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Chapter 2  About arbitrary waveforms

Waveform Generation

In an arbitrary waveform generator, you will define a waveform, using either the
standard functions or custom profile data files to load waveform memory. A set
of start and stop addresses which correspond to a waveform memory location is
assigned with a waveform number. An address generator sequentially presents
data values from the specified memory location to the digital-to-analog
converter (DAC).  The precision DAC converts the data into analog voltage
values. This series of sequential voltage levels describes the output waveform
with the frequency determined by the sample clock rate divided by the number
of samples in the waveform. Changing the sample clock rate causes the address
generator to change the speed at which the data is presented to the DAC,
thereby changing the output frequency.

The waveforms you create are a series of data points consisting of X- and
Y-axis values. For 16-bit generators, such as the TEGAM 2711A, the Y values
b32767 and -32768 are used. In describing the first point, 0, is given a
Y value. The next point has another Y value, and so on up to the last address in
your waveform. This series of points make up the waveshape.

All the data points in the specified waveform memory location make up one
waveform cycle. The waveform generator will output all the points in the
waveform at the sample clock rate specified. The resulting frequency is equal to
the sample clock rate divided by the number of data points in the waveform. If
more than one cycle of the waveshape is entered into a waveform, the output
frequency will be a multiple of one waveform generator cycle. For example, if
you create a waveform with 3 triangle wave cycles using the same number of
data points and the sample clock rate, the frequency will be 3 times higher.

Waveform Generation

Sample
Clock
Generator

Address
Generator

Waveform
Memory
(RAM)

16-bit
Digital-to-Analog
Converter

Output
Amplifier

Waveform Cycle

1000 points

1000 points

Frequency=1X to 3X

Содержание 2711A

Страница 1: ...MODEL 2711A 2MS s Arbitrary Waveform Generator Operation Manual 810021 CD Rev B Publication Date December 2003...

Страница 2: ...ge a versatile tool useful to create your waveforms for mechanical simulation engine simulation medical electronics modulated sine wave applications and many more applications Lab quality performance...

Страница 3: ...e arrow keys to modify the displayed number Use the System Parameter menu keys and the knob to make selection MODE Use the arrow keys and the knob to select the menu parameter LOCAL FREQ SCLK MODE SET...

Страница 4: ...nterface RS 232 connector 10MHz REF IN OUT TRIG IN SYNC TRIG OUT CLOCK IN OUT HI LO selector 120 240V selector BNC connectors TTL Mains Voltage Range V Power Mains Setting Fuse Rating Hi Lo Selector R...

Страница 5: ...form Cycle 2 3 Digital and Analog Scaling 2 3 Other Considerations 2 3 Examples Digital and Analog Scaling 2 4 Waveform Types 2 5 Sync Pulse 2 6 2711A Block Diagram 2 7 Chapter 3 Front Panel Menu Oper...

Страница 6: ...8 3 Event Register and Status and Error Reporting 8 4 Functional Syntax Elements 8 4 GPIB IEEE 488 2 Overview Introduction 8 7 Common Commands 8 8 Status and Event Registers 8 9 Functional Elements Sy...

Страница 7: ...t for one cycle when the master unit is triggered Trig Sequence a tail chasing mode between the master and the slave unit initiated by triggering the master unit Outputs Output Front panel main wavefo...

Страница 8: ...n and the multiple unit operation for multiphase applications You will learn about the hardware connections and the available master slave mode Performance Verification Chapter 6 describes the procedu...

Страница 9: ...1 1 1 Quick Start 1...

Страница 10: ...nge for your location You can verify the setting by observing the position of the slide switches on the rear panel Refer to the rear panel diagram on page III 3 Connect the power cord and turn on the...

Страница 11: ...aveforms are restricted to one cycle of the selected waveform for the simplicity of operation Therefore the frame rate is the same as the frequency of the waveform 1 Press SCLK Sample Clock FREQ Frequ...

Страница 12: ...Clock FREQ Frequency button The displayed sample clock is either the power on value or the previous sample clock rate selected 3 Enter the magnitude of the desired sample clock rate Use the right arr...

Страница 13: ...amplitude is either the power on value or the previous amplitude selected 3 Enter the magnitude of the desired amplitude Turn the knob to set the digit to 2 4 Enter the magnitude of the desired amplit...

Страница 14: ...under the number 0 Turn the knob to select the desired offset voltage You must observe some restrictions for the magnitude of the offset voltage The sum of the offset and peak amplitude can not exceed...

