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Asahi KASEI AK4458, General Description Manual

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Asahi KASEI AK4458 General Description Manual Download Page 4

 

 

[AK4458] 

014011794-E-01 

2015/08 

- 4 - 

11.

 

Package ............................................................................................................................................ - 82 -

 

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 Outline Dimensions ............................................................................................................................ - 82 -

 

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 Material & Lead finish ....................................................................................................................... - 82 -

 

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 Marking .............................................................................................................................................. - 83 -

 

12.

 

Revision History .............................................................................................................................. - 83 -

 

  IMPORTANT NOTICE ............................................................................................................................ - 84 -

 

 
 
 

Summary of Contents for AK4458

Page 1: ...und Plate Bars Car Audios Automotive External Amplifiers Measuring Instruments and Control Systems 2 Features 1 DR S N 115dB 2 THD N 107dB 3 256x Over sampling OSR Doubler 4 Sampling Rate 8kHz 768kHz...

Page 2: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 2 16 Digital Input Level CMOS 17 Power Supply TVDD 1 7 3 6V AVDD 3 0 5 5V 18 Supporting 105 C Temperature Exposed pad is connected to ground 19 Package 48 pin QFN...

Page 3: ...18 Timing Diagram 22 9 Functional Descriptions 26 D A Conversion Mode PCM mode DSD mode 26 System Clock 26 Audio Interface Format 30 D A Conversion Mode PCM Mode DSD Mode Switching Timing 43 Digital...

Page 4: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 4 11 Package 82 Outline Dimensions 82 Material Lead finish 82 Marking 83 12 Revision History 83 IMPORTANT NOTICE 84...

Page 5: ...polator SCF SCF Vref Bias I2C AOUTR3N VREFH3 VREFL3 AOUTL3P AOUTL3N AOUTR3P 8X Interpolator SCF SCF AOUTR4N VREFH4 VREFL4 AOUTL4P AOUTL4N AOUTR4P Vref 8X Interpolator SCF SCF Vref SDTI3 DSDR2 TDMO1 SD...

Page 6: ...er sample 1fs rate data to 8fs rate Modulator Output multi bit data to SCF This block consists of a third order digital delta sigma modulator Noise Rejection Filter Attenuate out of band noise to prev...

Page 7: ...SDTI1 DSDR1 5 SDTI2 DSDL2 6 SDTI3 DSDR2 TDMO1 7 SDTI4 DSDL3 TDMO2 8 DSDR3 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 SCL CCLK TDM1 CAD0_I2C CSN DIF I2C PS CAD0_SPI AOUTL1N AOUTL1P AOUTR3N VREFL3 VREFH3 AOUTL3N AVSS AOU...

Page 8: ...s changed to H soft mute cycle is initiated When it is returning to L the output mute is released 12 CAD1 I Chip Address 0 Pin in I2 C Bus or 3 wire serial control mode Hi Z DCHAIN I Daisy Chain Mode...

Page 9: ...sitive Voltage Reference Input Pin AVDD Hi Z 41 VREFL4 I Negative Voltage Reference Input Pin AVSS Hi Z 42 AOUTR4N O Rch Negative Analog Output 4 Pin Hi Z 43 AOUTR4P O Rch Positive Analog Output 4 Pin...

Page 10: ...ay result in permanent damage to the device Normal operation is not guaranteed at these extremes 7 Recommended Operation Conditions AVSS DVSS 0V Note 5 Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Power Supplies...

Page 11: ...60dBFS 107 52 100 dB dB fs 96kHz BW 40kHz 0dBFS 60dBFS 104 48 dB dB fs 192kHz BW 40kHz BW 80kHz 0dBFS 60dBFS 60dBFS 104 48 44 dB dB dB Dynamic Range 60dBFS with A weighted Note 10 110 115 dB S N A we...

Page 12: ...mA Power down PDN pin L Note 15 AVDD TVDD 1 100 A Note 9 Measured by Audio Precision System Two Averaging mode Note 10 Figure 75 External LPF Circuit Example 1 100dB for 16 bit data Note 11 Figure 75...

