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Glossary

RADIAN™IS

61

RTCA -

Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, an

organization which developed and defined a message format for
differential positioning.

RTCM -

Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services, an

organization which developed and defined the SC-104 message
format for differential positioning.

RTK -

real-time kinematic, a type of differential positioning

based on observations of carrier phase.

Site -

A location or survey point where GPS data is collected.

Static Surveying -

A method of GPS surveying that involves

simultaneous observations between stationary receivers. Post-
processing computes the vector between points.

SV - S

pace Vehicle or Satellites Visible

Undulation -

The distance of the geoid above (positive) or

below (negative) the mathematical reference ellipsoid
(spheroid). Also known as geoidal separation, geoidal
undulation, and geoidal height.

Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) -

Time as maintained by

the U.S. Naval Observatory. Because of variations in the Earth’s
rotation, UTC is sometimes adjusted by an integer second. The
accumulation of these adjustments compared to GPS time,
which runs continuously, has resulted in an 19 second offset
between GPS time and UTC at the start of 2000. After accounting
for leap seconds and using adjustments contained in the
navigation message, GPS time can be related to UTC within 20
nanoseconds or better.

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Summary of Contents for RADIAN IS

Page 1: ... RADIAN IS Operations Manual Part Number 750 1 0069 Rev 1 GPS Receiver System ...

Page 2: ... received including interference that may cause undesired operation These limits are designed to provide reason able protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment The equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio and ...

Page 3: ...2 Setting Up The Radian IS 10 2 1 Getting Started 10 2 1 1 Setting Up at the Office 10 2 1 2 Setting Up in the Field 11 Chapter 3 Radian IS Components 15 3 1 Enclosure Feature Overview 15 3 2 Access Door 17 3 2 1 Opening and Closing the Access Door 18 3 2 2 Data Card 18 3 2 3 Battery 20 3 3 Ports 22 3 3 1 Power Port and Power Input 24 3 3 2 Communications Ports and Power Output 24 3 4 Wireless Com...

Page 4: ...er 31 4 2 Display Panel Operations 31 4 2 1 Power button 31 4 2 2 Audible annunciator 33 4 2 3 Gauges 34 4 3 Internal status indicators 38 4 3 1 Data card indicator 39 4 3 2 Battery indicator 39 4 4 General Operations 39 4 5 Data Collection Fundamentals 42 4 5 1 Collecting Data 42 4 5 2 Defining Data to be Collected 45 4 5 3 Data File Naming 48 4 5 4 Data Storage Requirements 50 4 5 5 Resetting th...

Page 5: ...le setup 13 4 Illustration of typical RTK rover setup 14 5 Ports and single access door 15 6 Mounting socket 16 7 Display panel and antenna 16 8 Access door open 17 9 Access door closed and open 18 10 Ports 23 11 Antenna 26 12 Panel display 27 13 Data card indicator 39 14 Battery indicator 39 15 Radian IS general operations 41 ...

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Page 7: ...onent Integrating the components of the system means you will have fewer cables to connect Wireless data transmission is another exciting feature offered with the Radian IS Transferring your data from the receiver to the data collector through a wireless communications port is a unique characteristic that eliminates troublesome cables found in conventional GPS surveying systems Surveyors can use t...

Page 8: ...y and an intuitive easy to use GPS system 1 2 Ports and Icons This icon is the symbol for communications and identifies the handheld communications port on the side of the Radian IS receiver The communications port is also referred to in this document as COM1 This icon is the symbol for radio transmission and identifies the radio communications port on the side of the Radian IS receiver The radio ...

Page 9: ... free space remaining on your data card as well as the data card status indicator This icon is located on the front display panel of the Radian IS receiver and inside your Radian IS access door This icon is a symbol for occupation time and identifies the period of continuous data of sufficient quality for post processing This icon is located on the front display panel of the Radian IS receiver 1 3...

Page 10: ...al serial ports that have power data support and can transfer data at rates up to 115200 bps bits per second Pseudorange measurements Full wavelength L1 and L2 carrier measurements Ionospheric corrections in position calculations 2 5 bit sampling 5 Input Output strobe signals mark input position time 1PPS timing output measure output programmable variable frequency output solution status output Fa...