Страница 15: ...the length to 200 points the output frequency will increase by 5 times 2 Press the down arrow key to waveform selection menu Turn the knob to select one of the 10 standard waveforms 3 Press the down a...

Страница 16: ...rms for your verification 1 Press WVFM waveform button Then select User defined by turning the knob You will be able to view the following waveforms unless you have already over written the waveform l...

Страница 17: ...uence waveform The sequence generator option must be installed in the 2711A prior to proceeding with the following steps All user defined waveforms must be created on the PC and downloaded to the 2711...

Страница 18: ...how to select an operating mode and output one cycle of a sinewave when a trigger signal is applied 1 Press WVFM waveform button Then select Standard by turning the knob 2 Press the down arrow key to...

Страница 19: ...About Arbitrary Waveforms 2...

Страница 20: ...12 1 2 About Arbitrary Waveforms 2...

Страница 21: ...nts consisting of X and Y axis values For 16 bit generators such as the TEGAM 2711A the Y values between 32767 and 32768 are used In describing the first point 0 is given a Y value The next point has...

Страница 22: ...les 4 samples segment you can replicate up to 250 segments within the waveform length of 1000 points Then the output frequency of the sinewave will be 500 kHz since 2 kHz x 250 500 kHz Whenever possib...

Страница 23: ...ude 5Vp p 16384 16384 2 5V 2 5V 32768 32767 0 Chapter 2 About arbitrary waveforms Examples Digital and Analog Scaling Examples Digital and Analog Scaling Both case 1 and case 2 produce the same output...

Страница 24: ...ware to create user defined waveforms User defined waveforms are utilized to create sequence steps in the optional sequence operation Sequence Waveforms optional You can create a virtual waveform usin...

Страница 25: ...sync pulse is placed at the start of the waveform frame For sequence waveforms the sync pulse is placed at the end to indicate the sequence completion Sync Out Standard and User defined Waveforms t t...

Страница 26: ...Front Panel Menu Operation 3...

Страница 27: ...3 1 3 Front Panel Menu Operation 3...

Страница 28: ...and 1 048 575 Note The Burst mode is not available for sequence waveform 5 Toggle Select the toggle mode Output multiple waveform frames when a trigger signal is applied and then return to the quiesce...

Страница 29: ...ne 2 Square 3 Triangle 4 Ramp 5 DC 6 Exponential 7 Haversine 8 Pulse 9 Gaussian 10 Sin x x 1 Sine Select sine wave The start phase may be set 2 Square Select square wave The duty cycle may be set 3 Tr...

Страница 30: ...ect the internal reference clock for the generator 2 Ext Select the external reference clock for the generator 1 Int 2 Ext 1 Int Select the internal sample clock source 2 Ext Select the external sampl...

Страница 31: ...00 V State On Deglitch On Filter Off Important By holding LOCAL key down while turning the LINE switch on you can reset the 2711A settings If you want to save the waveform data be sure to back up in a...

Страница 32: ...ential 5 00 0 00 20 00 Rise Rise Decay Normal Normal Invert Chapter 3 Front Panel Menu Operation Default Settings continued Default Settings continued Standard Waveforms Size 1000 pts 4 65500 pts Para...

Страница 33: ...Gaussian Comb Sin x x Sin x x Steps Chapter 3 Front panel Menu Operation Standard Waveform List The following list shows you the standard waveforms available from the 2711A front panel and in the Wav...

Страница 34: ...Waveform Creation System 4...

Страница 35: ...14 1 4 Waveform Creation System 4...

Страница 36: ...veWorks Jr manual When the system is completely installed the following interfaces are used to control the waveform creation system Front Panel 2711A This is used primarily to select and control the h...

Страница 37: ...d Upload User Interface 1 Front Panel on AWG 10 Standard Waveforms Custom Waveform Selections Arbitrary and Sequence Parameter Settings Amplitude Offset Sample Clock Mode Selection Download Export Upl...

Страница 38: ...port Make sure each end is connected properly 2 Set the RS 232 baud rate of the waveform generator to 19200 WaveWorks Jr Setup 1 Select the Interface menu and set the RS 232 to the proper settting i e...

Страница 39: ...Multi Instrument Operation 5...

Страница 40: ...5 1 5 Multi Instrument Operation 5...