Page 13: ...1 fs Frequency Response Note 19 0 07dB 0 43 5 kHz Digital Filter SCF Note 19 Frequency Response 0 40 0kHz 0 3 0 1 dB Sharp Roll Off Filter Characteristics fs 192kHz Ta 40 105 C AVDD 3 0 5 5V TVDD 1 7...

Page 14: ...Unit Digital Filter Pass band Note 20 0 05dB PB 0 17 7 kHz 3 0dB PB 39 5 kHz Pass band Ripple Note 17 PR 0 043 0 043 dB Stop band Note 20 SB 85 3 Stop band Attenuation Note 19 SA 73 dB Group Delay Not...

Page 15: ...Mode DEM OFF SLOW bit 0 SD bit 1 Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Digital Filter Pass band Note 16 0 05dB PB 0 43 5 kHz 3 0dB PB 46 8 kHz Pass band Ripple Note 17 PR 0 0031 0 0031 dB Stop band Note...

Page 16: ...ol Min Typ Max Unit Digital Filter Pass band Note 21 0 05dB PB 0 24 2 kHz 3 0dB PB 42 1 kHz Pass band Ripple Note 17 PR 0 05 0 05 dB Stop band Note 21 SB 83 0 43 5 Stop band Attenuation Note 19 SA 82...

Page 17: ...rom 25 to 75 Peak levels of DSD signal above this duty are not recommended by SACD format book Scarlet Book Note 23 It is assumed that the output level is 0dB when the input signal is 1kHz and the dut...

Page 18: ...fsq tLRH tLRL 8 54 108 1 128fs 1 128fs 54 108 216 kHz kHz kHz nsec ns TDM256 mode TDM1 0 bits 10 Normal Speed Mode High time Double Speed Mode High time Low time fsn fsd tLRH tLRL 8 54 1 256fs 1 256f...

Page 19: ...Note 26 BICK Pulse Width Low BICK Pulse Width High BICK to LRCK Edge Note 25 LRCK Edge to BICK Note 25 TDMO1 2 Setup time BICK TDMO1 2 Hold time BICK Note 28 SDTI1 2 Hold Time SDTI1 2 Setup Time tBCK...

Page 20: ...DCLK Pulse Width High DCLK Edge to DSDL R Note 29 tDCK tDCKL tDCKH tDDD 36 36 5 1 256fs 5 nsec nsec nsec nsec Note 24 When the 1152fs 512fs or 768fs 256fs or 384fs 128fs or 192fs are switched the AK4...

Page 21: ...Falling Note 30 SDA Setup Time from SCL Rising Rise Time of Both SDA and SCL Lines Fall Time of Both SDA and SCL Lines Setup Time for Stop Condition Pulse Width of Spike Noise Suppressed by Input Filt...

Page 22: ...tLRB LRCK VIH BICK VIL TDMO 50 TVDD tBSS VIH VIL tBLR tSDS SDTI VIH VIL tSDH tBSH Figure 3 Audio Interface Timing PCM mode 1 fCLK tCLKL VIH tCLKH MCLK VIL dCLK tCLKH x fCLK tCLKL x fCLK 1 fs VIH LRCK...

Page 23: ...tDCKL tDCK tDDD VIH DSDL1 4 DSDR1 4 VIL Figure 4 Audio Serial Interface Timing DSD Normal Mode DCKB bit 0 VIH DCLK VIL tDDD VIH DSDL1 4 DSDR1 4 VIL tDCKH tDCKL tDCK tDDD tDDD VIH DSDL1 4 DSDR1 4 VIL...

Page 24: ...CSN VIH CCLK VIL VIH CDTI VIL VIH VIL C1 C0 R W A4 tCCKL tCCKH tCDS tCDH Figure 6 WRITE Command Input Timing 3 wire Serial mode CSN VIH CCLK VIL VIH CDTI VIL VIH VIL D3 D2 D1 D0 tCSW tCSH Figure 7 WRI...

Page 25: ...tLOW tBUF tHD STA tR tF tHD DAT tSU DAT tSU STA Stop Start Start Stop tSU STO VIL VIH VIL tSP Figure 8 I2 C Bus mode Timing tAPD tRPD PDN VIL tCSS CSN VIH CCLK VIL VIH CDTI VIL VIH VIL C1 C0 R W A4 tA...

