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C H A P T E R

 

4-1

Cisco ME-3600X-24CX Series Switch Chassis Configuration Guide

OL-27620-01

4

Configuring Clocking and Timing

Clock synchronization is important for a variety of applications, including synchronization of radio cell 
towers. While legacy TDM protocols incorporate timing features, packet-switched networks such as 
Ethernet do not natively include these features. The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch supports 
legacy TDM technologies while supporting a variety of technologies that distribute clocking information 
over packet-switched networks.

The following sections describe the clocking and timing features available on the Cisco ME 3600X 
24CX Series Switch.

  •

Network Clocking Overview

  •

Configuring Clocking and Timing

  •

Clocking Sample Configurations

Network Clocking Overview

Clocking is typically distributed from the core network outward to the BTS or Node B at the network 
edge. The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch receives and transmits clocking information using any 
of the following ports:

  •

T1/E1

  •

GigabitEthernet

  •

BITS/SYNC port

  •

1PPS

  •

10Mhz

  •

ToD

The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch supports the following clocking types:

  •

Precision Timing Protocol (PTP)

  •

Synchronous Ethernet

Precision Timing Protocol (PTP)

The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch supports the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) as defined by the 
IEEE 1588-2008 standard. PTP provides for accurate time synchronization on over packet-switched 
networks. Nodes within a PTP network can act in one of the following roles:

Содержание ME-3600X-24CX Series

Страница 1: ...e than 200 offices worldwide Addresses phone numbers and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco website at www cisco com go offices Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch Chassis Configuration Guide Release 15 3 2 S March 2013 Text Part Number OL 27620 01 ...

Страница 2: ...HOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING USAGE OR TRADE PRACTICE IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIE...

Страница 3: ... Command History 1 4 Changing the Command History Buffer Size 1 5 Recalling Commands 1 5 Disabling the Command History Feature 1 5 Using Editing Features 1 6 Enabling and Disabling Editing Features 1 6 Editing Commands through Keystrokes 1 6 Editing Command Lines that Wrap 1 8 Searching and Filtering Output of show and more Commands 1 8 Accessing the CLI 1 9 Accessing the CLI through a Console Con...

Страница 4: ...erface Module 2 13 Configuring CEM 2 13 Configuring a CEM Group 2 13 Using CEM Classes 2 14 Configuring CEM Parameters 2 15 Configuring Payload Size Optional 2 15 Setting the Dejitter Buffer Size 2 16 Shutting Down a CEM Channel 2 16 Configuration Examples 2 16 Framing and Encapsulation Configuration Example 2 16 CEM Configuration Example 2 17 C H A P T E R 3 Configuring BFD Offload 3 1 Restrictio...

Страница 5: ...nfiguring an External Clock Source 4 11 Configuring Synchronous Ethernet ESMC and SSM 4 11 Verifying Clock Related Settings 4 11 Clocking Sample Configurations 4 11 C H A P T E R 5 Configuring Pseudowire 5 1 Pseudowire Overview 5 1 Circuit Emulation Overview 5 1 Structure Agnostic TDM over Packet 5 1 Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network 5 2 Transportation of Service Using Etherne...

Страница 6: ...comprehensive guide to all of the software features that can be run using the Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch but only the software aspects that are specific to this platform For information on general software features that are also available on other Cisco platforms see the Cisco IOS technology guide for that specific software feature For the latest documentation updates see the release notes ...

Страница 7: ...g the Switch with the CLI Based Setup Program appendix in the hardware installation guide For upgrading information see the Downloading Software section in the release notes Release Notes for the Cisco ME 3800X and ME 3600X Switch Note See the release notes on Cisco com for the latest information Cisco ME 3800X and ME 3600X Switch Software Configuration Guide Cisco ME 3800X and ME 3600X Switch Com...

Страница 8: ...ervice Request For information on obtaining documentation submitting a service request and gathering additional information see the monthly What s New in Cisco Product Documentation which also lists all new and revised Cisco technical documentation at http www cisco com en US docs general whatsnew whatsnew html Subscribe to the What s New in Cisco Product Documentation as a Really Simple Syndicati...

