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27

Installation and Networking Guidelines for Optical Routing

Chapter 2
Calculating transmission distance

This chapter will help you determine the maximum transmission distance for your
CWDM network configuration.

This chapter includes the following topics:

•

“About transmission distance and optical link budget” next

•

“Point-to-point transmission distance” on page 29

•

“Mesh ring transmission distance” on page 30

•

“Hub and spoke transmission distance” on page 33

About transmission distance and optical link budget

By calculating the optical link budget, you can determine a link’s transmission
distance, or the amount of usable signal strength between the point where it
originates and the point where it terminates. The loss budget, or optical link
budget, is the amount of optical power launched into a system that is expected to
be lost through various mechanisms acting on the system, such as the absorption
of light by molecules in an optical fiber. Factors that affect transmission distance
include:

•

fiber optic cable attenuation (typically 0.25 dB - 0.3 dB per kilometer)

•

network devices the signal passes through

•

connectors

•

repair margin (user-determined)

Note:

Insertion loss budget values for the optical routing system CWDM

OADM and CWDM OMUX include connector loss.

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Summary of Contents for 10292FA

Page 1: ...Part No 212257 B January 2002 4401 Great America Parkway Santa Clara CA 95054 Installation and Networking Guidelines for Optical Routing ...

Page 2: ...inst harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy If it is not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual it may cause harmful interference to radio communications Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case users will...

Page 3: ...ications Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites de bruits radioélectriques visant les appareils numériques de classe A prescrites dans le Règlement sur le brouillage radioélectrique du ministère des Communications du Canada Canadian Department of Communications Radio Interference Regulations This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise emissions from digital appar...

Page 4: ...ade by Nortel Networks or its licensors The copyright notice must be reproduced and included with any copy of any portion of the Software or user manuals Licensee may not modify translate decompile disassemble use for any competitive analysis reverse engineer distribute or create derivative works from the Software or user manuals or any copy in whole or in part Except as expressly provided in this...

Page 5: ...IVE REMEDIES AND ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Licensee is responsible for the security of its own data and information and for maintaining adequate procedures apart from the Software to reconstruct lost or altered files data or programs 4 Limitation of liability IN NO EVENT WI...

Page 6: ... such restricted or embargoed countries or ii provide the Software or related technical data or information to any military end user or for any military end use including the design development or production of any chemical nuclear or biological weapons 9 General If any provision of this Agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction the remainder of the prov...

Page 7: ...Network add drop ring application 20 Optical multiplexer demultiplexer description 21 CWDM OMUX 4 22 CWDM OMUX 8 22 CWDM OMUX in a point to point application 23 CWDM OMUX in a ring application 24 Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance 27 About transmission distance and optical link budget 27 How to calculate expected loss budget 28 How to calculate maximum transmission distance 28 Assumptions...

Page 8: ...r a CWDM OMUX 39 Cabling a CWDM OADM 39 Cabling a four channel CWDM OMUX 41 Cabling an eight channel CWDM OMUX 42 Removing a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX 44 Appendix A CWDM OADM specifications 45 Appendix B CWDM OMUX specifications 47 Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment 49 Precautions 49 Tools and Materials 50 Cleaning Fiber Optic Connectors 50 Cleaning Single SC and FC Connectors 5...

Page 9: ...MUX 4 network and equipment side connections 22 Figure 8 CWDM OMUX 8 network and equipment side connections 23 Figure 9 CWDM OMUX point to point configuration example 24 Figure 10 CWDM OMUX ring configuration example 25 Figure 11 Point to point network configuration example 29 Figure 12 Mesh ring network configuration 31 Figure 13 Hub and spoke network configuration 33 Figure 14 Class 1M laser war...

Page 10: ...10 Figures 212257 B ...

