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Fluke Ti30, User Manual

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Fluke Ti30 User Manual Download Page 75

 

 

 

Figure 63. Sample Image After Increasing Scale Limits 

Isotherms 

As indicated in the section above, the limit bar indicates the temperature range your Ti30 
imager is capable of measuring. However, when the 

Isotherm

 radio button is selected, the 

red portion of the bar indicates the temperature range that will be “highlighted” in red in the 
thermal scene. 

Changing of the limits and the interval is done the same way for isotherms as it is for scale 
limits—by moving the limit arrows or the red portion of the limit bar. 

 

Jan 31st, 2005 

- 75 - 

 

 

Summary of Contents for Ti30

Page 1: ...Ti30 Thermal Imager User s Manual PN 08100 3 January 2005 Rev C 2005 Fluke Corporation All rights reserved All product names are trademarks of their respective companies ...

Page 2: ...nt Mode Switch 22 Gain and Level Thumbwheels 23 Focus Wheel 24 Trigger 24 Man Machine Interface Flow Charts 25 Main Loop 25 Image Recording Procedure 26 Emissivity Adjustment Procedure 26 Reflected Temperature Compensation Adjustment Procedure 27 Recall Images Procedure 27 Quick Image Fix Procedure 28 Array Recalibration Procedure 28 Recording an Image 28 Retrieving an Image 29 Chapter 3 Downloadi...

Page 3: ...ns 64 Ambient Temperatures 64 Emissivity 65 Reflected Temperature Compensation 65 Chapter 6 Organizing Your Data 67 File Management 67 Uploading Data to the Imager 68 Chapter 7 Analyzing Your Data 73 The Image View Screen 73 Isotherms 75 Additional Image Analysis Tools 76 The Temperature Table Tab 77 The Profile Tab 77 The Histogram Tab 78 The Menu Bar 79 File 80 View 81 Image Properties 81 Data A...

Page 4: ...Appendix B Infrared Theory Q A 92 Glossary 96 Jan 31st 2005 4 ...

Page 5: ...t cover fuses disposable batteries or damage from accident neglect misuse alteration contamination or abnormal conditions of operation or handling Resellers are not authorized to extend any other warranty on Fluke s behalf To obtain service during the warranty period contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center to obtain return authorization information then send the product to that Servic...

Page 6: ...www fluke com thermography USA Canada Phone 1 888 286 1578 Email Ti30support fluke com Germany Phone 49 30 4 78 00 88 00 Email Ti30support de fluke com France Phone 33 1 64 53 15 40 Email Ti30support fr fluke com Other European countries Africa and Middle East Phone 49 30 4 78 00 88 00 Email Ti30support de fluke com China Phone 86 10 6439 2255 Email Ti30support cn fluke com Japan Phone 81 6 4390 1...

Page 7: ...ative and quantitative trends associated with the target InsideIR software allows you to define maintenance databases based on your specific equipment condition monitoring and asset management needs The Ti30 imager contains 100 image storage locations that can also be predefined with unique equipment data and parameters Notes and comments can also be included for the technician performing the give...

Page 8: ...oor and outdoor use Reflected Background Temperature 50 to 460 C 58 to 860 F Ambient Operating Temperature 10 to 50 C 14 to 122 F Relative Humidity 10 to 90 Non condensing Storage Temperature without batteries 25 to 70 C 13 to 158 F Storage Capacity Laser On Icon 9 Low Battery Icon 9 Palette Icon 9 Measurement Mode Icon 9 Thermal Analysis Software InsideIR included Operational PC Software Operatin...

Page 9: ...uide 1 Ti30 imager docking station 1 carrying pouch and 1 wrist strap 1 universal power supply and plug adapters 1 USB Field Cable Caution do not leave field cable connected to unit while not in use This will completely drain the unit s batteries 1 CD ROM containing multi language training materials 1 rechargeable battery pack 1 CD ROM containing InsideIR software and multi language interactive ma...