Page 26: ...ntrol System Clock 1 PCM Mode The external clocks which are required to operate the AK4458 are MCLK BICK and LRCK MCLK should be synchronized with LRCK but the phase is not critical The MCLK is used t...

Page 27: ...s 32 0kHz N A N A N A N A N A N A Normal 44 1kHz N A N A N A N A N A N A 48 0kHz N A N A N A N A N A N A 88 2kHz N A N A N A N A N A N A Double 96 0kHz N A N A N A N A N A N A 176 4kHz N A N A N A N A...

Page 28: ...6 36 864 N A Oct 768kHz 24 576 36 864 N A N A N A Hex Table 6 System Clock Example Auto Setting Mode LRCK MCLK MHz Sampling Speed fs 192fs 256fs 384fs 512fs 768fs 1152fs 32 0kHz N A 8 1920 12 2880 16...

Page 29: ...Mode The AK4458 supports 64fs 128fs and 256fs data stream fs 32kHz 44 1kHz 48kHz DSDSEL1 0 bits control this setting Table 10 DSDSEL1 DSDSEL0 DSD data stream fs 32kHz fs 44 1kHz fs 48kHz 0 0 2 048MHz...

Page 30: ...pins using BICK and LRCK inputs Data is selected by SDS2 0 bits The data input to the SDTI3 4 pins are ignored BICK is fixed to 128fs Six data formats are supported and selected by the DIF2 0 bits as...

Page 31: ...SB justified 128fs 12 1 1 0 32 bit MSB justified 128fs 13 1 1 1 32 bit I2 S compatible 128fs TDM256 1 0 0 0 0 N A 256fs 0 0 1 N A 256fs 14 0 1 0 24 bit MSB justified 256fs 15 0 1 1 24 bit I2 S compati...

Page 32: ...3 2 1 0 Lch Data Rch Data Figure 10 Mode 0 Timing SDTI1 4 LRCK BICK 64fs 0 9 1 10 11 12 31 0 1 9 10 11 12 31 0 1 19 0 19 0 Mode 1 Don t care Don t care 19 MSB 0 LSB SDTI1 4 Mode 4 23 MSB 0 LSB 20 19 0...

Page 33: ...1 0 Don t care 23 23 Figure 13 Mode 3 Timing LRCK BICK 64fs SDTI1 4 0 22 1 2 24 31 0 1 31 0 1 32 MSB 0 LSB 30 1 0 31 Lch Data Rch Data 23 30 22 2 24 23 30 30 1 0 31 30 31 Mode 5 6 Figure 14 Mode 5 6...

Page 34: ...31 31 30 31 Mode11 12 Figure 16 Mode 8 11 12 Timing LRCK BICK 128fs 128 BICK L1 32 BICK R1 32 BICK L2 32 BICK R2 32 BICK SDTI1 2 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 23 23 23 23 23 SDTI1 2 Mode9 Mode13 30 0 30 0 30 2...

Page 35: ...igure 19 Mode 14 17 18 Timing LRCK BICK 256fs 23 0 L1 32 BICK 256 BICK 23 0 R1 32 BICK 23 23 0 L2 32 BICK 23 0 R2 32 BICK SDTI1 Mode15 31 0 31 30 31 0 30 31 0 30 31 0 30 SDTI1 Mode19 23 0 L3 32 BICK 2...

Page 36: ...1 LRCK 512BICK 22 0 23 22 0 23 22 0 23 22 0 23 22 2 0 23 22 0 23 22 0 23 22 0 23 SDTI1 Mode25 L1 32 BICK R1 32 BICK L2 32 BICK R2 32 BICK L3 32 BICK R3 32 BICK L4 32 BICK R4 32 BICK 32 BICK 32 BICK 32...

Page 37: ...R1 L1 SDTI2 R2 L2 SDTI3 R3 L3 SDTI4 R4 L4 Figure 25 Data Slot in Normal Mode SDTI1 R1 L1 SDTI2 LRCK 128 BICK R2 L2 R3 L3 R4 L4 Figure 26 Data Slot in TDM128 Mode SDTI1 R1 L1 LRCK 256 BICK R2 L2 R3 L3...

