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Summary of Contents for WF1946B

Page 1: ...INSTRUCTION MANUAL NF Corporation http www nfcorp co jp NF Corporation 6 3 20 Tsunashima higashi Kohoku ku Yokohama 223 8508 JAPAN WF1946B MULTIFUNCTION SYNTHESIZER MULTIFUNCTION SYNTHESIZER WF1946B ...

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Page 3: ...DA00012506 002 WF1946B MULTIFUNCTION SYNTHESIZER Instruction Manual ...

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Page 5: ...r to a separate volume for a description of remote control GPIB or USB Section 1 Overview Provides a general description of the equipment and a simple outline of the operating principles Section 2 Preparation Required preparatory work before installing and operating the equipment Be sure to read this section Section 3 Basic operation Panel functions operating principles and basic operations are de...

Page 6: ... device to the electric ground which ground resistance is less than 100 Ω Confirm power source voltage Before connecting this equipment check that the proper voltage is being supplied to the power outlet Refer to the Grounding and Power Supply section of this manual Use only the properly rated fuse Improperly rated fuses present a fire hazard and other risks Refer to the Grounding and Power Supply...

Page 7: ...eral definitions of the symbols and indications used in the text and on the product Advises of possible hazard to the user as well as the need to consult this manual when using an operation or function Appears in the text and on the product to advise risk of fatal or otherwise serious physical injury Appears in the text and on the product to advise risk of damage to the product Ground indication I...

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Page 9: ... Power source 2 4 Power supply fuse 2 6 2 3 Installation 2 7 Cautions 2 7 Installation conditions 2 7 Panel and case cleaning 2 7 2 4 Conformable standards 2 8 2 5 Calibration 2 9 z Section 3 Basic operation 3 1 3 1 Panel description 3 2 Front panel 3 3 Rear panel 3 4 3 2 Input and output connectors 3 5 Waveform output FUNCTION OUT 3 5 Sync signal output SYNC OUT 3 6 Trigger sweep input TRIG SWEEP...

Page 10: ... oscillation Type Burst 4 2 Burst oscillation Type Trigger 4 5 Burst oscillation Type Gate 4 9 Burst oscillation Type Triggered gate 4 13 4 2 Sweep 4 16 Sweep Mode Single 4 16 Sweep Mode Continuous 4 23 Sweep Mode Gated 4 28 CENTER SPAN MARKER MKR CTR 4 35 Summary of the sweep setting items 4 36 Sweep Modulation steps and step width 4 37 Sweep value and Z MARKER SYNC X DRIVE outputs 4 40 4 3 Modul...

Page 11: ...its change 5 8 User unit setting 5 9 5 3 Setting memory 5 13 Setting store 5 13 Setting 5 14 Setting memory clear 5 15 5 4 External Input 5 16 External add EXT ADD 5 16 External AM EXT AM 5 17 5 5 Other settings 5 18 Output range change use with fixed range 5 18 Output on off at power on 5 19 LOAD function equalize setting and output values 5 20 UNDO function 5 21 Pulse generator function 5 22 Pha...

Page 12: ...uracy 7 5 Amplitude accuracy 7 6 DC offset accuracy 7 6 Amplitude vs frequency characteristics 7 7 Sinewave distortion 7 7 Squarewave response 7 8 Duty factor 7 8 Time difference between channels 7 9 z Section 8 Specifications 8 1 8 1 Waveform and output characteristics 8 2 8 2 Output voltage 8 4 8 3 Other functions 8 5 8 4 Initialized settings 8 11 8 5 Remote control 8 12 8 6 Options 8 13 8 7 Gen...

Page 13: ...WF1946B 1 1 Section 1 Overview 1 1 Features 1 2 1 2 Operating principles 1 3 Block diagram 1 3 1 3 Function outline 1 4 Description of main function 1 4 Function tree 1 5 ...

Page 14: ...y sweep are coupled with phase avoiding waveform cutoff z Unpredicted voltage is not produced during amplitude change Since the output range is fixed the amplitude can be changed from 0 to maximum without waveform cutoff z Versatile channel mode utilizing 2 channels 2 channel independent mode 2 phase mode oscillating at the same frequency 2 tone mode oscillating at a fixed frequency difference Rat...

Page 15: ...g compose two channels z An isolation circuit between the CPU and DDS provides floating functions z The DDS Direct Digital Synthesizer uses an original LSI device and generates digital data of the setting frequency z The waveform memory converts digital data from the DDS into standard or arbitrary waveform data Waveform data are set from the CPU z The digital to analog D A converter produces an an...

Page 16: ...uarewave Amplitude setting The amplitude can be set by the keypad or modify dial DC offset setting The DC offset can be set by the keypad or modify dial Phase setting Phase between channels and oscillation starting phase during burst oscillation can be set Output on off The waveform and sync signal output connectors are on off switchable for each channel The setting prior to power off is returned ...

Page 17: ...ously Oscillation mode Normal Burst Burst trigger gate triggered gate Sweep Sweep mode Single continuous gated Sweep objective Frequency amplitude DC offset phase duty Sweep system Linear logarithmic Modulation Modulation type Frequency amplitude DC offset phase duty Modulation waveform Noise DC Waveform 50 fixed duty variable duty arbitrary waveform ARB Voltage Output range Amplitude setting DC o...

Page 18: ...rt phase User units Setting contents Save recall clear Copy between channels Setting initialize Communication GPIB USB Others Error indication Output mode setting at power on Sync out sweep period output Trigger gate sweep start input Sweep stop restart input Sweep X DRIVE output Sweep marker output External add input External AM input 1991 synchronous operation option 1992A digital output option ...

Page 19: ...packing and repacking 2 2 Options 2 3 2 2 Power source and grounding 2 4 Grounding 2 4 Line filter 2 4 Power source 2 4 Power supply fuse 2 6 2 3 Installation 2 7 Cautions 2 7 Installation conditions 2 7 Panel and case cleaning 2 7 2 4 Conformable standards 2 8 2 5 Calibration 2 9 ...

Page 20: ... Instruction Manual 1 0105 Arbitrary Waveform Editor CD ROM 1 Supplied accessories Power cable 3 conductors 1 Fuse 100 115 V 2 A or 230 V 1 A 1 Time lag 250 V φ5 2 20 mm For information on how to use 0105 Arbitrary Waveform Editor refer to the CD ROM of the 0105 When repacking the equipment for transportation use a packing carton having ample strength to protect the equipment and bear the weight o...

Page 21: ...onous operation cable Cable 1 meter used with the 1991 synchronous operation option The required number of cables is one less than the total number of connected units z 1992A digital output option If ordered this option is installed at time of shipment The following accessory cable is also provided Supplied accessory Digital output cable 1 meter 1 ...

Page 22: ... plug Use the supplied power supply cable to connect to a 3 terminal power outlet that has a protective ground contact Line filter The WF1946B uses a line filter that incorporates the circuit below Because the maximum leakage current is 0 5 mArms at 250 V 62 Hz touching a metallic part of the WF1946B could cause an electric shock For your safety be sure to ground the device Power source Be sure to...

Page 23: ...on the back of the unit 4 Insert the power cable plug into a 3 terminal wall socket With a screwdriver move the slide control of the source voltage change over switch to the line indicating the source voltage to be used Do not set the slide control between lines VOLTAGE SELECTOR 100V 115V 230V VOLTAGE SELECTOR 100V 115V 230V Before using the WF1946B with a source voltage that differs from the fact...

Page 24: ...e specified rating There is risk of fire from an improperly rated fuse Be sure to disconnect the power cable before replacing the fuse Fuse Time lag 2 A 100 115 V or time lag 1 A 230 V 250 V φ5 2 20 mm The specified rating of a fuse changes depending on the power source voltage WARNING ...

Page 25: ...1 to 25 g m3 Ambient storage conditions 10 to 50 C 5 to 95 RH no condensation at an absolute humidity of 1 to 29 g m3 Pollution degree 2 Avoid installing the equipment in the following types of locations z In direct sunlight or near heat sources z Where subjected to dust salt or metallic dust z Corrosive gas steam or oily smoke z Flammable gas or vapors z Strong vibration z Strong magnetic or elec...

Page 26: ... 1995 C EN61000 4 4 1995 EN61000 4 5 1995 EN61000 4 11 1994 B The phase synchronization φSYNC operation may be required because the phase difference between channels is caused by the electrostatic discharge The following cables are used for the test of EN 61326 1997 A1 1998 A2 2001 Power cable Accessory Signal cables Coaxial cable with BNC connectors 1 m 3D 2W or RG 143B U or RG 223 U GPIB cable S...

Page 27: ...WF1946B 2 9 2 5 Calibration Section 7 3 the Performance tests are recommended at least once a year These should also be conducted before important tests and measurements ...

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Page 29: ...ut EXT AM IN 3 12 Synchronous operation input and output φ SYNC IN OUT 3 12 Digital output DIGITAL OUT 1992A option 3 14 3 3 Basic operation 3 16 Setting initialize PRESET 3 16 Channel mode selection CHANNEL MODE 3 20 Channel modes and settings 3 22 Channel selection 3 24 Oscillation mode selection 3 25 Waveform selection 3 26 Frequency setting 3 29 Amplitude setting 3 30 DC offset setting 3 31 Ph...

