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Section 5: Measuring low-resistance devices 

Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter® Instrument User's Manual 

 

5-4 

2450-900-01 Rev. A / June 2013 

 

Low-resistance measurements 

This example demonstrates how to use the Model 2450 to measure a low-resistance device from the 
front panel and over the remote interface using SCPI code and TSP code. 

For this test, you will perform the following steps: 

•

 

Reset the instrument. 

•

 

Select the source current and measure resistance function. 

•

 

Set the current source value. 

•

 

Select four-wire (remote sense) mode. This eliminates the effect of lead resistance on 
measurement accuracy. 

•

 

Enable offset compensation. This reduces offset caused by thermoelectric voltages (see "What is 
offset compensation?" in the Model 2450 Reference Manual). 

•

 

Turn on the source output and start taking measurements. 

•

 

Generate readings from the front panel or the remote interface. 

•

 

Turn the source output off. 

 

Setting up the measurement from the front panel 

To set up the application from the front panel: 

1.  Make connections from the Model 2450 to the device under test, as described in 

Device 

connections

 (on page 5-1). 

 

2.  Reset the instrument: 

a. Press the 

MENU

 key. 

b. Under System, select 

Manage

. 

c. Select 

System Reset

 and select 

OK

. 

3.  Press the 

Function

 key. 

4.  In the Source Current and Measure column, select 

Resistance

.  

5.  Change to Auto Resistance Mode: 

a. Press the 

MENU

 key. 

b. Under Measure, select 

Settings

. 

c. Select the button next to Resistance Model and select 

Manual

. 

6.  Select the button next to Sense Mode and choose 

4-Wire Sense

. 

7.  Next to Offset Compensation, select 

ON

. 

8.  Press the 

Home

 key. 

9.  Press the 

OUTPUT ON/OFF

 switch to enable the output and start taking measurements. 

The measurements are displayed in the top area of the Home screen. 

 

Viewing the measurements on the front-panel DATA TREND plot 

You can view the resistance measurements as a function of time on the front-panel DATA TREND 
plot. To access the DATA TREND swipe screen, swipe the bottom part of the home screen to the 
right. The plot in the figure below is displayed. 

 

Содержание Keithley SourceMeter 2450

Страница 1: ...www keithley com User s Manual 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 P245090001A 2450 900 01 A Tektronix Company A Greater Measure Of Confidence Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument...

Страница 2: ...part without the prior written approval of Keithley Instruments Inc is strictly prohibited TSP TSP Link and TSP Net are trademarks of Keithley Instruments Inc All Keithley Instruments product names a...

Страница 3: ......

Страница 4: ...ions operating manual and instrument labels do not connect any instrument to mains Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or tes...

Страница 5: ...at might result in personal injury or death Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure The CAUTION heading in the user documentation explains hazar...

Страница 6: ...erface 3 1 Remote communication interfaces 3 1 Supported remote interfaces 3 1 GPIB communications 3 1 Install the GPIB driver software 3 2 Install the GPIB cards in your computer 3 2 Connect GPIB cab...

Страница 7: ...stance test using TSP commands 5 7 Leakage current and insulation resistance 6 1 Introduction 6 1 Equipment required 6 1 Set up remote communications 6 2 Device connections 6 2 Measuring leakage curre...

Страница 8: ...ication using SCPI commands 8 7 Setting up the battery application using TSP commands 8 8 Measuring I V characteristics of solar cells 9 1 Introduction 9 1 Equipment required 9 1 Set up remote communi...

Страница 9: ......

Страница 10: ...is manual This manual provides detailed applications to help you achieve success with your Keithley Instruments Model 2450 In addition this manual provides the basics of the front panel to familiarize...

Страница 11: ...rting point to create your own applications Reference Manual Includes advanced operation topics maintenance information troubleshooting procedures optimization strategies and in depth descriptions of...

Страница 12: ...les that show you how to perform tests from the front panel and using a remote interface These applications are presented after the summary information about the Model 2450 and include Making basic fr...

