Ensemble Designs BrightEye Mitto BEM-1 User Manual Download Page 13

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BrightEye Mitto Family - Page 13

Mitto Family of Scan Converters User Guide

www.ensembledesigns.com

BrightEye Mitto Functional Block Diagram, Portrait View

Note: This block diagram represents Model BEM-1. Please see “Specifications for BrightEye Mitto; Models
BEM-1, BEM-1F, BEM-2 and BEM-2F” on page 61 for variations on other models.

Block Diagram

For your reference, see the functional block diagram on this page and the following page. The diagram
appears twice, first in a portrait view, then larger as a landscape view.

VITC Inserter

Sync

Separator

ScH Phase

10M Input

Timecode

Generator

DDR2 Memory

HD/SD

Serializer

Gain &

Mixing

RGB to YCrCb

Colorspace

Conversion

Frame

Synchronizer

Composite

Encoder

DAC

Audio

Source

Select

VITC

Detect

DVI/HDMI

Receiver

Audio

Embedder

Audio

Delay

AES

Encoder

Black Gen

VGA/RGB

A to D

AES Rcvr

Stereo ADC

TCXO

Internal

Precision

Standard

Reference Input

Composite, TLS,10 MHz

Cpst/AES Output

Composite NTSC/PAL

or AES Audio

SDI Video Output

3G/HD/SD

DVI-I Input

Digital or Analog RGB

DVI-I Loop Out

EDID

Source

SRC

DVITC

ATC

Inserter

USB

RS-232

Audio In

(mini-jack)

External

Control

Clock

Generation

Raster Scaling

Pixel Filtering

Progressive to

Interlace Conversion

Micro Processor

Control Systems

Summary of Contents for BrightEye Mitto BEM-1

Page 1: ...Revision 1 9 SW v1 2 21 Family of Scan Converters User Guide For Models BEM 1 3G HD SD BEM 1F 3G Fiber HD SD BEM 2 HD SD BEM 2F Fiber HD SD MittoTM ...

Page 2: ...uct and the company was born Focused On What You Need As the company has grown more former TV station engineers have joined Ensemble Designs and this wealth of practical experience fuels the company s innovation Everyone at the company is focused on providing the very equipment you need to complete your ensemble of video and audio gear We offer those special pieces that tie everything together so ...

Page 3: ...nvertor 8 Easy To Use 9 Exclusive Filtering and Scaling Technology 9 Digital and Analog Video 9 Audio Capabilities 9 Free Software Upgrades 10 Functional Description 11 Video 11 Audio 11 RS 232 and GPI Control 12 Block Diagram 13 Applications 15 Mitto Scan Conversion for Presentations 15 Mitto Scan Conversion for Interviews 16 Audio Delay for Correct Lip Sync 16 Memory Registers and GPI 16 Using M...

Page 4: ...onnector Pin Out Details 28 SDI Out 1 and 2 29 Composite Out 29 Ref In Reference In 29 Power Connection 30 USB Connector 30 DVI VGA Input 31 DVI VGA Loop Out 31 Configuration and Control 32 Adjusting Parameters from the Front Panel 32 Resetting to Default Values 32 Press and Hold to Accelerate Movement Controls 32 Front Panel Controls and Indicators 33 Maximum Screen Selection Shortcut 34 Using th...

Page 5: ... a different resolution from the settings you have applied to your computer 58 Can I configure Mitto to work with a laptop 58 BrightEye Mitto is not converting VGA to DVI 59 Using monitors that have HDMI input instead of DVI input with Mitto 59 Why is my output a mass of snow or color noise 59 I can t see the Selection Tool 59 I m using a VGA input and the output screen is blue 59 I see artifacts ...

Page 6: ...lay viewer emails on a morning talk show or take radar information from a computer into a master control switcher for on air use Capabilities Overview for BrightEye Mitto Family High Performance Scan Converter for PC and Mac Best way to bring YouTube Skype Weather Radar Maps and emails to Video for Production Use iPhone and iPad Interface Realtime iPhone to SD HD 3G Fiber Optic Superior Quality Pr...