Page 30: ...3 2 WF1946B 3 1 Panel description This section describes the indications and functions of the front and rear panels of the WF1946B ...

Page 31: ...ting pages 3 29 to 3 30 setting page3 22 Selects channel mode Lamp above key indicates present selection see page 3 20 Waveform select page 3 26 Selects channel for display and setting Lamp above key indicates present selection Power on off Depress for power on press and release to raised position for power off Setting initialize page 3 16 output range setting page 5 18 user unit setting page 5 9 ...

Page 32: ...1991 option page 3 12 Sync transfer output 1991 option page 3 12 Digital output 1992A option page 3 14 GPIB connector Fuse holder page 2 6 Power supply input page 2 4 External AM input page 3 12 External add input page 3 11 Sweep X DRIVE output page 3 10 Sweep stop restart input page 3 10 Sweep marker output page 3 11 ...

Page 33: ...settings the OVER lamp lights and the output is clipped 10 V range Approx 11 Vp open 1 V range Approx 1 1 Vp open Output connection note The FUNCTION OUT impedance is 50 Ω By using coaxial cable with 50 Ω characteristic impedance for connection to other equipment amplitude accuracy at high frequency can be improved and waveform disturbance reduced In addition performance deterioration up to maximu...

Page 34: ...om chassis Avoid shorting the output or applying an external signal The unit can be damaged Output connection note The SYNC OUT impedance is 50 Ω By using coaxial cable with 50 Ω characteristic impedance for connection to other equipment waveform disturbance can be reduced Although 50 Ω termination is possible the high level voltage is reduced by about half Waveform and sync signal output relation...

Page 35: ...FUNCTION OUT waveform Rising and falling edge hysteresis zones vary with phase history Above 100 kHz with stop level off At other times see example below Approximately 25 ns p p jitter is also produced in the FUNCTION OUT waveform when stop level is On or 100 kHz and below Jitter 25 ns p p Stop level on or 100 kHz and below 2 5 ns rms and below Stop level off and between above 100 kHz and below 1 ...

Page 36: ...ther times 4 2 Sweep Sweep value and Z MARKER SYNC X DRIVE outputs cf 4 Modulation mode MODU High level when modulation waveform phase is above 0 and less than 180 degrees Low level above 180 and below 360 degrees FUNCTION OUT Internal modulation waveform SYNC OUT 5 Noise mode NOISE Digital binary noise source output 6 DC mode DC Always high level ...

Page 37: ...x 10 kΩ Ground Connected to chassis ground Do not apply a signal exceeding the above input voltage range The unit can be damaged Drive circuit examples Connect the trigger and sweep input drive signals to TTL or C MOS logic IC outputs Since the input circuit is provided with a built in pullup resistor an open collector output drive can also be used However contact chatter from a mechanical switch ...

Page 38: ...ected to chassis ground Do not apply a signal exceeding the above input voltage range The unit can be damaged Drive circuit examples Refer to Trigger sweep input Sweep X drive output SWEEP X DRIVE OUT Signal characteristics 0 to 5 V sweep increase 5 to 0 V sweep decrease Output voltage 0 to 5 V open Output impedance Approx 1 kΩ Recommended load Above 10 kΩ Ground Connected to chassis ground Avoid ...

Page 39: ... load Above 1 kΩ Ground Connected to chassis ground Avoid shorting the output or applying an external signal The unit can be damaged External add input EXT ADD IN 42Vpk 53 1Ω 820Ω Input voltage 5 V Input impedance 50 Ω External add frequency Up to 10 MHz Ground Connected to signal ground floating from chassis Do not apply a signal exceeding the above voltage The unit can be damaged CAUTION CAUTION...

Page 40: ...hus phase error of 0 1 degree at approx 8 kHz and 1 degree at approx 80 kHz Description The clock is sent from Master to Slave secondary to Slave tertiary The delay per unit is approximately 17 nanoseconds The clock period is approximately 25 ns The phase synchronizing pulse can be generated by any of the master or slave units and sent toward the terminal Delay per unit is approximately 8 ns Due t...

Page 41: ...om any product that will not be used If possible simultaneously switch on all products that are connected by the sync transfer cables If simultaneous switch on is not possible switch on products in succession from the master primary side to the slave secondary tertiary side If possible simultaneously switch off all products that are connected by the sync transfer cables If simultaneous switch off ...

Page 42: ...lor Signal Red Signal Red Output control GND Black 3 White D07 GND Black 2 White Signal Red Signal Red D15 MSB GND Black 2 Orange D06 GND Black 4 Orange Signal Red Signal Red D14 GND Black 3 Yellow D05 GND Black 1 White Signal Red Signal Red D13 GND Black 1 Pink D04 GND Black 3 gray Signal Red Signal Red D12 GND Black 2 Pink D03 GND Black 2 gray Signal Red Signal Red D11 GND Black 2 Yellow D02 GND...

Page 43: ...ating at 110 to 120 Ω In this case the amplitude at the load end is about 1 2 that at the output end This response can be utilized to apply a suitable voltage to even a low operating voltage CMOS But in this case do not set to high impedance with the output control line Circuit damage can occur with a CMOS device Digital output is undefined when the oscillation mode is NOISE or DC Except for the f...

Page 44: ...ze PRESET The operation of initializing all settings is described This operation manual presumes operation directly after initializing Operation Press the SYSTEM key then use the and keys to produce the following display lower PRESET flashes PRESET SYSTEM RANGE PRESET USER UNIT 4 Press the ENTER key upper PRESET flashes Again press the ENTER key to initialize To return without initializing before ...

Page 45: ... CH2 1 ms at INT When TYPE TRIG GATE T GATE DELAY 0 3 µs When TYPE TRIG MARK 1 0 When TYPE BURST TRIG SPACE 1 0 When TYPE BURST STOP LEVEL OFF 0 at ON MODE BURST OPER COMMON OFF Both channels MODE BURST TYPE TRIG GATE or T GATE same TYPE TYPE FREQ SOURCE EXT 1 ms at INT When MODE SINGLE GATED SOURCE CH2 EXT CH2 1 ms at INT When MODE SINGLE GATED MODE SINGLE FUNCTION LIN TIME 1 s STOP LEVEL OFF 0 a...

Page 46: ... SWEEP TYPE DUTY MARKER 50 TYPE FM FREQUENCY 100 Hz FUNCTION MODE MODU OPER COMMON OFF When both channels MODU MODE MODE MODU TYPE FM DEVIATION 1000 Hz MODE MODU TYPE AM DEPTH 50 MODE MODU TYPE OFSM DEVIATION 0 2V MODE MODU TYPE PM DEVIATION 90 deg MODE MODU TYPE PWM DEVIATION 20 ENTRY FREQ 1000 Hz ENTRY AMPTD 0 1 Vp p ENTRY OFFSET 0 V ENTRY PHASE 0 deg ENTRY WIDTH 0 0005 s In case of FUNCTION ENT...

Page 47: ...ious page Key operation Menu Initial settings Remarks ENTRY ΔFREQ 0 Hz When CHANNEL MODE 2 TONE ENTRY RATIO 0000001 0000001 When CHANNEL MODE RATIO FUNCTION RANGE AUTO LOAD OPEN 50 ohms at SET EXT AM OFF EXT ADD OFF DUTY VALID IMMED SYSTEM SYNC OUT STATE ...

Page 48: ...inuously at a fixed frequency difference Example CH1 1 kHz 10 kHz CH2 2 kHz 11 kHz Frequency sweep and frequency modulation settings are at the fixed frequency difference RATIO fixed frequency ratio CH1 and CH2 operate continuously at a fixed frequency ratio Example CH1 1 kHz 10 kHz CH2 2 kHz 20 kHz Frequency sweep and frequency modulation settings are at the fixed frequency ratio DIFF differentia...

Page 49: ...n this example INDEP 2PHASE 2TONE 4 SELECT CHANNEL MODE Press the ENTER key to change the mode The 2PHASE lamp above the CHANNEL MODE key lights This completes channel mode change Other When the channel mode is changed the CH2 setting is determined on the basis of the CH1 setting The channel mode and setting relationships 3 3 Basic operation Channel modes and settings cf ...

Page 50: ... indicates other than this 6 Control operation is common between channels Channel mode 2PHASE 2TONE RATIO INDEP FREQ other FREQ other FREQ other DIFF Key operation Menu name 5 5 5 5 5 5 Note MODE NORMAL MODE BURST TYPE SOURCE SOURCE other than TYPE BURST INT EXT INT RATE RATE is internal trigger period INT EXT EXT CH DELAY When TYPE TRIG MARK When TYPE BURST and TRIG SPACE When TYPE BURST STOP LEV...

Page 51: ...els SWEEP mode MODE MODU TYPE DEVIATION DEPTH FREQ FUNCTION OPER COMMON ON 6 ON 6 ON 6 ON 6 When both channels are MODU MODE NOISE MODE DC ENTRY FREQ ENTRY AMPTD ENTRY OFFSET ENTRY PHASE ENTRY WIDTH ENTRY DUTY ENTRY PERIOD ENTRY HIGH ENTRY LOW FUNCTION is waveform select ARB EDIT SELECT NAME EDIT COPY MARK CLEAR CLEAR SIZE SYSTEM RANGE PRESET USER UNIT LOAD EXT AM EXT ADD ΦSYNC POWER ON REMOTE DUT...

