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Agilent Technologies 8510C, Operating And Programming Manual

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Time

Domain

Concepts

Figure

11-9.

Time

Domain

Windo

w

Characteristics

The

sidelob

e

reduction

due

to

Windowing

is

ac

hiev

ed

at

a

tradeo

with

an

increase

in

the

Step

(10%

0

90%)

Rise

Time

and

the

Impulse

(50%)

width.

These

parameters

also

dep end

up on

the

frequency

span

of

the

measuremen

t,

and

they

can

b e

calculated

using

the

appro

ximate

formulas

given

in

gure

b elow.

Figure

11-10.

Appro

ximate

Formulas

for

Step

Rise

Time

and

Impulse

Width

Multiply

b

y

the

v

elo

city

of

light

in

a

v

acuum

(2.997925E8

m/sec)

to

get

electrical

length,

and

then

b

y

the

relativ

e

v

elo

city

of

light

in

the

propagation

medium

to

get

ph

ysical

length.

The

purp ose

of

windo

wing

is

to

make

the

Time

Domain

resp onse

more

useful

in

isolating

and

iden

tifying

individual

resp onses.

The

windo

w

do es

not

aect

the

display

ed

F

requency

Domain

resp onse.

It

is

turned

on

only

when

the

Time

Domain

resp onse

is

viewed.

Figure

11-11

sho

ws

t

ypical

eects

of

windo

wing

on

the

Time

Domain

resp onse

of

the

reection

measuremen

t

of

a

short

circuit.

11-16

Introduction

to

Time

Domain

Measurements

Summary of Contents for 8510C

Page 1: ...07 XX with CRT display For use with Firmware Revision C 08 XX or greater with LCD Serial Numbers This manual applies directly to instruments with this serial prefix number or above 3031A Part Number 08510 90281 Printed in USA May 2001 Edition 3 0 Supersedes January 31 1994 Copyright Agilent Technologies 1989 1994 2001 ...

Page 2: ...r products returned to Agilent from another country Agilent warrants that its software and rmware designated by Agilent for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument Agilent does not warrant that the operation of the instrument or software or rmware will be uninterrupted or error free Limitation of Warranty The foregoing warranty sh...

Page 3: ...ch if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in injury or loss of life Do not proceed beyond a WARNING sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met When you see this symbol on your instrument you should refer to the instrument s instruction manual for important information The CSA mark is the Canadian Standards Association safety mark The CE mark is a registered tra...

Page 4: ...ot used as specified the protection provided by the equipment could be impaired This product must be used in a normal condition in which all means for protection are intact only Caution Always use the three prong AC power cord supplied with this product Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause product damage Ventilation Requirements When installing the product in...

Page 5: ...trieb Per ISO 7779 nach DIN 45635 t 19 By internet phone or fax get assistance with all your test measurement needs Table 0 1 Contacting Agilent Online Assistance www agilent com find assist United States tel 1 800 452 4844 Japan tel 81 426 56 7832 fax 81 426 56 7840 New Zealand tel 0 800 738 378 fax 64 4 495 8950 Canada tel 1 877 894 4414 fax 905 206 4120 Latin America tel 305 269 7500 fax 305 26...

Page 6: ... incorporated a cathode ray tube CRT based display The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display LCD In this manual references to either CRT or LCD apply to both display designs unless noted otherwise Systems with a CRT based display in the 85101C use rmware revision C 07 XX or greater Systems with an LCD require rmware revision C 08 00 or greater Note In this manual the terms GPIB Gene...

Page 7: ...vii ...

Page 8: ...e entry value Computer Computer type is used for information displayed on the instrument and to designate a programming command or series of commands 4Hardkeys5 Instrument keys are represented in key cap You are instructed to press a hardkey WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Softkeys Softkeys are located along side of the display and their functions depend on the current display These keys are represen...

Page 9: ...kV AD IEC 61000 4 3 1995 EN 61000 4 3 1995 3 V m 80 1000 MHz IEC 61000 4 4 1995 EN 61000 4 4 1995 0 5 kV sig lines 1 kV power lines IEC 61000 4 5 1995 EN 61000 4 5 1996 0 5 kV L L 1 kV L G IEC 61000 4 6 1996 EN 61000 4 6 1998 3 V 0 15 80 MHz IEC 61000 4 11 1994 EN 61000 4 11 1998 1 cycle 100 Safety IEC 61010 1 1990 A1 1992 A2 1995 EN 61010 1 1993 A2 1995 CAN CSA C22 2 No 1010 1 92 Supplementary In...