Page 11: ...3 Point to point signal loss values 30 Table 4 Point to point maximum transmission distance calculations 30 Table 5 Mesh ring signal loss values 32 Table 6 Mesh ring maximum transmission distance calculations 32 Table 7 Hub and spoke signal loss values 34 Table 8 Hub and spoke maximum transmission distance calculations 34 Table 9 CWDM OADM specifications 45 Table 10 CWDM OMUX specifications 47 ...

Page 12: ...12 Tables 212257 B ...

Page 13: ...ting transmission distance on page 27 Installing the shelf OADM and OMUX on page 35 CWDM OADM specifications on page 45 CWDM OMUX specifications on page 47 Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment on page 49 Component Function CWDM Gigabit interface converters GBICs Convert signals in a switch to laser light for connection to a fiber optic network Passive optical multiplexing devices Combine la...

Page 14: ...ectly from the Internet Go to the www nortelnetworks com documentation URL Find the product for which you need documentation Then locate the specific category and model or version for your hardware or software product Use Adobe Acrobat Reader to open the manuals and release notes search for the sections you need and print them on most standard printers Go to Adobe Systems at the www adobe com URL ...

Page 15: ...out the Nortel Networks Technical Solutions Centers is available from the www nortelnetworks com help contact global URL An Express Routing Code ERC is available for many Nortel Networks products and services When you use an ERC your call is routed to a technical support person who specializes in supporting that product or service To locate an ERC for your product or service go to the http www130 ...

Page 16: ...16 Preface 212257 B ...

Page 17: ...gle fiber Figure 1 At the receiver end of the link demultiplexers separate the wavelengths again and route them onto different fibers which terminate on separate CWDM GBICs at the destination The system supports both ring and point to point configurations Figure 1 Wavelength division multiplexing This chapter includes the following topics Parts of the optical routing system next Gigabit interface ...

Page 18: ...nvert signals in a switch to laser light for connection to a fiber optic network A CWDM GBIC transmits and receives optical signals at one of eight specific wavelengths Nortel CWDM GBICs use Avalanche Photodiode APD technology to improve transmission distance and optical link budget Table 1 Parts of the optical routing system Wavelength longwave Color code GBIC part number Multiplexer part number ...

Page 19: ...s installed in the switch It is set to a specific wavelength that matches the wavelength of the CWDM GBIC It adds or drops this specific wavelength from the optical fiber and allows all other wavelengths to pass straight through The Nortel Networks CWDM OADM supports two separate fiber pathways traveling in opposite directions east and west so that the network remains viable even if the fiber is b...

Page 20: ...specifications see CWDM OADM specifications on page 45 Network add drop ring application The CWDM OADM pulls off a specific wavelength from an optical ring and passes it to a CWDM GBIC of the same wavelength in the switch leaving all other wavelengths on the ring undisturbed CWDM OADMs are set to one of eight supported wavelengths Table 1 Note The wavelength of the CWDM OADM and the corresponding ...

Page 21: ...ssion distance on page 27 Optical multiplexer demultiplexer description The passive CWDM OMUX sends and receives signals to from CWDM GBIC transceivers installed in the switch It multiplexes and demultiplexes four or eight CWDM wavelengths from a two fiber east and west circuit It allows you to create uni directional network traffic rings or point to point links The CWDM OMUX Figure 6 is installed...

Page 22: ...lor coded CWDM GBICs in the switch CWDM OMUX 4 Figure 7 shows the CWDM OMUX 4 version with four CWDM GBIC equipment side connections Figure 7 CWDM OMUX 4 network and equipment side connections CWDM OMUX 8 Figure 8 shows the CWDM OMUX 8 version with eight CWDM GBIC equipment side connections To Network To Equipment side CWDM GBICs RX TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX TX CWDM OMUX 4 ...

Page 23: ...uxs at each end PTP connections transport many gigabits of data from one location to another such as linking two data centers to become one virtual site mirroring two sites for disaster recovery or providing a large amount of bandwidth between two buildings The key advantage of a PTP topology is the ability to deliver maximum bandwidth over a minimum amount of fiber Each CWDM OMUX supports one net...