Page 10: ...ery Lock Tab Remove the empty battery pack from the battery compartment The battery pack can be removed by sliding the lock tab towards the trigger Move the lock tab in this direction Once the lock is released the battery pack will slide down Tilt the top of the unit up to slide the battery pack out Battery pack slides out AA batteries not included Figure 1 Removing the Battery Pack Jan 31st 2005 ...

Page 11: ...es not included Rechargeable battery pack Figure 2 Battery Packs To replace the battery pack just slide it back in making sure the plastic tab lock is in the unlocked position to the right of the pack Use the rails on battery pack as guides Once it is inserted slide the lock tab back into the locked position as shown below in Figure 3 Keep the lock tab in the unlocked position Move the lock tab ba...

Page 12: ...D turns on continuously to indicate that charging is in progress This process can take from a few minutes to more than an hour The red LED turns off once the battery pack is fully charged and the green LED on the right turns on continuously Momentarily lifting the Ti30 unit from the docking station for about 5 seconds or longer interrupts the charging process The green light will come on and no fu...

Page 13: ... Ti30 imager to a personal computer if the docking station s USB cable is connected to a computer running the InsideIR software Press the Restart Sync button to transfer stored images to the computer see Chapter 3 Downloading and Looking at Images for details Pressing the Restart Sync button also starts the charging cycle Once the batteries are charged you are ready to begin taking thermal images ...

Page 14: ...nd The following section describes each setting on the imager Attaching the Wrist Strap Your Ti30 imager comes with a wrist strap which can be attached by clipping the metal part of the strap to the small metal bar at the base of the imager see Figure 5 below Attach wrist strap Figure 5 Attaching the Wrist Strap Jan 31st 2005 14 ...

Page 15: ... If that happens slide the lens door closed wait a minute and slide it open again Important Always dock the imager in the docking station when not in use By doing so you will assure the batteries will be fully charged when using the rechargeable battery pack The imager will not show thermal images or respond to controls while it is in the docking station Displaying Images The Ti30 imager performs ...

Page 16: ...te is the type of palette currently selected Firmware revisions Icons for LCD illumination palette type measurement mode and laser status Figure 7 The Information Screen Press the MODE button to exit the Information Screen Refer to Figure 9 the MODE button is located center below the LCD screen The Ti30 imager immediately goes into measurement mode showing a real time thermal image of what is in f...

Page 17: ... different temperatures on the thermal scene Notice how the colors along the beginning of the color scale represent lower temperatures and colors along the end of the color scale represent higher temperatures Note At this point you probably have noticed that the image freezes briefly from time to time while an hourglass icon is briefly displayed This is a normal process that happens when the unit ...

Page 18: ...he Up button and the Down button The Up and Down buttons are used mostly to increment and decrement parameter values They activate some special functions as well The MODE button is used mostly to cycle between the different operations Details about the function of each button are discussed later Down button MODE button Up button Figure 9 Keypad Controls Jan 31st 2005 18 ...

Page 19: ...e switches that allow you to change the basic imager settings Open the hinged door by lifting it up Pull door up to show control switches Push buttons toggle 3 position Switches Thumbwheels Figure 10 Ti30 Imager Settings Switches icons not shown Jan 31st 2005 19 ...

Page 20: ...raphs Laser ON OFF Centigrade Fahrenheit selection LCD backlight selection Palette selection Measurement mode selection Level adjustment Gain adjustment Figure 11 Ti30 Imager Settings Switches Laser On Off Toggle Button The Laser On Off toggle button switches the laser on and off By default the guiding laser beam is off Depending on the situation you may or may not need the laser guidance beam Jan...

Page 21: ...eticle or crosshatch at the center of the display The laser dot is not visible in the thermal image Important Avoid directing the laser to people s eyes See important safety information on the warning laser label located on the side of the unit There are different laser warning labels for different geographic regions These are identified below North America Europe Latin America Japanese Chinese Fi...

Page 22: ...is Full brightness Palette Switch The Palette switch allows the Ti30 imager to display temperature patterns in three different palettes as indicated below Rainbow Ironbow Grayscale See Selecting the Color Palette on page 58 for more information The default position is Rainbow Measurement Mode Switch The Measurement mode switch permits the user to change the way thermal information is presented on ...