Page 11: ...rection Ability to save receiver configuration settings almanac Reset hardware or software activated Serial port control Datum table or user definable Magnetic variation correction Undulation table or user definable Position height velocity constraints Satellite lockout elevation cut off and health control Radian IS Features ...

Page 12: ...w sokkia com support This document available in electronic copy over the Internet lists the Radian IS cable and pinout specifications As well this document contains an advanced glossary of definitions Planning Reference Manual This document shows how to use Planning software to help determine satellite availability as well as information for understanding and setting schedules and configurations f...

Page 13: ...te 109 Miami FL USA 33126 Phone 1 305 599 4701 Fax 1 305 599 4703 USA Sokkia Corporation 16900 W 118th Terr Olathe KS USA 66061 Phone 1 800 257 2552 Fax 1 913 492 0188 Canada 1050 Stacey Court Mississauga Ontario L4W 2X8 Canada Phone 1 905 238 5810 Fax 1 905 238 9383 Australia Sokkia Pty Ltd Rydalmere Metro Centre Unit 29 38 46 South Street Rydalmere NSW 2116 Australia Phone 61 2 9638 0055 Fax 61 ...

Page 14: ...mation regarding the installation configuration and operation of the Radian IS receiver Note Notes outline important information of a general nature CAUTION Cautions inform of possible sources of difficulty or situations that may cause damage to the product WARNING Warnings inform of situations that may cause you harm ...

Page 15: ...ge always keep the access door closed and latched except when exchanging data cards or batteries and keep the ports covered except when in use Do not eject the data card while the Radian IS is logging data or you may lose part of or your entire data file The Radian IS can accept an input supply voltage in the range 9 to 18 V DC This may not be the same range as other Sokkia products with which you...

Page 16: ... the PC is connected to the Radian IS COM1 port and internal batteries are powering the Radian IS An office setup can be used to load a schedule on the Radian IS using Planning software or to transfer collected data from the Radian IS to a PC Perform the following steps to setup Radian IS in the office 1 Place the Radian IS on a desk or other suitable work surface 2 Using the PC Data cable connect...

Page 17: ...e Field The Radian IS can be used for static or kinematic survey as a base or rover This section will give an overview of the equipment and setup for typical uses of the system but for information on setting up your Radian IS for field operations refer to the setup steps in your Radian IS Jump Start 2 1 2 1 Typical static setup For static survey the Radian IS is put on a fixed height tripod or on ...

Page 18: ... sit on the ground Figure 2 Illustration of typical base setup 2 1 2 3 Vehicle base setup Radian IS may be mounted on a vehicle and used as a base Typically the Radian IS and the radio antenna may be screwed onto magnetic mounts attached to the roof of a vehicle The Radian IS may be powered through the cigarette lighter in the vehicle While it is convenient to use your Radian IS mounted to a vehic...

Page 19: ...rations Figure 3 Illustration of vehicle setup 2 1 2 4 Typical rover setup A typical rover RTK setup consists of an adjustable pole a PDL radio modem whip antenna Radian IS receiver controller bracket and controller Typically the PDL and Radian IS mount on the top of the pole and the handheld bracket will attach near the mid section of the pole with the handheld controller CAUTION We recommend tha...

Page 20: ... 2 Setting Up The Radian IS attached If the system is to remain standing a bipod can be attached to the pole The typical rover setup would not require the use of a backpack Figure 4 Illustration of typical RTK rover setup ...

Page 21: ...dian IS enclosure has a single access door providing easy access to the batteries and data card For more information on the access door see Section 3 2 Access Door on Page 17 As well three ports featuring easy to open permanently attached covers are accessible from the side of the unit For more information on the ports see Section 3 3 Ports on Page 22 Refer to Figure 5 for a view of the access doo...

Page 22: ...t is surrounded by a brightly colored rubber bumper For more information on the antenna see Section 3 5 GPS antenna on Page 25 The side of the Radian IS has a display panel that enables you to turn on and monitor the system Brightly colored LEDs display the status of your system and alert you to errors when possible For more information on the display panel see Section 3 6 Display panel on Page 26...

