EFI SYSTEM
26
19 690 01 Rev. --
KohlerEngines.com
Manifold Absolute Pressure check provides immediate
manifold pressure information to ECU. TMAP sensor
measures difference in pressure between outside
atmosphere and vacuum level inside intake manifold
and monitors pressure in manifold as primary means
of detecting load. Data is used to calculate air density
and determine engine's mass air
fl
ow rate, which in turn
determines required ideal fueling. TMAP also stores
instant barometric pressure reading when key is turned
ON.
Oxygen sensor functions like a small battery, generating
a voltage signal to ECU based upon difference in oxygen
content between exhaust gas and ambient air.
Tip of sensor, protruding into exhaust gas, is hollow.
Outer portion of tip is surrounded by exhaust gas, with
inner portion exposed to ambient air. When oxygen
concentration on one side of tip is different than that of
other side, a voltage signal up to 1.0 volt is generated
and sent to ECU. Voltage signal tells ECU if engine is
straying from ideal fuel mixture, and ECU then adjusts
injector pulse accordingly.
Oxygen sensor functions after being heated to a
minimum of 400°C (752°F). A heater inside sensor heats
electrode to optimum temperature in about 10 seconds.
Oxygen sensor receives ground through wire, eliminating
need for proper grounding through muf
fl
er. If problems
indicate a bad oxygen sensor, check all connections and
wire harness. Oxygen sensor can also be contaminated
by leaded fuel, certain RTV and/or other silicone
compounds, fuel injector cleaners, etc. Use only those
products indicated as O2 Sensor Safe.
Fuel injectors mount into intake manifold, and high
pressure fuel line attaches to them at top end.
Replaceable O-rings on both ends of injector prevent
external fuel leakage and also insulate it from heat and
vibration. A special clip connects each injector to high
pressure fuel line and holds it in place. O-rings and
retaining clip must be replaced any time fuel injector is
separated from its normal mounting position.
When key switch is on, fuel pump module will pressurize
high pressure fuel line to 39 psi, and voltage is present
at injector. At proper instant, ECU completes ground
circuit, energizing injector. Valve needle in injector
is opened electromagnetically, and pressure in high
pressure fuel line forces fuel down through inside.
Director plate at tip of injector contains a series of
calibrated openings which directs fuel into manifold in a
cone-shaped spray pattern.
Injectors have sequential fueling that open and close
once every other crankshaft revolution. Amount of fuel
injected is controlled by ECU and determined by length
of time valve needle is held open, also referred to as
injection duration or pulse width. Time injector is open
(milliseconds) may vary in duration depending on speed
and load requirements of engine.
A high-voltage, solid-state, battery ignition system is
used with EFI system. ECU controls ignition output and
timing through transistorized control of primary current
delivered to coils. Based on input from crankshaft
position sensor, ECU determines correct
fi
ring point
for speed at which engine is running. At proper instant,
it interrupts
fl
ow of primary current in coil, causing
electromagnetic
fl
ux
fi
eld to collapse. Flux collapse
induces an instantaneous high voltage in coil secondary
which is strong enough to bridge gap on spark plug.
Each coil
fi
res every other revolution.
EFI engines are equipped with either a 20 or 25 amp
charging system to accommodate combined electrical
demands of ignition system and speci
fi
c application.
Charging system troubleshooting information is provided
in Electrical System.
An electric fuel pump module and a lift pump are used
to transfer fuel in EFI system. Pumping action is created
by oscillation of positive and negative pressures within
crankcase through a hose. Internal check valves prevent
fuel from going backward through pump. Fuel pump
module receives fuel from lift pump, increases and
regulates pressure for fuel injectors.
Fuel pump module is rated for a minimum output of 13.5
liters per hour and regulated at 270 kilopascals (39 psi).
When key switch is turned ON and all safety switch
requirements are met, ECU activates fuel pump module
for about six seconds, which pressurizes system for
start-up. If key switch is not promptly turned to start
position, engine fails to start, or engine is stopped with
key switch ON (as in case of an accident), ECU switches
off pump preventing continued delivery of fuel. In this
situation, MIL will go on, but it will go back off after 4
cranking revolutions if system function is OK. Once
engine is running, fuel pump remains on.
Precision components inside fuel pump module are not
serviceable. DO NOT attempt to open fuel pump module.
Damage to components will result and warranty will be
void. Because fuel pump module is not serviceable,
engines are equipped with a special 10-micron EFI fuel
fi
lter to prevent harmful contamination from entering
module.
If there are two
fi
lters in system, one before lift pump
will be a standard 51-75 micron
fi
lter, and one after lift
pump will be special 10-micron
fi
lter. Be sure to use an
approved 10-micron
fi
lter for replacement.
High pressure fuel line is an assembly of hoses, injector
caps and a fuel connector to fuel pump module. High
pressure fuel line feeds fuel to top of injectors through
injector caps. Caps are fastened to intake manifold and
injectors are locked into place. A small retaining clip
provides a secondary lock.
