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Measurement Principles

R&S

®

RT-ZS60

39

User Manual 1418.7342.02 ─ 01

Rohde & Schwarz has decided in favor of the user-friendly approach. In our opinion,
most users want to know the signal present in the DUT before it was altered by the
influence caused by the probe. After all, users want to characterize their own DUTs,
not the Rohde & Schwarz probe.

As long as measurements are carried out in a 50

 

Ω (or a comparable) environment,

the signal displayed on the oscilloscope's screen is always a direct representation
of the unloaded signal V

S

, as shown in 

​

figure 4-10

.

Fig. 4-10: Unloaded and loaded input signal and step response using the example of

R&S

 

RT-ZS60

Probing Philosophy

Содержание RT-ZS60

Страница 1: ...R S RT ZS60 Active Voltage Probe User Manual User Manual B Z2 1418 7342 02 01 Test Measurement ...

Страница 2: ...rz would like to thank the open source community for their valuable contribution to embedded computing 2012 Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG Muehldorfstr 15 81671 Munich Germany Phone 49 89 41 29 0 Fax 49 89 41 29 12 164 E mail info rohde schwarz com Internet http www rohde schwarz com Printed in Germany Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding R S is a registered trademark of Rohde ...

Страница 3: ...operty damage You are responsible if the product is used for any purpose other than its designated purpose or in disregard of the manufacturer s instructions The manufacturer shall assume no responsibility for such use of the product The product is used for its designated purpose if it is used in accordance with its product documentation and within its performance limits see data sheet documentati...

Страница 4: ...ing Hot surface Alternating current AC Protective conductor terminal Direct alternating current DC AC Ground Device fully protected by double reinforced insulation Ground terminal EU labeling for batteries and accumulators For additional information see section Waste disposal Environmental protection item 1 Be careful when handling electrostatic sensitive devices EU labeling for separate collectio...

Страница 5: ...nal words described here are always used only in connection with the related product documentation and the related product The use of signal words in connection with unrelated products or documentation can result in misinterpretation and in personal injury or material damage Operating states and operating positions The product may be operated only under the operating conditions and in the position...

Страница 6: ...upply network If a different voltage is to be set the power fuse of the product may have to be changed accordingly 2 In the case of products of safety class I with movable power cord and connector operation is permitted only on sockets with a protective conductor contact and protective conductor 3 Intentionally breaking the protective conductor either in the feed line or in the product itself is n...

Страница 7: ...ology equipment e g PCs or other industrial computers comply with the IEC60950 1 EN60950 1 or IEC61010 1 EN 61010 1 standards that apply in each case 11 Unless expressly permitted never remove the cover or any part of the housing while the product is in operation Doing so will expose circuits and components and can lead to injuries fire or damage to the product 12 If a product is to be permanently...

Страница 8: ... damage may occur It is the responsibility of the employer operator to select suitable personnel for operating the products 2 Before you move or transport the product read and observe the section titled Transport 3 As with all industrially manufactured goods the use of substances that induce an allergic reaction allergens such as nickel cannot be generally excluded If you develop an allergic react...

Страница 9: ... low voltage supply network that supplies residential buildings Repair and service 1 The product may be opened only by authorized specially trained personnel Before any work is performed on the product or before the product is opened it must be disconnected from the AC supply network Otherwise personnel will be exposed to the risk of an electric shock 2 Adjustments replacement of parts maintenance...

Страница 10: ...ine electrolytes e g lithium cells can cause explosions Replace cells or batteries only with the matching Rohde Schwarz type see parts list in order to ensure the safety of the product 7 Cells and batteries must be recycled and kept separate from residual waste Rechargeable batteries and normal batteries that contain lead mercury or cadmium are hazardous waste Observe the national regulations rega...

Страница 11: ...obligations and disposal obligations for manufacturers within the EU Contact your Rohde Schwarz customer service center for environmentally responsible disposal of the product 3 If products or their components are mechanically and or thermally processed in a manner that goes beyond their intended use hazardous substances heavy metal dust such as lead beryllium nickel may be released For this reaso...

Страница 12: ...ma debida Este producto está destinado exclusivamente al uso en la industria y el laboratorio o si ha sido expresamente autorizado para aplicaciones de campo y de ninguna manera deberá ser utilizado de modo que alguna persona cosa pueda sufrir daño El uso del producto fuera de sus fines definidos o sin tener en cuenta las instrucciones del fabricante queda en la responsabilidad del usuario El fabr...