Страница 9: ...xxxvi Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch Chassis Configuration Guide OL 27620 01 Preface ...

Страница 10: ...he switch you begin in user mode often called user EXEC mode Only a limited subset of the commands are available in user EXEC mode For example most of the user EXEC commands are one time commands such as show commands which show the current configuration status and clear commands which clear counters or interfaces The user EXEC commands are not saved when the switch reboots To have access to all c...

Страница 11: ...Switch config vlan To exit to global configuration mode enter the exit command To return to privileged EXEC mode press Ctrl Z or enter end Use this mode to configure VLAN parameters Interface configuration While in global configuration mode enter the interface command with a specific interface Switch config if To exit to global configuration mode enter exit To return to privileged EXEC mode press ...

Страница 12: ...s unique This example shows how to enter the show configuration privileged EXEC command in an abbreviated form Switch show conf Table 1 2 Help Summary Command Purpose help Obtain a brief description of the help system in any command mode abbreviated command entry Obtain a list of commands that begin with a particular character string For example Switch di dir disable disconnect abbreviated command...

Страница 13: ...h Using Command History The software provides a history or record of commands that you have entered The command history feature is particularly useful for recalling long or complex commands or entries including access lists You can customize this feature to suit your needs as described in these sections Changing the Command History Buffer Size page 1 5 optional Recalling Commands page 1 5 optional...

Страница 14: ...tional Disabling the Command History Feature The command history feature is automatically enabled You can disable it for the current terminal session or for the command line These procedures are optional To disable the feature during the current terminal session enter the terminal no history privileged EXEC command To disable command history for the line enter the no history line configuration com...

Страница 15: ...al editing To reconfigure a specific line to have enhanced editing mode enter this command in line configuration mode Switch config line editing Editing Commands through Keystrokes Table 1 5 shows the keystrokes that you need to edit command lines These keystrokes are optional Table 1 5 Editing Commands through Keystrokes Capability Keystroke1 Purpose Move around the command line to make changes o...

Страница 16: ... or lowercase words or capitalize a set of letters Press Esc C Capitalize at the cursor Press Esc L Change the word at the cursor to lowercase Press Esc U Capitalize letters from the cursor to the end of the word Designate a particular keystroke as an executable command perhaps as a shortcut Press Ctrl V or Esc Q Scroll down a line or screen on displays that are longer than the terminal screen can...

Страница 17: ...e the entry press Ctrl A to check the complete syntax before pressing the Return key to execute the command The dollar sign appears at the end of the line to show that the line has been scrolled to the right Switch config access list 101 permit tcp 131 108 2 5 255 255 255 0 131 108 1 The software assumes you have a terminal screen that is 80 columns wide If you have a width other than that use the...

Страница 18: ...inal Line section on page 9 6 You can use one of these methods to establish a connection with the switch Connect the switch console port to a management station or dial up modem For information about connecting to the console port see the switch hardware installation guide Use any Telnet TCP IP or encrypted Secure Shell SSH package from a remote management station The switch must have network conn...

Страница 19: ...1 10 Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch Chassis Configuration Guide OL 27620 01 Chapter 1 Using the Command Line Interface Accessing the CLI ...

Страница 20: ...s Configuration Guide and Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference publications For more information about the commands used in this chapter refer to the Cisco IOS Command Reference publication for your Cisco IOS software release Software Limitation When configuring the T1 E1 interface module on the Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch only the following BERT patterns are currently supp...

Страница 21: ...1 Specifies T1 connectivity of 1 536 Mbps B8ZS is the default line code for T1 e1 Specifies a wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at a rate of 1 984 Mbps in framed mode and 2 048 Mbps in unframed E1 mode Step 3 Router config exit Exits configuration mode and returns to the EXEC command interpreter prompt Command Purpose Step 1 Router config controll...