Page 23: ...g the MIN limit lowest temperature value on the thermal scene automatically In Manual mode the user can adjust Gain and Level manually See Selecting the Measurement Mode on page 58 for more information The default position is automatic mode Gain and Level Thumbwheels The Level Thumbwheel control adjusts the median point of a given temperature scale The Gain Thumbwheel control adjusts the temperatu...

Page 24: ...e The Importance of Focusing on page 57 for more details Trigger Actuating the trigger freezes an image prior to storage While in a regular measurement mode pull the trigger momentarily release it and the thermal image on the display will be frozen so you can evaluate it for storage If you don t want to store it simply pull the trigger again and the unit will go back to measurement mode Trigger Fi...

Page 25: ...Man Machine Interface Flow Charts Main Loop Jan 31st 2005 25 ...

Page 26: ...Image Recording Procedure Emissivity Adjustment Procedure Jan 31st 2005 26 ...

Page 27: ...Reflected Temperature Compensation Adjustment Procedure Recall Images Procedure Jan 31st 2005 27 ...

Page 28: ...bered so you may refer to images as one two three etc up to 100 images Point the Ti30 imager at the target you want to record Make sure the crosshatch at the center of the image pinpoints the spot of interest Pull the trigger once and release it This freezes the displayed image Carefully inspect the image If the result is satisfactory press the Up button and the image will be stored at the current...

Page 29: ...ature Adjustment modes these adjustments are explained in Chapter 3 The thermal image and related data of the current location is shown on the display Use the Up and Down buttons to scroll through the images you have previously recorded All stored images can be downloaded to your computer for analysis using the InsideIR software later To go back to measurement mode just pull the trigger or press t...

Page 30: ...n Package o Microsoft Visual J runtime components 1 1 is included on InsideIR 2 0 0 installation Package o MDAC 2 6 Microsoft Data Access Components is included on InsideIR 2 0 0 installation Package o Microsoft Access 2000 or greater for Windows 98 SE users only Note the latest version of Internet Explorer can be found on Microsoft s Web site at http www microsoft com downloads details aspx Famil...

Page 31: ...on launches and you ve selected your language click the Install InsideIR Companion Software button The installation wizard will lead you through the installation process Do NOT remove the CD until after you have successfully installed the software rebooted the machine and opened the application Please note that you will be asked to install the Microsoft NET 1 1 Framework and Microsoft Visual J NET...

Page 32: ...Figure 18 Will configure Microsoft NET Framework Figure 19 License Agreement for Microsoft NET Framework 1 1 Jan 31st 2005 32 ...

Page 33: ...Figure 20 Installing Microsoft NET Framework 1 1 Microsoft interface Figure 21 Installation of Microsoft NET Framework 1 1 complete Jan 31st 2005 33 ...

Page 34: ...Figure 22 Installation of Microsoft Visual J Redistributable Package 1 1 Figure 23 License Agreement for Microsoft Visual J Redistri Package 1 1 Jan 31st 2005 34 ...

Page 35: ...Figure 24 Developer Agreement for Microsoft Visual J Redistri Package 1 1 Figure 25 Installing Microsoft Visual J Redistri Package 1 1 Jan 31st 2005 35 ...

Page 36: ...Figure 26 Installation of Microsoft Visual J Redistri Package 1 1 complete Figure 27 Installing InsideIR after installing required components Jan 31st 2005 36 ...

Page 37: ...Figure 28 License Agreement for InsideIR Figure 29 Customer information enter your User Name and Company Name Jan 31st 2005 37 ...

Page 38: ...Figure 30 Choose Destination Location Figure 31 Configuring and Installing InsideIR Jan 31st 2005 38 ...

Page 39: ...sideIR application is created and added to your folder during software installation Do not launch the program yet Wait until you have completed the next section Connecting the Docking Station to Your Computer Connecting the Docking Station to Your Computer The docking station provides a solid and convenient base for the Ti30 imager The docking station keeps the Ti30 imager available and connected ...