Page 7: ...l five Mitto models This manual covers Models BEM 1 BEM 1F BEM 2 and BEM 2F For detailed information on Model BEM 4 please refer to our BrightEye Mitto Pro 2 manual It can be downloaded from either of the following links www ensembledesigns com support brighteye support brighteye manuals www brighteyemitto com BrightEye Mitto Family Feature Chart BrightEye Mitto 3G BEM 1 BrightEye Mitto 3G Fiber B...

Page 8: ...er Scan Convertor BEM 4 Mitto Pro 2 Scan Convertor This manual covers Models BEM 1 BEM 1F BEM 2 and BEM 2F For detailed information on Models BEM 4 please refer to our BrightEye Mitto Pro 2 manual It can be downloaded from either of the following links www ensembledesigns com support brighteye support brighteye manuals www brighteyemitto com BrightEye Mitto 3G Fiber BEM 1F BrightEye Mitto HD BEM 2...

Page 9: ...y number of units connected to a USB hub Exclusive Filtering and Scaling Technology A superior quality scan converter Mitto has the advantage of proprietary scaling technology and exclusive multi tap filtering Even a small part of the computer screen such as a YouTube video will be upconverted to full screen HD The region selected for output determines if Mitto acts as an upconverter or downconver...

Page 10: ...d to a USB hub The software is included with each unit at no charge BrightEye Mitto s software is easily upgraded through the unit s USB port Software upgrades are available at no charge for the life of the product and are conveniently downloadable from either of the following links www ensembledesigns com support brighteye support brighteye software www brighteyemitto com Every Mitto comes with a...

Page 11: ... Mitto upconverts or downconverts the signal depending on how much of the computer video you select and the output standard you select On Models BEM 1 and BEM 2 SDI Out 1 and 2 are both electrical outputs BNC On Models BEM 1F and BEM 2F SDI Out 1 is electrical BNC and SDI Out 2 is Fiber Optic The Composite Out BNC provides composite video out when SD is selected on the SDI outputs If HD is selecte...

Page 12: ...ired can also be output as AES on the Composite Out BNC RS 232 and GPI Control Mitto s RS 232 GPI port is dual functioning In the Config Menu you can set the function of the RS 232 GPI connector to Console or to Memory Regs When set to Memory Regs the D connector provides GPI outputs for use with an external control panel such as the Ensemble Designs Avenue GPI Control Panel part number XYCP Exter...

Page 13: ...serter Sync Separator ScH Phase 10M Input Timecode Generator DDR2 Memory HD SD Serializer Gain Mixing RGB to YCrCb Colorspace Conversion Frame Synchronizer Composite Encoder DAC Audio Source Select VITC Detect DVI HDMI Receiver Audio Embedder Audio Delay AES Encoder Black Gen VGA RGB A to D AES Rcvr AES Rcvr Stereo ADC TCXO Internal Precision Standard Reference Input Composite TLS 10 MHz Cpst AES ...

Page 14: ...in Mixing RGB to YCrCb Colorspace Conversion Frame Synchronizer Composite Encoder DAC Audio Source Select VITC Detect DVI HDMI Receiver Audio Embedder Audio Delay AES Encoder Black Gen VGA RGB A to D AES Rcvr AES Rcvr Stereo ADC TCXO Internal Precision Standard Reference Input Composite TLS 10 MHz Cpst AES Output Composite NTSC PAL or AES Audio SDI Video Output 3G HD SD DVI I Input Digital or Anal...

Page 15: ...front panel Mitto can also be controlled from BrightEye Mac PC control software Mitto has a serial and GPI interface for control through third party equipment such as an automation system Mitto Scan Conversion for Presentations Mitto is ideal for PowerPoint and Keynote presentations As shown in the example below BrightEye Mitto converts the selected area on your computer to SD or HD SDI video for ...

Page 16: ...ndows up on your computer monitor select window 1 and save that selection to Mitto s memory register 1 Window 2 to memory register 2 and so on And you can pre set a selection that shows two video windows together a two shot This is great for an interview segment Memory registers can be recalled from the BrightEye Mac PC software or from an external GPI panel You could even use this as a mini maste...