Page 10: ...narrow 495 Keys 1 7 Using Numeric Keys 1 7 Using Units Terminator Keys 1 8 Using the Prior Menu Key 1 8 Using the Backspace Key 1 8 Using the 4 MARKER5 Key 1 8 Using ACTIVE CHANNEL Block Keys 1 9 Coupling Channels 1 9 Coupling Conditions 1 10 Using MENUS Block Keys 1 10 Using STIMULUS PARAMETER FORMAT and RESPONSE Blocks Keys 1 11 Using INSTRUMENT STATE Keys 1 12 Using AUXILIARY MODE Keys 1 12 Usi...

Page 11: ...ments 2 9 To measure the insertion loss S21 in LOG MAG format 2 10 4 Saving Data and Getting an Output of the Results 2 11 Plotting Advantages 2 11 To set up the plotter 2 11 Plotting the Current Display 2 12 To plot selected areas of the results display 2 12 Measurement Sequence Example 2 Time Domain 2 13 3 Principles of Operation Introduction 3 1 Basic Principles of Network Measurements 3 1 Syst...

Page 12: ... 4 12 Creating a Limit Test 4 12 To Set Up the Measurement 4 12 To Set the Limit Test Values 4 13 To De ne the Maximum Limit 4 13 To De ne Minimum Limit Lines 4 15 Editing Limits in the Limits Table 4 16 Trace Memory Operations 4 17 Storing Trace Data in Memory 4 17 To Display a Stored Trace 4 17 Settings that can and cannot be changed 4 17 To Display Data and Memory Simultaneously 4 17 Settings t...

Page 13: ...erence Values Automatically 4 48 Changing Display Scale Manually 4 48 Changing the Position of the Reference Line Manually 4 48 Changing the Value of the Reference Line Manually 4 49 Automatic Recall of Previous Display Settings 4 49 Hierarchy of the Automatic Memory 4 49 The automatic memory does not include Stimulus settings 4 50 Other options for control of Stimulus settings 4 50 The E ect of F...

Page 14: ... Groups 4 66 Coupled Uncoupled Channels 4 66 How to tell if a function is coupled 4 67 Dual Channel 4 67 Uncoupled Stimulus Settings and Dual Channel Displays 4 67 Trigger Modes 4 68 Creating a Frequency List 4 69 Entering the First Segment 4 69 Add Segments 4 70 Editing the Frequency List 4 70 Changing a Segment 4 70 Deleting a Segment 4 71 Adding a Segment 4 71 To Duplicate Points 4 71 Frequency...

Page 15: ... Manual Control 5 20 Why the problem occurs 5 20 How to Use Manual IF Gain Controls Properly 5 22 Peek and Poke 5 23 Purpose of Peek and Poke 5 23 6 COPY Printing and Plotting Chapter Contents 6 1 Installation Considerations 6 2 Supported Interfaces 6 2 Connecting a GPIB Printer or Plotter 6 2 Connecting an RS 232 Printer or Plotter 6 2 Selecting the GPIB System Bus or RS 232 Ports 6 2 RS 232 Prin...

Page 16: ...ng Printer Resolution HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus Printers 6 12 Selecting Printer Resolution HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL Printers 6 13 Printing In Color 6 13 Using an HP ThinkJet Printer 6 13 Using Serial Setup 6 13 Setting the Serial DIP Switch 6 13 Setting Up for GPIB 6 13 Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch 6 13 Preparing the Printer for Use 6 14 Con guring the Network Analyzer 6 14 Selecting...

Page 17: ...isk Drives 7 8 Disk Unit Number and Disk Volume 7 8 Connections and Con guration Settings 7 8 Initializing a Hard Disc 7 9 Guide to Saving Data 7 10 Sharing a System 7 11 Saving Everything 7 11 Viewing or Plotting Old Data 7 12 8 Calibrating for System Measurements What Is a Measurement Calibration 8 1 What Is Vector Accuracy Enhancement 8 1 How the 8510 Corrects Measurement Data 8 2 Calibration R...