Page 40: ...the docking station The USB communication cord is equipped with an USB connector Insert the USB connector on the cord to the USB port on your computer see Figure 18 Figure 34 Connecting the USB Connector to the USB Port Dock the imager in the docking station The first time you place the imager in its docking station and press the SYNC button with the docking station connected your computer s opera...

Page 41: ...tware included with your imager 2 Reboot your computer if it did not do so automatically 3 Launch InsideIR 4 Make sure the Ti30 imager is OFF 5 Set the imager carefully on the docking station 6 Connect the docking station s USB cable to the USB port on your computer 7 Press the SYNC button on the docking station 8 Follow the instructions on your screen as prompted when Windows detects your new har...

Page 42: ...ted for the irimager sys file located on C Drivers Click Browse and select C Drivers irimager sys file and click Open Figure 37 The Found New Hardware Wizard now confirms that it has installed the driver Click Finish Jan 31st 2005 42 ...

Page 43: ...want the wizard to do select Search for a suitable driver for my device and click Next Figure 39 You will then be prompted for the irimager sys file located on C Drivers Click Browse and select C Drivers irimager sys file and click Open Jan 31st 2005 43 ...

Page 44: ...Figure 40 The Found New Hardware Wizard now confirms that it has installed the driver Click Finish Jan 31st 2005 44 ...

Page 45: ...igure 41 New hardware is detected and the Add New Hardware Wizard is displayed Click Next Figure 42 When asked What do you want Windows to do select Search for the best driver for your device and click Next Jan 31st 2005 45 ...

Page 46: ... and asks which location s you d like to search Make sure that only the Specify a location box is checked and click Next You will then need to browse to the appropriate file C Drivers Figure 44 The Add New Hardware Wizard tells you it ready to install the driver Jan 31st 2005 46 ...

Page 47: ...Installation Complete You are now ready to launch the InsideIR application Go to your computer desktop and double click on the InsideIR program icon to launch it The following screen will appear Jan 31st 2005 47 ...

Page 48: ...the following screen appears Figure 47 InsideIR Main Screen at Program Launch If you wish to view the sample images now click the plus sign to the right of the Samples folder to open it Then double click on the session name My collection in our example below Jan 31st 2005 48 ...

Page 49: ...ess the SYNC button once to begin the download process Note If you are having difficulty getting the SYNC function to work place the imager in the docking station and squeeze the imager s trigger for 1 second Then press the SYNC button on the docking station also for 1 second SYNC button Figure 49 The SYNC button When synchronization completes the following window appears Jan 31st 2005 49 ...

Page 50: ...here you may inspect the data before saving it to the disk The following dialog window appears images and data are for example only Figure 50 Download Data Screen You can browse through the images by clicking and dragging the horizontal and vertical scroll bars Jan 31st 2005 50 ...

Page 51: ... of images Note Images is the default folder location for all new sessions downloaded from the Ti30 Imager Sessions can later be moved to alternate folders if desired by simply a click and drag procedure The collection of images and their associated data is automatically saved using the computer s date time settings You can change the file names by right clicking on the current name It is recommen...

Page 52: ...ed order starting from Image 1 to 100 or however many images you have saved Use the scroll bars to browse through the thumbnail images Setting the Imager Clock It is very important to set the Imager Clock in your Ti30 imager because it records a time date stamp with each stored image This is important for meaningful reports and trending Jan 31st 2005 52 ...

Page 53: ...time date since your inspections will be tracked based on time date information To set the time 1 Press the Set Date and Time in Imager button on the lower portion of the Main menu The following window appears 2 Select the box for matching your imagers date and time to that of your computer 3 Or click the Date arrow to see the calendar The following window appears Jan 31st 2005 53 ...

Page 54: ... Click to select the day of the month The following windows appears To set the current time click on the hour and min minute boxes to enter time information Use the 24 hour time format only Press the Set button to upload the information to the imager Jan 31st 2005 54 ...