Страница 22: ...hannel group 1 timeslots 1 24 Router config controller channel group 1 timeslots 1 31 Define the time slots that belong to each T1 or E1 circuit t1 t1 number Channel group number When configuring a T1 data line channel group numbers can be values from 0 to 23 When configuring an E1 data line channel group numbers can be values from 0 to 30 timeslots range One or more time slots or ranges of time s...

Страница 23: ...al Data last 24 hours 136 Line Code Violations 63 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs 6 Fr Loss Secs 4 Line Err Secs 0 Degraded Mins 7 Errored Secs 1 Bursty Err Secs 6 Severely Err Secs 458 Unavail Secs 2 Near end path failures 0 Far end path failures 0 SEF AIS Secs Setting the IP Address To set the IP address for the serial interface complete these steps Note IPV4 routing protocols such as eigrp osp...

Страница 24: ...drops flushes Total output drops 0 Queueing strategy fifo Output queue 0 40 size max 5 minute input rate 0 bits sec 0 packets sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits sec 0 packets sec 289 packets input 21249 bytes 0 no buffer Received 240 broadcasts 0 IP multicasts 0 runts 0 giants 0 throttles 0 input errors 0 CRC 0 frame 0 overrun 0 ignored 0 abort 304 packets output 26439 bytes 0 underruns 0 output erro...

Страница 25: ...the encapsulation method use the following commands Command Purpose Step 1 Router configure terminal Enters global configuration mode Step 2 For T1 controllers Router config controller framing sf esf For E1 controllers Router config controller framing crc4 no crc4 Set the framing on the interface sf Specifies Super Frame as the T1 frame type sf is not supported esf Specifies Extended Super Frame a...

Страница 26: ...t 1 carrier transitions Configuring the CRC Size for T1 Interfaces All T1 E1 serial interfaces use a 16 bit cyclic redundancy check CRC by default but also support a 32 bit CRC CRC is an error checking technique that uses a calculated numeric value to detect errors in transmitted data The designators 16 and 32 indicate the length in bits of the frame check sequence FCS A CRC of 32 bits provides mo...

Страница 27: ...t errors 0 CRC 0 frame 0 overrun 0 ignored 0 abort 64 packets output 8357 bytes 0 underruns 0 output errors 0 collisions 0 interface resets 0 unknown protocol drops 0 output buffer failures 0 output buffers swapped out 1 carrier transitions Changing a Channel Group Configuration To alter the configuration of an existing channel group the channel group needs to be removed first To remove an existin...

Страница 28: ...ting Loopbacks Run Bit Error Rate Test Setting Loopbacks The following sections describe how to set loopbacks Setting a Loopback on the E1 Controller page 2 10 Setting a Loopback on the T1 Controller page 2 10 Command Purpose Step 1 Router configure terminal Enters global configuration mode Step 2 Router config controller t1 e1 0 number Select the controller to configure and enter global configura...

Страница 29: ...ller The number range for T1 and E1 is 1 to 16 Set a local loopback on the E1 line loopback local Set a network payload loopback on the E1 line loopback network line payload Exit configuration mode when you have finished configuring the controller End Task Command Select the T1 controller and enter controller configuration mode controller t1 0 number number Specifies the location of the controller...

Страница 30: ... loopback mode The framer does not re clock or re frame the incoming data All incoming data is receive by the interface module s driver local payload The incoming signal is looped back in the interface module using the framer s payload loopback mode The framer re clocks and re frames the incoming data before sending it back out to the network When in payload loopback an all 1s data pattern is rece...

Страница 31: ...ou can view the results of a BER test at the following times After you terminate the test using the no bert command After the test runs completely Anytime during the test in real time Task Command Select the E1 or T1 controller and enter controller configuration mode controller e1 t1 0 number number Specifies the location of the controller The number range for T1 and E1 is 1 to 16 Specify the BERT...

Страница 32: ...s the data over a CEM pseudowire to the remote provider edge PE router Thus function as a physical communication link across the packet network The following sections describe how to configure CEM Configuring a CEM Group page 2 13 Using CEM Classes page 2 14 Configuring CEM Parameters page 2 15 Note CEM is used as an element in configuring pseudowires including Structure Agnostic TDM over Packet S...