Page 23: ... and removing the battery Page 21 As well three status indicators providing information about the internal batteries and data card are visible from inside this compartment See Section 4 3 Internal status indicators on Page 38 Refer to Figure 8 for a view of the access door and compartment Figure 8 Access door open Description Description 1 Battery A status indicator 5 Battery clip and release 2 Ba...

Page 24: ...to the space on the outside of the access door until you hear a click Your Radian IS access door is now closed and the batteries and data card are sealed into the waterproof compartment Figure 9 shows the Radian IS access door in its closed and open position Figure 9 Access door closed and open 3 2 2 Data Card Data can be stored on a CompactFlash data card a memory card which you can access exchan...

Page 25: ...S is supplied with a CompactFlash data card but you have the flexibility of choosing the data card with the storage capacity that is the most appropriate for your needs based on the selected data collection rate The Radian IS has been tested with SanDisk ATA Type CompactFlash 8 MB 20 MB 40 MB and 80 MB data cards 3 2 2 1 Inserting and removing the data card When the access door is open you have un...

Page 26: ...ptive events with minimum loss of data In these situations less than 5 minutes of data prior to the disruptive event are lost When possible error messages are generated to identify problems as they arise 3 2 3 Battery The Radian IS incorporates two internal Sokkia BDC46 Li Ion batteries or equivalent While one of the internal batteries is powering the Radian IS the non active internal battery can ...

Page 27: ...d the battery gauge on the front panel of the Radian IS will report the battery status incorrectly To recharge an internal battery remove it from within the Radian IS Follow the instructions provided with your battery charger If you connect the Radian IS to an external power source such as a battery or electrical outlet the external power input must be terminated dead battery or power failure befo...

Page 28: ... clips between the two battery compartments Push the battery clip holding the battery you wish to remove away from the battery The battery will spring out of the battery compartment enough to enable you to grasp the battery and pull it all the way out Note Ensure that you only push the clip that is holding the battery you wish to remove If you squeeze both clips at the same time you will not be ab...

Page 29: ...es to the Radian IS have a locking mechanism that requires careful insertion and removal Observe the following when handling the cables To insert a cable make certain you are using the appropriate cable for the port For example the power cable has a different connector than the communications cable Line up the red dot on the connector shell with the red index mark on the receptacle on the Radian I...

Page 30: ...wer source connected the Radian IS will not work For the Radian IS to operate with an external power source the minimum operating voltage for the external power input can not be below the minimum Radian IS operating voltage Please see Radian IS Specifications on Page 51 for detailed information on the Radian IS operating voltage Radian IS is designed to be protected against the reverse polarity co...

Page 31: ... Once the excessive load is removed from the Radian IS normal operation of the system will resume If you use the Sokkia recommended data collector SDR Level 5 and radio you will not overload your system This possibility only exists if you attach peripherals that have not been tested with the Radian IS 3 4 Wireless Communications The Radian IS enables you to transfer data up to approximately 6 m 20...

Page 32: ...nce of the receiver where the antenna height can be measured in other words a tape measure anchor point or a point which a tape measure can be laid against The height measurement locations on the enclosure enable the use of a Sokkia tape measure custom tape with offset scale and reference tip or a typical hardware store tape measure 3 6 Display panel The Radian IS has a display panel to provide yo...

Page 33: ...l Figure 12 Panel display The display panel provides optimal visibility for both the office and in the field As well prominently placed icons enable you to quickly identify each gauge See Section 4 2 Display Panel Operations on Page 31 for an explanation of the options on the display panel ...

Page 34: ...scuss how to use your Radian IS to both manually and automatically collect data 4 1 1 Turn system on The Radian IS receiver has a power button that when pushed will turn on or off the Radian IS receiver and system peripherals For more information on the power button see Section 4 2 1 Power button on Page 31 4 1 2 System inactivity The Radian IS will automatically shut off if left inactive for a pe...

Page 35: ...e Radian IS see Real Time Clock on Page 52 This clock acts like an alarm to wake the Radian IS in other words turn it back on five minutes before a schedule is to begin 4 1 4 Data logging interruption If you press the power button to turn the Radian IS off while it is logging data autonomously the Radian IS will save any open data files before turning off 4 1 5 Power source The Radian IS incorpora...

