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EDFA optical amplifier – user manual 

 

 59

 

 

13

 

EDFA education and Application note 

If you never work with optical amplifier and especially with EDFA optical 

amplifier, please, read this chapter before using. 

13.1

 

EDFA education 

You get knowledge in this chapter some basic information about EDFA system 

of amplification, what`s mean under term “EDFA” and basic EDFA block scheme 
and its function. 

What`s mean under term “EDFA” 

EDFA is acronym for 

E

rbium 

D

oped 

F

iber 

A

mplifier. This principle don`t need 

convert the optical signal to the electric signal. The amplification is provided in the 
special optical fiber which is doped by Erbium element. The Erbium doped fiber is 
used as gain medium. The optical signal comes into Erbium Doped Fiber together 
and is mixed with next energy in form pump signal and input signal is amplified 
trough interaction with the doping ions. Erbium element is used because Erbium 
ions can be efficiently pumped with a laser at wavelength 980nm or 1480. The 
Gain is in 1550nm wavelength region. 

 
EDFA optical amplifier can be used for amplification at C-Band only! 

EDFA block scheme 

 

Picture 28 - EDFA block scheme 

 
APC connector are using by all EDFA optical amplifier. The output optical level 

is often very high and high optical level can damage connector with help effect of 
back reflection. 

 
Each EDFA involves isolator for protection against reverse connection 
 
Each Inputs and Outputs are monitored by monitor diodes for better settings of 

optical properties and for feedback control electronic. 

 
Various EDFA units can involve more than one pump laser diodes. By these 

pump diodes are measured values like current, temperature, current temperature 
control etc. These measured values are same as values from monitor diodes 
connect to control electronic for control operational modes APC and AGC. 

Содержание EDFA

Страница 1: ... right to make changes without notice to the products described in this document in the interest of improving design operational function and or reliability OPTOKON a s Cerveny Kriz 250 586 02 Jihlava Czech Republic tel 420 564 040 111 fax 420 564 040 134 WWW OPTOKON COM INFO OPTOKON CZ 1 EDFA Optical Amplifier CLA CZECHLIGHT AMPLIFIER DEVICES USER MANUAL PLEASE READ IT BEFORE USE Manufactured und...

Страница 2: ...and or registered trademarks of the respective owners The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that ma...

Страница 3: ...n with the device 17 9 Command line 18 Keyboard and monitor 18 Console 18 9 1 Before Login to the CLA 18 9 2 Login to the CLA 19 9 3 IP address setting 19 9 4 FIREWALL 21 9 5 FIREWALL START 21 9 6 FIREWALL STOP 21 9 7 CLA Admin 21 10 Web administrator interface 23 10 1 IP address setting 23 10 2 Connection to the CLA 23 10 3 Summary 24 Summary EDFA parameters 24 Summary System information 25 Summa...

Страница 4: ... 44 Main menu Settings 45 Main menu Settings EDFA settings 45 Main menu Settings EDFA settings EDFA 1 46 Main menu Settings EDFA settings EDFA 1 S1 Standard mode 46 Main menu Settings EDFA settings Expert Standard mode 47 Main menu Settings Network settings 47 Main menu Settings Network settings Set display password 48 Main menu Screensaver 48 Main menu Help and About 48 12 Detailed EDFA Command s...

Страница 5: ...arate control of the 2 EDFAs Different control modes are available AGC automatic gain control APC automatic power control ACC automatic current control on each stage Features Low noise figures Wide wavelength range Low power consumption Microcomputer control system including remote control RS232 Ethernet USB interfaces optionally GSM GPRS Wi Fi 100 230V AC and or 48V DC PSUs available Multi channe...

Страница 6: ... During storage and operation the equipment must be kept clean Do not cover the ventilation holes The PC ON OFF switch located on the front controls the microcomputer operation only For total deactivation of the device use both switches located at the rear After a power outage the device will automatically restart at the previous status 2 2 Optical interface connection Take note of the safety rule...

Страница 7: ...ers were designated using Roman numerals I IV in the US under the old system and Arabic numerals 1 4 in the EU The revised system uses Arabic numerals 1 4 in all jurisdictions The classification of a laser is based on the concept of accessible emission limits AEL that are defined for each laser class This is usually a maximum power in W or energy in J that can be emitted in a specified wavelength ...