Page 18: ...els 8 15 Frequency Response Calibrations 8 16 One Port Device S11 Frequency Response Calibration 8 16 Two Port Device S11 Frequency Response Calibration 8 17 Two Port Device S21 Frequency Response Calibration 8 17 Two Port Device S12 Frequency Response Calibration 8 17 Two Port Device S22 Frequency Response Calibration 8 18 Response and Isolation Calibration 8 18 1 Port Calibration 8 19 One Port D...

Page 19: ...rement Calibration for Noninsertable Devices 9 4 Making an Adapter Removal Measurement 9 5 Insertion Loss Gain Measurement 9 6 Measuring 3 dB Frequencies 9 6 Measuring Maximum and Minimum Values 9 7 Making Insertion Phase Measurement 9 8 Measuring S Parameters 9 9 Making Group Delay Measurements 9 10 Measuring Group Delay Aperture 9 11 Comparing aperture resolution and noise 9 12 Measuring apertur...

Page 20: ... 11 8 Avoiding Noise 11 9 Analyzing Time Low Pass Re ections 11 9 Re ection Measurements using Time Low Pass 11 9 Interpreting the Time Low Pass Re ection Response Horizontal Axis 11 10 Interpreting the Time Low Pass Re ection Response Vertical Axis 11 10 Trace Bounce 11 12 Time Domain Concepts 11 14 Masking 11 14 Windowing 11 15 Range 11 17 Resolution 11 18 Response Resolution 11 18 Range Resolut...

Page 21: ...ctive Channel 13 8 Available Data Transfer Formats 13 8 How Much Data Is Transferred 13 9 Preparing the Computer to Transmit or Receive Data 13 9 Setting up the I O Path 13 9 Size of the Preamble Size Block and Data Blocks 13 10 Setting Up Variables 13 10 Dynamic Array Allocation 13 10 Performing the Actual Transfer 13 11 An Example of a Data Transfer 13 11 Using the Data 13 13 Preprocessing FORM1...

Page 22: ...end pass through commands 13 27 How pass through works 13 28 Pass Through to a Printer 13 29 Output to a Plotter 13 29 User Display Graphics 13 29 Example 15 Plot User Graphics 13 29 Example 16 Plot Using BASIC HP GL 13 29 Vector Diagrams 13 29 Text 13 30 Select Pen Colors 13 31 Using the Internal Disk to Store the User Display 13 31 Summary of User Graphics Statements 13 31 Summary of User Displa...

Page 23: ...mple Programs in EX_8510 13 40 14 Operator s Check and Routine Maintenance Operator s Check 1 Agilent 8510 Self Test 1 S Parameter Test Set Check 2 In Case of Di culty 2 Routine Maintenance 3 Maintain Proper Air Flow 3 Inspect and Clean Connectors 3 Cleaning the Test Set Rear Panel Extensions 4 Cleaning the Glass Filter and CRT 4 Cleaning the LCD 5 Deguass Demagnetize the Display CRT Only 5 Inspec...

Page 24: ... Domain Re ection Response of an Air Line and Short Circuit 2 14 2 12 Time Domain Re ection Response of a Thru S21 2 15 2 13 Time Domain Re ection Response of an Air Line S21 2 15 3 1 Re ection and Transmission Measurements Diagramed 3 2 3 2 Simpli ed System Block Diagram 3 3 3 3 Digital Signal Processing 3 6 3 4 Re ection Transmission Test Set Signal Flow 3 8 3 5 S Parameter Test Set Signal Flow ...

Page 25: ...st Segment 4 70 4 42 Frequency List Display of Single Segment 4 72 5 1 Main System Menu and Part of the Display Functions Menu 5 2 5 2 System Phaselock Menu 5 3 5 3 Date Time Functions Menu 5 6 5 4 System Power Leveling Menu 5 10 5 5 Actual LO Frequency Required by a Harmonic Mixer 5 11 5 6 Edit Multiple Source Menu 5 12 5 7 Source 2 Modi ed for Third Harmonic Mixer System 5 13 5 8 Finished Multi ...

Page 26: ...rameter Display 9 9 9 9 Group Delay De nition 9 10 9 10 Group Delay Aperture 9 10 9 11 Typical Group Delay Display 9 11 9 12 Changing the Group Delay Measurement Aperture 9 11 9 13 Group Delay Plots with Di erent Aperture Selections 9 12 9 14 Typical Group Delay and Deviation from Ideal Phase Displays 9 14 10 1 Typical Measurement Setup 10 2 10 2 Typical Return Loss Display 10 3 10 3 Typical SWR D...