Page 55: ... Figure 52 Once the cable is connected follow all steps previously described Field USB Port Figure 52 Field USB Port Looking at Your Downloaded Images Images are automatically organized into directories as they are downloaded into the software program All images from your latest download appear in a window that looks like the screen below You can look at all image thumbnails by clicking on the two...

Page 56: ... clicking on the thumbnail of the image you wish to view When viewing a single image you may move to the next or the previous image by clicking on the Previous Image or Next Image button on the left side of the screen see Figure 54 below Figure 54 Viewing a Single Image Jan 31st 2005 56 ...

Page 57: ...ocusing distance is 61cm 24 inches That means you have to be at least 61cm 24 inches away from your target to get it focused Rotating the Focus Wheel to the leftmost position as viewed from operator s perspective will focus the optics to the minimum focus distance of 61cm 24 inches away from the unit Rotating the Focus Wheel to the right the optical system will gradually focus to longer distances ...

Page 58: ...Tip Always begin with the gray scale palette while you get a feel for the thermal scene you are viewing Then work with the available measurement modes and the Level and Gain adjustments before choosing which color palette to use Selecting the Measurement Mode Measurement modes are simply different ways to present thermal information on the display Depending on the mode you choose you may display a...

Page 59: ...ly again when you record another image see Recording an Image on page 28 for more information or by pressing the Up button again while in the Automatic measurement mode The Quick Image Fix feature is active only when the unit is set to Automatic mode Different from Automatic mode Manual and Semi Automatic modes work jointly with two adjustable parameters Level and Gain These two parameters are adj...

Page 60: ...ecting the Automatic mode Automatic mode will suffice for most applications The unit automatically adjusts the image to show the lowest temperature value present in the thermal scene MIN and the highest temperature value in the scene MAX at all times This mode does not require any other adjustment other than properly focusing the unit Once you are familiar with the thermal scene you are looking at...

Page 61: ...n a controlled office environment versus in the field Tip The minimum temperature interval between the MIN and MAX values is 5 C 9 F It is important to remember that by decreasing the difference between MIN and MAX values increases the likelihood of image noise Only bring the difference between MIN and MAX to the minimum when you absolutely need the best thermal resolution available Gain and Level...

Page 62: ...d quantitative inspections are intended to accurately measure the actual temperatures of specific areas in electrical or mechanical equipment Although less common than qualitative inspections quantitative inspections are sometimes required One good example would be measuring electric motor temperatures in this case the absolute temperature value is required since it is closely linked to the useful...

Page 63: ... circle diameter can be calculated by dividing the distance by 90 at any point in the centerline of the cone Below it is presented the diameters S for three different distances 61cm minimum distance 2m and 5m There is no maximum distance Although in practical terms accurately measuring temperatures of targets a great distance away requires very large objects Figure 56 Illustration of Distance to T...

Page 64: ...erfering factors can not be mitigated try to change your position relative to the source of interference or pick a time when interfering factors are not present or at a smaller level Ambient Temperatures The imager s operating temperature range is 10 to 50 14 to 122 F Its calibration is maintained within this range The unit will not perform in terms of the accuracy and repeatability if used outsid...

Page 65: ...iously is displayed on the unit This emissivity value is the one of the material being measured This method is good for objects that are at low temperatures under 100 C 212 F not electrically energized and not in motion Contact thermometer method this method will need a contact probe and good quality temperature meter Initially use the contact probe temperature meter to measure the temperature of ...

Page 66: ...surement distance from the target to be measured Aim and focus the unit on the target 6 Now place the infrared reflector in the field of view of imager Position the reflector in front of and parallel to the target surface 7 Measure the apparent surface temperature of the surface of the reflector This temperature is the reflected temperature of the target Make a note of this temperature value 8 It ...

Page 67: ...rd fashion Because all the records are electronic they can be backed up and stored without fear of loss or fading of records File Management You can rename or delete files sessions or folders from the directories by right clicking the icons in the file structure on the left side of the screen and choosing the appropriate command from the pop up menu You may move a file by clicking it and dragging ...