Страница 8: ...unt of light passing through the pupil cannot exceed the limits for class 2 Class 3R A Class 3R laser is considered safe if handled carefully with restricted beam viewing With a class 3R laser the MPE can be exceeded but with a low risk of injury Visible continuous lasers in Class 3R are limited to 5 mW For other wavelengths and for pulsed lasers other limits apply Class 3B A Class 3B laser is haz...

Страница 9: ... amplifier user manual 9 3 Packaging and standard accessories Standard accessories 1x CLA amplifier type according to request 2x Unit Holders rack mount kit 2x Power supply cable 2x Key 1x UTP cable 1x User Manual ...

Страница 10: ...ps can be generated all important operational parameters are monitored input and output powers alarms laser diode currents temperatures voltages fan speeds Basic CLA types CLA types for amplification of high channel counts with flat gain characteristics PB01F low noise preamplifier and booster 20 dBm PB02F low noise preamplifier and high power booster 27 dBm DI01F dual inline amplifier CLA types f...

Страница 11: ...al characteristics of single channel amplifiers without flat gain characteristics Unit Specifications PreAmplifier Parameters MIN TYP MAX Signal Wavelength nm 1535 1565 Input optical power dBm 40 20 Nominal Gain dB 35 Saturated output power only signal dBm 5 Noise figure dB 4 4 5 Unit Specifications In line Amplifier Parameters MIN TYP MAX Signal Wavelength nm 1535 1565 Input optical power dBm 30 ...

Страница 12: ...EDFA optical amplifier user manual 12 5 Basic configuration Block diagram ...

Страница 13: ...ster Amplifier 1 Output BOOSTER 2 Monitor 1 Monitor of Booster Amplifier 1 input optionally ON OFF ON OFF button PC Reset Reset button PC COMPUTER HDD HDD LED PC 5V Green LED indicates 5V 12V Green LED indicates 12V Pump Blue LED indicates active pump diode the amplified optical signal is at the output ports Loss Yellow LED indicates LOSS of input output power alarm chapter 13 DIAG RED LED indicat...

Страница 14: ... 2 Display only version with display D Legend Description Display If LED blinks the Display module is function EDFA 1 Present active EDFA unit Don t light the EDFA unit without alarms don t active the pump diode Green light the EDFA unit without alarms active the pump diode Red light the EDFA unit report some alarms e g ADI LI or LO alarm see in chapter 13 EDFA 2 Present active EDFA unit Don t lig...

Страница 15: ...EDFA optical amplifier user manual 15 6 3 Monitoring port 1 of output No 1 power 6 4 Rear panel ...

Страница 16: ...y power supply socket on the rear panel Connect the UPS cable into second power supply socket When you need to change the setting of the optical amplifier connect to the CLA according to the description in Chapter 7 Switch both switches on the power supply sockets ON After switching ON the CLA will start the operation Initialization of the CLA module starts independently of the PC function After f...

Страница 17: ...lifier user manual 17 8 Communication with the device Two available communications with the device Command line chapter 8 Web interface user friendly chapter 9 Optionally Display module with control keyboard chapter 10 ...

Страница 18: ... switch ON PC by PC ON OFF button The access to the CLA modules is established through PC station now Console Use Lap Link Cable CLA accessories and connect it to the corresponding socket at the rear panel of CLA Connect the Lap Link cable to the your computer Run Hyperterminal software Hyperterminal is standard software component of each operating system Windows 98 XP Vista Run Hyperterminal by c...

Страница 19: ...to LINE Admin Administrator name ADMIN Administrator email ADMIN_EMAIL Administrator phone ADMIN_PHONE To change the default MOTD the following procedure shall be used Edit file etc motd sheet Run file etc init d cld motd Display new MOTD cat etc motd 9 3 IP address setting For change or setting of IP address use file etc network interfaces In this file you can set IP addresses of all network card...

Страница 20: ...editor press ctrl k x For EXIT without SAVE JOE editor press ctrl c To apply the change to the system the execute command shall be used etc init d networking restart WARNING User has to heed for remote execute this command After running this command the network interface card is not available and if any mistake is in the configuration file the network connection will not work ...