Page 17: ...ebsite to view an informational video and to access the install link http www ensembledesigns com support brighteye support mittomagic To Install MittoMagic Bookmarklet 1 Install BrightEye Mac PC 2 0 1 or newer 2 Install MittoMagic by dragging the Mitto Magic link into the bookmarks bar in your web browser To Use MittoMagic 1 Run BrightEye Mac or PC and show the Selection Tool 2 Navigate to your f...

Page 18: ...usive multi tap filtering to ensure the video output looks superior Even a small part of the computer screen will be upconverted to full screen HD The region selected for output determines if Mitto acts as an upconverter or downconverter The filters automatically adjust in accordance with the conversion being performed Video Server High Resolution Image on PC or Mac with Mitto application VGA DVI ...

Page 19: ...ns Use a standard cable from Apple to connect the VGA or HDMI port on the iPhone or iPad to the Mitto s DVI input Mitto automatically scales the iPhone video to HD SD or 3 Gb s video BrightEye Mitto has a reference input allowing the video output to be timed to house which is critical for use in broadcast applications Production Switcher iPhone or iPad Program Out Apple HDMI or VGA adapter cable S...

Page 20: ...ersion for Worship You can easily select just a portion of the song or hymn lyrics for projection No need to show the entire computer desktop select just the section your want to project BrightEye Mitto converts the selected area to SD or HD SDI video for input to a video router projector or production switcher Use BrightEye Mitto to show an interview with a missionary or off site guest You can se...

Page 21: ...more can be controlled with the included software The software allows you to use your mouse to click and drag over the specific portion of computer video that you want to output However BrightEye Mac PC software is not required as the Mitto front panel controls are intuitive and provide extensive control You can choose what type of control is best for your facility To install software on a PC inse...

Page 22: ... VGA Loop Out connector to the computer monitor s input Connect the computer s monitor output to the Mitto DVI VGA Input connector Connect the Mitto s SDI Out or Composite Out BNC to a video monitor or destination If using audio connect the computer s audio output to the Mitto s Audio In If desired connect your reference signal to the Ref In Mitto s output is genlocked and fully timeable to this r...

Page 23: ...Users 1 From the Start menu go to the Control Panel and double click Display to bring up the Display Properties window 2 Click the Settings tab 3 From the Screen resolution control select a resolution For the best video output from BrightEye Mitto select the highest resolution on the computer that is compatible with Mitto For HD applications select 1920 x 1200 or 1024 x 768 1920 x 1200 is the maxi...

Page 24: ...t Displays A window opens for each monitor attached to your computer The computer sees Mitto as a monitor Its name will be either BE Mitto DVI or BE Mitto VGA 3 From the Resolutions control set the resolution to be sent to the Mitto For the best video output from BrightEye Mitto select 1920 x 1200 or 1024 x 768 1920 x 1200 is the maximum resolution that Mitto accepts The Mac System Preferences win...

Page 25: ... EDID The EDID Extended Display Identification Data tells the computer what the capabilities of the monitor are In many installations Mitto will sit between your PC and monitor The default configuration for Mitto is that it reports its own EDID to your computer EDID also controls HDCP High bandwidth Digital Content Protection information Many DVI and HDMI monitors support HDCP encryption which wil...

Page 26: ...ation below for a snapshot reference of the rear connectors A more detailed explanation of the rear connectors with illustrations of cable connectors follows BrightEye Mitto Rear Connector Detail Note This diagram represents Model BEM 1 Please see the Five BrightEye Mitto Models on page 7 and Specifications for BrightEye Mitto Models BEM 1 BEM 1F BEM 2 and BEM 2F on page 61 for variations on other...

Page 27: ...log audio line level output of a tower desktop or laptop computer If your computer does not have a line level output you can also use the headphone output of the computer The level of this output can depend upon several settings in the computer The Windows or Mac OS X audio control panels as well as the specific application software will both affect the output level The general recommendation is t...