Page 68: ...9 Organizing Your Files Uploading Data to the Imager Click the Upload a Session to Imager button on the InsideIR main screen to upload data to the Ti30 imager This displays the following screen Jan 31st 2005 68 ...

Page 69: ...u wish to change parameters for different locations such as location name emissivity reflected temperature compensation low and high alarms and comments you can do so by right clicking the thumbnail of the image you wish to edit clicking Edit data in the pop up menu and changing the desired field s Jan 31st 2005 69 ...

Page 70: ...Jan 31st 2005 70 ...

Page 71: ... 19 simply select the image in location 31 click and drag the cursor to location 19 and release The image will be moved from location 31 to location 19 and the images between 19 and 30 will all be moved back one location Note if you move an image to a higher location number the images between the new and old locations are all moved forward one location Note 3 Alarm limits can be set during the ima...

Page 72: ...proper destination and is ready for comparison with any earlier data Note 1 It isn t necessary to upload data to the imager in order to perform inspections However it is recommended in order to keep consistency between inspections by using the same parameters for each location to be inspected Note 2 If you wish to delete all images currently stored in the imager press the Clear images in imager bu...

Page 73: ...rsor around the image will momentarily display the temperature reading on points along your path The pixel coordinates will be displayed simultaneously as you move your cursor across the image Area Measurements Clicking and dragging on any part of the image will create a rectangular area Releasing the mouse button results in the display of the minimum maximum and average temperatures for the pixel...

Page 74: ...creen is selected the red area on the bar indicates the range of temperatures within the minimum and maximum limits that are represented in the thermal scene In order to see more detail in narrow ranges of temperature it is often useful to adjust the scale limits In order to do this make sure the Thermal Image radio button is selected To adjust the upper or lower limits click and drag the appropri...

Page 75: ...capable of measuring However when the Isotherm radio button is selected the red portion of the bar indicates the temperature range that will be highlighted in red in the thermal scene Changing of the limits and the interval is done the same way for isotherms as it is for scale limits by moving the limit arrows or the red portion of the limit bar Jan 31st 2005 75 ...

Page 76: ...urn to Session View button To look at additional images with larger location numbers than the current image select the Next Image button showing a right hand facing arrow To look at additional images with smaller location numbers than the current image select the Previous Image button showing a left hand facing arrow You can also export the image in various graphical formats by selecting Data Anal...

Page 77: ...r import into a spreadsheet program tab delimited format for MS Excel for your own in depth analysis Simply select Data Analysis from the menu list Temperature Table and Export Temperature Table The Profile Tab There are four quadrants on the profile tab view an interactive radiometric thermal image on the upper left hand corner to the right a vertical profile of temperature below a horizontal pro...

Page 78: ...port into a spreadsheet program tab delimited format for MS Excel for your own in depth analysis The second option is to export the image and charts as a bmp bitmap file for insertion into another program Figure 66 The Profile Tab The Histogram Tab The Histogram tab provides a summary of the pixel data presented on the previous screens The histogram displays temperature values as either a percenta...

Page 79: ...chart or chart data in another program you may select Copy on the Data Analysis Histogram Copy menu The information will be saved to your Windows clipboard and can then be pasted into Microsoft Word or Excel or other compatible program using either the Paste or Paste Special command The Menu Bar Now that you re familiar with the concepts in the four tabs you ll quickly understand the choices offer...

Page 80: ... and Time in Imager Creates a new folder naming it according to the date and time The name is highlighted and editable so you may rename it according to your own naming conventions Display Imager Information Product specific information about each Ti30 imager you have used with a specific computer This is useful when contacting the factory for service information It is also useful to use the name ...

Page 81: ...takes you to the temperature profile screen for the selected image Histogram View From session view selecting a thumbnail image and choosing histogram view takes you to the histogram for the selected image Image Properties Temperature Scale Fahrenheit Displays temperatures in the Fahrenheit scale Celsius Displays temperatures in the Celsius scale Palette Original Resets specific image to the palet...

