Firepower MST 140i, Руководство по эксплуатации

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Firepower MST 140i
Manual 0-5338 4-15 BASIC WELDING GUIDE
Art # A-07704
Figure 4-28: Overhead Fillet Weld
Distortion
Distortion in some degree is present in all forms of welding. In many cases it is so small that it is barely perceptible, but
in other cases allowance has to be made before welding commences for the distortion that will subsequently occur. The
study of distortion is so complex that only a brief outline can be attempted hear.
The Cause of Distortion
Distortion is caused by:
A. Contraction of Weld Metal:
Molten steel shrinks approximately 11 per cent in volume on cooling to room temperature. This means that a cube of
molten metal would contract approximately 2.2 per cent in each of its three dimensions. In a welded joint, the metal
becomes attached to the side of the joint and cannot contract freely. Therefore, cooling causes the weld metal to flow
plastically, that is, the weld itself has to stretch if it is to overcome the effect of shrinking volume and still be attached
to the edge of the joint. If the restraint is very great, as, for example, in a heavy section of plate, the weld metal may
crack. Even in cases where the weld metal does not crack, there will still remain stresses "Locked-up" in the structure.
If the joint material is relatively weak, for example, a butt joint in 5/64" (2.0mm) sheet, the contracting weld metal may
cause the sheet to become distorted.
B. Expansion and Contraction of Parent Metal in the Fusion Zone:
While welding is proceeding, a relatively small volume of the adjacent plate material is heated to a very high temperature
and attempts to expand in all directions. It is able to do this freely at right angles to the surface of the plate (i.e., "through
the weld", but when it attempts to expand "across the weld" or "along the weld", it meets considerable resistance, and
to fulfill the desire for continued expansion, it has to deform plastically, that is, the metal adjacent to the weld is at a
high temperature and hence rather soft, and, by expanding, pushes against the cooler, harder metal further away, and
tends to bulge (or is "upset". When the weld area begins to cool, the "upset" metal attempts to contract as much as it
expanded, but, because it has been "upset" it does not resume its former shape, and the contraction of the new shape
exerts a strong pull on adjacent metal. Several things can then happen.
The metal in the weld area is stretched (plastic deformation), the job may be pulled out of shape by the powerful
contraction stresses (distortion), or the weld may crack, in any case, there will remain "locked-up" stresses in the job.
Figures 4-29 and 4- 30 illustrate how distortion is created.
Art # A-07705_AB
Hot
Hot
Weld
Upsetting
Expansion with
compression
Cool
Figure 4-29: Parent Metal Expansion
Art # A-07706_AC
Weld
Permanent Upset
Contraction
with tension
Figure 4-30: Parent Metal Contraction