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Kingfisher KI 7340 Series, Operation & Maintenance Manual

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Kingfisher KI 7340 Series Operation & Maintenance Manual Download Page 16

KI 7340/7740 UM-12

                                                                                                                                                                                       

 

14 

GETTING STARTED AND TURNING ON 

 

After  instrument  turn-on,  press  [Source]  to  enable  Light  Source  or 
[Return Loss] to enable Return Loss Meter (KI7340C Series only). 

On the KI7740C Series instruments, the light source may require a 
warm up period at the set wavelength for 15 min to achieve specified 
stability. On the KI7340C Series instruments, the specified stability is 
achieved with no warm up period. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Summary of Contents for KI 7340 Series

Page 1: ...OPERATION MAINTENANCE GUIDE KI 7340 Series Two Way Test Set ORL KI 7740 Series Two Way Loss Test Set ...

Page 2: ...t IEC 61326 2002 EN 61326 1 1997 A1 1998 A2 2001 A3 2003 IEC CISPR 11 2004 EN 55011 1998 A1 1999 Limits applicable to Group 1 Class B equipment IEC CISPR 16 1 1999 Limits applicable to Class B equipment IEC CISPR 16 2 1999 Limits applicable to Class B equipment IEC 61000 3 2 2005 EN 61000 3 2 2006 IEN 61000 3 3 2002 EN 61000 3 3 1995 IEC 61000 4 2 2001 EN 61000 4 2 1995 A1 1998 A2 2001 4kV CD 8kV ...

Page 3: ...n your purchase of this equipment engineered to provide excellent performance convenience and reliability To get the best use from your instrument and to ensure its safe operation please spend a few minutes to read this manual Made in Australia International Patents Granted Copyright Kingfisher International Pty Ltd 12th Edition Oct 2018 ...

Page 4: ...Measuring One Way Loss in Autotest 22 Power Meter Manual Operation 23 Light Source Manual Operation 24 Return Loss Meter Manual Operation 25 Recording Storing Recalling Readings and Clearing Memory 26 PC Interface and External Software 28 Care of your Instrument 29 Accuracy Considerations 30 Definition of Terms 34 Specifications 35 Ordering Information 39 Calibration and Maintenance 41 Performance...

Page 5: ...KI 734x 774x UM 12 3 KI7340C SERIES ORL AND TWO WAY LOSS TEST SET KI7740C SERIES TWO WAY LOSS TEST SET ...

Page 6: ...t sales kingfisher com au for applications support Instrument Service Qualified personnel must perform adjustment maintenance or repair of this product To obtain service please contact your local Kingfisher International distributor or our office in Australia If returning equipment to us for service or calibration please download and complete the Return Material Authorization Form located on the S...

Page 7: ... fiber testing and are compatible with all other instruments with Autotest mode A convenient menu driven interface guides the user through operational sequences with hidden keypad access to advanced functions In addition the KI7340C Series test sets feature zero warm up light sources over 22 calibrated CWDM DWDM wavelengths and an integrated ORL testing function The interchangeable optical connect...

Page 8: ...linear units and can be put on hold for convenient data recording Standard power meters work with fiber core diameter up to 200 micron with both PC and APC polish connectors Various detector options include Indium Gallium Arsenide InGaAs Silicon Si and various attenuated versions The InGaAs detector is the most common detector for general use InGaAs detectors give much improved absolute accuracy c...

Page 9: ...erstood and met CAUTION The CAUTION sign denotes a hazard It calls attention to an operating procedure or the like which if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in damage to or destruction of part or all of the product Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met The apparatus will be marked with this symbol when it is necessary for...

Page 10: ...sation within it Safety When using this equipment optical safety precautions should be observed commensurate with the maximum available source power since most of this power can also be coupled out of the instrument WARNING Observe optical safety when using high power Optical safety requirements at high power levels MUST be observed or eye damage is likely Organisations and users operating optical...

Page 11: ...the highest possible optical power that the source can produce at its output connector Refer to specification sheet for actual operating power Note 2 Maximum permissible CW output power is the highest optical power that is permitted within the appropriate laser class Refer to specification sheet for actual operating power WARNING Optical power levels in fiber optic systems can cause permanent eye ...