Page 36: ...on sessions over a period of several days using its internal batteries For automatic data collection the Radian IS will turn on early enough so that satellite tracking is established prior to the scheduled logging session stay on for the logging session and turn off when the session is complete Note Exceptional conditions may delay the acquisition of satellites beyond the start of the logging sess...

Page 37: ...sume operations for COM activity or even if the power button is pressed To return to normal operation charge the internal batteries or connect a valid external power input to the Radian IS When sufficient power is resumed the COM ports will provide power if they did before the power failure and the system will automatically turn on when it detects COM activity or if the power button is pressed 4 2...

Page 38: ...e button for 3 seconds until the Radian IS beeps twice and the middle three internal battery life gauge LEDs illuminate Release the button to turn the Radian IS off Factory reset 10 With the Radian IS turned on hold the power button for 10 seconds until the Radian IS beeps twice for the second time and the middle LEDs on the internal battery life satellites visible tracking and data card memory ga...

Page 39: ...y three beeps and an error is indicated by four beeps When you hear a three or four beep pattern check your system right away The annunciator will indicate the following conditions of beeps Duration Condition 1 single receiver on and ready for operation initiated whenever you initially press the power button to turn the receiver on see Page 28 2 single receiver is turning off initiated by pressing...

Page 40: ...ient quality for post processing Each gauge contains a series of five LEDs that glow to alert you of system operations The top four LEDs glow yellow and the bottom LED glows red with the exception of the occupation time gauge which has all yellow LEDs Note During typical operation only one LED will be on in each gauge at any one time 4 2 3 1 Internal battery life gauge The internal battery life ga...

Page 41: ...he following values where time T from top to bottom 4 hrs T 3 hrs T 4 hrs 2 hrs T 3 hrs 1 hrs T 2 hrs 0 hrs T 1 hr When both batteries are completely charged and you have not used any of the internal battery power the top LED will glow yellow When you begin to use your internal batteries the LED associated with the amount of remaining battery life will glow yellow For example when you have full po...

Page 42: ...g gauge will have the following values where SU satellites used from top to bottom 10 11 or 12 SU 8 or 9 SU 6 or 7 SU 4 or 5 SU 1 2 or 3 SU For the most accurate survey results you should not survey unless you are using a minimum of six satellites A yellow LED indicates that you are successfully using the number of satellites associated with that LED The bottom LED is red and illuminates if the re...

Page 43: ...ard is almost completely filled Once the LED glows red you should consider replacing the current data card with an empty card or delete the files In normal operation the data card memory gauge will have the following values where S space available from bottom to top 100 S 80 80 S 60 60 S 40 40 S 20 20 S When a file is opened on the data card the data card compartment LED will blink green for a vie...

Page 44: ...e will blink slowly until the schedule begins or until you disconnect power from the Radian IS As well if the Radian IS experiences an error resulting in it not being able to turn on the bottom LED of this gauge will blink quickly In normal operation the occupation time gauge will have the following values from top to bottom 30 km baseline 20 km baseline 15 km baseline 10 km baseline 5 km baseline...

Page 45: ...ted by both the battery icon see Figure 14 and the letter A The battery located on the right side of the compartment is battery B and is indicated by the battery icon and the letter B Refer to Figure 8 Access door open on Page 17 to see the location of these LEDs The battery A LED blinks green if battery A is active and the battery B LED blinks green if battery B is active otherwise the LEDs are o...

Page 46: ...P group from the receiver you will have deleted the default start group The second default for the system is that in the absence of a POWERUP group the Radian IS checks to see if there are any schedules If a schedule is found and the schedule session is to start within the next five minutes the Radian IS will remain on If the schedule is not set to start until later the Radian IS will conserve bat...

Page 47: ...ual Attach a power supply to the Radian IS Press the power button to turn on the Radian IS If the power supply is valid the Radian IS will turn on acquire GPS time and then check for a POWERUP group Does a POWERUP group exist Yes Run the commands in the POWERUP group No Check for schedules Does a schedule exist Yes Check what time the schedule is set to run No After five minutes of inactivity turn...

Page 48: ...he type of information stored during data collection The following sections explain data collection 4 5 1 Collecting Data The most basic activity you will perform using your Radian IS is collecting raw data Each collection session one uninterrupted period of time is stored in a single unique file on a data card This file can subsequently be transferred to a PC for post processing and adjustment us...