Page 52: ...taneously The displayed unit and auxiliary unit are the same as those of the preceding CH2 While CH1 is flashing however the value of CH2 is different from the displayed value Also while CH2 is flashing the value of CH1 is different from the displayed value If set again CH1 and CH2 will operate with the same setting Operation In this example CH1 is selected Press the CH1 CH2 key to where the CH1 l...

Page 53: ...t DC DC output 3 3 Basic operation DC offset setting cf Operation The selected oscillation mode is indicated in the STATUS area which is located to the left of MODE key When the MODE key is pressed the MODE key lamp lights and at the same time the lamp of every key located to the right of the MODE key lights To use another oscillation mode one whose key lamp is already lit press the key of the mod...

Page 54: ...select another waveform one whose key lamp is already lit press the key of the waveform Operation example In this example a triangular waveform is selected Press the FUNCTION key then the key The STATUS lamp lights After selecting press the EXIT key once to exit the setting mode Other In squarewaves variable duty pulses may disappear depending on the relations between the cycle and duty when the p...

Page 55: ...t of multiple pulses in one cycle Therefore set DUTY VALID to CYCLE Note however that this setting cannot be made if the oscillation mode is SWEEP or MODU IMMED CYCLE EXPAND SYSTEM 3 DUTY VALID SYNC OUT If DUTY VALID is set to CYCLE the set duty will be reflected in the subsequent cycles Even though DUTY VALID is set to CYCLE extra pulses may be output if the frequency or phase is changed Operatio...

Page 56: ... SYNC OUT It is not possible to set CYCLE and EXPAND simultaneously If DUTY VALID is set to IMMED or CYCLE the range in which the duty can be set is 0 0100 to 99 9900 When the frequency is about 4 kHz or less pulse losses can be prevented by restricting the duty range to 0 0100 to 99 9900 The waveform cannot be selected in the following cases Oscillation mode is NOISE or DC TYPE is DUTY in SWEEP o...

Page 57: ... BS key before pressing the k key After setting press the EXIT key to exit the setting mode 2 Modify dial This is convenient for continuously setting the frequency Press the ENTRY key then the FREQ key Select the digit to be changed with the and keys The selected digit flashes Turn the MODIFY dial to set the digit After setting press the EXIT key Other The frequency cannot be set in the NOISE or D...

Page 58: ...To correct an entry press the BS key before pressing ENTER key This completes setting afterwards press the EXIT key 2 Modify dial The amplitude can be changed continuously Press the ENTRY key then the AMPTD key Select the digit to be changed with the and keys Turn the MODIFY dial to set the flashing digit After setting press the EXIT key to release the setting mode Other When the oscillation mode ...

Page 59: ...wing display is produced DC offset OFS 0 0000 V 1 000000000kHz A2 0000Vp p OPEN Frequency Amplitude Press the 1 key then the ENTER key To correct an entry press the BS key before pressing ENTER This completes setting afterwards press the EXIT key 2 Modify dial The offset can be changed continuously Press the ENTRY key then the OFFSET key Select the digit to be changed with the and keys Turn the MO...

Page 60: ...hand For example set 90 degrees as follows Press the ENTRY key then the PHASE key The following display is produced Phase PHS 0 000 deg 1 000000000kHz A2 0000Vp p OPEN Frequency Amplitude Press keys 9 and 0 then the ENTER key To correct an entry press the BS key before pressing ENTER This completes setting afterwards press the EXIT key 2 Modify dial The phase can be changed continuously Press the ...

Page 61: ...OFF key The setting alternates between on and off each time the key is pressed The lamp lights when on extinguishes when off Other Except when the channel mode is DIFF each channel operates independently In the DIFF mode the channel outputs are coupled i e by operating either CH1 OUT or CH2 OUT both channel outputs are set on off ...

Page 62: ...lation mode NORMAL BURST SWEEP MODU NOISE DC BURST Menu TYPE Burst type BURST TRIG GATE T GATE SOURCE Trigger gate source selection DELAY Trigger delay For TYPE TRIG MARK Number of cycles signal present For TYPE BURST TRIG SPACE Number of cycles signal not present For TYPE BURST STOP LEVEL Stop level OPER COMMON Simultaneous operation of both channels When the same TYPE is set for both channels BU...

Page 63: ... value to the center value START STATE STOP STATE OPER COMMON Simultaneous operation of both channels When sweeping both channels SWEEP Operation START STOP PAUSE MODU Menu Internal modulation TYPE Modulation type FM AM OFSM PM PWM DEVIATION DEPTH for TYPE AM FREQ Modulation frequency FUNCTION Modulated waveform SIN OPER COMMON Simultaneous operation of both channels When modulating both channels ...

Page 64: ... menus RANGE Select output range AUTO 10V 1V PRESET Initialization USER UNIT User unit menu TYPE Setting target FREQ PERIOD AMPTD OFFSET PHASE DUTY NAME Unit name FORMULA Formula SCALE Multiplier OFFSET Offset LOAD LOAD function COPY 1 2 Copy a setting COPY 2 1 Copy a setting EXT AM External AM selection EXT ADD External addition selection φ SYNC Phase synchronization DUTY VALID Duty POWER ON Outp...

Page 65: ...E Save setup memory RECALL Call setup memory CLEAR Clear setup memory LOCAL Release remote state UNDO Cancel setting EXIT Move to menu immediately above ENTER Accept input value Numeric input keypad 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 M µ k m BS Numeric modification Modify MODIFY ...

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Page 67: ...dulation FM 4 42 Amplitude modulation AM 4 45 DC offset modulation OFSM 4 49 Phase modulation PM 4 53 Pulse width modulation PWM 4 56 4 4 Arbitrary Waveform 4 60 Arbitrary waveform ARB 4 60 4 5 Selecting waveforms of synchronous signals SYNC OUT 4 65 Procedure 4 65 When the oscillation mode is BURST 4 65 When the oscillation mode is SWEEP 4 66 When the oscillation mode is MODU 4 66 Additional info...

Page 68: ...he DC offset is set to 0 V the oscillation start phase is set to 0 degrees and the frequency and amplitude are set to arbitrarily defined values Operation 1 Set the burst oscillation TYPE to BURST Press the MODE key then the BURST key Use the and keys to select the type TYPE flashes BURST TRIG GATE 4 BURST TYPE MARK SPACE STOP LEVEL Press the ENTER key then produce the following display with the a...

Page 69: ...press the EXIT key once to exit mark cycle setting 3 Set SPACE cycle Use the and keys to produce the following display SPACE flashes 1 0 cycle BURST TYPE MARK SPACE STOP LEVEL Press the ENTER key Set the space cycles with the keypad or MODIFY dial 0 5 cycle units In this example the setting is 1 5 cycles After setting press the EXIT key once to release space cycle setting 4 Set STOP LEVEL Use the ...

Page 70: ...e shifted by half a cycle even though the frequency is set to less than 5 MHz If such a shift occurs set the continuous oscillation and then the burst oscillation Stop level off Oscillation stops at the phase set by ENTRY PHASE setting mark cycles more than 1 0 and mark space cycles are integers Waveform example of oscillation start phase 90 mark waves 2 space waves 1 Also by setting an amplitude ...

Page 71: ...esponse to an external trigger The example is a triangular waveform DC offset 0 V frequency and amplitude arbitrary Operation 1 Set the burst oscillation TYPE to TRIG Press the MODE key then the BURST key Use the and keys to select the type TYPE flashes BURST TRIG GATE 4 BURST TYPE MARK SPACE STOP LEVEL Press the ENTER key then produce the following display with the and keys TRIG flashes BURST TRI...

Page 72: ...IFY dial to select rising trigger indicates falling trigger After setting press the EXIT key once to release trigger source setting 3 Set DELAY time Use the and keys to produce the following display DELAY flashes 0 3μs TRIG TYPE SOURCE DELAY MARK 4 Press the ENTER key Set the delay time with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 1 ms After setting press the EXIT key once to release delay ti...

Page 73: ...once to release mark cycle setting 5 Set STOP LEVEL Use the and keys to produce the following display STOP LEVEL flashes OFF TRIG 3 STOP LEVEL Press the ENTER key Turn the MODIFY dial to produce the following display ON flashes ON 0 00 TRIG 3 STOP LEVEL Press the key then set the stop level with the keypad or MODIFY dial In this example the setting is 50 The stop level is the percentage with respe...

Page 74: ...e indicated below for oscillation start stop The trigger rate is common for CH1 and CH2 INT 1 000ms TRIG TYPE SOURCE DELAY MARK 4 Stop level off Oscillation stops at the phase set by ENTRY PHASE setting mark cycle is integer Manual trigger Press the MAN TRIG key then set the trigger source to EXT Operation is based on the logical OR of the external signal key and type of remote control GPIB or USB...

Page 75: ...T s INT s DELAY trigger delay s MARK oscillation cycle cycle STOP LEVEL OFF ON OPER COMMON trigger in both channels OFF ON PHASE phase when oscillation starts deg ENTRY menu Burst oscillation Type Gate MODE BURST TYPE GATE Burst oscillation Type Gate is intermittent with start and stop according to the trigger signal level Operation is described with reference to an example of producing a waveform...