Page 12: ...ument remove the batteries and insert new ones For operation of the instrument by external power use AC adaptor OPT103B or connect to computer via USB cable Suitable external power packs are easily available and must meet the following requirements Comply with safety regulations and rated for local mains supply voltage Regulated or unregulated DC output 6 12V at 300mA max Connection polarity ve pi...

Page 13: ...nectors covered To minimize connectors wear instrument can be stored without removing the test leads Never touch connector tips with your fingers since body oils and dirt can impair its performance WARNING Remove batteries before using a microscope to inspect instrument connectors Power Meter port This port can be used with both PC and APC connector styles Bare fiber adaptors must achieve fiber ec...

Page 14: ...e glass power meter interface does not make contact with the inserted connector there is a slight air gap Therefore it will not wear and only needs occasional cleaning First remove interchangeable connector adaptor then use a soft brush alcohol air can or Blu Tac to clean glass interface Light Source Two Way ORL port WARNING Disable source when cleaning optical interfaces To clean the interface wi...

Page 15: ... of the display To turn the instrument off press POWER again for 2 seconds If the battery is low this will be indicated with a battery symbol on the display Should the instrument fail to turn on the microprocessor may need re booting To do this remove the batteries and any other external power for at least 40 seconds Note that hidden keypad is accessed by lifting up the hinged display cover To bac...

Page 16: ... Source or Return Loss to enable Return Loss Meter KI7340C Series only On the KI7740C Series instruments the light source may require a warm up period at the set wavelength for 15 min to achieve specified stability On the KI7340C Series instruments the specified stability is achieved with no warm up period ...

Page 17: ... software available on our website includes a comprehensive on line manual with full operating sequences Instruments compatibility Any Kingfisher equipment featuring Autotest is compatible e g any Autotest source loss test set can be used with any Autotest meter for one direction loss testing as long as both instruments have matching wavelengths A pair of identical Two Way Loss Test Sets will prov...

Page 18: ...truments can be started or stopped from either instrument by pressing HOLD button which also activates the buzzer at each end Once on HOLD symbol will flash on LCD It allows handy communication method between two users so they can synchronise while working through successive fibers see related event sequence below near end of DUT far end of DUT Practical uses in the field Press HOLD button on unit...

Page 19: ...oss Test Meter and press AUTOTEST 3 Set measurement reference press Abs Rel to enter dB R then press and hold Set Ref for 3 seconds until beeps stop 4 Remove reference patch lead connection at power meter port connect reference patch lead to the patch lead to be tested via a thru connector adapter connect the free end of patch lead to be tested to power meter port 5 Read IL in dB R mode of the res...

Page 20: ...tems Also connector loss between the patch lead and source port will be added to the final loss measurement so care should be taken to use test leads in good condition with clean connectors Remote Reference method For two or one direction testing involving two instruments referencing should be independently performed on both Loss Test Sets The following will set reference at all wavelengths Connec...

Page 21: ...ect the Light Source Two Way ORL port to the Power Meter port of the second instrument Select POWER on both instruments On Light source Press Auto test On Power meter press Abs Rel and Set Ref for 3 seconds Meter will briefly display BUSY and then 0 00 dB R Note 1 the number of test leads used when taking reference is a function of test requirements Figure 2B Local reference set up Power meter por...

Page 22: ...ll remain in Autotest until the user turns this mode off Viewing all measurements on selected wavelength s To display measurements on one wavelength at a time press side on on either A or B unit This will lock the display to the selected wavelength on the instrument where this button has been pressed Repeatedly pressing side on will lock other wavelengths In this mode nm will flash to show that th...

Page 23: ...er Pass Fail mode press P F To exit press Exit To set the loss threshold press Power Meter P F and to adjust then Set to save Alternatively the value defaults to 12 00 dB by pressing on the hidden keypad and then Default Press Set to save To set the ORL threshold press Return Loss P F and to adjust then Set to save Alternatively the value defaults to 25 00 dB RL by pressing on the hidden keypad an...

Page 24: ... ensure higher productivity After loss test set s have been referenced exit Autotest connect the device under test DUT to the Light Source Two Way ORL port and Power Meter port press Autotest Instrument now display insertion loss in dB R at all available source wavelengths Simultaneous loss measurements on two fibers Two Lost Test Sets will support simultaneous loss testing on two fibers in the se...