Page 28: ...ster 5 G6 cr Select Memory Register 6 G7 cr Select Memory Register 7 G8 cr Select Memory Register 8 Data Rate 38 4Kbaud Start Bits 1 Stop Bits 1 Parity 0 Interfacing Mitto with an Ensemble Designs GPI Control Panel Interfacing Mitto with a Computer Mitto Pin out Pin 2 TX Pin 3 RX Pin 5 Gnd Computer Pin Out Pin 2 RX Pin 3 TX Pin 5 Gnd Mitto Pin Out Pin 2 TX Pin 3 RX Pin 5 Gnd GPI Control Panel Pin ...

Page 29: ...te PAL or NTSC and follows the SD output when SD is selected on the SDI output For example if you have SD selected for your Mode in the Output Menu and Composite Video selected in the Cpst AES control you will get an analog composite copy of the SD Output on the Cpst Out BNC When HD is selected for the SDI output the composite output provides black Ref In Reference In The Ref In BNC accepts 1 V P ...

Page 30: ...tor Your Mitto comes with a USB cable shown below Connect the USB port to a PC or Mac running BrightEye software for more comprehensive control diagnostics and upgrades to the unit BrightEye Mac PC Control application software is included on CD that came with your Mitto or the application can be downloaded for free at either of the following links www ensembledesigns com support brighteye support ...

Page 31: ... to DVI adaptor that is included with your Mitto shown below HDMI is supported with an HDMI to DVI adaptor or cable not included The HDMI standard provides for carriage of both digital video and audio Mitto supports two channels of digital audio from HDMI sources DVI VGA Loop Out If desired connect the DVI VGA Loop Out to the DVI input of your computer monitor If your computer monitor has VGA in u...

Page 32: ...o Default Values Holding the Left Arrow and Right Arrow buttons at same time restores the selected control to its default value For example with the Position control selected pressing the Left Arrow and Right Arrow buttons at the same time will cause the horizontal Position value to be restored to its default value which is all the way to the left side of the computer monitor Similarly with the Po...

Page 33: ...ion HD 1080i 3G 3 Gb s high definition HD 720p HD Format BEM 1 and BEM 1F Only If running in HD this control allows you to choose the HD format The currently selected HD format will illuminate green Choose between 1080i and 720p Video Gain The video gain control adjusts the overall gain level for the video output For more controls than just the overall level see the Proc Menu in the complete contr...

Page 34: ...aining the currently selected aspect ratio Mitto will instantly maximize the screen selection on the computer monitor Aspect Lets you set a fixed aspect ratio of the portion of the screen you are selecting 16 9 aspect ratio is appropriate for high definition 4 3 aspect ratio is appropriate for standard definition With Manual selected you can choose any arbitrary aspect ratio Pillar boxes or letter...

Page 35: ...0 or later is required If you have an older unit you can download current software for free at either of the following links www ensembledesigns com support brighteye support www brighteyemitto com If the BrightEye Mitto is connected to a computer running BrightEye Mac or PC software the menus described in the following pages are available for controlling and monitoring the unit Configuration and ...

Page 36: ...utputs This function is generally used during the installation or setup process to confirm cabling downstream Timecode Out If you are feeding Mitto an external reference you may choose to have timecode on the outputs When running in HD timecode will be in ATC or ancillary timecode format When running in SD timecode will be in DVITC or digital vertical interval timecode Use this control to select w...

Page 37: ...BrightEye Mitto Family Page 37 Mitto Family of Scan Converters User Guide www ensembledesigns com Mitto Output Menu Models BEM 1 and BEM 1F Mitto Output Menu Models BEM 2 and BEM 2F ...

Page 38: ...u to select a region on the input side that is the output of the computer and pin the corners of that region to the output space In that case depending on how you have made your selection circles may not be circles But in certain cases that may be exactly what you are intending Note If you are experiencing issues with maintaining the correct aspect ratio please see Troubleshooting on page 58 for r...