Страница 21: ... 0 eth0 NOTE the attribute means commentary 9 5 FIREWALL START After firewall configuration enable firewall system with help command etc init d firewall start 9 6 FIREWALL STOP In some cases is important stop firewall For example in the case where user set firewall with bad configuration and after this configuration he can t connect to the CLA For stopping the firewall system use following command...

Страница 22: ...vice This is the best tool for first monitoring of actual CLA status Point 2 Run EDFA interactive command line Run terminal for configuration of the EDFA unit The detailed commands for configuration of the EDFA unit are placed in chapter 11 Point 3 FIREWALL This choose allows enable or disable firewall system Point 4 Quit Exit from administrative console ...

Страница 23: ...ternet Explorer Opera Mozilla etc and use https protocol Default address for connection to the CLA https 192 168 0 10 Note The certificate will not be valid probably User can load its certificate later via web interface chapter 9 10 System Available two login accounts Administrator Standard USER Username admin Username user 1 Password claadmin 2 Password clauser 2 Available area SUMMARY AMPLIFIER ...

Страница 24: ...trator Table 1 Login to the CLA These basic parameters are changeable by web interface chapter 9 10 System 10 3 Summary This component part is available by admin and user account The summary component part contains basic status of optical amplifier This component part enable READ basic parameters only EDFA unit parameters SN Pin Pou Temperatures ALARMS System information CLA SN Type etc Device par...

Страница 25: ...e configuration chapter 9 4 AGC AGC mode configuration chapter 9 4 LI Threshold value of Loss input alarm dBm LO Threshold value of Loss output alarm dBm Stage alarms EDFA unit alarm for each stage chapter 9 4 Table 2 Summary EDFA parameters Summary System information Picture 3 Summary System information Web interface mode Choice web interface mode HTTPS HTTP etc chapter 9 10 Others items See in c...

Страница 26: ...rk settings DHCP Enabled or Disabled IP address for DHCP server IPv4 address Fixed IP address version 4 Netmask Mask of Subnet Gateway Gateway IP address DNS DNS server IP address Table 5 Summary Network settings Network configuration in part Network chapter 9 6 Summary Firewall settings Picture 6 Summary Firewall settings Firewall status Enabled or Disabled Firewall function Access from gateway A...

Страница 27: ...arameters Before adjustable of EDFA unit read chapter 2 Picture 7 Accept responsibility The component part Amplifier allows change optical parameters of EDFA unit and include two modes for setting Normal mode and Expert mode for skilled person only Switching between Normal and Expert mode is placed in upper right corner of this component part Normal mode Picture 8 Normal mode ...

Страница 28: ...nt output power APC Setting AGC mode Set constant gain LO Threshold value for Loss output alarm Table 7 Normal mode adjustable values For accept your changes must click to button Update module NOTE if optical output level is higher than 10dBm is displayed by EDFA unit logo DANGER This is only warning report about high optical output level Picture 9 DANGER report ...

Страница 29: ...ministrator can change operation mode of EDFA module in this part For accept the change click to Set button Other parameters are for reading only and their meaning are wrote in the column Description All others parameters of expert mode adjustable in next part called Stage X picture 10 ...

Страница 30: ...Active 0 Not active GAIN Actual gain report dB TEC_1_CURRENT Temperature control current mA LD_1_CURRENT First pump diode current mA LI Setting threshold value Loss of input alarm dBm LO Setting threshold value Loss of output alarm dBm PLD_1_POWER Output power from pump diode mW PLD_1_TEMP Pump diode Temperatures C POWER_IN Input optical power dBm POWER_OUT Output optical power dBm POWER_MAX Set m...

Страница 31: ... The Health involves voltage values of power supply units and fans speed only Admin can set alarm thresholds Minimum and Maximum If an actual value is out of range alarm is activated and it can be send as warning mail to administrator this function is adjustable in part Postman Picture 12 Health limits Note For disabling fans speed alarms type to minimum value 1 ...

Страница 32: ...twork properties DHCP status Enable or Disable read IP address from DHCP server IPv4 address Fixed IP address Netmask Mask of subnet Gateway IP address of Gateway DNS IP address of Domain Name Server Table 9 Network properties NOTICE For accept network change click to button Network adapter reload WARNING Check your new changes in network properties If you set a wrong values device can t accessibl...