Страница 13: ......

Страница 14: ...sition O to turn it off HOME key Press the HOME key to return the display to the home default screen MENU key Press the MENU key to open the main menu Press the icons on the main menu to open source m...

Страница 15: ...o display instrument functions To select one of the functions press the function on the touch screen Alternatively turn the navigation control to highlight a function and then press the control to sel...

Страница 16: ...ine voltage may cause damage to the instrument possibly voiding the warranty The power cord supplied with the Model 2450 contains a separate protective earth safety ground wire for use with grounded o...

Страница 17: ...rument in a safe state an interlock is provided for this function Hazardous voltages may be present on all output and guard terminals To prevent electrical shock that could cause injury or death never...

Страница 18: ...urn the navigation control to highlight the item and then press the navigation control to select it Some of the interactive screens have additional information on them that is not visible until you sc...

Страница 19: ...TATISTICS swipe screen The BUFFER STATISTICS swipe screen contains information about the state of the active buffer and the readings in it You can also clear the active buffer by selecting Clear Figur...

Страница 20: ...wipe the DATA TREND screen in an upward motion This opens up the Graph tab also accessible by pressing the MENU key and selecting Graph under Views Menu overview To access the main menu press the MENU...

Страница 21: ...he Model 2450 to a USB flash drive The information is saved in the csv file format To store measurement data 1 Insert a flash drive into the front panel USB port 2 Press the MENU key 3 In the Measure...

Страница 22: ...interface sends a message that interface takes control of the instrument Supported remote interfaces The Model 2450 supports the following remote interfaces GPIB IEEE 488 instrumentation general purp...

Страница 23: ...before you connect the hardware to prevent associating the incorrect driver to the hardware Install the GPIB cards in your computer Refer to the manufacturer s documentation for information about ins...

Страница 24: ...troller GPIB controllers are usually set to 0 or 21 To be safe do not configure any instrument to have an address of 0 or 21 To change the controller address see the documentation for the controller T...

Страница 25: ...troubleshooting suggestions in the Model 2450 Reference Manual Set up LAN communications on the instrument This section describes how to set up manual or automatic LAN communications on the instrument...

Страница 26: ...you can set the IP address on the instrument manually You can also enable or disable the DNS settings and assign a host name to the DNS server Contact your corporate information technology IT departme...

Страница 27: ...s indicator on the front panel to turn solid green When the LAN status indicator on the front panel of the instrument turns solid green it confirms that the instrument has been assigned an IP address...

Страница 28: ...e instrument When a USB device that implements the USBTMC or USBTMC USB488 protocol is plugged into the computer the VISA driver automatically detects the device It is important to note that only USBT...

Страница 29: ...The serial number of the instrument the serial number is also on the rear panel INSTR Use the USBTMC protocol To determine these parameters you can run the Keithley Configuration Panel which automatic...

Страница 30: ...r s Manual Section 3 Using a remote interface 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 3 9 Figure 10 Select Communication Bus dialog box 4 Select USB 5 Click Next The Select Instrument Driver dialog box is display...

Страница 31: ...dialog box is displayed with the detected instrument VISA resource string visible 8 Click Next The Name Virtual Instrument dialog box is displayed Figure 12 Name Virtual Instrument dialog box 9 In the...

Страница 32: ...if it responds If you have a full version of NI VISA on your system you can run NI MAX or the VISA Interactive Control utility See the NI documentation for information If you have the Agilent IO Libr...

Страница 33: ...101 enter 192 168 1 101 in the browser address box 3 Press Enter on the computer keyboard to open the instrument web page 4 If prompted enter a user name and password The default is admin for both If...

Страница 34: ...The EventID column shows the event identifier that generated the event The System Timestamp column displays the seconds and nanoseconds when the event occurred The Data column displays the text of the...

Страница 35: ...select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set 4 Select the command set 5 Select HOME to return to the operating display Using SCPI commands Send the command LANG TSP Replace TSP with SCPI240...