Page 24: ...ical shelf at the central site to create an east and a west fiber path The CWDM OMUX on the left is typically called the east path and the one on the right is called the west path This way the east CWDM OMUX terminates all the traffic from the east equipment port of each OADM on the ring and the west CWDM OMUX terminates all of the traffic from the west equipment port of each OADM on the ring In t...

Page 25: ...gure 10 CWDM OMUX ring configuration example For information about calculating network transmission distance see Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance on page 27 OADM OMUX OMUX OFFICE BUILDING B OADM OADM PP 8600 PP 8600 OFFICE BUILDING C PP 8600 OFFICE BUILDING A 10326EA CARRIER HOTEL SITE PP 8600 PP 8600 ...

Page 26: ...26 Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system 212257 B ...

Page 27: ...tical link budget you can determine a link s transmission distance or the amount of usable signal strength between the point where it originates and the point where it terminates The loss budget or optical link budget is the amount of optical power launched into a system that is expected to be lost through various mechanisms acting on the system such as the absorption of light by molecules in an o...

Page 28: ...assume use of the values and information listed in Table 2 Table 2 Assumptions used in calculating maximum transmission distance Item Assumption Cable Single mode fiber optic cable SMF Repair margin 01 1 Use your organization s expected repair margin for percentage of the total fiber plant loss for each site to site fiber span Maximum link budget 30 dB2 2 From specifications in Installing CWDM Gig...

Page 29: ...otal system budget 5 Find maximum transmission distance by dividing remaining signal strength by expected fiber attenuation km Point to point transmission distance The following factors affect signal strength and determine point to point link budget and maximum transmission distance for the network in Figure 11 CWDM OMUX mux loss CWDM OMUX demux loss Fiber attenuation The Ethernet switch host does...

Page 30: ... 12 is similar to that of the point to point configuration with some additional loss generated in the passthrough of intermediate CWDM OADM nodes Table 3 Point to point signal loss values Signal loss element value dB Loss budget 30 dB CWDM OMUX 8 mux loss 3 5 dB CWDM OMUX 8 demux loss 4 5 dB System margin 3 dB Fiber attenuation 25 dB per km Table 4 Point to point maximum transmission distance calc...

Page 31: ...ing link budget and transmission distance for the network in Figure 12 CWDM OADM insertion add loss CWDM OADM insertion drop loss Passthrough insertion loss at intermediate nodes Fiber attenuation of 0 25 dB per kilometer The Ethernet switch host does not have to be near the CWDM OADM and the CWDM OADM does not regenerate signal Therefore maximum transmission distance is from GBIC to GBIC The numb...

Page 32: ... budget 30 dB CWDM OADM insertion add loss 1 9 dB CWDM OADM insertion passthrough loss 2 0 dB CWDM OADM insertion drop loss 2 3 dB System margin 3 dB Fiber attenuation 25 dB per km Table 6 Mesh ring maximum transmission distance calculations Result Calculation Passthrough nodes Passive loss Implied fiber loss Maximum transmission distance nodes 2 OADM add OADM drop passthrough nodes OADM passthrou...

Page 33: ...or intermediate nodes Fiber attenuation of 0 25 per kilometer The Ethernet switch host does not have to be near the CWDM OADM and the CWDM OADM does not regenerate signal Therefore maximum transmission distance is from GBIC to GBIC As the signal in Figure 13 passes from point A to point B the most remote points in the hub and spoke it is expected to lose strength in the fiber optic cable and in ea...

Page 34: ...dget 30 dB CWDM OADM insertion add loss 1 9 dB CWDM OADM passthrough loss 2 0 dB CWDM OMUX8 demux loss 4 5 dB System margin 3 dB Fiber attenuation 25 dB per km Table 8 Hub and spoke maximum transmission distance calculations Result Calculation Passthrough nodes Passive loss Implied fiber loss Maximum transmission distance the number of OADMs between add OADM and OMUX OADM add OMUX8 demux passthrou...