Page 25: ...bs Rel Measured optical power will be displayed in dBm or dB R To set reference press Abs Rel and then Set Ref for 3 seconds When in relative mode the reference value is displayed on the left hand side of the display To stop start display update press Hold The symbol will flash when the display is on hold To toggle log linear display mode press dB W on the hidden keypad To display minimum and maxi...

Page 26: ...th is shown on the right hand side of the display and source power level is at the left hand side Press Source then Mod to display modulation frequency To change modulation frequency press Source then and KHz on the hidden keypad Use to scroll available modulation frequencies 0 27 KHz 1 kHz 2 kHz then press Set to store Laser Output Power Adjustment To adjust laser output power turn the laser on t...

Page 27: ...vel measurement Using this feature the instrument can read accurately up to 10 dB below the stray reflection level however at the expense of increased noise when making low level measurements To set up the stray optical condition and to block all light use a small diameter mandrel wrap On the hidden keypad select Return Loss RL NF To display the stored value select and then Max Min To adjust the s...

Page 28: ...verter User Memory The non volatile user memory stores test data which can then be displayed or downloaded to the spreadsheet in the KITS software Overview of stored data Table below shows data types stored in memory for each wavelength depending on the operation mode of instrument Instrument operation mode Stored data 2 way Autotest Serial Number remote Measured power local remote reference power...

Page 29: ... corner of the display ii Go to or select the memory location for re test memory over write Press to change to that location and press Set iii Do the retest and save the retest data result press M to overwrite the memory location selected above with the retest data iv Go back to the current location Press to change back to the current location noted in step i and press Set v Continue with testing ...

Page 30: ...les instrument control and transfer of live or stored data to an Excel spreadsheet making it ideal for data logging and reporting in the field KITS is can be easily customised to change language terminology or to add new reporting features Functions currently supported by KITS are Live Power Meter display Reporting of Two Way loss measured in Autotest Two Way loss reporting by merging one directio...

Page 31: ...e The instrument is resistant to normal dust and moisture however it is not waterproof If moisture gets into the instrument dry it out carefully before using it again Where possible keep instrument away from strong sunlight Clean the instrument case using soft damp cloth Do not use alcohol or any solvents otherwise paint will be damaged The instrument housing is made of tough polycarbonate materia...

Page 32: ...measuring small connector losses Light Source Light source power may drift When you have finished a test go back to the start position to check if the light source power is still within acceptable limits Note that specifications are for typical drift warm up period and level of return loss but the actual drift will vary between instruments and test situations With exception of KI7300C 7400 Series ...

Page 33: ...to test for the water peak and at 1625 nm to measure the high end attenuation limit At 1625 nm the fiber attenuation is actually very sensitive to wavelength since the silica infra red absorption zone is reached So the wavelength tolerance of this particular laser is a major issue especially since many older source instruments have a tolerance of 30 nm ORL Measurements ORL measurements are typical...

Page 34: ...t extends the practical linear measurement range by about 14 dB For typical mid range measurements it has a negligible effect on measurement noise For low level measurements it can cause up to 0 5 dB noise If this happens the solution is to reduce the residual light level further and re set the zero function ...

Page 35: ...0 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 Relative Responsivity A W Wavelength nm Normalized Power Meter Response Uncertainty due to 30 nm λ tolerance Si Ge 25ºC Ge 0ºC InGaAs 850 0 10 0 40 0 40 1 3 1300 0 06 0 06 0 01 1550 0 50 1 0 0 05 1610 2 80 3 3 0 03 Si InGaAs Ge 25 ºC Ge 0 ºC H3B H5 ...

Page 36: ...at the specified wavelength at the end of a reference cable Power Uncertainty Repeatability Uncertainty in power level at the end of a reference cable Short Long Term Power Stability In CW mode the uncertainty of the power level observed over a given time compared to the mean power during this time Measured with an averaging optical power meter a 9 125µm fiber at constant temperature within a spec...

Page 37: ...ower 2 alkaline C cells 7 6 A Hour External DC 9V with ID2 5mm ve OD5 5mm plug or via USB port Selectable auto off low battery indicator backlit display Battery life 360 hrs Power Meter 190 hrs laser in Autotest Case Polycarbonate 1 meter drop tested Display 4 digit high contrast LCD Resolution Log 0 01 dB Linear 3 digits 100 999 or 0 01 nW Tone detection 150 9999 Hz 1 ...