Страница 36: ...terminal device under test DUT if appropriate source values are used There are several ways that you can quickly set up the Model 2450 to make measurements from the front panel Use Quicksets Press the...

Страница 37: ...l 2450 to the resistor in a 2 wire local sense configuration In this configuration the device is connected between the FORCE HI and FORCE LO terminals The physical connections for the front panel are...

Страница 38: ...the appropriate setting which is 20 V for this example 4 Set the source voltage to 10 V In the VSOURCE VIEW area of the home screen select the button next to Source Use the displayed keypad to set the...

Страница 39: ......

Страница 40: ...such as remote sensing and offset compensation Equipment required One Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument For front panel connections use four insulated banana cables such as the Keithley I...

Страница 41: ...Therefore hazardous voltages more than 30 Vrms can appear on LO terminals This can occur when the instrument is operating in any mode To prevent hazardous voltage from appearing on the LO terminals co...

Страница 42: ...ice that the FORCE LO and SENSE LO connections are attached to one of the DUT leads The FORCE HI and SENSE HI connections are made to the other lead Connect the sense connections as close to the resis...

Страница 43: ...measurement from the front panel To set up the application from the front panel 1 Make connections from the Model 2450 to the device under test as described in Device connections on page 5 1 2 Reset...

Страница 44: ...verage reading values Standard deviation Space used in buffer Figure 20 BUFFER STATISTICS swipe screen Storing measurements to a USB flash drive You can export the measurement data from the Model 2450...

Страница 45: ...CPI commands is designed to take 100 low resistance measurements by sourcing current and measuring resistance You must make the appropriate changes so that it will run in your programming environment...

Страница 46: ...programming environments you may need to make changes to the example TSP code By default the Model 2450 is configured to use SCPI commands You must select the TSP command set before attempting to send...

Страница 47: ...current smu source func smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT Set the measure function to measure resistance smu measure func smu FUNC_RESISTANCE Set the measurement mode for resistance to automatic smu measure resist...

Страница 48: ...two tests is that in the measuring leakage current example the results are returned in units of amperes and for the insulation resistance test the results are returned in units of ohms In the leakage...

Страница 49: ...ion interfaces on page 3 1 Figure 22 Model 2450 remote interface connections Device connections For these applications connect the device under test DUT between the FORCE HI and FORCE LO terminals of...

Страница 50: ...2013 6 3 Figure 23 Connection schematic for the capacitor leakage and insulation resistance tests The rear terminal connections to the device under test DUT for these applications are shown in the fi...

Страница 51: ...he source output Take readings for a specified period of time Turn off the source output When using the Model 2450 to measure small current values ensure that the device under test is electrostaticall...

Страница 52: ...ext to Delay and enter 0 2s and then select OK 14 Press the HOME key to return to the home page 15 Press the TRIGGER key to turn on the output and take measurements Viewing the measurements on the fro...

Страница 53: ...of power line cycles to 1 Load the duration loop to run for 60 s at 200 ms intervals Turn on the output Trigger the measurement Wait for the measurement to finish Query the number of readings in defb...

Страница 54: ...Reset the instrument and clear the buffer reset defbuffer1 clear Set up the source function smu source func smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAGE smu source ilimit level 10e 3 smu source level 20 Set up measure functio...

Страница 55: ...n resistance measurements are made between traces on a printed circuit board and between conductors in cables and connectors This application sets the Model 2450 to source 20 V and makes 200 resistanc...

Страница 56: ...use the rear panel terminals R should be displayed to the left of the switch 4 Press the HOME key 5 Press the FUNCTION key 6 Under Source Voltage and Measure select Resistance 7 Select the button nex...

Страница 57: ...rement count to 10 Turn the output on Trigger the measurement Wait for the measurement to finish Get all 10 current and relative time measurements Turn the output off Get all 200 current and relative...

Страница 58: ...strument and clear the buffer reset Set up the measure function smu measure func smu FUNC_RESISTANCE smu measure resistancemode smu RESISTANCE_MANUAL smu measure terminals smu TERMINALS_REAR smu measu...

