 158: ...a high density adapter cable except it has a termination in the Mictor connector J jumper Moveable direct electrical connection between two points M mainframe logic analyzer A logic analyzer that resides on one or more board assemblies installed in an HP 16500 HP 1660 series or HP 16600A 700A series mainframe male to male header A board assembly that makes point to point connections between the fe...

Page 159: ...logic analysis A stand alone logic analyzer differs from a mainframe logic analyzer in that it does not offer card slots for installation of additional capabilities and its specifications are not modified based upon selection from a set of optional hardware boards that might be installed within its frame T target control port An 8 bit TTL port on a logic analysis system that you can use to send si...

Page 160: ...a different order for delivery at the other side of the board 1 1 4 flexible adapter An adapter that obtains one quarter of the signals from an elastomeric probe adapter one side of a target micro processor and makes them available for probing ...

Page 161: ...ocessor 82 commands emulation probe module 77 comments on the documentation 4 communication with target verifying 73 configuration options 81 configuring the emulation probe module 75 connecting target system 63 connection serial port 38 target system 69 cu terminal emulator 36 D DCE device 39 DCE or DTE selection and RS 232 cable 38 debug port 2 155 connection 64 83 connector 2 17 69 hard reset 1...

Page 162: ...eway address 21 22 23 24 31 32 59 general purpose flexible adapter 156 glossary 155 GND signal 65 66 67 Green Hills debugger 95 H hardware breakpoints 115 131 hardware handshaking 35 help terminal interface command 126 high density adapter 156 hostname 22 23 59 HP 16600A 16700A series logic analysis system 3 18 47 HP 16600A series logic analysis system 51 HP 16610A emulation module 2 46 HP 16700A ...

Page 163: ...rsonality emulation module 56 ping command 32 pod 156 POL LED 33 123 polarity 10BASE T reversed 123 port number 22 24 59 60 93 125 changing 60 power light 20 power on off sequence 19 power supply 19 148 cord 20 power up self test 135 powering on off the emulator probe 19 power on self test 31 135 preparing for a debugger 59 preprocessor See analysis probe preprocessor interface See analysis probe ...

Page 164: ...ter 133 stand alone logic analyzer 157 StarLAN 21 29 148 status lights 121 135 emulation module 124 status emulation probe module 127 STOP LED 122 subnet mask 21 32 33 SunOS operating system 21 supplied equipment 16 46 supplied software 16 46 SW watchdog 132 switches definitions 23 LAN configuration 23 28 serial configuration 34 SYPCR register 67 133 System Admin icon 55 T target control port 157 ...

Page 165: ...FLS0 signal 65 VFLS0 FRZ signal 65 VFLS0_MPIO32B3 signal 65 VFLS1 signal 65 VFLS1 FRZ signal 65 VFLS1_MPGIO32B4 signal 65 Vod signal 65 66 67 W watchpoint pins 66 web site 4 40 wizard See Setup Assistant Workspace window 56 workstation serial connections 34 X X Windows server software 90 93 XRAY HP Probe 103 ...

Page 166: ...164 Index ...

Page 167: ...555 3 1982 A1 1990 EN 60555 3 1987 A1 1991 IEC 801 2 1991 EN 50082 1 1992 4 kV CD 8 kV AD IEC 801 3 1984 EN 50082 1 1992 3 V m 1kHz 80 AM 27 1000 MHz IEC 801 4 1998 EN 50082 1 1992 0 5 kV Sig Lines 1 kV Power Lines Supplementary Information The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC and the EMC Directive 89 336 EEC and carries the CE marking accordin...

Page 168: ...munity EN50082 1 Code1 Notes2 IEC 801 2 ESD 8kV AD IEC 801 3 Rad 3 V m IEC 801 4 EFT 1kV 1 1 1 1 1Performance Codes 1 PASS Normal operation no effect 2 PASS Temporary degradation self recoverable 3 PASS Temporary degradation operator intervention required 4 FAIL Not recoverable component damage 2 Notes 1 The target cable assembly is sensitive to ESD events Use Standard ESD preventative practices t...

Page 169: ...e conductor of a two conductor outlet is not sufficient protection Only fuses with the required rated current voltage and specified type normal blow time delay etc should be used Do not use repaired fuses or short circuited fuseholders To do so could cause a shock of fire hazard Service instructions are for trained service personnel To avoid dangerous electric shock do not perform any service unle...

Page 170: ...rd specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose Exclusive Remedies The remedies providedhereinare the buyer s sole and exclusive remedies Hewlett Packard shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential damages whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory Assistance Productmaintenanceagreements and o...

Page 171: ...quipment Have surplus equipment taking up shelf space We ll give it a new home Learn more Visit us at artisantg com for more info on price quotes drivers technical specifications manuals and documentation Artisan Scientific Corporation dba Artisan Technology Group is not an affiliate representative or authorized distributor for any manufacturer listed herein We re here to make your life easier How...

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