Страница 33: ...ted Step 2 configure terminal Enters global configuration mode Step 3 controller t1 e1 0 number Enters controller configuration mode number Specifies the location of the controller The number range for T1 and E1 is 1 to 16 Step 4 cem group group number unframed timeslots timeslot Creates a circuit emulation channel from one or more time slots of a T1 or E1 line The group number keyword identifies ...

Страница 34: ... of bytes in the payload of each packet The range is from 192 to 256 bytes Default payload sizes for an unstructured CEM channel are as follows Command Purpose Step 1 enable Enables privileged EXEC mode Enter your password if prompted Step 2 configure terminal Enters global configuration mode Step 3 Router config class cem mycemclass Creates a new CEM class Step 4 payload size size dejitter buffer...

Страница 35: ...erted from milliseconds to packets and rounded up to the next integral number of packets Use the size argument to specify the size of the buffer in milliseconds The range is from 1 to 500 ms the default is 5 ms Shutting Down a CEM Channel To shut down a CEM channel use the shutdown command in CEM configuration mode The shutdown command is supported only under CEM mode and not under the CEM class C...

Страница 36: ...Example The following example shows how to add a T1 interface to a CEM group as a part of a SAToP pseudowire configuration For more information about how to configure pseudowires see Chapter 5 Configuring Pseudowire Note This section displays a partial configuration intended to demonstrate a specific feature controller T1 0 1 framing unframed clock source internal linecode b8zs cablelength short 1...

Страница 37: ...2 18 Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch Chassis Configuration Guide OL 27620 01 Chapter 2 Configuring T1 E1 Interfaces Configuration Examples ...

Страница 38: ...information on configuring BFD see Configuring BFD section of ME 3800x and ME 3600x Switches Software Configuration Guide Note On the Cisco ME 3600X 24CX BFD session will be supported only on the FPGA BFD sessions on the RP are not supported Restrictions for BFD Offload Support Only BFD version 1 is supported Only FPGA offloaded BFD sessions are supported BFD sessions on RP are not supported on ME...

Страница 39: ...es back up in Hardware Switch show bfd neighbours details NeighAddr LD RD RH RS State Int 34 34 34 3 1 11 Up Up Vl3336 Session state is UP and not using echo function Session Host Hardware OurAddr 34 34 34 1 Handle 295 Local Diag 0 Demand mode 0 Poll bit 0 MinTxInt 50000 MinRxInt 50000 Multiplier 3 Received MinRxInt 100000 Received Multiplier 3 Holddown hits 0 0 Hello hits 100 0 Rx Count 574748 Tx...

Страница 40: ...sco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch Network Clocking Overview Configuring Clocking and Timing Clocking Sample Configurations Network Clocking Overview Clocking is typically distributed from the core network outward to the BTS or Node B at the network edge The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch receives and transmits clocking information using any of the following ports T1 E1 GigabitEthernet BITS SYNC p...

Страница 41: ...ock is a network device such as a switch that calculates the time it requires to forward traffic and updates the PTP time correction field to account for the delay making the device transparent in terms of timing calculations The transparent clock ports have no state because the transparent clock does not need to synchronize to the grandmaster clock There are two kinds of transparent clocks End to...

Страница 42: ...600X 24CX Series Switch switch supports the following network clocking types Precision Time Protocol PTP Clocking and clock recovery based on the IEEE 1588 2008 standard allows the Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch switch to receive clocking from another PTP enabled device or provide clocking to a PTP enabled device To configure PTP clocking see Configuring PTP Clocking Synchronous Ethernet Allows...

Страница 43: ... Command Purpose Step 1 enable Example Switch enable Enables privileged EXEC mode Enter your password if prompted Step 2 configure terminal Example Switch configure terminal Enters global configuration mode Step 3 ptp clock ordinary boundary e2e transparent domain domain number hybrid Example Switch config ptp clock ordinary domain 0 Configures the PTP clock You can create the following clock type...