Page 76: ...e following display with the and keys GATE flashes BURST TRIG GATE 4 GATE TYPE SOURCE STOP LEVEL This sets the burst oscillation type for gate Press the EXIT key once to release the type setting mode 2 Select gate SOURCE Use the and keys to produce the following display SOURCE flashes EXT L ON GATE TYPE SOURCE STOP LEVEL Press the ENTER key Press the key then select positive logic H ON with the MO...

Page 77: ...ude After setting press the EXIT key to release the setting mode The above selects sets burst oscillation type gate Oscillation occurs when a high level signal is applied to the TRIG SWEEP IN connector If the connection is open oscillation continues due to internal pullup Other settings At the above settings when the waveform is squarewave a three squarewave is obtained such as shown in the follow...

Page 78: ...the remote control command Remote Control Operation Manual cf To simultaneously generate a gate signal for both channels manually or via remote control GPIB or USB set Type for both channels to Gate and set OPER COMMON to on If the BOTH lamp is on behavior is the same even though OPER COMMON is off OFF ON GATE 3 OPER COMMON Burst oscillation type gate setting items BURST menu TYPE GATE SOURCE gate...

Page 79: ... 0 degrees frequency and amplitude arbitrary Stop level 100 0 Trigger signal TRIG SWEEP IN Oscillation starts at trigger Oscillation stops at end of a half cycle at next trigger Operation 1 Set burst oscillation TYPE to trig d gate T GATE Press the MODE key then the BURST key Use the and keys to produce the following display TYPE flashes BURST TRIG GATE 4 BURST TYPE MARK SPACE STOP LEVEL Press ENT...

Page 80: ...ng display STOP LEVEL flashes OFF T GATE TYPE SOURCE STOP LEVEL Press the ENTER key Turn the MODIFY dial to produce the following display ON flashes ON 0 00 T GATE TYPE SOURCE STOP LEVEL Press the key then set the stop level with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 100 The stop level is the percentage with respect to the maximum positive 100 and negative 100 amplitude After setting press ...

Page 81: ... power on To generate the trigger signal via remote control GPIB or USB set the GET command or TRG command from the remote control interface Also set the trigger source to EXT For details of the remote control command Remote Control Instruction Manual cf To simultaneously generate a signal for both channels manually or via remote control set Type for both channels to Trigger and set OPER COMMON to...

Page 82: ...y that varies linearly and continuously is described The setting example is a sinewave with arbitrary amplitude and DC offset Operation 1 Set sweep MODE to SINGLE Press the MODE key then the SWEEP key Use the and keys to produce the following display MODE flashes SINGLE CONT GATED F SWP TYPE SOURCE MODE 4 Press ENTER then use the and keys to produce the following display SINGLE flashes SINGLE CONT...

Page 83: ...splay FREQ flashes FREQ AMPTD OFFSET 4 F SWP TYPE SOURCE MODE 4 This sets the sweep type for frequency Press the EXIT key once to release the type setting mode 3 Select sweep FUNCTION Use the and keys to produce the following display FUNCTION flashes LIN F SWP 3 FUNCTION START STOP 4 Press the ENTER key Press the key then select with the MODIFY dial After selecting press the EXIT key once to relea...

Page 84: ... dial For example set to 100 Hz After setting press the EXIT key once to release the start frequency setting mode 5 Set STOP frequency Use the and keys to produce the following display STOP flashes 10000 00000000 Hz F SWP 3 FUNCTION START STOP 4 Press ENTER key Set the stop frequency with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 1000 Hz After setting press the EXIT key once to release the stop...

Page 85: ...ing mode 7 Sweep operation Sweep starts when the START key is pressed When sweep is started an existing output frequency is quickly changed to the start frequency If desiring to set the start frequency output beforehand press the STOP key The output quickly changes to the start frequency then sweeps to the stop frequency in 3 seconds in this example Oscillation then continues at the stop frequency...

Page 86: ...er on or a parameter change is 40 ms Otherwise it is 2 ms Power on or a sweep parameter setting change Stop value Dead time 100 ms Start value Trigger Trigger Triggers during dead time are ignored 40ms 2ms External sweep start Set the sweep trigger source to EXT and select rising or falling Supply an external signal to the front panel TRIG SWEEP IN connector However note that retrigger cannot be a...

Page 87: ...d CH2 INT 100 0ms F SWP TYPE SOURCE MODE 4 START STATE and STOP STATE Set output to start and stop values respectively Since sweep synchronization output becomes the respective start and stop states full scale adjustments of the recorder and the status of external equipment can be checked START STATE is the same as pressing the STOP key during a single sweep Relationship between sweep values and s...

Page 88: ...mmand from the remote control interface For details of the remote control command Remote Control Instruction Manual cf To simultaneously operate sweep start stop pause restart for both channels manually or via remote control GPIB or USB set both channels to sweep mode and set OPER COMMON to on If the BOTH lamp is on behavior is the same even though OPER COMMON is off OFF ON F SWP 3 OPER COMMON ...

Page 89: ...shown below is a sinewave with an arbitrarily defined amplitude and DC offset Start amplitude 1Vp p Operation 1 Set sweep MODE to continuous CONT Press the MODE key then the SWEEP key Use the and keys to produce the following display MODE flashes SINGLE CONT GATED F SWP TYPE SOURCE MODE 4 Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display CONT flashes SINGLE CONT GATED F SW...

Page 90: ...y AMPTD flashes FREQ AMPTD OFFSET 4 A SWP TYPE MODE FUNCTION START 4 This completes setting the sweep type to amplitude Press the EXIT key once to release the setting mode 3 Select the sweep FUNCTION Use the and keys to produce the following display FUNCTION flashes LIN A SWP TYPE MODE FUNCTION START 4 Press the ENTER key Press the key then turn the MODIFY dial to select After selecting press the ...

Page 91: ...pad or MODIFY dial For example set to 1Vp p After setting press the EXIT key once to release the start setting mode 5 Set the STOP amplitude STOP Use the and keys to produce the following display STOP flashes AMPTD 0 1000 Vp p A SWP 3 STOP TIME CENTER SPAN 4 Press the ENTER key Set the stop amplitude with the key pad or MODIFY dial For example set to 2Vp p After setting press the EXIT key once to ...

Page 92: ...litude If desiring to set the start amplitude output beforehand press the STOP key Other operations Sweep stop Press the STOP key This becomes the sweep start value Sweep pause Press the PAUSE key To resume sweep again press the PAUSE key External pause Apply Low level to the rear panel SWEEP PAUSE IN connector To resume sweep apply a High level or open input FUNCTION The function determines the s...

Page 93: ... Sweep Sweep value and Z MARKER SYNC X DRIVE output cf Sweep type set to duty Output waveform fixed to squarewave variable duty and waveform Function cannot be selected During a sweep multiple pulses may be output in one cycle as shown below During sweep if the oscillation mode of the other channel is changed sweep stops To start stop pause or restart a sweep operation on both channels simultaneou...

Page 94: ...varies in step form and oscillation stops is described The setting example is a sinewave with arbitrary amplitude and DC offset 0 Operation 1 Set sweep MODE to GATED Press the MODE key then the SWEEP key Use the and keys to produce the following display MODE flashes SINGLE CONT GATED F SWP TYPE SOURCE MODE 4 Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display GATED flashes S...

Page 95: ...FREQ flashes FREQ AMPTD OFFSET 4 F SWP TYPE SOURCE MODE 4 This completes setting the sweep type to frequency Press the EXIT key once to release the setting mode 3 Select the sweep FUNCTION Use the and keys to produce the following display FUNCTION flashes LIN F SWP 3 FUNCTION START STOP 4 Press the ENTER key Press the key then select with the MODIFY dial After selecting press the EXIT key once to ...

Page 96: ... dial For example set to 100 Hz After setting press the EXIT key once to release the start frequency setting mode 5 Set the STOP frequency Use the and keys to produce the following display STOP flashes 10000 00000000 Hz F SWP 3 FUNCTION START STOP 4 Press the ENTER key Set the frequency with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 200 Hz After setting press the EXIT key once to release the st...

Page 97: ...Set the STOP LEVEL Use the and keys to produce the following display STOP LEVEL flashes OFF F SWP 3 TIME STOP LEVEL CENTER 4 Press the ENTER key Turn the MODIFY dial to produce the following display ON flashes ON 0 00 F SWP 3 TIME STOP LEVEL CENTER 4 Press the key then set the stop level with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 50 The stop level is a percentage with respect to the maximum...

Page 98: ...4 2 Sweep 4 32 WF1946B 8 Start sweep Press the START key In this example sweep ends after 3 seconds and oscillation stops Again press the START key to sweep from the stop to the start frequency ...

Page 99: ...rising or falling Supply an external signal to the front panel TRIG SWEEP IN connector Observe that retrigger is not accepted for 100 ms after sweep start EXT F SWP TYPE SOURCE MODE 4 External pause Apply Low level to the rear panel SWEEP PAUSE IN connector To resume sweep apply a High level or open input FUNCTION The function determines the sweep type For example provides step type change of outp...