Страница 33: ... the device Allow only to listed below Allow for all Denied IP list To this part type all IP address which can connect to the device by Enable firewall Table 10 Firewall For accept change in IP list click to button Set NOTICE For accept changes in firewall system click to button Firewall restart WARNING Check your new changes in Firewall application If you set a wrong values device can t accessibl...

Страница 34: ... Read Only community Name for Read Only community Read Write community Read Write community isn t implemented yet CLA OID prefix Is permanent Extra CLA MIB modules Permanent EXTRA CLA MIB modules SNMP trap sending status Enable or Disable trap sending Trap community Type of trap community Trap OID Trap number OID Trap manager 1 IP address of Trap server Picture 16 SNMP ...

Страница 35: ... mail address Where send warning emails Subject prefix Subject email SMTP use SSL Yes or No using SSL for SMTP SMTP hostname Name for SMTP SMTP port SMTP port SMTP login Login for access to SMTP server SMTP password Password for access to SMTP server When send emails Cases when send warning emails Minimal delay Minimal delay between warning emails If a change occurred next warning email content wi...

Страница 36: ...can send Testing email and verify Postman function To email body can write your text Picture 18 Postman testing mail 10 9 Log This component part is available by admin account only This component part allows Log record system settings and read login records Picture 19 Log ...

Страница 37: ...e following properties Admin and User password Basic device information Date and Time Web interface secure properties Account properties Only Administrator can change Administrator s and User s passwords In this part can enable or disable User account also Picture 20 System accounts Access Enable or disable User account Table 12 System accounts ...

Страница 38: ...ic information about the device These information are displayed by login to the device Picture 21 System Device information All items are descript in Table 1 chapter 9 2 Date and Time In this part can choose source of Date and Time timeserver or manually settings Picture 22 System Date Time ...

Страница 39: ...erface restart WARNING Is recommended to use HTTP mode before service restart 10 11 Restore This component part is available by admin account only Restore component part is in service for setting the device and its components to default status or for backup settings Backup and Restore configuration Administrator can store device configuration to one file and conversely can same file use for loadin...

Страница 40: ...applied after restart Load default settings and restart This procedure can be separate to two groups Load default settings of the DEVICE and restart o EDFA unit settings will not be changed Load default settings of the EDFA unit and restart o DEVICE settings will not be changed Picture 26 Restore System and EDFA defaults NOTICE Each restart procedure can take about 3 minutes Same as CLA reboot WAR...

Страница 41: ...er correct logout procedure to login window and reply by web interface is Log out successful Picture 27 Logout 10 13 Display password optionally In the item SYSTEM is available change of display password After your change you must click to Restart display service If the display password is 0 zero the password function is doesn t function on the display module ...

Страница 42: ...EDF A 1 MODE 0 T EMPER 2 5 2 C EDF A 1 S 1 Pr e a mp 1 6 d B AGC 2 0 0 0 d B APC 1 5 0 0 d Bm POWER_ I N 5 0 0 0 d Bm POWER_ OUT 5 0 0 0 d Bm EDFA 1 means the first EDFA module inside the CLA EDFA 2 means the second EDFA module inside the CLA EDFA 1 S1 means the first stage in EDFA 1 Pre amp or Booster EDFA 1 S2 means the second stage in EDFA 1 Pre amp or Booster Example CLA PB01F EDFA 1 S1 Pre am...

Страница 43: ...u n d s F AN_ F AN1 6 4 5 2 RPM F AN_ F AN2 6 6 8 3 RPM F AM_ F AN3 4 4 1 5 RPM F AN_ F AN4 0 RPM Main menu Alarms Item Alarms contains report about alerts on the EDFA units Alarms see in chapter 13 Al e r t s EDF A 1 S 1 Pr e a mp 1 6 d B I NL OS OUT L OS EDF A 1 S 2 Bo o s t e r 2 0 d B I NL OS OUT L OS If don t exist alarms the display screen information No alarms found No a l a r ms f o u n d ...

Страница 44: ...M 8 8 1 1 8 8 1 1 8 8 CAT NUM 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 PRODDAT E 0 5 1 7 1 0 MODE 0 T EMPER 2 5 8 C VENDOR vendor MODULE model of the EDFA unit HWVER hardware version HWREV revision of hardware version SWVER software version FWVER firmware version SERNUM serial number of the EDFA unit CATNUM product number of the EDFA unit PRODDATE date of production MODE actual working mode OFF APC AGC ACC TEMPER temp...