Page 27: ...r 11 21 11 17 Gate Characteristics 11 22 12 1 Domain Menu with Power Domain Function Keys 12 1 12 2 Receiver Calibration Menu 12 2 13 1 Data Processing Stages in the Network Analyzer 13 6 13 2 PA Vector Scaling 13 30 13 3 Text Character Cell 13 31 14 1 Typical Preset State Display 1 14 2 Removing the Glass Filter 4 14 3 Motion for Degaussing the Display 5 18 ...

Page 28: ...ncy Converter 4 45 4 6 Approximate Insertion Losses in Test Sets dB 4 45 4 7 Approximate Insertion Losses in Test Sets dB 4 46 4 8 Typical Test Port Power Ranges for Source or Test Set Con gurations 4 60 5 1 Test Menu 5 19 6 1 Serial Printer Settings for Other Printers 6 15 6 2 Default Pen Numbers 6 24 7 1 Disk Storage Capacities 7 1 7 2 Information You Can Store to Disc and How it Is Saved 7 3 7 ...

Page 29: ......

Page 30: ...weep oscillator with an appropriate Agilent 835xx Series plug in may be used Test Set The test set separates the signal produced by the source into an incident signal sent to the device under test DUT and a reference signal against which the transmitted and re ected signals are later compared The test set also routes the transmitted and re ected signals from the DUT to the receiver IF detector Any...

Page 31: ...on The source is controlled by the 8510 system bus not from its own independent front panel Procedures in this section assume that the network analyzer system is installed properly If the system is not installed refer to Chapter 9 System Installation in the Agilent 8510C On Site Service Manual for instructions The section is organized in left to right hand order as listed below Display Modes and A...

Page 32: ...LCD apply to both display designs unless noted otherwise Information can be displayed in several ways on the network analyzer display and the screen annotation areas are dependent on the display mode See Figure 1 3 for an example of one display with its annotation areas The available display modes are listed below single channel single parameter single channel four parameter overlay or split or du...

Page 33: ...vision are shown Color matches the identi cation labels to the trace display The active parameter is indicated by a 7 symbol and the color of the stimulus values at the bottom of display match the color of the active parameter In the Single Parameter and Dual Channel display modes Channel 1 information appears on the left and Channel 2 information appears on the right Stimulus Values Area The curr...

Page 34: ...l lines connecting them They are individual choices available for one speci c operation as listed below SWR LINEAR Title Area The title area provides a space to enter up to 50 characters of information about the measurement Notice that the location of this area depends on the display mode An example of how to create a title is given in this chapter in later paragraphs System Messages Area Prompts ...

Page 35: ...een completed When this symbol disappears you can be certain that all basic data acquisition and error correction functions except possibly averaging are complete Display annotation for Cartesian displays includes Trace labels 1 for Channel 1 on the left of the graticule and 2 for Channel 2 on the right and Reference Line Position symbols for Channel 1 on the left and for Channel 2 on the right So...

Page 36: ...he size of the step increment is determined by the current state of the network analyzer and cannot be changed by the operator Using Numeric Keys 1 First select the function to change 2 Press 4START5 for example Its current value is now displayed in the active function area 3 Rotate the RPG knob to change the value or press an arrow key to incrementally increase or decrease its value 4 To enter a ...

Page 37: ...tor keys for that quantity are de ned the value may not be useful Using the Prior Menu Key Press the front panel key labeled 4PRIOR MENU5 to return to the menu previously displayed If the menu currently displayed is a main top level menu pressing 4PRIOR MENU5 clears all key labels from the menu area Using the Backspace Key Use the 4BACKSPACE5 key to correct errors during entry Using the 4 MARKER5 ...

Page 38: ... When channels are coupled the setting for the currently active channel is automatically duplicated into the other channel To uncouple the stimulus and the error correction functions between the channels press the STIMULUS block keys 4MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN UNCOUPLED CHANNELS Now change the STIMULUS controls Figure 1 6 shows the alter...

Page 39: ... for descriptions of the main function block menu keys Keys labeled 4CAL5 4DOMAIN5 4DISPLAY5 and 4MARKER5 located in the MENUS function block display the sub menus described below 4CAL5 Use to remove systematic errors from measurements by calibrating against high quality reference standards 4DOMAIN5 Use to select between frequency domain optional time domain voltage domain or power domain measurem...