Страница 13: ... Schwarz bajo la denominación de producto entre ellos también aparatos instalaciones así como toda clase de accesorios Los datos específicos del producto figuran en la hoja de datos y en la documentación del producto Símbolos y definiciones de seguridad Símbolo Significado Símbolo Significado Aviso punto de peligro general Observar la documentación del producto Tensión de alimentación de PUESTA EN...

Страница 14: ...r muerte o lesiones graves si no se evita ATENCIÓN identifica un peligro con riesgo reducido de provocar lesiones leves o moderadas si no se evita AVISO indica la posibilidad de utilizar mal el producto y como consecuencia dañarlo En la documentación del producto se emplea de forma sinónima el término CUIDADO Las palabras de señal corresponden a la definición habitual para aplicaciones civiles en ...

Страница 15: ...ficies vehículos estantes o mesas que por sus características de peso o de estabilidad no sean aptos para él Siga siempre las instrucciones de instalación del fabricante cuando instale y asegure el producto en objetos o estructuras p ej paredes y estantes Si se realiza la instalación de modo distinto al indicado en la documentación del producto se pueden causar lesiones o en determinadas circunsta...

Страница 16: ...tores o electrónicos no son aptos para el corte de la red eléctrica Si se integran productos sin interruptor en bastidores o instalaciones se deberá colocar el interruptor en el nivel de la instalación 5 No utilice nunca el producto si está dañado el cable de conexión a red Compruebe regularmente el correcto estado de los cables de conexión a red Asegúrese mediante las medidas de protección y de i...

Страница 17: ...bida p ej a una caída del rayo mediante los correspondientes sistemas de protección Si no el personal que lo utilice quedará expuesto al peligro de choque eléctrico 15 No debe introducirse en los orificios de la caja del aparato ningún objeto que no esté destinado a ello Esto puede producir cortocircuitos en el producto y o puede causar choques eléctricos fuego o lesiones 16 Salvo indicación contr...

Страница 18: ...s estornudos continuos enrojecimiento de la conjuntiva o dificultades respiratorias debe avisarse inmediatamente a un médico para investigar las causas y evitar cualquier molestia o daño a la salud 4 Antes de la manipulación mecánica y o térmica o el desmontaje del producto debe tenerse en cuenta imprescindiblemente el capítulo Eliminación protección del medio ambiente punto 1 5 Ciertos productos ...

Страница 19: ...paración y mantenimiento 1 El producto solamente debe ser abierto por personal especializado con autorización para ello Antes de manipular el producto o abrirlo es obligatorio desconectarlo de la tensión de alimentación para evitar toda posibilidad de choque eléctrico 2 El ajuste el cambio de partes el mantenimiento y la reparación deberán ser efectuadas solamente por electricistas autorizados por...

Страница 20: ...olitos alcalinos p ej las celdas de litio pueden explotar Para garantizar la seguridad del producto las celdas o baterías solo deben ser sustituidas por el tipo Rohde Schwarz correspondiente ver lista de recambios 7 Las baterías y celdas deben reciclarse y no deben tirarse a la basura doméstica Las baterías o acumuladores que contienen plomo mercurio o cadmio deben tratarse como residuos especiale...

Страница 21: ...ación para los fabricantes dentro de la UE Para desechar el producto de manera respetuosa con el medio ambiente diríjase a su servicio de atención al cliente de Rohde Schwarz 3 Si se trabaja de manera mecánica y o térmica cualquier producto o componente más allá del funcionamiento previsto pueden liberarse sustancias peligrosas polvos con contenido de metales pesados como p ej plomo berilio o níqu...

Страница 22: ...upplied with the active voltage probe Risk of electric shock Do not connect an active voltage probe to any voltage that exceeds the maximum permissible input voltage specified in the data sheet Non compliance with this instruction carries the risk of an electric shock Make sure not to cause any short circuits when performing measurements on sources with high output currents Short circuits may caus...