Страница 44: ...r negotiation Example Switch config ptp port transport ipv4 unicast interface loopback 0 negotiation Sets port transport parameters The negotiation keyword configures the router to discover a PTP master clock from all available PTP clock sources Note PTP redundancy is supported only on unicast negotiation mode Step 8 clock destination destination address Example Switch config ptp port clock destin...

Страница 45: ...es a preferred clock The priority1 value is considered above all other clock attributes Valid values are from 0 255 The default value is 128 Step 4 priority2 priorityvalue Example Switch config ptp clk priority2 128 Sets a secondary preference level for a clock Slave devices use the priority2 value when selecting a master clock a lower priority2 value indicates a preferred clock The priority2 valu...

Страница 46: ...mple Switch config ptp port delay req interval 1 Configures the minimum interval allowed between PTP delay request messages when the port is in the master state The intervals are set using log base 2 values as follows 3 1 packet every 8 seconds 2 1 packet every 4 seconds 1 1 packet every 2 seconds 0 1 packet every second 1 1 packet every 1 2 second or 2 packets per second 2 1 packet every 1 4 seco...

Страница 47: ...e Loopback 0 negotiation Sets port transport parameters The negotiation keyword configures the router to discover a PTP master clock from all available PTP clock sources Step 5 clock source source address priority Example Switch config ptp port clock source 133 133 133 133 Specifies the address of a PTP master clock You can specify a priority value as follows No priority value Assigns a priority v...

Страница 48: ...g applies when the switch is in master mode To configure output clocking using the 10Mhz or BITS timing port use the network clock output source command to specify 10Mhz 2 048Mhz or 1 544Mhz output Use this command when the switch is in slave mode Switch config network clock output source system 2 external 1 0 0 10m To configure the switch to send time of day messages using the 1PPS port use the o...

Страница 49: ... for input and output timing see Clocking Sample Configurations Configuring a Transparent Clock Follow these steps to configure the Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch as an end to end transparent clock Note The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch does not support peer to peer transparent clock mode Configuring Synchronous Ethernet The following sections describe how to configure synchronous Ethernet ...

Страница 50: ...fying Clock Related Settings Use the following commands to verify the clock settings show ptp clock dataset show ptp port dataset show ptp clock running show platform ptp all For more information about these commands see the Cisco ME 3800X and ME 3600X Switch Command Reference Release 15 2 4 S Clocking Sample Configurations The following sections show a sample configurations for clocking features ...

Страница 51: ... ordinary domain 0 priority1 4 priority2 2 clock port Master master transport ipv4 unicast interface Loopback0 negotiation sync interval 3 announce timeout 7 Boundary Clock ptp clock boundary domain 0 priority1 2 priority2 4 clock port Slave slave transport ipv4 unicast interface Loopback0 negotiation clock source 8 8 8 1 sync limit 3 announce timeout 7 delay req interval 3 clock port Master maste...

Страница 52: ...show ptp port dataset foreign master foreignMasterDS dataset port portDS dataset Router show ptp clock running domain 0 PTP Ordinary Clock Domain 0 State Ports Pkts sent Pkts rcvd Redundancy Mode ACQUIRING 1 98405 296399 Track one PORT SUMMARY PTP Master Name Tx Mode Role Transport State Sessions Port Addr SLAVE unicast slave Lo0 Slave 1 8 8 8 8 SESSION INFORMATION SLAVE Lo0 Sessions 1 Peer addr P...

Страница 53: ...4 14 Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch Chassis Configuration Guide OL 27620 01 Chapter 4 Configuring Clocking and Timing Clocking Sample Configurations Local Priority 0 Set Master IP 8 8 8 8 ...

Страница 54: ...transparently to the destination similar to a leased line The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch supports two pseudowire types that utilize CEM transport Structure Agnostic TDM over Packet and Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network The following sections provide an overview of these pseudowire types Structure Agnostic TDM over Packet SAToP encapsulates TDM bit streams T1 E1 as PWs o...