Page 38: ...z 1KHz 2 KHz 2 Laser output Adjustable over 6 dB in 0 01 dB steps Note 1 For ORL 25 dB Note 2 Multimode source distribution 50 125 is compliant with the following standards IEC 61280 4 Ed 1 0 TIA EIA 526 14A and TIA TSB 178 1 KI7740C Series Light Source section 1310 1550 nm LED Comments 2 source power dBm 3 or 4 power dBm 7 10 26 dBm to 62 5µm 1 dB 3 dB for LED 62 5um only Short term stability dB ...

Page 39: ...inearity dBm Calibration accuracy2 Polarisation sensitivity dB Total uncertainty3 dB Wavelength sensitivity 30 nm5 dB InGaAs 600 1700 15 780 820 850 980 1270 1290 1300 1310 1330 1350 1370 1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1625 1650 5 60 5 70 45 50 0 02 1 0 06 dB 0 05 0 3 0 03 H3B InGaAs 800 1700 304 820 850 980 1270 1290 1300 1310 1330 1350 1370 1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1...

Page 40: ...dB 22 dB ORL accuracy 0 50 dB 0 5 dB 50 65 dB 1 dB after zero offset 0 45 dB 0 5 dB 45 60 dB 1 dB after zero offset 0 30 dB 0 5 dB 30 45 dB 1 dB after zero offset Resolution 0 50 dB 0 01 dB 50 65 dB 0 1 dB 0 45 dB 0 01 dB 45 60 dB 0 1 dB 0 30 dB 0 01 dB 30 45 dB 0 1 dB Wavelength See source options See source options Note 1 Range is less for PC connector After a zero offset range is 10 dB better t...

Page 41: ...347C InGaAs APC Instrument LTS 2W ORL 1310 1550 1625 nm u s APC InGaAs KI73410C InGaAs APC Instrument LTS 2W ORL 1310 1490 1550 1625 nm u s APC InGaAs KI73416C InGaAs APC Multimode 50µm and 62 5µm models are fundamentally the same equipment but each of the models is calibrated using 50µm and 62 5µm fiber respectively during the manufacturing process Without ORL Instrument LTS 2W 1310 1625nm u s AP...

Page 42: ...changeable optical connectors The power meter works with both PC and APC connectors The light source ferrule type is fixed and customer specified as either PC or APC Green is associated with APC connectors Optional Interchangeable Connector Adaptors Description P N Description P N E2000 LSH OPT060 SMA 905 906 OPT082 E2000 LSH green OPT060G Universal 2 5mm OPT081 LSA DIN 47256 OPT071 D4 OPT055 LC F...

Page 43: ... over an hour and that the light source is fully warmed up at the wavelength to be calibrated Ensure that all installed batteries are in good working condition When calibration is complete remove the calibration shunt and place an anti tamper label over the aperture in the battery compartment Do not forget to update your calibration records and schedule the next calibration service System Rollback...

Page 44: ... continuously updated Firmware version 5 00 and above continuously updates the measured power Press and Max Min to read and note the new stored calibration offsets and then Set to store and exit or Exit to abandon and exit Check the source power with the reference meter to ensure source drift is within limits Remove the programming shunt and place a new sticker over the aperture Two Way Detector c...

Page 45: ...e then press Set to store settings and exit or Exit to exit without storing settings Remove the programming shunt and place a new sticker over the aperture ORL Calibration Calibration is performed by setting up a known reflection condition and adjusting the reading accordingly A convenient calibrated reflections are good clean PC terminations which will have glass air reflection 14 26 dB for SMF a...

Page 46: ...embly may result in instrument malfunction or damage Procedure Use static protected procedures Remove the batteries and leave the battery cover open Pull open the optical connector covers Place the instrument face down on a soft mat and undo the 6 screws in the rear housing The instrument can now be gently pulled apart The instrument will come into two halves joined by a ribbon cable The optical s...