Страница 23: ...producto Peligro de descarga eléctrica No conecte la sonda de voltaje a ninguna tensión que supere el valor máximo indicado en la hoja de datos En caso de incumplimiento se corre el riesgo de una descarga eléctrica Tenga cuidado en no ocasionar cortocircuitos a la hora de realizar medidas en fuentes de alta corriente de salida Los cortocircuitos pueden ocasionar lesiones o quemaduras Riesgo de les...

Страница 24: ...rument up to date and to be informed about new application notes related to your instrument please send an e mail to the Customer Support Center stating your instrument and your wish We will take care that you will get the right information Europe Africa Middle East Phone 49 89 4129 12345 customersupport rohde schwarz com North America Phone 1 888 TEST RSA 1 888 837 8772 customer support rsa rohde...

Страница 25: ...ad 8 1 3 2 Probe Box 9 1 4 Accessories and Items 10 1 4 1 Accessories Supplied 11 1 4 2 Optional Accessories 13 1 4 3 Service Accessories 14 2 Putting into Operation 15 2 1 Installation 16 2 1 1 Connecting the Probe to the R S RTO Oscilloscope 17 2 1 2 Identification of the Probe 17 2 1 3 Auto Zero 18 2 2 Micro Button 19 2 3 Offset Compensation 19 2 4 R S ProbeMeter 21 3 Connecting the Probe to th...

Страница 26: ... 33 4 3 Signal Loading of the Input Signal 35 4 3 1 Input Impedance 35 4 4 Probing Philosophy 38 5 Maintenance and Service 40 5 1 Service Strategy 40 5 2 Returning the Probe for Servicing 40 5 3 Cleaning 41 5 4 Calibration Interval 41 6 Functional Check 42 6 1 Initialization 43 6 2 DC Offset 44 6 3 DC Accuracy 45 6 4 Offset Compensation 46 Index 47 ...

Страница 27: ...rt rise time and the low input capacitance of the R S RT ZS60 Provided with special features such as the R S ProbeMeter and the micro button the R S RT ZS60 is designed to meet tomorrow s challenges in probing Since the probe is equipped with Rohde Schwarz probe interface it can be con nected to any Rohde Schwarz base unit that is compatible with this interface When connected to the front panel of...

Страница 28: ...e unit For details see chapter 2 2 Micro Button on page 19 R S ProbeMeter The R S ProbeMeter measures the DC voltage of the input signal directly at the probe tip It provides a continuous high precision DC voltage measurement that is independent of the settings of the oscilloscope and in parallel to the time domain measurement If activated on the base unit the measurement value is displayed on the...

Страница 29: ... have been checked for completeness and the instrument has been tested If the packaging material shows any signs of stress notify the carrier as well as your Rohde Schwarz service center Keep the package and cushioning mate rial for inspection Inspect the probe If there is any damage or defect or if the R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe does not operate properly notify your Rohde Schwarz service ce...

Страница 30: ... high per formance measurements The probe head is used for connecting the probe and the DUT Different accessories for the signal and ground sockets allow the probe head to be connected to a wide range of DUTs 1 2 3 1 Signal socket 2 Ground socket 3 Micro button The accessories supplied for the probe head sockets are listed in chapter 1 4 1 Accessories Supplied on page 11 The ground socket is compa...

Страница 31: ...upply voltage and is also used for simultaneously transmitting analog signals and digital data All the analog voltages required by the probe are generated in the probe box This approach ensures that it will be possible to operate future probes on any base unit that features a Rohde Schwarz probe interface 1 Rohde Schwarz probe interface with 7 mm 276 mil coaxial connector and 6 pogo pins 2 Release...

Страница 32: ...hows all accessories that are available for the R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe micro clip mini clip lead 15 cm 5 9 in ground adapter square pin ground pin pogo ground pin solder in signal adapter square pin signal pin signal pin solder in lead 6 cm 2 4 in Fig 1 1 Available accessories Accessories and Items ...

Страница 33: ...owing table shows the accessories supplied with the R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe Table 1 1 Accessories supplied Item Quantity Description 100 Signal pin solder in 5 Signal pin 2 Signal adapter square pin 20 Ground pin solder in 5 Ground pin pogo 2 Ground adapter square pin Accessories and Items ...

Страница 34: ...cription R S RT ZS60 12 User Manual 1418 7342 02 01 Item Quantity Description 2 Lead 6 cm 2 4 in 2 Lead 15 cm 5 9 in 2 Mini clip 2 Micro clip 1 Marker band kit 1 Carrying case with foam inlay Accessories and Items ...

