14
XII.
XII.
XII.
XII.
XII. Other Measurement T
Other Measurement T
Other Measurement T
Other Measurement T
Other Measurement Techniques
echniques
echniques
echniques
echniques
Known addition
Known addition
Known addition
Known addition
Known addition
An unknown concentration can be determined by adding a
known volume and concentration of Ca
2+
standard to the
sample. mV values are noted before and after the addition
of standard (
∆
E). An ideal sensor slope can be used in the
equation but actual determined slopes at the temperature
of measurement should be used if known (S). This method
is preprogrammed in the Hanna HI 4222 pH/ISE/mV meter,
which simplifies the method greatly.
Example:
Calcium ion determination with known addition.
1. A 50 mL sample of unknown (V
SAMPLE
) is placed in a
clean plastic beaker with an electrode (s). One mL of
ISA is added to the sample and permitted to mix. mV
1 is recorded.
2. 10 mL (V
STANDARD
) of 10
-1
M (C
STANDARD
) standard is added
to the beaker and the mV value increases. (Note: for
other concentration samples, add a known volume
and concentration of standard to produce approxi-
mately 30 mV change).
The unknown calcium concentration in the original
sample (C
SAMPLE
) can then be determined by using the
equation that follows.
3. The procedure can be repeated with second standard
addition to verify slope and operation of the method.
C
sample
=
(
V
T
)10
∆
E/S
- (
V
S
’
)
C
standard
V
standard
V
sample
V
S
’
(
V
sample
+
V
standard
+
V
ISA
)=
V
T
(
V
sample
+
V
ISA
)=
V
S
’
XIII.
XIII.
XIII.
XIII.
XIII. pH and Interferents
pH and Interferents
pH and Interferents
pH and Interferents
pH and Interferents
HI 4004/ HI 4104 calcium electrodes can operate over a