Page 47: ...from our web site Test Failure If the equipment under test fails any performance test return the instrument to the nearest Sales Service Office for repair Instrument Specification Specifications are the performance characteristics of the instrument that are certified and are the limits against which the equipment under test can be tested Any changes in the specifications due to manufacturing chang...

Page 48: ...enuator to 2 5 dB and correct the appropriate values in the test report Repeat the above for reference power meter readings of 20dBm 30 dBm 40 dBm and 50 dBm last reading is not relevant to H series power meters 5 Measure the DUT Re connect the attenuator output cable to the DUT power meter port and select the 1310nm on DUT Set the attenuator to its value for setting 1 Note the displayed power lev...

Page 49: ...ional 1 Connect the equipment as in Figure 6 2 Set instruments to 1310 nm 3 Let the light source to warm up for 15 minutes then note the power 4 Record the optical power every 30 seconds for 3 minutes 5 Calculate max min value 0 1 dB 6 Note this figure in Table 5 Alternatively the instrument max min recording function can be used to record the data Time Measured power dBm Drift dB Tick max min val...

Page 50: ...o be measured FP for Fabry Perot laser 7 To show the display in linear mode a Press Menu b Press Amptd on the left side of the display c Press Linear on the right side of the display 8 To ensure interference free reading of the display it is advisable to stop the repeating calculations Press User Press Single Sweep If the trace on the display is not clear you can change resolution by using the spa...

Page 51: ...t up for Two Way Calibration Accuracy Test 2 Switch on each instrument and press Autotest Abs Rel then Set Ref for 3 seconds The displays should read approximately 0 00 dB 3 To check accuracy remove the test lead on one instrument and re connect the other test lead as in Figure 9 4 The displays should now read between 0 50 and 0 50 dB for all source wavelengths Note the maximum displayed value for...

Page 52: ...rm up Press Autotest 4 On the attenuator set the wavelength to1310nm and attenuation to 5 dB 5 Make sure that Autotest is updating Note the measured optical power at 1310 nm 6 For single mode instruments repeat the power readings for attenuator settings of 15 dB 25 dB and 35 dB For instruments with H series meter repeat the readings for an attenuator setting of 15 dB only 7 For multimode instrumen...

Page 53: ...e 11 Test set up for One Way Range and Linearity Test 2 Switch on all instruments 3 Set the Light Source to 1310nm and allow to warm up Press Autotest 4 On the attenuator set the wavelength to1310nm and attenuation to 5 dB 5 Make sure that Autotest is updating Note the measured optical power at 1310 nm 6 For singlemode instruments repeat the power readings for attenuator settings of 15 dB 25 dB an...

Page 54: ...velength e g 1310nm 4 With nothing connected to the ORL port note the reading reading between 13 76 dB RL and 14 76 dB RL is within calibration specification This is ORL measured on instrument connector Repeat this step for 1550nm 5 Plug the PC Low Reflection Terminator into the ORL port and note down the reading For single mode instruments reading between 35 and Lo dB RL indicates terminator and ...

Page 55: ... and 15 15 dB RL for MMF is within calibration specification This is ORL measured on PC end of the patchlead Repeat this step for 1550 nm 5 Plug the APC Low Reflection Terminator into the ORL port and note the reading For single mode instruments reading between 50 and Lo dB RL indicates terminator and instrument are working correctly For multimode instruments reading between 35 and Lo dB RL indica...

Page 56: ... 2822 or KI 7822 Optical Power Meter KI 2600 InGaAs or KI 7600C InGaAs KI 2722 InGaA or KI 7742C InGaAs Optical Attenuator KI 7013B Connector adaptors SMF patch leads For optional test only Optical Spectrum Analyser HP 71450B or equivalent HP 71452B or equivalent Connector Adaptors SMF patchleads Table 1 Required Equipment for KI7340C 7740C Series Performance Verification Tests ...

Page 57: ...VERIFICATION TESTS Model Date Serial No Ambient Temperature C Options Relative Humidity Firmware Revision Line Frequency Hz Test Facility Customer Performed by Report No Special Notes Table 2 General Test Record for KI7340C 7740C Series ...

Page 58: ...ON TESTS Description Model No Trace No Calibration due date 1 Optical Light Source 2 Optical Power Meter 3 Optical Attenuator 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Accessories SMF patchleads Connector adaptors Table 3 Equipment Record for Performance Verification Tests ...

