AXE 3
2
RU
cod. 3540Z220 - 03/2011 (Rev. 00)
RU
1.
ɈȻɓɂȿ ɍɄȺɁȺɇɂʇ ɉɈ ɌȿɏɇɂɄȿ ȻȿɁɈɉȺɋɇɈɋɌɂ
•
ȼɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
.
•
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɣɬɟ
ɟɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
;
ɨɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɟɪɟɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ
.
•
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ
.
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ
-
ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɨɦɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ
.
•
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɳɟɪɛɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɦ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ
,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
.
•
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ
ɨɬ ɫɟɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɛɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɢ
/
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ
ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
.
•
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɢ
/
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
,
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢɬɟɫɶ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ
.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ
-
ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ
ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɟɣ
.
ɇɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
•
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
.
Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ
,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
.
•
ɍɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
,
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɹɦ
.
•
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɟ ɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
.
2.
ɂɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂʇ ɉɈ ɗɄɋɉɅɍȺɌȺɐɂɂ
2.1
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɍɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ
,
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɦ ȼɚɫ ɡɚ ɬɨ
,
ɱɬɨ ȼɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɤɨɬɟɥ
LAMBORGHINI
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ
,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
.
ɉɪɨɫɢɦ ȼɚɫ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
,
ɬ
.
ɤ
.
ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
,
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
AXE 3
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ Ƚȼɋ
,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɞɭɜɨɦ
.
Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɧ ɢɡ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɧɭɫɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɹɠɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɬɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ
.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɛɟɪ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɩɞ ɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
.
2.2
ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɢɫ
. 1 -
ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
1 =
Ɍɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ
2 =
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ
3 =
ɉɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ
4 =
Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
2.3
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ
Ɉɬɤɪɨɣɬɟ ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
.
ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
.
ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
2
ɪɢɫ
. 1,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
.
ȼɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
2
ɪɢɫ
. 1
ɧɚ
ɩɭɥɶɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
“0”.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
,
ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
2
ɜ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
,
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɶ
ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
2.4
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɂɚɞɚɣɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ
4
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫ
. 1.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
(
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
).
Ɂɚɞɚɣɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɟɥ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ
.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ
,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɚ
,
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
1,0
ɛɚɪ
.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ
1,0
ɛɚɪɚ
.
A
ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɣɬɟ ɤɪɚɧ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ
.
3.
ɆɈɇɌȺɀ
3.1
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺ ɂ ɇȺɋɌɊɈɃɄȺ ȽɈɊȿɅɄɂ ȾɈɅɀɇȺ ɈɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɅəɌɖɋə ɌɈɅɖɄɈ
ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆ
ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɅɈɆ
,
ɂɆȿɘɓɂɆ
ɉɊɈȼȿɊȿɇɇɍɘ
ɄȼȺɅɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɘ
,
ɉɊɂ
ɋɈȻɅɘȾȿɇɂɂ
ɉɊɂȼȿȾȿɇɇɕɏ
ȼ
ɇȺɋɌɈəɓȿɆ
ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɆ ɊɍɄɈȼɈȾɋɌȼȿ ɍɄȺɁȺɇɂɃ
,
ɉɊȿȾɉɂɋȺɇɂɃ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɍɘɓȿȽɈ
ɁȺɄɈɇɈȾȺɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȺ
,
ɉɈɅɈɀȿɇɂɃ ɆȿɋɌɇɕɏ ɇɈɊɆ ɂ ɉɊȺȼɂɅ
,
ɂ ȼ
ɋɈɈɌȼȿɌɋɌȼɂɂ ɋ ɉɊɂɇəɌɕɆɂ ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ɌɊȿȻɈȼȺɇɂəɆɂ
.
3.2
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ
,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
,
ɬɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
.
ȼ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɝɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
,
ɟɞɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ
,
ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
,
ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ
.
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɞɨɠɞɹ
,
ɫɧɟɝɚ ɢɥɢ
ɦɨɪɨɡɚ
.
A
ȿɫɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɤɨɦ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɟ
,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ
ɤɨɠɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ
.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ
,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɜɟɪɰɟ
,
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
3.3
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ
,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
B
ɋɥɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ
ɫ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
.
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚ
ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ
ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ
.
ɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɨɦ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɨɣɬɟ
ɜɫɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ
ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɲɬɭɰɟɪɚɦ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɧɚ ɢ
cap. 5
ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ
.
A
Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɟɡ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɛɚɤɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ
ɢ
ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɢɤɨɦ
ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦ
,
ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
1
ɛɚɪ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
25° Fr (1°F = 10
ɩɩɦ
CaCO3),
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɟ
.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ
15°F (
Ⱦɉ
236/88
ɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ
,
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ
).
ȼɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
B
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ
,
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ
.
ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɛɨɣɥɟɪɚ
.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ
,
ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɵ
,
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɨɜ
,
ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɨɜ
,
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɚɟɬ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɸ
,
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ
,
ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɦ ɢ
/
ɢɥɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ
,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
-
ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɵ
,
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɢ
ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ
,
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ
,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
3.4
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ
ɀɢɞɤɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɨɞɞɭɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɵɯ
ɬɨɩɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɬɨɩɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
.
ȼɵɛɨɪ
ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ
,
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
,
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
Ɇɨɧɬɚɠ
ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ
.
0
120
60
80
100
40
20
°C
1
4
3
2