Страница 59: ......

Страница 60: ...mber of Model 2450 instruments required for testing depends on the number of FET terminals that must be biased and measured This example application shows you how to perform a drain family of curves V...

Страница 61: ...l connection locations for the remote communication interfaces are shown in the following figure For additional information about setting up remote communications see Remote communication interfaces o...

Страница 62: ...g the front panel For details see Set the GPIB address on page 3 3 If you are connecting the computer and Model 2450 instruments using USB cables each instrument must be connected to the computer with...

Страница 63: ...e SYSTEM COMMUNICATION window opens 2 On the TSP Link tab select the button next to Node and enter the node number you want 3 Select Initialize 4 Press the MENU key to return to the home screen Repeat...

Страница 64: ...2450 rear panel female triaxial connectors to the MOSFET device which is mounted in a metal shielded test fixture with female triaxial connectors The Force LO terminals of the both Model 2450 instrume...

Страница 65: ...OUR VOLT RANG 20 SOUR CONF LIST CRE stepVals DIG LINE1 MODE TRIG OUT DIG LINE2 MODE TRIG IN TRIG DIG1 OUT STIM NOT1 TRIG DIG2 IN CLE TRIG DIG2 IN EDGE RIS Reset the instrument Set to measure current S...

Страница 66: ...r loop SMU 2 TRIG BLOC CONF RECALL 1 sweepVals TRIG BLOC SOUR STAT 2 ON TRIG BLOC WAIT 3 DIG1 TRIG BLOC DEL CONS 4 0 01 TRIG BLOC MEAS 5 TRIG BLOC CONF NEXT 6 sweepVals TRIG BLOC BRAN COUN 7 51 4 TRIG...

Страница 67: ...gramming environment you use Send the following commands for this example application SMU 1 SMU 2 or pseudocode Commands Description SMU 2 RST SENS FUNC CURR SENS CURR RANG AUTO ON ROUT TERM REAR SOUR...

Страница 68: ...eturned from the arrays vds and ids Remote control of FET testing using TSP commands The two example sequences of Test Script Processor TSP commands for this application generate a drain family of cur...

Страница 69: ...e tsplink state if state online then print Error n Check that all SMUs have a different node number print Check that all SMUs are connected correctly n return end SMU 1 drain setup Number of points in...

Страница 70: ...linkout 2 stimulus node 2 trigger EVENT_NOTIFY2 Populate the stepVals source config list with varying source levels for i 2 5 do node 2 smu source level i node 2 smu source configlist store stepVals e...

Страница 71: ...SP Link state is not online print an error message and quit state tsplink state if state online then print Error n Check that all SMUs have a different node number print Check that all SMUs are connec...

Страница 72: ...teration iteration 1 end Turn the stepper output off node 2 smu source output node 2 smu OFF Print the formatted readings if defbuffer1 n 0 then print nNo readings in buffer n else for k 1 num do prin...

Страница 73: ...n 7 Measuring I V characteristics of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual 7 14 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Figure 33 MOSFET drain family of curves generated with two Model...

Страница 74: ...al Keithley representative or call one of our Applications Engineers to get technical assistance Always follow the battery manufacturer s requirements for charging or discharging batteries using a Mod...

Страница 75: ...t this voltage difference drives a current which is immediately limited to the user defined current limit When in current limit the Model 2450 is acting as a constant current source until it reaches t...

Страница 76: ...capacitors and solar cells Configure instrument settings before making connections to the device Failure to consider the output off state source and limits may result in damage to the instrument or to...

Страница 77: ...ont panel terminals ground to the front panel LO terminal If using the rear panel terminals ground to the rear panel LO terminal Connect the Force HI and Sense HI output terminals of the Model 2450 to...

Страница 78: ...the rear panel connections You can make these connections with four triaxial cables Figure 37 Rear panel connections for the battery discharge and charge test Automated battery charge and discharge c...