Page 39: ... or distorted For this reason your unit comes configured so that Mitto reports its own EDID to your computer Mitto Mitto provides the EDID This is the default configuration and should only be changed if the pass through to the monitor is not working Ext Monitor The external monitor provides the EDID Use this setting only if your monitor is not compatible with Mitto s internal EDID HDMI Input This ...

Page 40: ...les distribution amps and routers without the need for any additional wiring The SDI standard allows 16 channels of embedded audio which is organized into four groups of four channels each The four channel output from Mitto fits into a single group You can assign the audio to a specific group using the Embedding control in the Audio Config Menu This control also allows you to turn embedding off 2 ...

Page 41: ... 10 dBu and 4 dBu Digital Reference Level Choose either 20 dBFS or 18 dBFS relative to full scale Peak Indicator The nominal operating audio level indicator and peak audio indicator provide a way to monitor audio levels at a glance This controls allows you to set the amount of headroom that you wish to reserve before the clipping or peak indicator illuminates For example if this control is set to ...

Page 42: ...BrightEye Mitto Family Page 42 Mitto Family of Scan Converters User Guide www ensembledesigns com Mitto Audio Config Menu ...

Page 43: ...f your computer s monitor from the Display Properties menu in the Control Panel or System Preferences of your computer For more information see Configuring Mitto and Your Computer Monitor Resolution on page 23 This VGA Resolution control will be greyed out if your input source is DVI Choices are Automatic 1366 x 768 640 x 480 1400 x 1050 720 x 480 1440 x 900 720 x 576 1600 x 900 800 x 600 1600 x 1...

Page 44: ...nce to the Ref In BNC on the rear of the Mitto Reference The Reference indicator shows what type of reference signal is present Sync Lock The Sync Lock indicator reflects the status of the Mitto being properly locked and synchronized to the reference Timecode Ref The timecode comes from the reference input This control allows you to select which line of the black composite reference carries the ti...

Page 45: ...ue indicates the selected area or Selection It shows not only the size but also the position within the computer output that is being selected for scan conversion In the example shown below the Selection is 677 by 381 pixels The upper left corner of the Selection is called the Position Corner The Position arrow buttons act on the location of the entire Selection relative to the Position Corner For...

Page 46: ...ion tool Choices are 16 9 4 3 and Manual Mitto will maintain the correct aspect ratio of the content automatically as you change the size of your selected output area To adjust the size of the Selection the upper left Position corner stays in the same position but the lower right corner of the selection moves with the Size control With an aspect ration of 16 9 selected if you move the Size control...

Page 47: ...efinition video output Sharpness The Sharpness control ranges from a minimum value of 1 up to a maximum value of 8 This is a set of variable filters used to configure the processing through which Mitto is moving the input video to the output The mid range setting of 4 is recommended as a good place to start If you would like to sharpen your output increase the setting from 4 If your original conte...

Page 48: ...it toggles into the Show Selection Tool button Click the Hide Selection Tool on the toolbar to put the Selection Tool away Click and drag the Selection Tool to move and resize the selection for outputting to video Aspect ratio constraints apply to the Selection Tool in the same way that they apply to the Screen Selection window in the Position Menu Note If you have clicked the Show Selection Tool ...

Page 49: ...ebsite to view an informational video and to access the install link http www ensembledesigns com support brighteye support mittomagic To Install MittoMagic Bookmarklet 1 Install BrightEye Mac PC 2 0 1 or newer 2 Install MittoMagic by dragging the Mitto Magic link into the bookmarks bar in your web browser To Use MittoMagic 1 Run BrightEye Mac or PC and show the Selection Tool 2 Navigate to your f...

Page 50: ... Clicks checkbox is selected the color of the Selection Tool will brighten slightly Deselect the checkbox to restore interactivity with the Selection Tool Aspect Ratio Select 4 3 Manual or 16 9 Memory Registers Click Memory Registers to recall previously saved position settings Save new position settings by clicking and holding a Memory Register button until it turns green Full Screen button The F...