Page 38: ...L2 R2 TDM256 0 0 0 L1 R1 L2 R2 L3 R3 L4 R4 0 0 1 L2 R2 L3 R3 L4 R4 L5 R5 0 1 0 L3 R3 L4 R4 L5 R5 L6 R6 0 1 1 L4 R4 L5 R5 L6 R6 L7 R7 1 0 0 L5 R5 L6 R6 L7 R7 L8 R8 1 0 1 L6 R6 L7 R7 L8 R8 L1 R1 1 1 0 L...

Page 39: ...t AK4458 s SDTI1 pin TDMO1 is 8ch shifted data of SDTI1 At TDM512 mode TDMO2 outputs L Figure 30 shows data I O example of TDM512 mode SDTI1 L5 8 R5 8 data is the input for the DAC of the second AK445...

Page 40: ...e 32 Second AK4458 Third AK4458 DSP SDTI1 TDMO1 SDTI1 TDMO1 SDTI2 TDMO2 SDTI2 TDMO2 DVSS First AK4458 SDTI1 TDMO1 SDTI2 TDMO2 Figure 31 Daisy Chain for Three Devices TDM512 Mode SDTI1 DSP LRCK 512 BIC...

Page 41: ...y shifting 4ch The first AK4458 accepts SDTI1 L1 2 R1 2 and SDTI2 L5 6 R5 6 data as input data of DAC DIF2 0 bits setting of both first AK4458 and the second AK4458 must be the same First AK4458 Secon...

Page 42: ...nd Phase Modulation mode Figure 36 Input data is clocked in on a rising or falling edge of DCLK that is set by DCKB bit The frequency of DCLK is variable at 64fs 128fs and 256fs by setting DSDSEL1 0 b...

Page 43: ...Data PCM Mode DSD Mode Figure 37 D A Mode Switching Timing PCM to DSD RSTN bit D A Data D A Mode 5 fs DSD Data PCM Data DSD Mode PCM Mode Figure 38 D A Mode Switching Timing DSD to PCM Note 35 The sig...

Page 44: ...ff Filter Table 16 Digital Filter Setting Do not care The slowest frequency characteristics setting is when SSLOW bit 1 De emphasis Filter PCM mode A digital de emphasis filter is available for 32kHz...

Page 45: ...e transition between set values is a soft transition in Mode0 1 2 3 eliminating switching noise in the transition The register settings are maintained when switching the mode between PCM and DSD modes...

Page 46: ...1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 default 001 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 010 2 1 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 0...

Page 47: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 47 Figure 41 Mode2 FIR Filter Except DSD direct mode Figure 42 Mode3 FIR Filter Except DSD direct mode Figure 43 Mode4 FIR Filter Except DSD direct mode...

Page 48: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 48 Figure 44 Mode5 FIR Filter Except DSD direct mode Figure 45 Mode6 FIR Filter Except DSD direct mode Figure 46 Mode7 FIR Filter Except DSD direct mode...

Page 49: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 49 Figure 47 Mode0 FIR Filter DSD Direct Mode Figure 48 Mode1 FIR Filter DSD Direct Mode Figure 49 Mode2 FIR Filter DSD Direct Mode...

Page 50: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 50 Figure 50 Mode3 FIR Filter DSD Direct Mode Figure 51 Mode4 FIR Filter DSD Direct Mode Figure 52 Mode5 FIR Filter DSD Direct Mode...

Page 51: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 51 Figure 53 Mode6 FIR Filter DSD Direct Mode Figure 54 Mode7 FIR Filter Except DSD Direct Mode...

Page 52: ...4 bits does not detect zero Zero detect All zero detection channels set by L1 4 bits and R1 4 bits detect zero Table 21 DZF Pin Function LR Channel Output Signal Select PCM mode DSD mode Input and out...

Page 53: ...ert 1 1 L2ch In Invert L2ch In Invert 1 1 0 0 R2ch In R2ch In 1 0 R2ch In Invert R2ch In 0 1 R2ch In R2ch In Invert 1 1 R2ch In Invert R2ch In Invert Table 23 Output Select for DAC2 MONO3 bit SELLR3 b...