Страница 45: ...Vi e w EDF A 1 s t a g e 1 POWER_ I N 5 0 0 d Bm POWER_ OUT 5 0 0 d Bm POWER_ MAX 1 6 0 d Bm GAI N_ MAX 3 5 0 d B CURRENT _ MAX 2 8 0 0 mA Items are described in Chapter 9 4 Table 8 Main menu Settings Item Settings enables change of the EDFA optical parameters Network parameters and change of display password S e t t i n g s me n u EDF A s e t t i n g s Ne t wo r k s e t t i n g s S e t d i s p l ...

Страница 46: ...APC Au t o ma t i c p o we r c o n t r o l AGC Au t o ma t i c g a i n c o n t r o l The ACC mode is via the Display module denied The information about working mode in Chapter 12 Table 13 Main menu Settings EDFA settings EDFA 1 S1 Standard mode User can change settings of working mode and threshold for Loss IN or OUT alarm S e t t i n g EDF A 1 s t a g e 1 APC AGC L I L O For editing the values u...

Страница 47: ...ettings The expert mode enables settings all available parameters Example by EDFA 1 S1 Expert mode S e t t i n g EDF A 1 s t a g e 1 ACC AGC AL S F NC AL S VAL APC S e t t i n g EDF A 1 s t a g e 1 L I L O POWER_ MAX GAI N_ MAX CURRENT _ MAX Main menu Settings Network settings In this part user can change of Network settings Ne t wo r k s e t t i n g s I P a d d r e s s Ne t wo r k ma s k De f a u...

Страница 48: ...word with four digits The password can contain only numbers If you need turn display password off set the password 0 zero If you forgot your password you can turn display password off via web interface see in Chapter 9 13 T y p e i n a n e w p a s s wo r d 0 Main menu Screensaver This choose turn Screensaver on The screensaver is started after about one minute from last pressing of button Main men...

Страница 49: ...p 1 sp 200 0 cr the laser 1 is supplied at 200 mA ACC sp 1 2 A cr Report Pump Currents in mA in ACC mode Report the pump currents in mA in ACC mode Example usage ACC sp 1 cr Reply is LASER1 sp 200 0 sp mA cr the laser 1 current is 200 mA Example usage ACC sp A cr Reply is ALL sp 200 0 sp 700 0 cr AGC cr Report the gain set in AGC mode Example usage AGC cr Reply is AGC sp 1 sp 30 sp dB cr AGC sp 2 ...

Страница 50: ... 1 sp E cr set the automatic laser shutdown function for stage 1 to enable If the input power goes below the Loss of input value the electronic will shutdown the laser diodes and then the output power will be less than 0 dBm Example usage ALS sp 2 sp D cr Reply is ALS sp 2 sp D cr set the automatic laser shutdown function for stage 2 to disable If the input power stage 2 goes below the Loss of inp...

Страница 51: ...n of the EDFA module to off mode In OFF mode the laser diode driving current are set to 0 mA alarms are disabled and TEC are enabled Reply is AM sp O cr AM sp C cr Change the operation of the EDFA module to current constant mode ACC mode Reply is AM sp C cr AM sp P cr Change the operation of the EDFA module to output power constant mode APC mode Reply is AM sp P cr AM sp G cr Change the operation ...

Страница 52: ...r Reply is AM sp C cr EDFA operates in ACC mode APC sp 1 2 sp value cr Set the output power in APC mode for each stage Example usage APC sp 1 sp 11 cr Reply is APC sp 1 sp 11 cr the output power for stage 1 in APC mode is set to 11 dBm APC cr Report the output power in APC mode for each stage Example usage APC cr Reply is APC sp 1 sp 10 dBm cr APC sp 2 sp 17 dBm cr the output power for stage 1 in ...

Страница 53: ...E 2 OUT LOS Loss of output signal alarm stage 1 and stage 2 The loss of output power will send an alarm on the RS232 port when sending alarm status command and on the electric connector TTL signal This feature may announce a possible EDFA problem The value of the loss of output power alarm threshold is settable and may be disabled TINT Internal Temperature Alarm TINT indicates that the EDFAs inter...