Страница 35: ...ips Item Quantity Description Micro clip 4 This set contains micro clips Table 1 4 R S RT ZA6 Lead Set Item Quantity Description Lead 6 cm 2 4 in Lead 15 cm 5 9 in 5 5 This set contains short and long leads Table 1 5 R S RT ZA9 probe box to N USB adapter The adapter can be used to connect the R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe to any other oscilloscope or any other measurement instrument e g a netwo...

Страница 36: ...or making performance tests and for servicing The service kit includes all adapters and accessories to match the probe to the required measuring instruments The R S RT ZS60 Service Manual is included in the ser vice kit CD ROM Table 1 7 R S RT ZS60 Service Manual The Service Manual contains a detailed description of the performance test for verifying the probe speci fications All service accessori...

Страница 37: ...revent the probe from receiving mechanical shock Always handle the probe by the probe head or probe box Avoid putting excessive strain on the probe cable or exposing it to sharp bends Store the probe in a shock resistant case such as the foam lined shipping case that came with the probe Voltages above the specified limits of the R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe may damage the probe tip amplifier D...

Страница 38: ...ound connection of operational site Heel strap Floor mat Building ground Ground connection of operational site Heel strap Floor mat Wrist strap with cord The following two methods of ESD protection may be used together or sep arately Wrist strap with cord to ground connection Conductive floor mat and heel strap combination 2 1 Installation This section provides a quick introduction to the use of t...

Страница 39: ... RTO oscilloscopes Connect the probe box 1 to the Rohde Schwarz probe interface of the base unit 2 The probe will snap in when connected properly to the port To disconnect press the release button 3 and pull the probe box away from the front panel of the base unit Fig 2 1 Connecting the probe to the R S RTO oscilloscope 2 1 2 Identification of the Probe When the probe is connected to the oscillosc...

Страница 40: ...of the R S RT ZS60 probe itself is very small typically in the range of a few hundred micro volts referred to the probe input However differences in DUT and oscilloscope ground levels may cause larger zero errors to be displayed on the oscilloscope s screen If the DUT is not floating but ground referenced an auto zero routine may improve the measurement results To perform the Auto Zero function us...

Страница 41: ...and Auto Zero are commonly assigned to the micro button To assign a function to the micro button with the R S RTO oscilloscope Vertical menu Probe Setup Ch tab Micro button action For more details on the available functions and settings for the micro button refer to the User Manual of the R S oscilloscope 2 3 Offset Compensation The Offset Compensation function can compensate a DC component of the...

Страница 42: ...g the menu 1 On the Vertical menu select Probe Setup 2 Select the channel and tap Set offset to mean For more details on setting the offset compensation voltage refer to the User Manual of the R S oscilloscope Additionally the probe offers automatic offset compensation by means of the micro button A single push on the button compensates the DC component of the mea surement signal which is particul...

Страница 43: ...obe Setup Ch R S ProbeMeter on After the R S ProbeMeter has been activated the measured values are displayed on the screen of the oscilloscope Advantages of the R S ProbeMeter Enables the user to check DC voltages with different levels without having to adjust the measurement range of the oscilloscope Provides a simple means of setting the oscilloscope s trigger level and vertical scaling if a wav...

Страница 44: ...The R S ProbeMeter enables the ground referenced measurement of voltages A difference in the ground levels of oscilloscope and DUT can cause an unwanted zero error Should this happen use the Auto Zero function refer to chapter 2 1 3 Auto Zero on page 18 R S ProbeMeter ...

Страница 45: ...er in accessories are very fine and sensitive The probe should be stabilized by using appropriate means e g adhesive tape probe positioner in order to protect the solder joint from excessive mechanical stress Pins Signal pin and ground pin pogo Using the signal pin and ground pin manual measurements can be performed without or with only minor limitation of the measurement bandwith Best results are...

Страница 46: ...main in the circuit Thus you can plug the probe on different test points Use tweezers to insert the solder in pins into the sockets on the probe and then cut to the appro priate length Keep the pins as short as possible The fine wires on this adapter are best suited to make secure contact with small contact points such as SMT components or IC pins Alternatively the signal pin has a solder tail for...