Page 100: ...e recorder and the status of external equipment can be checked 4 2 Sweep Sweep value and Z MARKER SYNC X DRIVE output cf Sweep type set to duty Output waveform fixed to squarewave variable duty and waveform Function cannot be selected During a sweep multiple pulses may be output in one cycle as shown below If the frequency is low and the sweep rest period short in some cases oscillation may not st...

Page 101: ...ER START STOP 2 SPAN START STOP When center is changed Span does not change START CENTER SPAN 2 STOP CENTER SPAN 2 When span is changed Center does not change START CENTER SPAN 2 STOP CENTER SPAN 2 A value that changes the SWEEP Z MARKER OUT signal is set for MARKER MKR CTR copies the marker value to the center value When an amplitude sweep is set with 0 as the start or stop values and the sweep f...

Page 102: ...tart value STOP sweep stop value or Sweep range setting CENTER sweep center value SPAN sweep width TIME sweep time s STOP LEVEL Set when the sweep mode is GATED PHASE phase when oscillation starts ENTRY menu MARKER Marker value MKR CTR Copying of the marker value to the center value OPER COMMON simultaneous sweep operation of both channels OFF ON Sweep operations Main operation START sweep start S...

Page 103: ...ation period 1 Modulation frequency Step number derivation when oscillation mode of only one channel is sweep or modulation Other times see next page 1 Sweep function is step Step number Sweep time s 10000 raise up even number 1 2 Sweep function is other than step and sweep type is frequency Sweep time is 25 ms and below Step number Sweep time s 10000 Sweep time is more than 25 to 31 25 ms and bel...

Page 104: ...e s 5000 round down even number if more than 1 6 ms 2 Sweep time more than 25 ms but 31 25 ms and less Step no 124 fixed Sweep time more than 31 25 ms Step no sweep time s 4000 2 Sweep type other than frequency Sweep time 50 ms and less Step no sweep time s 5000 round down even number if more than 1 6 ms 2 Sweep time more than 50 ms but 62 5 ms and less Step no 250 fixed Sweep time more than 62 5 ...

Page 105: ...odulation type is changed after the modulation frequency is set the step number remains the same For example if the modulation type is changed from frequency to amplitude the step number remains the same as in 3 b Secondary channel step number Step no reference channel step no secondary channel sweep time modulation period reference channel sweep time modulation period If function is step round up...

Page 106: ...4 2 Sweep 4 40 WF1946B Sweep value and Z MARKER SYNC X DRIVE outputs Approximately 200 to 250 µs when the oscillation mode of both CH1 and CH2 is sweep or modulation approx 100 to 125 µs at other times ...

Page 107: ...4 2 Sweep WF1946B 4 41 ...

Page 108: ...Set modulation TYPE to frequency FM Press the MODE key then the MODU key Use the and keys to produce the following display TYPE flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM FM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display FM flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM FM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION This sets the modulation type for frequency Press the EXIT key once to release...

Page 109: ...T key once to exit frequency deviation setting 3 Set the modulation FREQ Use the and keys to produce the following display FREQ flashes 100 00 Hz FM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key Set the frequency with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 50 Hz 20 ms After setting press the EXIT key once to release the modulation setting mode 4 Select the modulation waveform FUNCTION Use...

Page 110: ...TOP key Resume modulation by pressing the START key During modulation if the oscillation mode of the other channel is changed modulation stops To start or stop modulation of both channels simultaneously on a manual operation or via remote control GPIB or USB set both channels to modulation mode and set OPER COMMON to on If the BOTH lamp is on behavior is the same even though OPER COMMON is off OFF...

Page 111: ...et modulation TYPE to amplitude AM Press the MODE key then the MODU key Use the and keys to produce the following display TYPE flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM FM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display AM flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM AM TYPE DEPTH FREQ FUNCTION This sets the modulation type for amplitude Press the EXIT key once to release the ...

Page 112: ...ion depth For example set to 33 Press the EXIT key once to release the modulation depth setting mode 3 Set the modulation FREQ frequency with varying amplitude Use the and keys to produce the following display FREQ flashes 100 00 Hz AM TYPE DEPTH FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key Use the keypad or MODIFY dial to set the modulation frequency For example set to 200 Hz 5ms After setting press the EXI...

Page 113: ... modulation occurs at the setting at that time point To stop modulation Press the STOP key Resume modulation by pressing the START key Amplitude setting vs maximum or minimum amplitudes Max amplitude Amplitude setting 2 1 depth 100 Min amplitude Amplitude setting 2 1 depth 100 At 0 depth the output amplitude is 1 2 the setting At 100 depth the output amplitude is the same as the setting During mod...

Page 114: ...946B OFF ON AM 3 FUNCTION OPER COMMON Setting items at frequency modulation MODU menu TYPE AM DEPTH modulation depth FREQ modulation frequency Hz FUNCTION modulation waveform SIN OPER COMMON operation in both channels OFF ON ...

Page 115: ...ration 1 Set modulation TYPE to DC offset OFSM Press the MODE key then the MODU key Use the and keys to produce the following display TYPE flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM FM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display OFSM flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM OFSM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ 4 This sets the modulation type for DC offset Press the EXIT key once to...

Page 116: ...ODIFY dial For example set to 0 3 V After setting press the EXIT key once to exit DC offset deviation setting 3 Set the modulation FREQ Use the and keys to produce the following display FREQ flashes 100 00 Hz OFSM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ 4 Press the ENTER key Set the frequency with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 250 Hz 4 ms After setting press the EXIT key once to release the modulation ...

Page 117: ...litude setting vs maximum amplitudes Max amplitude Amplitude setting DC offset deviation When the oscillation mode is changed to modulation MODU modulation occurs at the setting at that time point To stop modulation Press the STOP key Resume modulation by pressing the START key During modulation if the oscillation mode of the other channel is changed modulation stops To start or stop a modulation ...

Page 118: ...ion 4 52 WF1946B Setting items in DC offset modulation MODU menu TYPE OFSM DEVIATION DC offset deviation FREQ modulation frequency Hz FUNCTION modulation waveform SIN OPER COMMON operation in both channels OFF ON ...

Page 119: ...cy and amplitude are set to arbitrarily defined values Operation 1 Set modulation TYPE to phase PM Press the MODE key then the MODU key Use the and keys to produce the following display TYPE flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM FM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display PM flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM PM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION This sets the m...

Page 120: ...ase deviation setting 3 Set the modulation FREQ frequency with varying phase Use the and keys to produce the following display FREQ flashes 100 00 Hz PM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key Set the frequency with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 200 Hz 5 ms After setting press the EXIT key once to release the modulation frequency setting mode 4 Select the modulation wavefor...

Page 121: ...time point To stop modulation Press the STOP key Resume modulation by pressing the START key During modulation if the oscillation mode of the other channel is changed modulation stops To start or stop modulation of both channels simultaneously on a manual operation or via remote control GPIB or USB set both channels to sweep mode and set OPER COMMON to on OFF ON PM 3 FUNCTION OPER COMMON Setting i...

Page 122: ...M Press the MODE key then the MODU key Use the and keys to produce the following display TYPE flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM FM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display PWM flashes FM AM OFSM PM PWM PWM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION This sets the modulation type for pulse width Press the EXIT key once to release the type setting mode The wav...

Page 123: ...DIFY dial For example set to 80 After setting press the EXIT key once to exit pulse width deviation setting 3 Set the modulation FREQ frequency with varying pulse width Use the and keys to produce the following display FREQ flashes 100 00 Hz PWM TYPE DEVIATION FREQ FUNCTION Press the ENTER key Set the frequency with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 50 Hz 20 ms After setting press the E...

Page 124: ...o modulation MODU modulation occurs at the setting at that time point To stop modulation Press the STOP key Resume modulation by pressing the START key Duty setting vs maximum or minimum duties Max duty Duty setting pulse width deviation 2 Min duty Duty setting pulse width deviation 2 During modulation multiple pulses may be output in one cycle as shown below During modulation if the oscillation m...

Page 125: ...on WF1946B 4 59 Setting items at pulse width modulation MODU menu TYPE PWM DEVIATION pulse width deviation FREQ modulation frequency Hz FUNCTION modulation waveform SIN OPER COMMON operation in both channels OFF ON ...

Page 126: ...o be edited output SELECT Press the ARB EDIT key then use the and keys to produce the following display SELECT flashes 0 ARB 00 1 ARB 01 4 ARB SELECT NAME EDIT COPY 4 Press the ENTRY key then use the and keys to produce the following display 1 ARB_01 flashes 0 ARB 00 1 ARB 01 4 ARB SELECT NAME EDIT COPY 4 This completes the selection of an arbitrary waveform No 1 is selected here Press the EXIT ke...

Page 127: ...e Press the ARB EDIT key then use the and keys to produce the following display COPY flashes SIN ARB SELECT NAME EDIT COPY 4 Press ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display SIN flashes SIN ARB SELECT NAME EDIT COPY 4 Press ENTER key to copy the sinewave ...

