17
TOE
ADJUSTING CASTER
Adjust caster by installing different-thickness caster clips
behind the front upper arm (on the pivot pin).
IMPORTANT:
Make sure you adjust caster so it is equal on both left and right sides.
Caster angle may be adjusted by using different thicknesses of
spacers ahead of and behind the upper front arm.
• LESS caster angle (more upright):
Use MORE (or THICKER) spacers BEHIND
the front upper arm (and less/thinner clips ahead of the arm).
• MORE caster angle (more inclined):
Use LESS (or THINNER) spacers behind
the front upper arm (and more/thicker clips ahead of the arm).
TOE
Toe is the angle of the wheels when viewed from above
the car.
• Zero degrees (0°) of toe means the wheels are parallel
with the centerline of the car
• Negative toe (toe-out) (e.g., –1.0°) means the
forward edges of the wheels are open toward
the front of the car
• Positive toe (toe-in) (e.g., +2.0°) means the
forward edges of the wheels are closed toward
the front of the car
Toe is used to stabilize the car at the expense of traction,
as it introduces friction and therefore some slip in the
tires.
• Front wheels can have either toe-in, toe-out, or be
parallel.
• Rear wheels should always have toe-in; they should
never have toe-out.
Rear toe-in is a primary adjustment, and will dictate the
symmetry of the handling of the car.
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EFFECTS OF TOE ADJUSTMENT
FRONT TOE
Increased
(more toe-in)
• Increases understeer (decreases oversteer).
• Decreases steering at corner entry.
• Increases “nervousness.”
• Makes car more diffi cult to drive.
Decreased
(more toe-out)
• Decreases understeer (increases oversteer).
• Increases steering at corner entry.
• Increases straight-line stability.
• Makes car easier to drive.
REAR TOE
Increased
(more toe-in)
• Increases understeer.
• Increases on-power stability at corner exit and braking at corner entry.
• Less chance of losing rear traction.
• Increases straight-line stability.
Decreased
(less toe-in)
• Decreases on-power stability at corner exit and braking.
• More chance of losing rear traction.
MEASURING TOE
INITIAL STEPS
SET-UP COMPONENTS:
Prepare the car as follows:
Use the following set-up components:
• Shocks: Attach the front and rear shocks.
• Wheels: Remove the wheels.
• assembled set-up stands
• toe gauge
Summary of Contents for NT1
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