Page 51: ...e the Selection Tool to appear on 1 In BrightEye Mac PC open Preferences 2 Click on the Selection button in the toolbar The window shown below will appear 3 Click and drag the Selection Tool to the display you want to use it on Note You may also change the color of your selection tool by double clicking on the Selection Tool Color box in the lower left corner A color wheel window will come up for ...

Page 52: ... a handle Resizing Selection Tool To resize the Selection Tool click and drag directly on any of the eight handles of the tool You can resize by clicking and dragging one of the handles on a side or on a corner Screen Select window Note that the Screen Select window within the Position Menu tracks the exact movement of the screen selection its position and size within the context of the entire scr...

Page 53: ...down arrows or enter a value directly into the field Additionally this control gives you adjustments to address varying monitor masks or bezels Bezels around monitors vary considerably and can sometimes hide content There may be pixels of content hiding underneath the mask or bezel of your monitor This menu allow you to adjust for that so you can have full content on your output if desired even if...

Page 54: ...tput Channels are selected for Input Channel 3 or Input Channel 4 Then route Input Channel 1 to Output Channel 1 and Output Channel 3 and Input Channel 2 to Output Channel 2 and Output Channel 3 Now Channels 1 and 2 will have the same original stereo content and the Channel 3 will output a mono mix down You can bring in up to two channels of analog audio through the Analog Digital Audio Input Thes...

Page 55: ...o degrees of Hue rotation You can change these values by clicking and dragging on the slider control by using the up and down arrow buttons or by entering values directly into the fields Gain adjusts the percentage of gain range is 0 to 150 default is 100 Chroma adjusts the percentage of chroma range is 0 to 150 default is 100 Pedestal adjusts the pedestal in IRE range is 30 to 30 default is 0 Hue...

Page 56: ...ut be one line early with respect to the reference in order to auto time properly into a production switcher set the Vertical Timing to 1 Vert Timing Set the vertical timing in lines Use the slider controls or arrows to select a value or enter a value directly into the number field Hor Timing Set the horizontal timing in clocks Use the slider controls or arrows to select a value or enter a value d...

Page 57: ...and sharpness to the saved settings associated with that particular memory register To save settings to a memory register 1 Select a desired position and size aspect ratio border size and sharpness settings 2 From the Memory Menu click Save then click Register 1 The Register 1 button turns green indicating that it has saved the screen selection settings 3 To save additional memory registers repeat...

Page 58: ... are provided by the specific graphics card in your computer Mitto reports a different resolution from the settings you have applied to your computer Recommendation Turn off scaling on your computer s graphics card All scaling should be performed by BrightEye Mitto to ensure pixel size and shape are maintained properly If you have set your computer s resolution to a certain value but Mitto reports...

Page 59: ...rol is to provide a fast and easy way to see the selection tool I m using a VGA input and the output screen is blue Recommendation If the VGA Resolution control of the Input Menu is set to Automatic use the pull down menu and select the resolution of your source s computer monitor Verify that the resolution selected in the VGA Resolution control matches the resolution setting of the computer monit...

Page 60: ... under warranty or not please contact Ensemble Designs and ask for customer service before you return the unit This will allow the service technician an opportunity to provide any other suggestions for identifying the problem and to recommend possible solutions Factory Service If you return equipment for repair please get a Return Material Authorization Number RMA from the factory first Ship the p...

Page 61: ...turn Loss 40 dB Note When no reference is provided Mitto runs from an internal sync gen grade precision frequency reference Analog Audio Input Number One stereo pair Connector 1 8 mini jack Impedance 15K Ω Max Input Level 24 dBu Quantization 24 bits 128 x oversampled Sample Rate 48 KHz Reference Level 10 dBu or 4 dBu Frequency Response 0 1 dB 20 Hz to 20 KHz Crosstalk 106 dB Dynamic Range 106 dB A...