Page 49: ...RUP configuration if it exists will run until the SDR takes control of the receiver Commands issued to the system through the SDR will supersede any configuration such as POWERUP that is resident on the receiver See Section 4 5 2 2 Using the POWERUP Configuration on Page 47 Use the handheld options in the Instrument Setup screen to determine whether data is stored on the receiver or on the SDR Not...

Page 50: ...ly and easily setup different data collection sessions to run unattended in the field Data collection can be setup according to a pre configured schedule that allows both repetitive events For example every day from 15 00 to 17 00 and custom events For example tomorrow from 10 00 to 11 00 and the day after from 17 00 to 18 00 If a session is predefined or a manual session is started a new file ope...

Page 51: ...omatically generated for each set of recorded logs see Table Auto Generated File Name Convention on Page 49 Only one schedule can be active at any time If there is sufficient time between sessions the Radian IS will power off to conserve power See Section 4 1 Power Supply and Control Page 28 When setting schedules you may not specify overlapping time intervals All scheduled entries rely on day of ...

Page 52: ... elevation mask Configurations are part of a session contained within a schedule that can be run manually or automatically as setup in Planning You can add configurations to the receiver to identify different data collection methods and the associated types of information Configurations are transferred to the receiver from the Planning software as part of a session inside schedules refer to your P...

Page 53: ...tes on a default configuration called POWERUP for more information on configurations see Section 4 5 2 1 Using Receiver Configurations on Page 46 or refer to your Planning Reference Manual The POWERUP configuration is the Radian IS default configuration and it is always present on the receiver unless you remove it using the Planning software Although you can remove or change the POWERUP configurat...

Page 54: ...cessing and are logged to the data card The last three rtcaobs rtcaref and avepos are typically used for an RTK base station and rtcaobs and rtcaref are transmitted to the radio out of COM port 2 Though some of the logs in the POWERUP group are useful for post processing and others are useful for a base RTK system all logs work to your advantage because the Radian IS will perform as a static kinem...

Page 55: ...uch as CGN95450087 If the day is January 25 for example and this is the 15th schedule created that day then being that the UTC day of year representation for January 25 is 025 and the 15th schedule of the day would have an entry index of E this file would have a name such as 0087025E PDC Should a conflict occur between an auto generated file name or a file name specified in a scheduled entry the R...

Page 56: ...pproximately 10 15 seconds will restore the default factory configuration See Section 4 5 2 2 Using the POWERUP Configuration Page 47 The receiver will beep twice to indicate that a reset has occurred For more information see Section 4 2 2 Audible annunciator on Page 33 Hours of Storage on the Radian IS Epoch Average of Satellites Rate 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 8 7 6 6 5 5 4 2 17 14 13 11 10 9 8 5 42 36 ...

Page 57: ...sertion and removal of data cards and batteries Environmental Operating Temperature With internal batteries 20 C to 55 C 4 F to 131 F With external power 40 C to 55 C 40 F to 131 F Storage Temperature With internal batteries 30 C to 85 C 22 F to 185 F Without internal batteries 40 C to 85 C 40 F to 185 F Resistance Characteristics when the Radian IS access door is closed Dustproof Waterproof to th...

Page 58: ...Power Output Voltage supplied voltage Current 1A Power Management If the Radian IS is connected to two batteries it begins using battery A When battery A is discharged the Radian IS switches to battery B if available Once battery reserves are depleted the Radian IS becomes inactive Normal operations are resumed when you connect an external power source to the system or when you install charged bat...

Page 59: ...m Logging Rate 4 Hz maximum RTK Pseudorange carrier phase double differencing Recommended conditions 10 km baseline length 6 satellites at an elevation 12 after 2 minutes convergence Time Accuracy relative 250 ns SA on does not include delays due to cable on RF section Height Limit Up to 18 288 m 60 000 feet in accordance with export licensing a Accuracy depends on number of satellites visible obs...

Page 60: ... E EIA TIA 232 E Baud Rate 4800 9600 19200 57600 115200 bps 9600 bps default Signals supported TX RX RTS CTS DCD Input Output Strobes PPS Output A one pulse per second time synchronization output This is a normally high active low pulse 1 ms 50 ns where the falling edge is the reference Mark Input An input mark negative pulse 55 ns time tags output log data to the time of the falling edge of the m...