Страница 79: ...Monitor the voltage until the battery voltage reaches the desired voltage level and stop the test To charge the battery program the Model 2450 to output a voltage that is equivalent to the voltage ra...

Страница 80: ...OLT 1 SOUR VOLT READ BACK ON SOUR VOLT RANG 2 SOUR VOLT ILIM 460e 3 SENS FUNC CURR SENS CURR RANG 1 OUTP ON Reset the instrument Turn on high impedance output mode Set to 4 wire sense mode Set to sour...

Страница 81: ...your Model 2450 You can install and use TSB to write code and develop scripts for TSP enabled instruments Information about how to use TSB is in the online help for TSB and in the Introduction to TSP...

Страница 82: ...oltage is equal to the voltage limit while true do Take a reading and get the current voltage and relative timestamp values curr smu measure read defbuffer1 volt defbuffer1 sourcevalues iteration time...

Страница 83: ...anual 8 10 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 The results of this test application are shown in the following figures Figure 39 Model 2450 USER DISPLAY screen showing test results 1 Measured load current 2 M...

Страница 84: ...d voltage Vmax Maximum power PMAX Open circuit voltage Voc Short circuit current Isc Because the Model 2450 has four quadrant source capability it can sink up to 1 A of cell current as a function of t...

Страница 85: ...to the cathode terminal Connect the FORCE HI and SENSE HI leads to the anode terminal Make the connections as close to the solar cell as possible to avoid including the resistance of the test leads i...

Страница 86: ...inals or rear terminals you cannot mix connections The rear terminal connections are triaxial The front panel connections are safety banana jacks Turn the power to the instrument off before attaching...

Страница 87: ...steps Reset the instrument Select the source voltage and measure current configuration Set the current limit Select four wire remote sense mode Set up and generate a voltage sweep Initiate the trigge...

Страница 88: ...key 8 Under Measure select Settings 9 Select the button next to Sense Mode and select 4 Wire Sense 10 Press the MENU key 11 Under Source select Sweep 12 Set the Start level to 0 V 13 Set the Stop leve...

Страница 89: ...sweep to sweep voltage from 0 to 0 55 V in 56 steps Initiate the sweep Wait until the sweep is finished Read the source and measure values from defbuffer1 Setting up the solar cell I V sweep using TS...

Страница 90: ...N smu source ilimit level 1 smu source sweeplinear SolarCell 0 0 55 num 0 1 Start the trigger model and wait for it to complete trigger model initiate waitcomplete Define initial values voltage defbuf...

Страница 91: ...rcuit voltage VOC as shown in the figure below Figure 46 Example of user defined text on the USER DISPLAY screen After the code is executed the measured current voltage and calculated power are displa...

Страница 92: ...t common questions encountered with the Model 2450 For additional FAQs please see the Frequently Asked Questions FAQs section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual Where can I find updated drivers For th...

Страница 93: ...Select Upgrade to New To return to a previous version of firmware Select Downgrade to Older 9 If the instrument is controlled remotely a message is displayed Select Yes to continue 10 When the upgrade...

Страница 94: ...end the command LANG TSP Replace TSP with SCPI2400 if you are using code from earlier Series 2400 products Reboot the instrument after changing the command set To set the command set using TSP command...

Страница 95: ...keyboard to enter the name of the script 6 Select ENTER The script is added to internal memory Using SCPI commands Configure the instrument to the settings that you want to save To save the setup sen...

Страница 96: ...decrease the reading speed These settings take effect the next time the output is turned on and measurements are made The One Touch Quick Setups allow you to set the instrument to operate as a Voltme...

Страница 97: ......

Страница 98: ...rt number 24GDI 950 01 Also see the Keithley Instruments website www keithley com http www keithley com support for support and additional information about the instrument From the website you can acc...

Страница 99: ...eithley Instruments Inc All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective companies Keithley Instruments Inc Corporate Headquarters 28775 Aurora Road Cleveland Ohio 44139 440 2...

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