Page 40: ...s including Log Mag Phase Delay Polar Smith Chart Impedance Admittance Real and Imaginary Response Primarily sets the display scale and reference points used on the screen An 4AUTO5 function conveniently centers the reference vertically and scales the trace for optimum viewing In general these controls are independent for channel 1 and channel 2 Each of these front panel functional blocks has its ...

Page 41: ...ctions 4DISC5 Store measurement or calibration data to disc 4SYSTEM5 Perform system related functions such as de ning multiple sources phase lock reference and service related functions Using MEASUREMENT Block Key The MEASUREMENT 4RESTART5 key at the bottom right corner of the front panel restarts the measurement including the current group of sweeps and averaging Figure 1 8 Measurement RESTART Ke...

Page 42: ...led NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ERASE TITLE to completely erase the title b Press the ENTRY block 4BACKSPACE5 key to erase individual title characters To Adjust the Date Time Clock To adjust the date time clock annotation use the keys listed below Note You may use the RPG knob numeric entry keys and a terminator key or the 485 495 arrow keys to select values Keys used in the following exam...

Page 43: ...and response scale and reference settings For example you might want to display S11 and S22 on a Smith Chart group delay for S21 and phase for S12 To set this up 1 Press 4S115 4SMITH CHART5 2 Press 4S215 4DELAY5 3 Press 4S125 4PHASE5 4 Press 4S225 4SMITH CHART5 Now randomly select between S11 S12 S21 and S22 Notice that the analyzer remembers the display format you chose for each one As mentioned ...

Page 44: ...n is desired there is another type of initialization that can be done Factory Preset This type of preset initializes all instrument state functions to the default conditions except for frequency range and initializes all instruments on the System Bus Because an instrument preset is sent to all instruments on the System Bus the time required for this operation to complete depends on the instruments...

Page 45: ...ontrol pressing 4LOCAL5 returns control of the system to the network analyzer front panel and displays the address menu When a Local Lockout command is issued from an external controller the 4LOCAL5 key is not e ective 1 16 Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System ...

Page 46: ...ibration Learn to establish a magnitude and phase reference for the test setup Then remove measurement errors to the desired degree 3 Measuring the Device Under Test Learn about connecting the device under test DUT then measuring it with a network analyzer 4 Saving and Getting an Output of the Result Learn about getting the measurement results data to a printer or a plotter onto a disc or saved to...

Page 47: ...nce Do not use an external controller during this procedure if you have an external computer controller in the network analyzer system Note Turn on the network analyzer last It is turned on after all other instruments in the system are turned on so that the network analyzer can gain control of instruments connected to the System Bus For individual instruments set the line switch of each instrument...

Page 48: ...per left hand corner This indicates that the system has completed the self test sequence successfully 4 RECALLING INSTRUMENT STATE appears below the system initialization message and Instrument State 8 is recalled When self test and initialization are complete the LCD CRT displays a graticule and a trace If not or if a caution or a warning message appears on the analyzer LCD CRT refer to Chapter 9...

Page 49: ...causing poor accuracy and poor repeatability Caution AVOID STATIC DISCHARGE When making a connection to the test set be sure to wear a grounded wrist strap and group the equipment before touching connectors Avoid touching the center conductor of a connector Wear a grounded wrist strap and grasp the outer shell of the test port brie y before touching the connector This prevents electrostatic discha...

Page 50: ... setting are used in this example Stimulus Continuous sweep ramp sweep mode start frequency 0 5 GHz stop frequency 18 GHz sweep time 100 ms sweep Parameters Channel 1 S11 channel 2 S21 Format LOG MAG Response Automatic to let the analyzer choose the scale division and the reference position Set STIMULUS 1 To set the start frequency press the 4START5 key in the STIMULUS function block For this exam...

Page 51: ...select the type of graticule grid used for display of the measured data The standard Preset state initializes channel 1 and channel 2 to display power ratio versus frequency using the LOG MAG graticule Any format can be selected for the display of any parameter Set RESPONSE Use the RESPONSE keys 4SCALE5 4REF VALUE5 and 4REF POSN5 to position the trace on the LCD CRT for viewing Select the channel ...

Page 52: ...ing the NNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISC NNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOAD NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL KIT 1 2 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL KIT 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FILE n softkey sequence 3 Select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 3 5 mm B x where x is the speci c issue of the calibration kit This step identi es the type of calibration kit used and displays the calibration type men...