Страница 41: ...st be twice the internal sample clock rate i e 4MHz for the internal sample clock rate of 2MHz At the default setting the internal sample clock generator is connected to the instrument and twice the f...

Страница 42: ...EGAM 2711A Sync Out Output TEGAM 2711A Sync Out Output CLOCK OUT SYNC TRIG OUT CLOCK IN TRIG IN CH 1 CH 2 Note The rear BNC connectors are available for the following functions 10 MHz REF IN OUT CLOCK...

Страница 43: ...unit to reset to the first address at the phase zero of the master unit The waveform size of the slave unit should be the same length as the master to avoid the discontinuity Output Slave Sync Trig Pu...

Страница 44: ...unit waits to receive the SYNC TRIG pulse from the master unit Upon receiving the pulse the slave unit runs for one cycle and stops If the feedback connection is made from the SYNC TRIG OUT of the sl...

Страница 45: ...5 6 5...

Страница 46: ...Performance Verification 6...

Страница 47: ...6 1 6 Performance Verification 6...

Страница 48: ...curacy Distortion Analyzer 0 002 or better THD measurement at 80 kHz bandwidth Precision Load 50 0 1 Verification Test Frequency Accuracy 1 Connect frequency counter to 10 MHz Reference Output on the...

Страница 49: ...tude on DMM and convert the data to peak value by multiplying by 1 414 6 Verify the peak value is between 10 078 V and 10 322 V 7 Set Amplitude to 900 mV 8 Measure true RMS amplitude on DMM and conver...

Страница 50: ...10 20 V 10 322 V Data 1 RMS Data 1 Pk Test Spec 2 868 mV 900 mV 932 mV Data 2 RMS Data 2 Pk Test Spec 3 84 5 mV 90 mV 95 5 mV Data 3 RMS Data 3 Pk THD Typical Spec 86 dB 0 005 Data Model TEGAM 2711A D...

Страница 51: ...7 1 7 Remote Interface Operation 7...

Страница 52: ...verview of remote control a complete tabulation and explanation of control commands and programming examples More details are given in chapter 8 for the advanced users of the instrument Introduction 1...

Страница 53: ...nterface Operation To set the RS 232 parameters You must select the proper RS 232 settings to communicate between the waveform generator and a computer The following procedure will let you change the...

Страница 54: ...emale Model 2711A DB9 female 2 2 RXD 3 3 TXD 4 open 5 4 DTR 6 7 RTS 7 5 Ground 8 1 20 8 CTS PC DB9 female Model 2711A DB9 female 3 2 RXD 2 3 TXD 7 open 8 4 DTR 6 7 RTS 5 5 Ground 1 1 4 8 CTS RS 232 Ca...

Страница 55: ...he same parameters as the 2711A For GPIB 1 Check the cable connection 2 Set up the GPIB board on the PC to a proper setting 3 Make sure that the GPIB address set on the PC matches the 2711A address Al...

Страница 56: ...12 FUNCTION WAVE STDW select standard waveform FUNCTION SEQ 10 select sequence waveform 10 optional To select a standard waveform WVMF SINE FUNC WAVE STDW select and output sine wave A space is requir...

Страница 57: ...only NR1 0 255 ESR NR1 0 255 SRE GPIB only NR1 0 255 SRE GPIB only NR1 0 255 SRE GPIB only NR1 0 255 IDN RST TRG TST WAI SRE GPIB only OPC OPT Configuration Commands CONFIGURE CONF HEADERS HDRS ON OFF...

Страница 58: ...Data Format Limits Normal Short Form Min Max Instrument Status Commands STATUS INSTRUMENT INST CLEAR CLR ENABLE ENBL 16 bit mask 0 65535 ENABLE ENBL NR1 0 65535 EVENT EVNT NR1 0 65535 SYSTEM SYST LOCA...

Страница 59: ...mmands SAMPLECLOCK SCLK frequency 0 1 2 000 E6 SAMPLECLOCK SCLK NR3 0 1 2 000 E6 FREQUENCY FREQ frequency 1 527 E 6 5 000 E5 FREQUENCY FREQ NR3 0 1 5 000 E5 Waveform Selection Commands FUNCTION FUNC W...

Страница 60: ...steps in seq Output Commands AMPLITUDE AMPL peak Hi Z 0 10 2 AMPLITUDE AMPL NR2 0 10 2 OFFSET OFST level Hi Z 10 2 10 2 OFFSET OFST NR2 10 2 10 2 OUTPUT_SWTCH OUTSW ON MUTE OUTPUT_SWTCH OUTSW ON MUTE...