Page 82: ... the underlying pixel data from a thermal scene to a txt file for import into a spreadsheet program allowing you to do your own in depth analysis Temperature Profiles Export Temperature Profiles Data txt file Saves the temperature profile data to a txt file for import into a spreadsheet program allowing you to do your own in depth analysis Export Image and Charts bmp file Saves the image and chart...

Page 83: ...rature values as number of representative pixels in the thermal scene Percentage Data Displays temperature values as a percentage of the all temperature values captured in a given thermal scene Limits Allows you to view a subset of the data by entering the specific maximum and minimum temperatures for the data you are interested in graphing Jan 31st 2005 83 ...

Page 84: ...h Portuguese Japanese Chinese Russian Italian or Swedish Note If you select a new language you must quit the application and restart in order for the change to take effect A dialog box will appear warning you that the application will end in order to make this language change You can choose to proceed or cancel your selection Reporting Your Findings The Ti30 imager provides report forms for you to...

Page 85: ...corner of the report If you would prefer to place your own logo in this space simply select the Delete Logo button and then select the Insert Logo button and browse for the graphic file containing your desired logo You will only have to do this one time after which your logo becomes the default logo for this field You may also attach an additional visual image such as a digital photograph to the r...

Page 86: ...Jan 31st 2005 86 ...

Page 87: ...owing graph shows the measurement accuracy for a typical instrument over the measurement range of 0 250ºC The heavy lines show the specified accuracy 0 50 100 150 200 250 4 2 0 2 4 SOURCE TEMPERATURE C READING ERROR C Specification Measured Data Jan 31st 2005 87 ...

Page 88: ... or the time to determine the emissivity value experimentally Emissivity values shown in the tables are only approximate Any or all of the following parameters can affect the emissivity of an object 1 Temperature 2 Angle of measurement 3 Geometry plane concave convex etc 4 Thickness 5 Surface quality polished rough oxidized sandblasted 6 Spectral region of measurement 7 Transmissivity i e thin fil...

Page 89: ...4 0 8 Electrical Terminal Blocks n r n r 0 6 Gold 0 3 0 01 0 1 n r Haynes Alloy 0 5 0 9 0 6 0 9 0 3 0 8 Inconel Oxidized 0 4 0 9 0 6 0 9 0 7 0 95 Sandblasted 0 3 0 4 0 3 0 6 0 3 0 6 Electropolished 0 2 0 5 0 25 0 15 Iron Oxidized 0 4 0 8 0 5 0 9 0 5 0 9 Unoxidized 0 35 0 1 0 3 n r Rusted n r 0 6 0 9 0 5 0 7 Molten 0 35 0 4 0 6 n r Iron Cast Oxidized 0 7 0 9 0 7 0 9 0 6 0 95 Unoxidized 0 35 0 3 0 2...

Page 90: ...0 9 0 8 0 9 0 7 0 9 Stainless 0 35 0 2 0 9 0 1 0 8 Tin Unoxidized 0 25 0 1 0 3 n r Titanium Polished 0 5 0 75 0 3 0 5 n r Oxidized n r 0 6 0 8 0 5 0 6 Tungsten n r 0 1 0 6 n r Polished 0 35 0 4 0 1 0 3 n r Zinc Oxidized 0 6 0 15 0 1 Polished 0 5 0 05 n r Table 2 Emissivity Values for Non Metals Material Emissivity 1 0µm 1 6µm 8 14µm Asbestos 0 9 0 9 0 95 Asphalt n r 0 95 0 95 Basalt n r 0 7 0 7 Ca...

Page 91: ...surement accuracy consider the following 1 Determine the object emissivity for the spectral range of the instrument to be used for the measurement 2 Avoid reflections by shielding object from surrounding high temperature sources 3 For higher temperature objects use shorter wavelength instruments whenever possible 4 For semi transparent materials such as plastic film and glass assure that the backg...

Page 92: ...he object Also infrared thermometers can provide several readings per second as compared to contact methods where each measurement can take several minutes Q How does IR work A IR thermometers capture the invisible infrared energy naturally emitted from all objects Infrared radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes radio waves microwaves visible light ultraviolet gamma and X...