Page 53: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CALIBRATE RESPONSE to display the frequency response calibration menu 4 Make a thru connection by connecting the two points where the two port device will eventually be connected Channel 2 displays the frequency response of the uncorrected transmission signal path 5 When the trace is stable indicating that the thru is properly connected press NNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 54: ...e the performance characteristics of your DUT with respect to frequency 1 Connect the device under test between Port 1 and Port 2 as shown in Figure 2 2 2 Read the Return Loss of the DUT a Press 4CHANNEL 15 4S115 4LOG MAG5 4MARKER5 b Use the RPG knob to position the marker at any point on the trace The measured return loss magnitude and value at the marker position is displayed above the graticule...

Page 55: ...point on the trace The measured Insertion Loss magnitude value at the marker position is displayed above the graticule The frequency value is displayed in the active function area See Figure 2 9 for an example of a typical display 2 To read the measured phase angle press 4PHASE5 3 To position the trace automatically for viewing press 4AUTO5 Figure 2 9 Insertion Loss S21 LOG MAG 2 10 Introductory M...

Page 56: ...HP IB If the plotter is an RS 232 type check that the analyzer is set to send information to the RS 232 port where the plotter is connected Press 4LOCAL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ADDRESS of PLOTTER RS 232 PORT 1 or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 57: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT TO PLOTTER NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT xx where xx represents a category as shown on the Plot to Plotter menu Categories may be plotted independently The categories of the display are listed in Table 2 2 Table 2 2 Plot Category Key Choices Category Description of What Gets Plotted NNNNNNNNNNNNN Data the displayed trace or traces NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Memory a measuremen...

Page 58: ... short circuit device at port 1 2 Press 4CHANNEL 15 4S115 4DOMAIN5 to present the Time Domain menu then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TIME BAND PASS The time band pass mode provides a Time Domain presentation suitable for limited bandwidth test devices 3 Position the marker on the peak of the response by pressing 4MARKER5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 59: ...asurement plane See Figure 2 11 for an example of the results display Figure 2 11 Time Domain Reflection Response of an Air Line and Short Circuit To measure time domain transmission response of a thru follow the procedure below 1 Connect a thru to measure a Disconnect the short circuit and the air line b Press 4CHANNEL 25 4S215 4DOMAIN5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TIME BAND PASS ...

Page 60: ...ndicates that the transmission return port is displaced by that time distance away from the point at which the transmission calibration was performed The result represents the actual electrical propagation delay of the air line See Figure 2 13 for an example of the results display Figure 2 13 Time Domain Reflection Response of an Air Line S21 To return to the frequency domain press 4DOMAIN5 NNNNNN...

Page 61: ......

Page 62: ...e State Basic Principles of Network Measurements Vector network analyzers such as the 8510 network analyzer system measure the magnitude and phase characteristics of electronic networks and components such as lters ampli ers attenuators and antennas The standard con guration described here measures linear components stimulated by a swept or CW signal These con gurations can make either re ection m...

Page 63: ...istics of the network include the following Insertion Loss or Gain Transmission Coe cient Electrical Delay from which Electrical Length can be obtained Deviation from Linear Phase and Group Delay By application of the incident signal to the test network output port the reverse characteristics output impedance and reverse transmission can be measured Because both magnitude and phase can be measured...

Page 64: ...ion of the 8510 Network Analyzer The 8510 is a high performance vector receiver The instrument has four inputs two independent measurement channels and an internal microcomputer to automate measurements conduct data processing display results and manage data input output operations The dedicated system bus provides fast digital communication between individual system instruments allowing the netwo...

Page 65: ...sions are phase coherent and the IF signal paths are carefully matched magnitude and phase relationships between the input signals are maintained throughout the frequency conversion and detection stages Automatic fully calibrated autoranging IF gain steps maintain the IF signal at optimum levels for detection over a wide dynamic range Test and Measurement Input Channels Each measurement channel ca...

Page 66: ... processing the data for the two independent display channels If error correction is turned on the raw data and error coe cients from the selected calibration coe cient set are used in appropriate computations by a dedicated vector math processor Next magnitude and phase o sets commanded by the electrical delay reference plane extensions magnitude o set and magnitude slope under the RESPONSE menu ...