Страница 61: ...tep 0 99 step increment 0 99 SEQBURST SEQB sequence number uses AUTO 0 99 wave number 0 99 burst 0 1048575 SEQBURSTNUM SEQBN sequence number 0 99 wave number 0 99 burst 0 1048575 step number 0 99 ADDS...

Страница 62: ...Operation Reset and Default Values Reset Parameters Default Values R E S E T A L L R E S E T C U R R R S T Mode CONTinuous Burst Count 3 Sample Clock Frequency 1 000 MHz Frequency 1 000 kHz Waveform...

Страница 63: ...nged GPIB Address 16 Unchanged Unchanged RS 232 Baud 19200 Unchanged Unchanged PAR none fixed Fixed Fixed BITS 8d1s fixed Fixed Fixed Handshake Hardware fixed Fixed Fixed Chapter 7 Remote Interface Op...

Страница 64: ...ample DECLARE SUB SendRS232Cmmd OutputString COMMON SHARED OutputString InputString CrLf Listen CrLf CHR 13 CHR 10 RS232 command terminator Listen CHR 4 request query response StartProgram Connect to...

Страница 65: ...1 THEN GOTO TrimRxString QueryResponse VAL RIGHT QueryResponse StringPos Print the description of error if any IF QueryResponse AND 1 THEN PRINT Operation Complete IF QueryResponse AND 2 THEN PRINT R...

Страница 66: ...to 2711A and initialize CALL ibdev 0 16 0 12 1 0 ArbGen connect 2711A at addr 16 CALL IBCLR ArbGen CALL SendGpibCmmd cls clear 2711A Event Status Register CALL SendGpibCmmd rst reset 2711A Set up con...

Страница 67: ...F VAL InputString AND 4 THEN PRINT QUERY ERROR IF VAL InputString AND 8 THEN PRINT Device Dependant ERROR IF VAL InputString AND 16 THEN PRINT Execution ERROR IF VAL InputString AND 32 THEN PRINT Comm...

Страница 68: ...7 18 7...

Страница 69: ...8 1 8 Advanced Remote Operation 8...

Страница 70: ...used This includes the programming languages Quick Basic GW Basic Visual Basic Quick C Turbo C and Turbo C Communications programs such as Pro Comm a shareware version are also usually acceptable A l...

Страница 71: ...two major categories common commands and instrument specific commands Overviews of the following topics are provided as they relate specifically to the RS 232C interface Common Commands Event Registe...

Страница 72: ...p as Forgiving listening and Precise talking PROGRAM MESSAGE UNIT This is the basic message and represents an operation to be performed by the device As an example if you wanted to create a sinewave w...

Страница 73: ...owed by D the 2711A will respond with Pragmatic Instruments Model 2711A 0 V1 XX Note white space is defined as a length of 1 or more of white space characters A white space character is a single ASCII...

Страница 74: ...different formats CR LF CR represents carriage return and is an ASCII 0D LF represents line feed and is an ASCII 0A LF LF represents line feed and is an ASCII 0A RESPONSE MESSAGE TERMINATOR or RMT For...

Страница 75: ...Device Trigger DT1 Controller C0 Electrical Interface E1 To facilitate programming a brief overview of the IEEE 488 2 Standard as it specifically applies to the 2711A is provided This section include...

Страница 76: ...of common commands as implemented in the 2711A Command Description CLS Clear Status ESE Standard Event Status Enable ESE Standard Event Status Enable Query ESR Standard Event Status Register Query IDN...

Страница 77: ...rror Command Error Not Used Power On 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Event Register Enable Register Device Dependent Not Used Not Used Not Used Message Available Standard Event Request Service Not Used 0 1 2 3 4 5 6...

Страница 78: ...isters respectively SRE and STB Registers The Status Byte STB Register of the 2711A has four active bits which summarize the current status of the event registers output queue and certain instrument s...

Страница 79: ...te list of PROGRAM MESSAGE UNITS and RESPONSE MESSAGE UNITS for the 2711A with definitions mnemonics and limitations is given in chapter 7 General rules 1 program mnemonic shall have maximum length of...

Страница 80: ...reported by a device Command In general when a PROGRAM MESSAGE is sent with an error in the syntax a command error is reported The command parser the module that recognizes individual commands will re...

