Appendix A
A.1 Glossary of Terms
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NAK
Negative Acknowledgement. NAK is a response indicating that a transmitted
message was received with errors or it was corrupted, or that the receiving
end is not ready to accept transmissions.
NAP
Network Access Protection. The NAP feature in the Windows Server allows
network administrators to define specific levels of network access based on
identity, groups, and policy compliance. The NAP Agent is a service that
collects and manages health information for NAP client computers. If a client
is not compliant, NAP provides a mechanism to automatically bring the client
back into compliance and then dynamically increase its level of network ac-
cess.
NAS
Network Access Server. NAS provides network access to users, such as a
wireless AP, network switch, or dial- in terminal server.
NAT
Network Address Translation. NAT is a method of remapping one IP address
space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Pro-
tocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic
routing device.
NetBIOS
Network Basic Input/Output System. A program that lets applications on dif-
ferent computers communicate within a LAN.
netmask
Netmask is a 32-bit mask used for segregating IP address into subnets.
Netmask defines the class and range of IP addresses.
NFC
Near-Field Communication. NFC is a short-range wireless connectivity
standard (ECMA-340, ISO/IEC 18092) that uses magnetic field induction to
enable communication between devices when they touch or are brought
closer (within a few centimeters of distance). The standard specifies a way
for the devices to establish a peer- to-peer (P2P) network to exchange data.
NIC
Network Interface Card. NIC is a hardware component that allows a device to
connect to the network.
Nmap
Network Mapper. Nmap is an open-source utility for network discovery and
security auditing. Nmap uses IP packets to determine such things as the
hosts available on a network and their services, operating systems and ver-
sions, types of packet filters/firewalls, and so on.
NMI
Non-Maskable Interrupt. NMI is a hardware interrupt that standard interrupt-
masking techniques in the system cannot ignore. It typically occurs to signal
attention for non-recoverable hardware errors.
NMS
Network Management System. NMS is a set of hardware and/or software
tools that allow an IT professional to supervise the individual components of
a network within a larger network management framework.
NOE
New Office Environment. NOE is a proprietary VoIP protocol designed by
Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise.
NTP
Network Time Protocol. NTP is a protocol for synchronizing the clocks of
computers over a network.
OAuth
Open Standard for Authorization. OAuth is a token-based authorization
standard that allows websites or third- party applications to access user in-
formation, without exposing the user credentials.
OCSP
Online Certificate Status Protocol. OCSP is used for determining the current
status of a digital certificate without requiring a CRL.