Page 54: ...rt L4 0 1 R4 L4 Invert 1 1 R4 Invert L4 Invert 1 0 0 0 L4 L4 1 0 L4 Invert L4 0 1 L4 L4 Invert 1 1 L4 Invert L4 Invert 1 1 0 0 R4 R4 1 0 R4 Invert R4 0 1 R4 R4 Invert 1 1 R4 Invert R4 Invert Table 25...

Page 55: ...ing condition to normal operation mode from full scale detection status is selected by DMC bit if DDM bit 1 When DMC bit 0 the AK4458 will return to normal operation automatically by inputting a norma...

Page 56: ...evel by the same cycle The soft mute is effective for changing the signal source without stopping the signal transmission SMUTE pin or SMUTE bit Attenuation DZF pin ATT_Level AOUT 8192 fs GD GD 1 2 3...

Page 57: ...ition 1 Internal Reference Voltage Error Internal reference voltage is not powered up 2 LDO Over Voltage Detection LDO voltage 2 2 2 5V 3 LDO Over Current Detection LDO current 40 110mA Table 28 Error...

Page 58: ...cillator 10ms max If the LDOE pin L the shutdown switch is activated after the AK4458 is powered up The internal circuits will be powered up in 1msec max after the activation of the shutdown switch Du...

Page 59: ...FH 2 VREFH 2 VREFH 2 Table 29 Power Off and Reset Function 1 Power OFF Function 1 PW1 4 bits All DAC1 4 can be powered down immediately by setting PW1 4 bits to 0000 In this time all circuits except r...

Page 60: ...Internal RSTN bit 2 3 fs 5 3 4 fs 6 Don t care Notes 1 The analog output corresponding to digital input has group delay GD 2 Analog outputs are floating Hi Z in power down mode 3 Small pop noise occu...

Page 61: ...Normal Operation GD GD D A Out Analog D A In Digital Clock In MCLK 2 3 External MUTE 5 2 MCLK Stop RSTN bit Power down Power down 4 4 4 Hi Z 5 1 PDN pin 5 Notes 1 After the AK4458 is powered up the P...

Page 62: ...8192 times if SYNCE bit is set to 1 during operation in PCM mode or when RSTN bit is set to 0 Example In the case of using the AK4458 with the AK4452 Figure 62 The AK4452 and the AK4458 have synchroni...

Page 63: ...not available in parallel mode All functions controlled exclusively by Serial mode are only available in their default register settings TDM1 pin TDM0 pin DIF pin Mode 0 0 0 Mode6 Table 13 0 0 1 Mode7...

Page 64: ...MHz max The internal registers are initialized by setting the PDN pin L In serial mode an internal timing circuit is reset by setting RSTN bit 0 but register values are not initialized CDTI CCLK CSN C...

Page 65: ...tains control data The format is MSB first 8bits Figure 67 The AK4458 generates an acknowledge after each byte is received Data transfer is always terminated by a STOP condition generated by the maste...

Page 66: ...al address counter and increments the internal address counter by 1 If the master does not generate an acknowledge but generates a stop condition instead the AK4458 ceases transmission SDA Slave Addre...

Page 67: ...Conditions SCL FROM MASTER acknowledge DATA OUTPUT BY TRANSMITTER DATA OUTPUT BY RECEIVER 1 9 8 START CONDITION not acknowledge clock pulse for acknowledgement S 2 Figure 71 Acknowledge on the I2 C B...

Page 68: ...e Y Short delay Filter Enable Y De emphasis Response OFF 01H 0AH 0EH DEM3 0 Y Soft Mute Enable Normal Operation 01H SMUTE Y Y DSD PCM Mode Select PCM mode 02H D P Y Y Master Clock Frequency Select at...

Page 69: ...PW2 PW1 DEM21 DEM20 0BH Control 7 ATS1 ATS0 0 SDS0 PW4 PW3 DCHAIN 0 0CH Control 8 INVR4 INVL4 INVR3 INVL3 0 FIR2 FIR1 FIR0 0DH Control 9 MONO4 MONO3 MONO2 0 SELLR4 SELLR3 0 0 0EH Control 10 DEM41 DEM...