Страница 55: ... TDM signals as PWs over public switched networks PSNs It complements similar work for structure agnostic emulation of TDM bit streams such as SAToP Emulation of NxDS0 circuits saves PSN bandwidth and supports DS0 level grooming and distributed cross connect applications It also enhances resilience of CE devices due to the effects of loss of packets in the PSN CESoPSN identifies framing and sends ...

Страница 56: ...tter Limits Encapsulation header CE Control 4Bytes RTP optional 12B Frame 1 Timeslots 1 N Frame 2 Timeslots 1 N CEoP Payload Frame 3 Timeslots 1 N Frame m Timeslots 1 N 230546 DS0 Maximum Payload Maximum Jitter Minimum Jitter Minimum Payload Maximum Jitter Minimum Jitter 1 40 320 10 32 256 8 2 80 320 10 32 128 4 3 120 320 10 33 128 4 4 160 320 10 32 64 2 5 200 320 10 40 64 2 6 240 320 10 48 64 2 7...

Страница 57: ...egacy applications EoMPLS PWs also simplify provisioning since the provider edge equipment only requires Layer 2 connectivity to the connected customer edge CE equipment The Cisco ME 3600X 24CX Series Switch implementation of EoMPLS PWs is compliant with the RFC 4447 and 4448 standards The Cisco ME3600 24CX Switch supports VLAN rewriting on EoMPLS PWs If the two networks use different VLAN IDs the...

Страница 58: ...nfigure terminal Enters global configuration mode Step 3 card type T1 E1 Selects the card type as T1 or E1 Step 4 controller T1 E1 0 1 Example Router config controller controller t1 Configures the T1 or E1 interface Step 5 cem group group number unframed timeslots timeslot Example Router config if cem group 4 unframed Assigns channels on the T1 or E1 circuit to the CEM channel This example uses th...

Страница 59: ...roup 5 timeslots 1 24 Assigns channels on the T1 or E1 circuit to the circuit emulation CEM channel This example uses the timeslots parameter to assign specific timeslots to the CEM channel Step 6 Router config controller exit Router config Exits controller configuration Step 7 Router config interface CEM0 5 Router config if cem cem 5 Defines a CEM channel Step 8 Router config if cem xconnect 30 3...

Страница 60: ...re Follow these steps to configure a backup peer Primary pseudowire PE1 CE1 PE2 CE2 Backup pseudowire 135058 Redundant attachment circuits Command Purpose Step 1 enable Example Router enable Enables privileged EXEC mode Enter your password if prompted Step 2 configure terminal Enters global configuration mode Step 3 pseudowire class pw class name Specify the name of a Layer 2 pseudowire class and ...

Страница 61: ... UP UP ACTIVE CEM0 1 3 UP UP ACTIVE CEM0 1 4 UP UP ACTIVE CEM0 1 5 UP UP ACTIVE show cem circuit Displays the detailed information about that particular circuit Router show cem circuit 1 CEM0 1 ID 1 Line State UP Admin State UP Ckt State ACTIVE Idle Pattern 0xFF Idle cas 0x8 Dummy Pattern 0xFF Dejitter 5 Payload Size 40 Framing Framed DS0 channels 1 5 Channel speed 56 CEM Defects Set Excessive Pkt...

Страница 62: ...messages 1 4 filtering command output 1 8 getting help 1 3 history changing the buffer size 1 5 described 1 4 disabling 1 5 recalling commands 1 5 no and default forms of commands 1 4 command line interface See CLI command modes 1 1 commands abbreviating 1 3 no and default 1 4 console port connecting to 1 9 D default commands 1 4 E e1 bert pattern command 2 12 editing features enabling and disabli...

Страница 63: ...on mode 1 2 L line configuration mode 1 2 M management options CLI 1 1 N no commands 1 4 P privileged EXEC mode 1 2 PTP Input 4 9 PTP Output 4 9 S show and more command output filtering 1 8 Structure agnostic TDM over Packet 5 1 Structure agnostic TDM over Packet SaToP 5 1 Synchronous Ethernet 4 10 T T1 E1 Interface Module 2 1 configuring 2 1 framing 2 5 Telnet accessing management interfaces 1 9 ...

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