Page 128: ...0000 DT 00000 ARB SELECT NAME EDIT COPY 4 Set the waveform address AD with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 1024 Press the m key to produce the following display the asterisk is displayed AD 1024 DT 23170 ARB SELECT NAME EDIT COPY 4 is interpolation type mark and indicates the linear interpolation type address The mark appears and extinguishes each time the m key is pressed Next use ab...

Page 129: ...ween the starred addresses Press the EXIT key then use the and keys to produce the following display MARK CLEAR flashes 1 ARB 01 ARB 3 MARK CLEAR CLEAR SIZE Press the ENTER key twice to clear the interpolation marks from addresses 1024 and 3072 In the same manner as above steps to clip the first half of a sinewave set interpolation marks at 5120 and 7168 The above completes arbitrary waveform sett...

Page 130: ...RB EDIT NAME select ENTER then use the MODIFY dial to select the characters Shift position with and and input Up to 8 characters can be input Following are the usable characters a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z s p a c e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 _ Change the waveform data size ARB EDIT SIZE select ENTER Use and to select the data si...

Page 131: ...nd keys to set the SYNC OUT waveform After setting press the EXIT key to release the SYNC OUT waveform setting mode When the oscillation mode is BURST STATE Low level during oscillation High level while stopped PHASE For squarewaves variable duty the same waveform as that for FUNCTION OUT For other cases high level while between 0 and 180 degrees of the waveform in the oscillation period and low l...

Page 132: ... low level while between 180 and 360 degrees Sweeping FUNCTION OUT SYNC OUT SYNC OUT STATE SYNC OUT SYNC OUT PHASE When the oscillation mode is MODU STATE Low level while executing modulation and between 180 and 360 degrees of the modulated waves Otherwise high level PHASE For squarewaves variable duty the same waveform as that for FUNCTION OUT Otherwise high level while between 0 and 180 degrees ...

Page 133: ...0 degrees 2 degrees approximately In particular note that when the oscillation mode is switched during a burst or gated sweep while oscillation is stopped the output level may vary or the waveform may become glitch shaped If a precise output level is required while oscillation is stopped shift the phase setting For example setting the phase at 90 degrees shifts the output level to the high level w...

Page 134: ...stepwise variations discontinuities are generated If such discontinuities are removed the remaining variations have the appearance shown below If as an extreme example the oscillation frequency is 1 kHz the sweep time is 4 ms the start phase is 180 degrees the stop phase is 180 degrees and the sweep function is in the phase sweep the phase shifts about 26 degrees every 100 µs producing the followi...

Page 135: ... Update interval 100 to 252 µs If the sweep function FUNCTION is triangular and the change rate of phase is large Output waveform Extra pulses are produced The occurrence frequency when the sweep function is or is roughly given by the following formula If for example the frequency is 1 kHz the phase span is 90 degrees and the sweep time is 100 ms an extra pulse is generated every 400 cycles on ave...

Page 136: ...es of a are equal to those of white noise in the figure b Frequency characteristics of white noise that follows This equivalent bandwidth 500 kHz is called the equivalent noise bandwidth Noise density V Hz a Frequency characteristics of noise generated by the WF1946B b Frequency characteristics of white noise Noise density V Hz About 320 kHz 3dB 500kHz Frequency Frequency Effective values are equa...

Page 137: ...15 5 4 External Input 5 16 External add EXT ADD 5 16 External AM EXT AM 5 17 5 5 Other settings 5 18 Output range change use with fixed range 5 18 Output on off at power on 5 19 LOAD function equalize setting and output values 5 20 UNDO function 5 21 Pulse generator function 5 22 Phase sync 5 24 Copy settings between channels 5 25 Fixed frequency difference 2TONE 5 26 Fixed frequency ratio RATIO 5...

Page 138: ... following display P 0 001000000000 s A0 1000Vp p O 0 0000V OPEN Set the period with the keypad or MODIFY dial Other The period setting is frequency with the reciprocal less than 0 01 µHz the number should be rounded off Thus the setting tolerance is large when the frequency setting digits are fewer period longer In this situation even if setting is changed by the keypad or MODIFY dial the actual ...

Page 139: ...REQ Period PERIOD Pulse width WIDTH Duty DUTY Frequency FREQ Changed Changed Unchanged Period PERIOD Changed Unchanged Changed Pulse width WIDTH Unchanged Unchanged Changed Duty DUTY Unchanged Unchanged Changed Due to the oscillation period and duty relationship the pulse can be lost when the actual pulse width is less than 25 ns An error message is displayed at this type of setting Also jitter in...

Page 140: ...table indicates the effects on other parameters when the frequency period width or duty is changed Change Frequency FREQ Period PERIOD Pulse width WIDTH Duty DUTY Frequency FREQ Changed Changed Unchanged Period PERIOD Changed Unchanged Changed Pulse width WIDTH Unchanged Unchanged Changed Duty DUTY Unchanged Unchanged Changed Due to the oscillation period and duty relationship the pulse can be los...

Page 141: ...quarewave Operation Press the ENTRY key then the HIGH key to produce the following display HIGH 0 0500 V 1000 0000000Hz L 0 0500V OPEN Set the High level with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 5 V Press the EXIT key then the LOW key to produce the following display LOW 0 0500 V 1000 0000000Hz H 5 0000V OPEN Set the Low level with the keypad or MODIFY dial For example set to 0 V Amplitud...

Page 142: ...nchanged Changed Changed DC offset OFFSET Unchanged Changed Changed High level HIGH Changed Changed Unchanged Low level LOW Changed Changed Unchanged Due to the relationships between high and low level settings and between amplitude and DC offset settings when the output voltage exceeds the following values the Over lamp flashes and the output is clipped in some cases 10 V range Approx 11 V peak o...

Page 143: ...frequency units are changed Operation Press the ENTRY key then the FREQ key 1000 00000000 Hz A0 1000Vp p O 0 0000V OPEN Press the k key to change the display as follows 1 00000000000kHz A0 1000Vp p O 0 0000V OPEN Other Unit change enable Only when the µ m k or M key is lighted Initializing units e g from kHz to Hz At above step press the ENTER key ...

Page 144: ... OPEN Turn the MODIFY dial to produce the following display AMPTD 0 0354 Vrms 1000 0000000Hz O 0 0000V OPEN Other The following units can be used Vp p Vrms dBV dBm 1 USER 2 1 Selectable when LOAD function is SET 2 Set User units name is displayed Notes Only Vp p and USER can be selected when the oscillation mode is NOISE Only Vp p and USER can be selected when the selected waveform is ARB Even if ...

Page 145: ... then use the and keys to produce the following display USER UNIT flashes USER UNIT MENU SYSTEM RANGE PRESET USER UNIT 4 Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display TYPE flashes FREQ PERIOD AMPTD 4 USER UNIT TYPE NAME FORMULA 4 Again press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display FREQ flashes FREQ PERIOD AMPTD 4 USER UNIT TYPE NAME FORMULA...

Page 146: ... G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 _ After inputting press the EXIT key once to release unit name setting 3 Select the FORMULA for example h n m The setting type e g frequency is h n is offset and m is the coefficient Use the and keys to produce the following display FORMULA flashes h n m Log h n m USER UNIT TYPE NAME FORMULA 4 Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to...

Page 147: ...n for example to 0 Use the and keys to produce the following display OFFSET n flashes 0 00000000000000E 0 USER UNIT 3 SCALE m OFFSET n Press the ENTER key then set the offset with the keypad or MODIFY dial Press the EXIT key to release the offset setting mode 6 Display the above settings Press the ENTRY key then the FREQ key Press the key to produce the following display Hz flashes 1000 00000000 H...

Page 148: ...ccording to the coefficient and offset settings setting resolution may be less precise when user units are used When using user units for the DC offset and phase in LOG selection note the following If a negative value is set before the conversion to user units is made an attempt is made to calculate the logarithm of a negative value Since the logarithm of a negative value cannot be a real number O...

Page 149: ...ENTER key then apply a desired name to the memory may also be omitted Select characters with the MODIFY dial and shift position with the and keys Up to 20 characters can be selected from the following list a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z s p a c e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 _ Press the ENTER key to store the name in this example save...

Page 150: ...this example TEST 1 is recalled from memory TEST 1 STORE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Press ENTER key for recall Other If the keypad is pressed at above step the pressed memory number is recalled Only the stored numbers of the keypad light Items stored in the setting memory and user unit settings are noted in Section 3 3 Basic operation Setting initialize The following items do not change before and after ...

Page 151: ...s to produce the following display CLEAR flashes CLEAR MENU MEMORY STORE RECALL CLEAR Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display 0 flashes In this example TEST 1 is cleared from memory TEST 1 CLEAR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Press ENTER key to clear the memory recall Other At above step pressing the keypad clears the corresponding memory number Only the stored numbers of t...

Page 152: ...ar panel EXT ADD IN connector For details on connectors 3 2 Input and output connectors External add input EXT ADD IN cf Operation Press the SYSTEM key then use the and keys to produce the following display EXT ADD flashes OFF ON SYSTEM 3 EXT AM EXT ADD ФSYNC4 Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display ON flashes OFF ON SYSTEM 3 EXT AM EXT ADD ФSYNC4 ...