Page 93: ...w Emissivity All objects reflect transmit and emit energy Only the emitted energy indicates the temperature of the object When IR thermometers or thermal imagers measure the surface temperature they sense all three kinds of energy therefore all thermometers have to be adjusted to read emitted energy only Measuring errors are often caused by IR energy being reflected by light sources Some IR thermo...

Page 94: ...ratio of the distance from instrument to the object compared to the size of the spot being measured D S ratio The larger the ratio number the better the instrument s resolution and the smaller the spot size that can be measured The laser sighting included in some instruments only helps to aim at the measured spot A recent innovation in infrared optics is the addition of a Close Focus feature which...

Page 95: ... can prevent accurate measurement by obstructing the unit s optics 4 Watch for ambient temperatures If the thermometer is exposed to abrupt ambient temperature differences of 10 degrees or more allow it to adjust to the new ambient temperature for at least twenty minutes Q What are the most popular applications A Non contact thermometers have many uses The most popular include 1 Predictive and Pre...

Page 96: ...source per the ASTM standard test method E 1256 88 Ambient Derating Refer to Temperature Coefficient Ambient Operating Range Range of the ambient temperature conditions over which the thermometer is designed to operate Ambient Temperature Ambient temperature is the room temperature or temperature surrounding the instrument Ambient Temperature Compensation TAMB Refer to Reflected Energy Compensatio...

Page 97: ...l measurement procedure to determine all the parameters significantly affecting an instrument s performance Calibration Source A source blackbody hot plate etc of known and traceable temperature and emissivity Usually NIST traceable in the USA with other recognized standards available for international customers Colored Body See Non Gray Body D S Distance to size ratio See Optical Resolution Detec...

Page 98: ...al band The emissivity of a perfect blackbody is unity 1 00 EMI RFI Noise Electro Magnetic Interference Radio Frequency Interference EMI and RFI may cause disturbances to electrical signals within IR thermometers EMI and RFI noise is most commonly caused by devices by switching motors air conditioners power tools refrigeration systems etc F Fahrenheit Temperature scale where 67 459 R 32 8 1 C F Fa...

Page 99: ...high temperature has been reached Hertz Hz Units in which frequency is expressed Synonymous with cycles per second Infrared IR The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the far red visible at approximately 0 75 µm out to 1000 µm However because of instrument design considerations and the atmospheric windows most infrared measurements are made between 0 75 µm and 20 µm Infrared The...

Page 100: ...op cycles through data logging operations and the RECALL Loop cycles through stored operations and displays the data Micron or µm 10 6 meters m or 0 000001 m Minimum spot size The smallest spot an instrument can accurately measure Mode Modes are various user selectable operations within Loops NETD Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference Peak to peak system electrical noise normally measured at the...

Page 101: ... diameter Optical resolution may also be specified for the far field by using values of far field distance and spot size Pyroelectric Detector Infrared detector that behaves as a current source with an output proportional to the rate of change of the incident IR energy R Rankine Temperature scale where K 8 1 R or also 460 F R Radiation Thermometer A device that calculates an object s temperature g...

Page 102: ...sample of air to the greatest amount of water vapor possible at the same temperature Repeatability The degree to which a single instrument gives the same reading on the same object over successive measures under the same ambient and target conditions per the ASTM standard test method E 1256 88 Resolution See Temperature Resolution or Optical Resolution Response Time A measure of an instrument s ch...

Page 103: ...ponse for the sensor to return to within 5 of the lower temperature is defined as the stare time Storage Temperature Range Ambient temperature range that the thermometer can safely withstand in a non operating mode and subsequently operate with in published performance specifications Target The object upon which the temperature determination is being made Temperature A degree of hotness or coldnes...

Page 104: ...t to respond to 63 2 of a step change at the tar get Transfer Standard A precision radiometric measurement instrument with NIST traceable calibration in the USA with other recognized standards available for international customers used to calibrate radiation reference sources Transmittance The ratio of IR radiant energy transmitted through an object to the total IR energy received by the object fo...

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