Page 70: ...ck Frequency Auto Setting Mode Enable PCM only 0 Disable Manual Setting Mode default 1 Enable Auto Setting Mode When ACKS bit 1 the sampling frequency and MCLK frequency are detected automatically Add...

Page 71: ...ection MONO1 DAC1 enters monaural output mode when MONO bit 1 Table 22 0 Stereo mode default 1 MONO mode DCKB Polarity of DCLK DSD Only 0 DSD data is output from DCLK falling edge default 1 DSD data i...

Page 72: ...bits default 1 Super Slow Roll off Mode DFS2 Sampling Speed Control Table 2 Default value is 0 Normal Speed See also register address 01H for DFS1 0 A click noise occurs when switching DFS2 0 bits se...

Page 73: ...nly valid when DDM bit 1 and DMC bit 1 It releases a mute state when DSD data is muted by DDM and DMC bits DMC DSD mute control 0 Auto Return default 1 Mute Hold This register is only valid when DDM b...

Page 74: ...SYNC Mode Disable 1 SYNC Mode Enable default L3 4 R3 4 Zero Detect Flag Enable Bit for the DZF pin 0 Disable default 1 Enable Addr Register Name D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 08H Sound Control L1 R1 L2 R2 0...

Page 75: ...the DSDR2 4 L2 4 pins are full scale Addr Register Name D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 0AH Control 6 TDM1 TDM0 SDS1 SDS2 PW2 PW1 DEM21 DEM20 R W R W R W R W R W R W R W R W R W Default 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 DEM21...

Page 76: ...C3 0 DAC3 power OFF 1 DAC3 power ON default SDS2 0 DAC1 4 Data Select 0 Normal Operation 1 Output Other Slot Data Table 14 ATS1 0 DAC Digital attenuator transition time setting Table 19 Default value...

Page 77: ...0 Stereo mode default 1 MONO mode Addr Register Name D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 0EH Control 10 DEM41 DEM40 DEM31 DEM30 0 0 0 0 R W R W R W R W R W R W R W R W R W Default 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 DEM31 0 DAC3 De...

Page 78: ...P AOUT1LN VREFL1 VREFH1 AOUTR1N AOUTR1P 34 VREFH3 33 AOUTL3N 32 AOUTL3P 31 AVDD 30 AVSS 29 AOUTR2P N 28 AOUTR2N 27 VREFH2 26 VREFL2 25 AOUTL2N DVSS 46 TVDD 45 LDOE 44 AOUTR4P 43 AOUTR4N 42 VREFL4 41 V...

Page 79: ...AOUTR2P N 28 AOUTR2N 27 VREFH2 26 VREFL2 25 AOUTL2N DVSS 46 TVDD 45 LDOE 44 AOUTR4P 43 AOUTR4N 42 VREFL4 41 VREFH4 40 AOUTL4N 39 AOUTL4P 38 AOUTR3P 37 CAD1 12 24 AOUTL2P 36 AOUTR3N PDN 48 1u 10u 0 1u...

Page 80: ...igh frequency should be placed as near as possible to the supply pin 2 Voltage Reference The potential difference between the VREFH1 2 3 4 pin and the VREFL1 2 3 4 pin sets the analog output range The...

Page 81: ...itive full scale when the duty is 100 all 1 and the output level is negative full scale when the duty is 0 all 0 In ideal case a 0V voltage is output when the input signal duty is 50 The internal swit...

Page 82: ...AK4458 014011794 E 01 2015 08 82 11 Package Outline Dimensions Material Lead finish Package molding compound Epoxy Lead frame material Cu Lead frame surface treatment Solder Pb free plate...

Page 83: ...Filter fs 96kHz DF SCF FR 0 40kHz max 0 1dB Description Addition 13 to 16 Description of Pass band spec of 3 0dB was added Description Delete 13 to 16 Frequency Response of 3 0 6 0 dB was deleted Des...

Page 84: ...AKM in writing 3 Though AKM works continually to improve the Product s quality and reliability you are responsible for complying with safety standards and for providing adequate designs and safeguard...

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