Page 67: ... the data acquisition group These groups are NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FACTORY PRESET or 4USER PRESET5 These selections initialize the system to a pre de ned state In general changes to the Instrument Sate of the source are executed after the current sweep is completed Figure 3 3 Digital Signal Processing Test Signal Sources The 8510 network analyzer system accepts any of the fo...

Page 68: ...tained by phaselocking the source at each frequency step over the selected frequency range This mode provides the highest accuracy although at reduced measurement speed Test Sets Agilent produces many di erent test sets The con guration needed depends on the frequency range and measurement capabilities desired The two most commonly used test set types are the Re ection Transmission test set and th...

Page 69: ...r S22 is selected it is assumed that the operator has manually reversed the device under test Fully error corrected measurements for one port devices can be made using the 1 port calibration procedure The one path 2 port calibration procedure provides full error correction for two port devices if the DUT is manually reversed Note that an attenuator is connected at the device end of the transmissio...

Page 70: ... devices and two port devices without needing to manually reverse the DUT By taking the ratio after electronic switching switching path repeatability errors are eliminated The bias input and sense connections provided allow the testing of active devices Internal 10 dB steps attenuators from 0 dB to 90 dB are available to control the incident stimulus level at the DUT input without causing a change...

Page 71: ...and connect the reference and test signals to the frequency converter inputs If your test setup does not follow the standard conventions of the re ection transmission or S parameter test set use the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN REDEFINE PARAMETER function sequence in the network analyzer system to select appropriate reference and test inputs to use Figure 3 6 8511A Freq...

Page 72: ...e items to be replaced as often as necessary The most important characteristic of all cables is minimum magnitude and phase change between movements exures of the cable Replace a cable when unacceptable magnitude and or phase changes occur when the cable is moved The standard recommended cables in good condition must be used for detailed performance veri cation of the analyzer system These cable s...

Page 73: ...Network Analyzer System Description Figure 3 7 Recommended Typical Test Setups 3 12 Principles of Operation ...

Page 74: ...pect all connectors visually before every use and use connector gages to verify that the mating tolerances are within speci cations Always use a calibrated torque wrench set to the correct torque when tightening or removing connections Calibration Kits Use only the highest quality calibration standards devices that have a known response and are stable in use Only calibration devices that have an a...

Page 75: ...tenuators a beadless air line and a beadless stepped impedance two port air line mismatch standard Data for the devices includes a device data sheet that lists traceable fully error corrected data and measurement uncertainty data on all devices in the kit at various speci ed frequencies This measurement uncertainty includes both the uncertainty of the Agilent measurement system and the speci ed un...

Page 76: ...the above list remembers all settings you make that are lower in the hierarchy For example assume you choose the following measurement settings Channel 1 Power Domain Parameter 3 Log mag format Reference 010 dB Scale 5 dB div Now you go to Channel 2 and make completely di erent settings When you go back to Channel 1 the settings shown above automatically resume This hierarchical memory applies to ...

Page 77: ... Date Time Clock On MARKER all OFF 4 OFF DISCRETE Marker List On 1 Marker per Parameter STIMULUS Maximum sweep range of source and test set NUMBER OF POINTS 201 Source Power depends upon the source Test Set Attenuation 0 dB SWEEP TIME 166 ms RAMP SWEEP CONTINUAL COUPLED CHANNELS PARAMETER Channel 1 S11 Channel 2 S21 FORMAT Channel 1 LOG MAG Channel 2 LOG MAG RESPONSE SCALE 10 dB division REF VALUE...

Page 78: ...FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ADDRESS of PLOTTER GPIB 5 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ADDRESS of PRINTER GPIB 1 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ADDRESS of DISC 0 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ADDRESS of SOURCE 2 31 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ADDRESS of PASS THRU 31 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ADDRESS of RF SWITCH 31 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF...

Page 79: ...ellow S22 Data Bright Green S21 Data Bright Cyan S12 Data Bright Salmon Graticule Dim Grey Marker Symbols White S11 Memory Medium Yellow S22 Memory Medium Green S21 Memory Medium Cyan S12 Memory Medium Salmon Stimulus Values Medium White External Video Synchronization Sync on Green Negative Power Leveling Source 1 internal Source 2 internal 3 18 Principles of Operation ...