Page 35: ...X on page 38 Removing a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX on page 44 Cabling a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX on page 39 Preparing for installation Before installing the optical routing system observe the following Exceeding class 1 power level warning next Environmental and physical requirements on page 36 Electrostatic discharge on page 36 Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment on page 49 Exceeding class ...

Page 36: ...a grounding wrist strap The wrist strap should touch the skin and be grounded through a one megohm resistor Do not touch anyone who is not grounded Leave all components in their ESD safe packaging until installation and use only a static shielding bag for all storage transport and handling Warning Never look directly at the output of a fiber which contains muxed CWDM GBICs especially with a magnif...

Page 37: ...use these materials carry static electricity that damages the equipment Installing the shelf To install the optical shelf Figure 15 in a standard 19 inch equipment rack 1 Support the chassis so that all of the mounting holes in the optical shelf are aligned with the corresponding holes in the rack 2 Attach two rack mounting bolts to each side of the rack 3 Tighten all of the bolts in rotation ...

Page 38: ...plug in module in 19 inch rack Inserting a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX CWDM OADMs and CWDM OMUXs are passive devices that require no power for their operation You can insert them in the optical shelf Figure 15 and then connect them into your network Fa il Pa ss 10334FA Optical shelf ...

Page 39: ... procedures Cabling a CWDM OADM next Cabling a four channel CWDM OMUX on page 41 Cabling an eight channel CWDM OMUX on page 42 Before you attach fiber optic cable to an optical routing device review the following Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment on page 49 Table 1 Parts of the optical routing system Cabling a CWDM OADM This section describes how to cable the following CWDM GBIC to CWDM ...

Page 40: ...c equipment on page 49 4 Connect the fiber optic cables from the CWDM GBIC transmit TX and receive RX connectors to the OADM Equipment RX and TX equipment connectors Figure 16 5 Make the following network backbone connections Figure 16 Connect the west network backbone fiber optic cable to the OADM west connector Connect the east backbone fiber optic cable to the OADM east connector Figure 16 Figu...

Page 41: ...cific CWDM GBICs into their respective network device s To install a CWDM GBIC see Installing CWDM Gigabit Interface Converters part number 212256 B 2 Clean all fiber optic connectors on the cabling see Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment on page 49 3 Connect the fiber optic cables from the CWDM GBIC TX and RX to the CWDM OMUX 4 Equipment RX and TX equipment connectors Figure 17 Figure 17 ...

Page 42: ...e Installing CWDM Gigabit Interface Converters part number 212256 B 2 Clean all fiber optic connectors on the cabling see Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment on page 49 3 Connect the fiber optic cables from the CWDM GBIC TX and RX connectors to the CWDM OMUX 8 RX and TX connectors Figure 18 Note The CWDM GBIC wavelength must match the CWDM OMUX 4 equipment connector wavelength The TX of on...

Page 43: ...ns Figure 18 Connect the network backbone east fiber optic cables to the east left CWDM OMUX 8 Connect the network backbone west fiber optic cables to the west right CWDM OMUX 8 Figure 18 Cabling an CWDM OMUX 8 10328EA TX TX RX NETWORK MUX DEMUX 8 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 TX TX RX NETWORK MUX DEMUX 8 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 ...

Page 44: ...ou can remove them from the optical shelf Figure 15 after disconnecting them from your network To remove a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX plug in module from the optical shelf 1 Disconnect the network cabling from the multiplexer 2 Loosen the captive screws on both sides of the module 3 To release the module gently pull on both screws at the same time 4 Slide the module out of the shelf ...