Page 153: ... 3 2 Input and output connectors External AM input EXT AM IN cf Operation Press the SYSTEM key then use the and keys to produce the following display EXT AM flashes OFF ON SYSTEM 3 EXT AM EXT ADD ФSYNC4 Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display ON flashes OFF ON SYSTEM 3 EXT AM EXT ADD ФSYNC4 Other AM appears at the head of the display when external AM is on 1000 0...

Page 154: ...resolution is 1 digit less than the 1 V range Operation Press the SYSTEM key then use the and keys to produce the following display RANGE flashes AUTO 10V 1V SYSTEM RANGE PRESET USER UNIT 4 Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display 10 V flashes AUTO 10V 1V SYSTEM RANGE PRESET USER UNIT 4 Other If the output range is set as 1 V when the amplitude setting is larger t...

Page 155: ...n off state The example is setting the output for off at power on Operation Press the SYSTEM key then use the and keys to produce the following display POWER ON flashes LAST STATE OFF ON SYSTEM 3 SYNCOUT POWER ON REMOTE Press the ENTER key then use the and keys to produce the following display OFF flashes LAST STATE OFF ON SYSTEM 3 SYNCOUT POWER ON REMOTE ...

Page 156: ...play LOAD flashes OPEN SYSTEM 3 LOAD COPY1 2 COPY2 1 4 Press the ENTER key then turn the MODIFY dial to produce the following display SET flashes SET 50 Ω SYSTEM 3 LOAD COPY1 2 COPY2 1 4 Press the key then turn the MODIFY dial to set the load impedance to 100 Ω The above setting calculates the actual voltage of FUNCTION OUT connector from the WF1946B output impedance 50 Ω and the load impedance fo...

Page 157: ...the previous state Operation Press the UNDO to return a setting to the previous state ineffective when UNDO is extinguished Other Undo enabled 1 Directly after changing frequency amplitude etc with the keypad or MODIFY dial 2 Directly after setting recall MEMORY RECALL Press the UNDO key to return the state prior to recall ...

Page 158: ...V and the Low level to 0 V ENTRY HIGH 5 ENTER ENTRY LOW 0 ENTER Set the period to 2 ms ENTRY PERIOD 2 m Set the pulse width to 0 2 ms ENTRY WIDTH 2 m 2 Use external trigger for pulse output Set the waveform to squarewave variable duty FUNCTION Set the voltage High level to 5 V and the Low level to 0 V ENTRY HIGH 5 ENTER ENTRY LOW 0 ENTER Period 2 ms Pulse width 0 2 ms 5V 0V Pulse width 0 5 ms Dela...

Page 159: ...T TYPE TRIG SOURCE EXT DELAY 0 1 ms MARK 1 0 cycle STOP LEVEL ON 100 Apply the trigger signal to the TRIG SWEEP IN connector Other Double pulse output At above step set MARK 2 0 cycles Manual trigger At above step set SOURCE EXT and press the MAN TRIG key Do not connect anything to the TRIG SWEEP IN connector ...

Page 160: ... INDEP channel mode when the phase is synchronized CH1 is 0 deg and CH2 is 90 deg Operation Press the SYSTEM key then use the and keys to produce the following display φ SYNC flashes ФSYNC SYSTEM 3 EXT AM EXT ADD ФSYNC 4 Press the ENTER key to engage phase synchronization Other φ sync is effective in Normal oscillation mode In other modes the phase may shift 180 degrees and the values of the mark ...

Page 161: ...he ENTER key to copy between the channels This completes setting copy To copy from CH2 to CH1 at above step flash COPY 2 1 Other The following items do not change before and after copying Channel select Output on off Arbitrary waveform parameter User units parameter When the copy from settings are user units the copy to settings are also user units When user units are used for the respective chann...

Page 162: ...hen the and keys to produce the following display 2 TONE flashes INDEP 2PHASE 2TONE 4 SELECT CHANNEL MODE Press the ENTER key to select this channel mode 2 Set the frequency difference FREQ between CH2 and CH1 Press the ENTER key then the FREQ key Set the frequency difference with the keypad or MODIFY dial Press the EXIT key once to release the setting mode Other If the frequency difference FREQ i...

Page 163: ... key then the and keys to produce the following display RATIO flashes 3 RATIO DIFF SELECT CHANNEL MODE Press the ENTER key to select this channel mode 2 Set the frequency ratio between CH2 and CH1 Press the ENTRY key then the RATIO key CH 1 CH 2 R 0000001 0000001 1000 0000000Hz 0 1000Vp p OPEN Select the affected channel with the and keys then set the frequency ratio with the keypad or MODIFY dial...

Page 164: ......

Page 165: ...WF1946B 6 1 Section 6 Troubleshooting 6 1 Error message 6 2 Power on error 6 2 Operation error 6 3 6 2 Suspected failure 6 6 In case of abnormality 6 6 ...

Page 166: ... error Error message Cause Corrective measures BACKUP MEMORY LOST Battery backup memory contents destroyed Backup battery probably depleted Contact dealer Press the ENTER key to start the system at the factory settings CALIBRATION MEMORY LOST Calibration data destroyed Contact dealer Although possible to start by pressing the ENTER key accuracy cannot be guaranteed SYSTEM TEST FAILED 001 Internal ...

Page 167: ...le sweep type e g frequency setting range SETTINGS CONFLICT 003 Combined modulation type e g frequency and either Deviation or depth exceed the permissible modulation type setting range and modulation cannot be executed SETTINGS CONFLICT 004 Combined modulation type e g frequency and either Deviation or depth exceed the permissible modulation type setting range SETTINGS CONFLICT 007 Combined perio...

Page 168: ...oscillation mark and space may be unstable WARNING 004 Low level setting changed due to high level setting change or conversely high level setting changed due to low level setting change WARNING 005 Changed to simple standard units Hz s Vp p V WARNING 006 Since combined period and pulse width exceed the permissible duty setting range pulse width was changed in order to enter the permissible duty r...

Page 169: ...lation Therefore the oscillation mode of the other channel was changed to normal WARNING 010 The sweep function was changed from LOG to LIN WARNING 011 The sweep mode was changed from gated to single WARNING 012 Since the oscillation mode of the other channel was changed during sweep or modulation sweep or modulation was stopped WARNING 013 Sweep time or modulation frequency exceeded the settable ...

Page 170: ...r Modify dial defective Contact service Ambient temperature and humidity outside specified range Use the equipment under the specified environmental conditions Inadequate warm up Allow the equipment to warm up for at least 30 minutes after power on DC offset applied Set DC offset to 0 V Set for user units Select standard units Output abnormal LOAD function being used Set for OPEN Address or USB ID...

Page 171: ... checks 7 3 Function checks 7 3 7 3 Performance tests 7 5 Performance tests 7 5 Preparatory checks 7 5 Test preparation 7 5 Frequency accuracy 7 5 Amplitude accuracy 7 6 DC offset accuracy 7 6 Amplitude vs frequency characteristics 7 7 Sinewave distortion 7 7 Squarewave response 7 8 Duty factor 7 8 Time difference between channels 7 9 ...

Page 172: ...or dealer regarding more thorough inspection adjustment calibration and repair Do not remove external covers Internal inspection of this equipment must be performed only by a trained service technician who is fully aware of the hazards involved Required test instruments The following equipment is required for inspection and performance tests z Oscilloscope At least 100 MHz bandwidth z Universal co...

Page 173: ...ormal indication appears at power on switch power off and wait at least 5 seconds then again switch power on z Main function checks To avoid setting error initialize the settings SYSTEM PRESET Connect FUNCTION OUT to an oscilloscope with 50 Ω coaxial cable to monitor the output Operate to change the following settings several times and confirm normal functions Test both keypad and MODIFY dial for ...

Page 174: ...ackup period is typically 3 years but may vary among individual units and usage conditions Accuracy cannot be guaranteed if calibration data cannot be backed up due to battery depletion Therefore regular battery replacement is recommended z GPIB USB Conduct some of the main function checks via GPIB USB and confirm the same output variations Also note that the remote REM indicator lights Press the ...

Page 175: ...thicker less than 1 meter length and fitted at both ends with BNC connectors z Where items call for 50 Ω termination set the input impedance of the connected instrument to 50 Ω Where this is impossible use a 50 Ω feed through terminator at the test instrument input z Initialize the settings for each test item SYSTEM PRESET set the output on key internal LED lights according to CH 1 OUT ON OFF or C...

Page 176: ...0 Vp p open 3 536 Vrms open 3 493 to 3 578 Vrms 10 V 5 Vp p open 1 768 Vrms open 1 738 to 1 798 Vrms 10 V 2 Vp p open 0 707 Vrms open 0 684 to 0 730 Vrms 1 V 2 Vp p open 0 7071 Vrms open 0 699 to 0 716 Vrms DC offset accuracy Connection Connect FUNCTION OUT to a DC voltmeter Setting After setting initialize set the DC mode output range and DC offset as indicated in the following table Measurement ...

Page 177: ...le Waveform 1 kHz Setting to 500 kHz to 1 MHz to 3 MHz to 10 MHz to 15 MHz Reference value 0 2 0 3 dB 0 2 0 3 dB 0 35 0 7 dB 0 5 1 5 dB 0 5 2 0 dB Reference value 0 3 dB Reference value 0 3 dB 0 3 dB Reference value 0 5 dB Reference value 0 5 dB Sinewave distortion Connection Use coaxial cable to connect FUNCTION OUT to a distortion meter 50 Ω termination Setting Initialize then set the amplitude ...