Page 59: ... DUT measurement results Maximum specification 0 3 dB of Ref 1 10 00 dBm dB 10 30 dBm dBm 9 70 dBm 2 20 00 dBm dB 20 30 dBm dBm 19 70 dBm 3 30 00 dBm dB 30 30 dBm dBm 29 70 dBm 4 40 00 dBm dB 40 30 dBm dBm 39 70 dBm 5 50 00 dBm dB 50 30 dBm dBm 49 70 dBm Measurement Uncertainty dB Table 4 Accuracy Test Record for KI7340C 7740C Series Power Meter section Note 1 This is for the KI7343C InGaAs For th...

Page 60: ... 00 dBm dBm dBm dBm dBm Measurement Uncertainty dB Optional Short Term Stability Test 1310 nm dBpp 0 10 dBpp 0 04 dBpp typical 1550 nm dBpp 0 10 dBpp 0 04 dBpp typical dBpp 0 10 dBpp 0 04 dBpp typical dBpp 0 10 dBpp 0 04 dBpp typical dBpp 0 10 dBpp 0 04 dBpp typical Measurement Uncertainty dB Table 5 Output Power Test and Short Term Stability Test Record for KI7340 KI7740 Series Light Source secti...

Page 61: ...ication DUT Measurement Results Maximum Spec Centre wavelength 1310 nm 1290 00 nm nm 1330 00 nm 1550 nm 1530 00 nm nm 1570 00 nm nm nm nm Spectral Bandwidth 1310 nm nm 6nm 3 nm typical 1550 nm nm 6nm 3 nm typical nm nm nm Measurement Uncertainty dB Table 6 Centre wavelength and Special Bandwidth FWHM Test Record for KI7340C 7740C Series Light Source section ...

Page 62: ...de Multimode Linearity and Range Test No Attenuator setting Meter Reading Linearity Calculation Acceptable Linearity Range1 1 5 00 dB 2 15 00 dB No 2 No 1 9 50 10 50 3 20 00 25 00 dB No 3 No 2 4 50 5 50 9 50 10 50 4 35 00 dB No 4 No 3 9 50 10 50 Table 7 Test Record for Two Way One Way Autotest Performance Verification Tests KI7340C 7740C Series Note1 The linearity range here is typically limited b...

Page 63: ...No Date ORL Calibration Test Wavelength Acceptable Range Measurement Results 1310 nm PC 13 76 14 76 APC 13 26 15 26 dB R 1550 nm dB R dB R dB R dB R Residual Light Test APC Connector SMF 50 Lo dB R PC Connector SMF 35 Lo dB R dB R dB R Table 8 Test Record for ORL Verification Test KI7340C Series ...

Page 64: ...erence press Abs Rel and hold Set Ref for 3 seconds Meter displays about 0 00 dB R To stop start display update press Hold If a test tone is detected meter will display Hz To display linear mode press dB W To display MAX MIN values press and Max Min repeatedly Hold Max Min to reset 3 buzzer sounds Return Loss Meter KI7340C Series only To display ORL select POWER Return Loss to set the wavelength S...

Page 65: ...o exit Autotest remove connection or press Menu Measuring One Way Loss in Autotest Reference connect a two way source port to a power meter port Select Autotest Abs Rel Press Set Ref for 3 seconds Meter displays about 0 00 dB R Loss testing after referencing connect test system to two way source and meter ports Loss will be automatically displayed To exit Autotest remove test lead for more than 8 ...

Page 66: ...KI 734x 774x UM 12 64 KI7340C 7740C SERIES TWO WAY LOSS TEST SET ...

Page 67: ...delivery unless specifically stated in the original purchase contract or agreement This warranty excludes optical connectors or incorrect use Opening the instrument will invalidate the warranty Liability is limited solely to repair of the equipment KINGFISHER INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD 720 Springvale Road Mulgrave Victoria 3170 Australia Phone 61 03 8544 1700 Fax 61 03 8544 1793 E mail sales kingfisher...

Page 68: ...KI 734x 774x UM 12 66 NOTES ...

Page 69: ...KI 734x 774x UM 12 67 NOTES ...

Page 70: ...KI 734x 774x UM 12 68 NOTES ...

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