Page 45: ...Network 1 2 dB 1 6 dB 1 5 dB Maximum insertion loss TX Equipment to RX Network add RX Equipment to TX Network drop Passthrough Network to Network 1 9 dB 2 3 dB 2 0 dB Sigma TX Equipment to RX Network add RX Equipment to TX Network drop Passthrough Network to Network 35 dB 35 dB 40 dB Isolation TX Equipment to RX Network add RX Equipment to TX Network drop Passthrough Network to Network 25 dB 50 dB...

Page 46: ...46 Appendix A CWDM OADM specifications 212257 B ...

Page 47: ... Network Demux OMUX 4 1 4 dB 2 4 dB OMUX 8 2 5 dB 3 5 dB Maximum insertion loss TX Equipment to RX Network Mux RX Equipment to TX Network Demux OMUX 4 2 2 dB 3 2 dB OMUX 8 3 5 dB 4 5 dB Sigma TX Equipment to RX Network Mux RX Equipment to TX Network Demux OMUX 4 0 4 dB 0 4 dB OMUX 8 0 5 dB 0 5 dB Isolation Mux Demux OMUX 4 10 dB 50 dB OMUX 8 10 dB 50 dB Directivity 55 dB Optical OMUX4 Wavelengths ...

Page 48: ...48 Appendix B CWDM OMUX specifications 212257 B ...

Page 49: ...ptic cable any harder than you would a cable containing copper wire of comparable size Do not allow a static load of more than a few pounds on any section of the cable Place protective caps on fiber optic connectors that are not in use Store unused fiber optic patch cables in a cabinet on a cable rack or flat on a shelf Danger Do not look into the end of fiber optic cable The light source used in ...

Page 50: ...cum free tip Optical grade isopropyl alcohol IPA Canned compressed gas with extension tube Cleaning Fiber Optic Connectors You must perform the following maintenance procedures to ensure that optical fiber assemblies function properly To prevent them from collecting dust make sure connectors are covered when not in use This section contains the following procedures for cleaning fiber optic assembl...

Page 51: ...d FC Connectors To clean single SC and FC connectors 1 Remove dust or debris by applying canned air to the cylindrical and end face surfaces of the connector 2 Gently wipe the cylindrical and end face surfaces with a pad or a wipe dampened with optical grade isopropyl alcohol 3 Gently wipe the cylindrical and end face surfaces with a dry lint free tissue Danger To avoid eye irritation on contact w...

Page 52: ...d in its retracted position 2 Remove dust or debris from the ferrules and connector face with the canned air duster 3 Gently wipe the cylindrical and end face surfaces of both ferrules using a wipe saturated with optical grade isopropyl alcohol 4 Gently wipe the cylindrical and end face surfaces of the connector with Texwipe cloth or dry lint free tissue 5 Blow dry the connector surfaces with cann...

Page 53: ...erting a small dry swab into the receptacle and rotating it 3 Reconnect the optical connector and check for proper function If problems persist repeat steps 1 and 2 Note To avoid contamination optical ports should only be cleaned when there is evidence of contamination or reduced performance or during their initial installation Warning To prevent oil contamination do not use commercial compressed ...

Page 54: ...54 Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment 212257 B ...

Page 55: ... data or information cable One or more optical fibers enclosed within protective covering s and strength members to provide mechanical and environmental protection for the optical fibers cable assembly An optical fiber cable with connectors installed on one or both ends The general purpose of the cable assembly is to interconnect the cabling system with opto electronic equipment at either end of t...

Page 56: ...on The relative arrangements options or connection pattern of a system and its subcomponent parts and objects configure The process of defining an appropriate set of collaborating hardware and software objects to solve a particular problem CWDM coarse wavelength division multiplexing A technology that allows two or four optical signals with different wavelengths to be simultaneously transmitted in...

Page 57: ...ingle mode fibers DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing A technology that allows a large number of optical signals usually 16 or more with different wavelengths to be simultaneously transmitted in the same direction over one fiber and then separated by wavelength at the distant end ESD electrostatic discharge Discharge of stored static electricity that can damage electronic equipment and imp...