Page 61: ...The phase of either the L1 or L2 carrier of a GPS signal measured by a receiver while locked onto the signal also known as integrated Doppler CMR Compact Measurement Record a standard communications protocol format used in Real Time kinematic systems to transfer GPS carrier phase and code observations from a base station to one or more rover stations Coarse Acquisition C A Code The Course Acquisit...

Page 62: ...vation angles five degrees or less have lower signal strengths and are prone to loss of lock thus causing noisy solutions Ellipsoid a smooth mathematical surface which represents the earth s shape and very closely approximates the geoid It is used as a reference surface for geodetic surveys Ephemeris a set of satellite orbit parameters that is used by a GPS receiver to calculate precise GPS satell...

Page 63: ... above an ellipsoidal surface The difference between a point s geodetic height and its orthometric height height above ellipsoid equals the geoidal separation Geoidal Separation or Geoidal Height The height difference between the ellipsoidal height and orthometric height at a given point on the earth s surface Worded differently it is the separation between the geoid surface and the ellipsoid surf...

Page 64: ...oor survey results Most GPS receivers processing software model the ionosphere to minimize its affects Also the effects of ionosphere can be nearly eliminated by using dual frequency receivers which can calculate the delay due to ionosphere Ionospheric delay A wave propagating through the ionosphere which is a non homogeneous in space and time and dispersive medium experiences delay Phase delay de...

Page 65: ...ruction Physical feature that blocks the satellite direct line of site from the point of observation GPS signals are very weak They can be blocked from reaching the GPS antenna by objects between the antenna and the satellites Classic examples of obstructions are trees and buildings Occupation The period of recorded data for a site For example a 1 hour period of data collection on a survey point i...

Page 66: ...d the receiver time of measurement and multiplying by the speed of light This measurement generally contains a large receiver clock offset error Pseudorange Measurements measurements made using one of the pseudorandom codes on the GPS signals They provide an unambiguous measure of the range to the satellite including the effect of the satellite and user clock biases Raw data GPS data which has not...

Page 67: ...ceivers Post processing computes the vector between points SV Space Vehicle or Satellites Visible Undulation The distance of the geoid above positive or below negative the mathematical reference ellipsoid spheroid Also known as geoidal separation geoidal undulation and geoidal height Universal Time Coordinated UTC Time as maintained by the U S Naval Observatory Because of variations in the Earth s...

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Page 69: ... 42 COM1 2 10 24 COM2 2 9 25 communications ports 24 components Radian IS 15 consumption power 30 corrections ionospheric 4 current maximum 9 customer support 6 D data collecting 10 42 collection fundamentals 42 defining 45 file naming 48 logging interruption 29 post processing 10 storage requirements 50 transferring 10 data card indicator 39 logging capacity 50 specifications 18 display panel fea...

Page 70: ...ntion 49 naming data file 48 O office setup 10 operation display panel 31 general 39 output power and port 25 overview enclosure 15 P PCMCIA card 4 pinwheel technology antenna 25 26 ports 2 22 23 power consumption 30 input 24 insufficient 31 output 24 25 source 29 supply and control 28 power button 31 processing modes 3 pseudorange measurements 4 pulse aperture correlator 4 R reset the receiver 50...

Page 71: ...65 subsidiaries 7 support customer 6 system inactivity 28 system turn on 28 T technical assistance 6 U undulation 5 usage cautions 9 using the Radian IS 28 V variation magnetic 5 voltage 9 W where to find information 6 ...

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Page 74: ...Chasse sur Rhóne France Phone 33 4 72 492 640 Fax 33 4 72 492 646 SOKKIA S R L Via Alserio 22 20159 Milano Italy Phone 39 02 66 803 803 Fax 39 02 66 803 804 SOKKIA N V S A Doornveld Asse 3 Nr 11 B1 1731 Zellik Brussels Belgium Phone 32 2 466 82 30 Fax 32 2 466 83 00 SOKKIA KFT Légszeszgyár u 17 7622 Pécs Hungary Phone 36 72 226 636 Fax 36 72 324 636 SOKKIA KOREA CO LTD 2Fl Chungam Bldg 129 11 Chun...

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