Страница 47: ... signal and ground adapters the probe can be connected directly to a pin strip The sockets are compatible with 0 64 mm 25 mil square pins and 0 6 mm to 0 8 mm 24 mil to 35 mil round pins The distance between the signal and ground adapter can be adjusted by turning the ground adapter Distance range 2 54 mm to 10 16 mm 1000 mil to 400 mil ...

Страница 48: ...to the DUT It is plugged onto a pin on the DUT and can be used to connect either the signal socket or the ground socket In addition it allows micro and mini clips to be connected to the probe Connencting a lead to the signal socket of the R S RT ZS60 requires a signal adapter square pin Length Short lead 6 mm 236 mil Long lead 15 mm 591 mil ...

Страница 49: ...r probing large IC pins wires and through hole components The micro clip is designed for probing IC pins and thin wires in fine pitch applications Clips can be used to contact ground and signal To connect a clip to the ground socket a lead is required To connect a clip to the signal socket the signal adapter square pin is required ...

Страница 50: ...alterations How the probe can fulfill this requirement is mainly determined by its bandwidth Low loading of the input signal Every probe is a load for the signal to be measured This means that the signal to be measured changes as soon as the probe is connected A good probe should cause only a minimum change to the signal so that the function of the DUT is not adversely affected How the probe can f...

Страница 51: ...nput resistance Cin RF input capacitance of the probe CLF LF input capacitance of the probe RRF1 RRF2 RF input resistance of the probe Lcon Parasitic inductance of the ground connection Vout Probe output voltage displayed by the oscilloscope In a 50 Ω system the output resistance of the source the load resistance and the characteristic impedance of all lines equal exactly 50 Ω However the behavior...

Страница 52: ...robe is one of its specific parameters The bandwidth of the probe and the bandwidth of the base unit together form the system bandwidth The following explanations refer to the probe itself but can also be applied to the entire system Fig 4 2 Amplitude frequency response of the R S RT ZS60 The bandwidth Specifies the maximum frequency at which a purely sinusoidal signal is still transferred at 70 3...

Страница 53: ...ts bandwidth The following approximation applies BW trise 4 0 The figure 4 3 shows a typical step response of an R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe Fig 4 3 Step response of the R S RT ZS60 In addition to bandwidth a constant amplitude frequency response of the probe is decisive for high signal integrity The figure 4 2 shows the typical amplitude fre quency response of an R S RT ZS60 active voltage p...

Страница 54: ...s with the length of the connection and the size of the resulting loop area A Reduces the usable bandwidth and causes ringing with signals having a short rise time due a series resonance with the input capacitance Should be as small as possible short lead length in order to maintain high signal integrity Long leads on the signal input are especially problematic con in con resonance con L BW C L f ...

Страница 55: ...ot with different con nection types No Connection Type Connection Rise time Band width Min input impedance Zmin Over shoot Signal socket Ground socket 1 signal pin ground pin pogo wide spacing 64 ps 6 GHz 150 Ω 9 narrow spacing 55 ps 8 GHz 110 Ω 25 2 signal pin sol der in ground pin sol der in short pins 66 ps 6 5 GHz 155 Ω 8 long pins 70 ps 4 5 GHz 235 Ω 11 3 signal adapter square pin ground adap...

Страница 56: ...es R S RT ZS60 34 User Manual 1418 7342 02 01 Fig 4 5 Step response of the R S RT ZS60 with a type 1 connection Fig 4 6 Step response of the R S RT ZS60 with a type 2 connection Performance with Different Connection Types ...

Страница 57: ...p response of the probe This section describes how the probe influences the input signal 4 3 1 Input Impedance The input signal loading caused by the probe is determined by its input impedance Zin The figure 4 1 presents an equivalent circuit model Zin consists of the following probe specific parameters Input resistance Rin LF input capacitance CLF RF resistance RRF1 RRF2 RF input capacitance Cin ...

Страница 58: ...ic areas that can be assigned to Rin CLF RRF and Cin The resulting loading of a step signal at the input of the probe is given in figure 4 9 The connection inductance Lcon has only a minor effect on the signal loading and is therefore not taken into account in the following Fig 4 8 Magnitude of the input impedance of the R S RT ZS60 probe as a function of fre quency Signal Loading of the Input Sig...