Page 62: ... Output DC None AC coupled SDI Standards Supported 1080i 50 59 94 or 60 Hz SMPTE 274M 4 5 6 720p 50 59 94 or 60 Hz SMPTE 296M 1 2 3 525i 625i SMPTE 259M BEM 1 and BEM 1F also support 1080p 50 59 95 or 60 Hz SMPTE 424M 425M Level A Fiber Optic Output BEM 1F and BEM 2F Number One LC UPC Type Follows SDI configuration 1310 nm non CWDM Wavelengths 170 nm 1610 nm at 20 nm CWDM spacing available Call fa...

Page 63: ...DMI or VGA with adapter Connector DVI I Format Follows input Control Number One Connector 9 pin D Type RS 232 GPI General Specifications Size 5 625 W x 1 7 H x 5 5 D 143 mm x 20 mm x 140 mm including connectors Weight 1 lb 6 oz Power 12 volts 12 watts 100 230 VAC modular power supply Temperature Range 0 to 40 C ambient Relative Humidity 0 to 95 non condensing ...

Page 64: ...urements of an image 4 3 is the aspect ratio for standard definition video formats and television and 16 9 for high definition Converting formats of unequal ratios is done by letterboxing horizontal bars or pillar boxing vertical pillars in order to keep the original format s aspect ratio Bandwidth Strictly speaking this refers to the range of frequencies i e the width of the band of frequency use...

Page 65: ... long runs of 0 s and 1 s Under normal conditions only very short runs of these are produced due to a scrambling algorithm that is used The Checkfield also referred to as the Pathological test signal will undo the scrambling and cause extremely long runs to occur This test signal is very useful for testing transmission paths Chroma The color or chroma content of a signal consisting of the hue and ...

Page 66: ...raham Bell dBFS In Digital Audio systems the largest numerical value that can be represented is referred to as Full Scale No values or audio levels greater than FS can be reproduced because they would be clipped The nominal operating point roughly corresponding to 0 VU must be set below FS in order to have headroom for audio peaks This operating point is described relative to FS so a digital refer...

Page 67: ...sly the memory is being read back by a timing system that is genlocked to a house reference As a result the timing or alignment of the video frame can be adjusted so that the scan of the upper left corner of the image is happening simultaneously on all sources This is a requirement for both analog and digital systems in order to perform video effects or switch glitch free in a router Frame synchro...

Page 68: ...g the lines that make up each video frame which run at 25 or 30 frames per second into two fields All of the odd numbered lines are transmitted in the first field the even numbered lines are in the second field In this way the repetition rate is 50 or 60 Hz without using more bandwidth This trick has worked well for years but it introduces other temporal artifacts Motion pictures use a slightly di...

Page 69: ...vision possible Today there are many variations of these techniques and the term MPEG has to some extent become a broad generic label Metadata This word comes from the Greek meta means beyond or after When used as a prefix to data it can be thought of as data about the data In other words the metadata in a data stream tells you about that data but it is not the data itself In the television indust...

Page 70: ... competing system called Phase Alternation by Line This slightly more complex system is better able to withstand the differential gain and phase errors that appear in amplifiers and transmission systems Engineers at the BBC claim that it stands for Perfection At Last Pathological Test Pattern see Checkfield Progressive An image scanning technique which progresses through all of the lines in a fram...

Page 71: ...s while it has been abandoned in Japan In the digital component world SD and HD SDI there is obviously no need for and certainly every reason to avoid Setup In order for the interfaces between analog and digital systems to operate as transparently as possible Setup must be carefully accounted for in conversion products When performing analog to digital conversion Setup if present must be removed a...

Page 72: ...d by SMPTE It uses a 24 hour clock consisting of hours minutes seconds and television frames Originally recorded on a spare audio track this 2400 baud signal was a significant contributor to the development of video tape editing We now refer to this as LTC or Longitudinal Time Code because it was carried along the edge of the tape This allowed it to be recovered in rewind and fast forward when the...

Page 73: ... between the audio and video worlds is derived from the video genlock signal But products that are purely audio with no video reference capability may still require Word Clock WSS Wide Screen Signaling is used in the PAL 625 video standards both in analog and digital form to convey information about the aspect ratio and format of the transmitted signal Carried in the vertical interval much like cl...

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