Страница 81: ...E x x or e x x with a maximum value of 32000 Note in the above definitions x represents digits 0 9 means enclosed characters are optional The following example demonstrates several acceptable ways to...

Страница 82: ...LENGTH format you could send 14 DAB DAB DAB DAB Chapter 8 Advanced Remote Operation Data Format Arbitrary Block Program Data or 204 DAB DAB DAB DAB INDEFINITE LENGTH 0 x x rmt where x is an 8 bit byt...

Страница 83: ...y there are certain conditions where the absolute sequential execution of the commands would cause a device error Take for example the following situation Output amplitude is 5Vpp with offset of 0V Th...

Страница 84: ...rom the command if the level 1 command has the same root as the preceding command and 2 if the preceding command is at level 1 you must specify any new root by using a in front of the root mnemonic To...

Страница 85: ...mmands Long Form Short Form Long Form Short Form CLS CONFIGURE CONF ESE GPIB only HEADERS HDRS ESE GPIB only HEADERS HDRS ESR IDN OPC System Commands OPC Long Form Short Form RST RESET SRE GPIB only T...

Страница 86: ...EL CLKSEL SEQBURST SEQB FILTER SEQBURSTNUM SEQBN FILTER FREQUENCY FREQ FREQUENCY FREQ FUNCTION FUNC FUNCTION FUNC MODE Waveform Editing Commands MODE Long Form Short Form OFFSET OFST WAVEFORM WVFM OFF...

Страница 87: ...item The numbers specified by the data items are stored in successive addresses of the wave memory The command header is a string whose value depends only on the wave to be set Wave Command Header Val...

Страница 88: ...I 10 NOTE 1 The range of a waveform data point is 0 to 65535 If the AMPL Amplitude parameter is set to 10V the following waveform data point values 0 32768 and 65535 produce 10 Volts 0 Volts and 10 Vo...

Страница 89: ...e byte in memory containing the character A i e the value ASCII 65 and 219 represents one byte in memory whose value is 219 Therefore A and 65 are equal in value In QuickBASIC A WVFM WAVE 1 MEM 0 4001...

Страница 90: ...4 8 4 0 0 1 6 128 0 218 129 255 255 218 129 128 0 37 126 0 0 37 126 10 In BASIC A WVFM WAVE 2 MEM 48 40016 CHR 128 CHR 0 CHR 218 CHR 129 CHR 255 CHR 255 CHR 218 CHR 129 CHR 128 CHR 0 CHR 37 CHR 126 C...

Страница 91: ...IBWRT Arb rst CALL IBWRT Arb wvfm wave 1 size STR Length CALL IBWRT Arb Func Wave 1 GOSUB CheckStatus create 2 cycle sinewave FOR x 0 TO Length ArbData x 32767 SIN x Length 2 6 28 32767 NEXT x Chapter...

Страница 92: ...tString AND 1 THEN PRINT Operation Complete IF VAL InputString AND 2 THEN PRINT Request Control N I IF VAL InputString AND 4 THEN PRINT QUERY ERROR IF VAL InputString AND 8 THEN PRINT Device Dependant...

Страница 93: ...repeated 5 times Step 53 will be wave 2 repeated 4 times WVFM ADDSEQ 10 3 5 35 2 4 53 AUTOSEQUENCE AUTO configures the automatic sequence step number generator by setting the sequence step number to...

Страница 94: ...is used in conjunction with this command Example The following commands will create sequence file 5 Step 10 will be wave 2 repeated 4 times Step 20 will be wave 6 repeated 1 000 times Step 30 will be...

Страница 95: ...form 7 6 sequence 7 6 8 26 digital and analog scaling 2 3 download waveform 8 19 E error reporting 8 4 8 12 event status register ESR 8 4 8 9 event status enable ESE register 8 9 examples RS 232 progr...

Страница 96: ...2 5 7 6 7 9 standard waveform list 3 7 status and event registers 8 4 8 9 status byte STB 8 9 sync output 2 6 trigger pulse 5 4 syntax 8 4 8 11 system commands 7 7 8 17 T test equipment required 6 2...

Страница 97: ...t 90 days whichever is longer LIMITATION OF WARRANTY TEGAM Inc warranty does not apply to defects resulting from unauthorized modification or misuse of any product or part This warranty also does not...

Страница 98: ...e calibrators thermometers humidity and temperature control devices and more TEGAM also repairs and calibrates test and measurement equipment formerly manufactured by Electo Scientific Industries ESI...

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