Страница 59: ...b measurements of high frequency signals as it influences the DC operating point of active components This effect is negligible for the majority of applications involving the R S RT ZS60 probe due to the very high input resistance of the probe 1 MΩ 4 3 1 2 LF Capacitance CLF The LF capacitance causes the input impedance to decrease in the low frequency range 4 kHz to 20 MHz The LF capacitance affe...

Страница 60: ...cteristic The signal at the test point where the probe makes contact Vin is therefore different from the signal that was present before the probe was connected VS This effect cannot be avoided and occurs with all real probes independent of type and manufacturer This has resulted in a difference of opinion as to which of the following two signals should be output by the probe 1 The initial signal t...

Страница 61: ...nfluence caused by the probe After all users want to characterize their own DUTs not the Rohde Schwarz probe As long as measurements are carried out in a 50 Ω or a comparable environment the signal displayed on the oscilloscope s screen is always a direct representation of the unloaded signal VS as shown in figure 4 10 Fig 4 10 Unloaded and loaded input signal and step response using the example o...

Страница 62: ...to the Rohde Schwarz service center for diagnosis and exchange You can return the R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe for calibration The service personnel will then perform the required tests 5 2 Returning the Probe for Servicing Use the original packaging to return the R S RT ZS60 active voltage probe to your Rohde Schwarz service center If you cannot use the original packaging consider the followi...

Страница 63: ...e caused by cleaning agents Cleaning agents contain substances that may damage the instrument for example solvent may damage the labeling or plastic parts Never use cleaning agents such as solvents thinners acetone etc acids bases or other substances 5 4 Calibration Interval The recommended calibration interval is two years For servicing send the probe to your nearest Rohde Schwarz service center ...

Страница 64: ...test is described in detail in the R S RT ZS60 ser vice manual The performance test also requires the R S RT ZK2 service kit All base unit settings described here refer to an R S RTO oscilloscope The use of other oscilloscopes may result in different settings and menus The following test description always refers to channel 1 CH1 as the refer ence channel The test can also be performed on any othe...

Страница 65: ...ut Proceed as follows Test setup R S RTO oscilloscope R S RTO settings PRESET File menu Selfalignment Control tab Start Alignment Measurement After a successful self alignment the label UNCAL is no longer displayed 6 1 Initialization The correct initialization of the probe by the oscilloscope has to be checked Test setup Probe connected to CH1 of the R S RTO oscilloscope R S RTO settings Vertical ...

Страница 66: ...s div Vertical scale 10 mV div Trigger source Ch1 Trigger mode Auto Run cont ACQUISITION key Decimation High res Waveform Arithmetics Average Average Count 16 Meas menu Setup Source Ch1 Main Measurement Mean State on CH1 key Offset 0 V Position 0 div Vertical menu Probe Setup Ch1 ProbeMeter on Micro button action Auto zero Measurement Check displayed values in the Measurement Results box Mean 0 V ...

Страница 67: ...re that BNC shield is connected to LO Signal and ground terminal of the probe connected by mini clips to the BNC to 4 mm dual banana adapter make sure that probe ground is connected to BNC shield Lead connected to the input socket using a signal adapter square pin R S RTO settings Horizontal scale 10 µs div Vertical scale 1 6 V div Trigger source Ch1 Trigger mode Auto Run cont ACQUISITION key Deci...

Страница 68: ...gger source Ch1 Trigger mode Auto Run cont ACQUISITION key Decimation High res Waveform Arithmetics Average Average Count 16 Meas menu Setup Source Ch1 Main Measurement Mean State on CH1 key Offset 0 V Position 0 div Vertical menu Probe Setup Ch1 ProbeMeter on Micro button action Set offset to mean Measurement Set the voltage on the DC voltage source so that the DMM displays exactly 5 000 V Press ...

Страница 69: ...impedance 35 Input resistance 6 37 L Leads 13 26 LF capacitance 37 M Maintenance 40 Micro button 6 Micro Button 19 N N USB adapter 13 O Offset compensation 19 P Pins Inserting and removing 23 Usage 23 Probe Calibration 41 Cleaning 41 Connection 17 Identification 17 Returning 40 Probe box 9 Probe Head 8 ProbeMeter 6 21 Probing principles 28 Product description 5 R RF resistance 38 S Service 40 Serv...

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