Страница 54: ...nal temperature case temperature Example usage IT cr Reply is in the form TINT sp 30 3 sp C cr The range for the internal case temperature is 2 0 C 65 0 C LC sp 1 2 A cr Get Pump Laser Diode Drive Current Example usage LC sp 1 cr Reports pump laser drive current for pump laser diode 1 Reply is LASER1 sp 280 4 sp mA cr If the requested pump laser diode is not fitted into the EDFA module then the re...

Страница 55: ... cr Example usage LI sp 2 sp 20 cr Set LI alarm threshold stage 2 to 20 0 dBm Reply is LI sp 2 sp 20 cr LI cr Get Loss of Input Power Signal alarm threshold for each stage Example usage LI cr Get the value of the Loss of Input power Signal alarm threshold for Reply is LI sp 1 sp 20 0 sp dBm cr LI sp 2 sp 0 0 sp dBm cr Indicating that LI stage 1 20 dBm and LI stage 2 0 dBm LO sp 1 2 sp value cr Set...

Страница 56: ...the value of the Loss of Output Power Signal alarm threshold Reply is LO sp 1 sp 10 0 sp dBm cr LO sp 2 sp 20 0 sp dBm cr Indicating that LO stage 1 10 dBm and LO stage 2 20 dBm LP sp 1 2 A cr Get Pump Laser Output Power Example usage LP sp 1 cr Reports pump laser output power for pump laser diode 1 Reply is LASER1 sp 180 4 sp mW cr If the requested pump laser diode is not fitted into the EDFA mod...

Страница 57: ...ut power stage 1 PDM2 is the output power stage 1 before the VOA PDM3 is the input power stage 2 PDM4 is the output power stage 2 PDM1 sp 8 2 sp dBm cr PDM2 sp 10 0 sp dBm cr PDM3 sp 6 4 sp dBm cr PDM4 sp 20 5 sp dBm cr TS sp 1 2 sp value cr Set TEC Temperature This command is used to set the TEC The TEC temperature has a fixed value internally say 25 C Example usage TS sp 1 sp 25 cr Sets the oper...

Страница 58: ...p C cr The range for the TEC temperature is 15 0 C to 35 0 C V cr Vendor Device Get the vendor device and the software release version The answer is in the form vendor 8 digits vendor s module name amplifier version Hardware version software version firmware version serial number 10 digits vendor s part number 11 digits module serial number 10 digits date of production DD MM YYYY Example usage V c...

Страница 59: ...nal is amplified trough interaction with the doping ions Erbium element is used because Erbium ions can be efficiently pumped with a laser at wavelength 980nm or 1480 The Gain is in 1550nm wavelength region EDFA optical amplifier can be used for amplification at C Band only EDFA block scheme Picture 28 EDFA block scheme APC connector are using by all EDFA optical amplifier The output optical level...

Страница 60: ...r operational modes Operational mode Description OFF Pump diodes are shutdown The EDFA unit don t amplify APC Amplifier Power Control User set constant output optical level AGC Amplifier Gain Control User set constant gain ACC Amplifier Current Control User set constant Table 13 EDFA operational modes Operational mode settings example Example 1 Conditions Pin 5 dBm AGC 15 dB Results Pout 10 dBm Ex...

Страница 61: ...ion note This chapter shows some examples connection and using some models of OPTOKON Amplifiers Picture 29 Application note Note Booster Amplifier Pre Amplifier PBxx Pre Amplifier and Booster DIxx Dual Inline Amplifier DCU Dispersion Compensation Unit ...

Страница 62: ...of its End Off Life value The values are noted in Active Report Unit document ADI Amplifier Disable alarm The signal present that that the laser pump diodes power supply is turned off The amplifier don t amplify now The Temperature control power supply stay turned on OPMI Eye safe Power Control alarm When active the output power is set to mute power according to ALS function default 0dBm PUMPON Pu...

Страница 63: ...ž 250 Jihlava 586 02 Czech Republic Phone 420 564 040 111 Fax 420 564 040 134 E mail OPTOKON OPTOKON CZ Internet WWW OPTOKON COM OPTOKON a s Prague office Venušina 1149 3 104 00 Praha 10 Czech Republic Phone 420 602 421 029 E mail PRAGUE OPTOKON CZ Internet WWW OPTOKON COM ...

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