Page 58: ... and plastic GBIC Gigabit interface converter Allows Gigabit Ethernet ports to link with fiber optic networks Gbit s Gigabits per second A measure of the bandwidth on a data transmission medium One Gbit s equals 1 000 000 000 bps Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet A LAN transmission standard that provides a data rate of one billion bits per second Gbit s ground An electrical term meaning to connect...

Page 59: ...cally limited typically to a 1 km radius allowing easy interconnection of terminals microprocessors and computers within adjacent buildings Most notable of LAN topologies are Ethernet token ring and FDDI laser An acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation A laser is a monochromatic same wavelength coherent waves in phase beam of radiation loss The ratio of optical output p...

Page 60: ...gth of light transmitted that allows many modes of light to propagate Commonly used with LED sources for lower speed short distance lengths Typical core sizes measured in microns are 50 125 62 5 125 and 100 140 mode An independent light path through an optical fiber See SMF and MMF multimode fiber See MMF multiplexing Carriage of multiple channels over a single transmission medium any process by w...

Page 61: ...ion shifted fiber A type of optical fiber optimized for high bit rate and dense wavelength division multiplexing applications OADM optical add drop multiplexer An optical multiplexer demultiplexer mux demux that adds or drops one CWDM channel of the same wavelength from the optical fiber and allows all other wavelengths to pass straight through O E optical to electrical Optical to electrical conve...

Page 62: ...r circuit optical channel An optical wavelength band for WDM optical communications optical fiber Very thin strands of pure silica glass through which laser light travels in an optical network Consists of a core surrounded by a less refractive index cladding optical seam An optical seam occurs at any site in a network when there is no optical passthrough that is where information is dropped from b...

Page 63: ... system Protocols specify standards in three areas the code set usually ASCII or EBCDIC the transmission mode usually asynchronous or synchronous and the non data exchanges of information by which the two devices establish contact and control detect failures or errors and initiate corrective action provisioning The process by which a requested service is designed implemented and tracked ring archi...

Page 64: ...o optical fiber U vertical unit One U is 1 75 inches Standard equipment racks have bolt holes spaced evenly on the mounting rails to permit equipment that is sized in multiples of this vertical unit to be mounted in the same rack WAN wide area network A physical or logical network that provides data communications to a larger number of independent users than are usually served by a LAN and is usua...

Page 65: ...idelines for Optical Routing WDM wavelength division multiplexing Transmitting many different colors wavelengths of laser light down the same optical fiber at the same time in order to increase the amount of information that can be transferred ...

Page 66: ...66 Glossary 212257 B ...

Page 67: ...ices 53 SC FC connectors 51 tools and materials 50 connecting cables add drop mux 39 eight channel mux demux 42 four channel mux demux 41 connections block diagram add drop mux 20 eight channel mux demux 23 four channel mux demux 22 connectors specification add drop mux 45 mux demux 47 customer support 15 CWDM OADM cabling 39 description 19 insert remove from shelf 38 physical dimensions 45 specif...

Page 68: ...xample 30 point to point example 29 M mesh ring application calculating transmission distance for 30 network configuration example 31 multiplexer add drop description 19 mux demux description 21 mux demux connecting cables eight channel 42 connecting cables four channel 41 description 21 insert in shelf 38 remove from shelf 44 specifications 47 N network backbone connections add drop mux 39 eight ...

Page 69: ...ration example 29 product support 15 publications hard copy 14 R receptacle devices cleaning 53 ring application add drop mux 20 mux demux 24 S SC connectors cleaning 51 shelf optical insert mux in 38 installing 37 remove mux from 44 support Nortel Networks 15 T technical publications 14 technical support 15 tranceiver CWDM GBIC 18 transmission distance about 27 hub and spoke example 33 mesh ring ...

Page 70: ...70 Index 212257 B ...

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