Page 178: ...uty factor Connection Use coaxial cable to connect Function Out to a universal counter 50 Ω terminated Settings Initialize the settings then set amplitude to 20 Vp p and waveform and frequency according to the following table Measurement Set the counter rise and fall period to the interval timer mode and measure the duty time Use the average value since jitter will cause dispersion in the measurem...

Page 179: ... and CH2 CH2 phase 180 deg and frequency and waveform according to the following table Measurement Set timer mode between counter inputs 1 and 2 and measure the time difference between CH1 and CH2 Set the counter trigger level to 0 V and the trigger polarity to rising for both inputs 1 and 2 Use the average value since dispersion occurs in the measured values Determination The ranges indicated in ...

Page 180: ......

Page 181: ...racteristics 8 2 8 2 Output voltage 8 4 8 3 Other functions 8 5 8 4 Initialized settings 8 11 8 5 Remote control 8 12 8 6 Options 8 13 8 7 General items 8 14 External drawing 8 16 Guaranteed values are shown with tolerance values without tolerance are for reference ...

Page 182: ...z waveform data size words Analog band width 10MHz 0 01 µHz to 500 kHz 0 01 µHz to 15 MHz 0 01 µHz 5 ppm 3 ppm year Frequency equivalent to inverse number of the setting period If the number is less than 0 01 µHz the number should be rounded off 0 0100 to 99 9900 0 0000 to 100 0000 0 0001 Arbitrary waveform data size Number of arbitrary waveforms Arbitrary waveform data origination Arbitrary wavef...

Page 183: ...z rms rms value measurement Up to 1 MHz 0 2 dB 0 3 dB 1 MHz to 3 MHz 0 35 dB 0 7 dB 3 MHz to 10 MHz 0 5 dB 1 5 dB 10 MHz to 15 MHz 0 5 dB 2 0 dB Up to 1 MHz 0 3 dB Up to 500 kHz 0 3 dB Up to 500 kHz 0 5 dB Continuous oscillation External AM off 50 Ω load DC offset 0 V amplitude setting 10 Vp p 50 Ω 10 Hz to 100 kHz 0 2 and below bandwidth 500 kHz 100 kHz to 1 MHz 50 dBc and below 1 MHz to 15 MHz 3...

Page 184: ...amplitude setting Vp p 0 01 Vp p open 10 V range 10 000 V open 1 V range 1 0000 V open 10 V range 1 mV open 1 V range 0 1 mV open DC mode External AM off external add off 10 V range 0 5 of DC offset setting V 0 07 V open 1 V range 0 5 of DC offset setting V 0 01 V open If output voltage exceeds the following value the OVER light blinks and the output may be clipped 10 V range 11 V open 1 V range 1...

Page 185: ...m oscillation stop to oscillation start 1800 000 to 1800 000 0 001 Selectable internal trigger oscillator or external trigger input Trigger can be applied from the panel keys or via remote control GPIB or USB The external trigger of CH1 can also be selected as the CH2 trigger source Trigger Rising or falling edge selectable Gate Positive or negative logic selectable Trig d gate Rising or falling e...

Page 186: ...000 00 s other times 1 ms Indicates start of single gated sweep 100 ms and more If applying less than 100 ms trigger is at 100 ms intervals Selectable internal trigger oscillator or external trigger input Also applicable from panel keys and via remote control GPIB or USB The CH1 external trigger can also be selected for the CH2 trigger source Selectable rise fall Front panel BNC receptacle TRIG SW...

Page 187: ...falling edge selectable 200 ns At 10 kΩ pulling up to 5 V Front panel BNC receptacle TRIG SWEEP IN Combined use with trigger input for gate trigger and trig d gate 0 5 V open Low level sweeping from start to stop High level Other times If sweep high level for about 0 2 ms to 0 5 ms directly before quick change from stop to start 50 Ω unbalanced 45 Ω and more Front panel BNC receptacle SYNC OUT Com...

Page 188: ...l modulation functions Modulation item External modulation frequency External AM depth Input voltage range Input impedance Input connector AM DSB SC AM on off selectable DC to 10 MHz 3 V input 100 0 V input 50 of the set amplitude 1 V input the set amplitude 3 to 1 V 50 Ω Rear panel BNC receptacle EXT AM IN z External add functions External add External addition frequency External addition gain In...

Page 189: ...eform 2 phase channel mode Valid in fixed frequency difference mode The frequency difference between CH2 and CH1 is set 0 00 µHz to 14 99999999999999 MHz 0 01 µHz Valid in fixed frequency ratio mode The CH1 and CH2 frequency ratio is set in the form N M N and M are respectively 0000001 to 9999999 1 Frequency resolutions are N 0 01 µHz and M 0 01 µHz respectively Manual or remote control GPIB or US...

Page 190: ...t actual voltage for an arbitrary load Conversion formula Output voltage at load Output voltage at no load impedance Load 50 impedance Output impedance Load Ω 45 Ω to 999 Ω 1 Ω z Output on off Function Output off state Power on state Output switched on off FUNCTION OUT open SYNC OUT TTL three states high impedance Selectable return to the state when the power supply was switched off or output on o...

Page 191: ...f in turning on LAST STATE condition just before power off Setting memory All NOT STORED Setting memory comment blank User unit name USER User unit computation formula h n m User unit coefficient 1 User unit offset 0 Arbitrary waveform selection 0 ARB_00 Arbitrary waveform name ARB_00 ARB_11 Arbitrary waveform data size 8 K Arbitrary waveform data All 0 Remote control interface GPIB GPIB address 2...

Page 192: ...A SR1 All service request functions RL1 All remote local functions PP0 No parallel poll functions DC1 All device clear functions DT1 All device trigger functions C0 No controller functions ISO 7 bit codes ASCII code 0 to 30 set from panel DIO1 8 NDAC NRFD and SRQ Open collector DAV and EOI three state GPIB address 0 to 30 delimiter in transmission CR LF EOI CR EOI LF EOI Remote state can be cancel...

Page 193: ...operation used to connect multiple WF19 series units 1 Connection of n WF19 series units 1 requires n 1 1994 synchronous operation cables z 1992A digital output option Function Data format Output digital signal applied to waveform D A Upper 15 bits of the 16 bit waveform data and the clock are output The relation between arbitrary waveform data setting and output data is as follows Arbitrary wavef...

Page 194: ...equency range 50 60 Hz 2 Hz Power supply fuse Time lag 2 A 100 V 115 V or time lag 1 A 230 V 250 V φ5 2 20 mm Power consumption 100 VA and below Over voltage cat II z Cooling Forced air cooling rear exhaust z Setup condition Horizontal Within 10 z Environmental conditions Ambient temperature and humidity range Performance guarantee 5 to 35゚C 5 to 85 RH no condensation at an absolute humidity of 1 ...

Page 195: ...ions z Mass Mainframe excluding attachments options etc Approx 4 6 kg z Safety standard EN61010 1 2001 z EMC EN61326 1997 A1 1998 A2 2001 However the performance criteria for the following standards are as follows EN61000 4 2 1995 C EN61000 4 4 1995 EN61000 4 5 1995 EN61000 4 11 1994 B ...

Page 196: ...ms 8 16 WF1946B External drawing Rear panel Front panel Side view Surface preparation Front panel Plastic sheet Black4C Frame Painting Metallic gray Cover Polyvinyl chloride metal laminated plate Metallic gray Option ...

Page 197: ...CTION OUT 3 5 HIGH 5 5 INDEP 3 20 3 22 5 24 k 4 63 5 7 LOCAL REMOTE CONTROL separate volume LOW 5 5 m 4 62 5 7 M 5 7 MAN TRIG 4 8 4 12 4 15 5 23 MEMORY 5 13 MODE 3 25 4 2 4 16 4 42 MODU 3 8 3 25 3 28 4 42 NOISE 3 8 3 25 3 28 3 29 5 8 NORMAL 3 25 5 24 OFFSET 3 31 5 6 5 20 OVER 3 5 PAUSE 4 20 4 26 4 33 PERIOD 5 2 5 3 5 4 PHASE 3 32 5 24 RATIO 3 20 3 21 5 27 START 4 19 4 26 4 32 4 44 4 47 4 51 4 55 4...

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Page 199: ...ny charge for the parts and labor or either repair or replace products which prove to be defective For repair service under warranty the product must be returned to a service center designated by NF Corporation Purchaser shall prepay all shipping cost duties and taxes for the product to NF Corporation from another country and NF Corporation shall pay shipping charge to returned the product to purc...

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Page 201: ...ce Information provided in this manual is intended to be accurate and reliable However we assume no responsibility for any damage regarding the contents of this manual We assume no responsibility for influences resulting from the operations in this manual Copyright 2005 NF Corporation WF1946B MULTIFUNCTION SYNTHESIZER Instruction Manual NF Corporation 3 20 Tsunashima Higashi 6 chome Kohoku ku Yoko...

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Page 204: ...http www nfcorp co jp NF Corporation 6 3 20 Tsunashima higashi Kohoku ku Yokohama 223 8508 JAPAN ...

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