Page 80: ...be CRT based display The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display LCD Display references apply to both designs unless noted otherwise Choices under the Display menu allow you to choose Single channel single parameter or Single channel four parameter or Dual channel displays The color attributes of the CRT LCD External video interface selections CRT only Limit lines and limit point meas...

Page 81: ... 1 Display and Display Mode Menus Figure 4 2 shows one possible LCD CRT display and its annotation areas Figure 4 3 shows the annotation areas for the four parameter split display mode Figure 4 2 Annotation Areas for Single Parameter or Dual Channel Display Mode 4 2 Measurement Controls ...

Page 82: ...played at the same time NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DUAL CHAN OVERLAY displays both measurements full size on the format selected for each channel A dual channel overlay trace showing Log Mag for both channels is shown in Figure 4 4 although any parameter format and response settings can be selected for either channel For Cartesian displays trace labels identify the trace...

Page 83: ...are selected independently for each channel If you want to choose di erent Stimulus functions for each channel you must rst uncouple the channels by pressing STIMULUS 4MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN UNCOUPLED CHANNELS see Stimulus for details To return to a single channel display press 4DISPLAY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY MODE...

Page 84: ... SCALE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FOUR PARAM SPLIT displays all four parameters in four quarter sized graticules In the four parameter split display mode Figure 4 3 parameter identi cation information appears directly above the respective trace display Adjust Display Menu In this menu you can modify the visual characteristics of the display including its intensity and color...

Page 85: ...und intensity can be changed to any value from 0 to 100 The factory set value is zero to o er the greatest contrast with the intensity level Background intensity can be saved recalled Modify colors The displayed colors can be changed to any of sixteen di erent colors saved and recalled See Figure 4 5 for the adjust display menu 4 6 Measurement Controls ...

Page 86: ...ence displays page one of the modify colors menu 2 Choose one of the various display elements shown on the menu For example press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN STIMULUS By selecting the stimulus element you have actually chosen to modify the color assigned to the stimulus value notation shown on the display Now you can adjust the tint brightness and color saturation for that color...

Page 87: ...reen and the last active function tint value in this case is shown 6 To save the color modi cations you have made press 4PRIOR MENU5 as many times as necessary to return to the adjust display menu or press 4DISPLAY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ADJUST DISPLAY Now press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SAVE COLORS 7 To recall a previously saved color scheme press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 88: ... is done in a manner similar to EIA standard RS 330 positive video negative sync This is the factory default setting but once modi ed the new settings are retained in EEPROM and are not modi ed by NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FACTORY PRESET or by recalling an Instrument State Use NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN COMPOSITE SYNC when the external display device requires a...

Page 89: ...FFFF COMPOSITE SYNC R G B on black white BNC FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF H V SYNC R G B horizontal H on black white BNC vertical V on brown white BNC External Video LCD only Network analyzers with a liquid crystal display LCD installed are designed to work with external VGA video monitors The external video connections are made available through the rear panel VGA multi pin connector 4 10 Measurement Co...

Page 90: ...wn on the display as symbol The sharp point in the indicates the position of the limit point Limit Testing For the purpose of limit PASS FAIL testing limit lines and points may be de ned as being either upper maximum limits or lower minimum limits When limit PASS FAIL testing is turned on the measurement points that are on screen and fall within any de ned limits are tested Either a PASS or FAIL m...

Page 91: ...mit table has been created for one parameter on one channel that table may be copied to any other parameter on either of the channels using the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN COPY LIMITS function Figure 4 7 Example of a Limit Test using Limit Lines Creating a Limit Test Use the following example to set up an example limit test for an RF lter Note This procedure assumes a device response is di...

Page 92: ...aximum limit lines The values are determined from the displayed trace then limit parameters are entered for a limit test The values used for determining the limits are as follows Location Frequency of Interest The low side of the cut o frequency portion 125 MHz to 150 MHz The bandpass portion 155 MHz to 195 MHz The high side of the cut o frequency portion 200 MHz to 225 MHz There are two ways to d...

Page 93: ...PG knob to adjust the beginning of the limit segment e Place the beginning of the limit line at 025 dB which is the device s maximum allowable output power level for the beginning frequency Note Notice that the power level and frequency value appear in the limit test table You can iterate between setting the beginning and ending of the limit line position f Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN END ...

Page 94: ...t value If you have pressed 4MHz5 for the incorrect value press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN BEGIN STIMULUS and enter the corrected value 3 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN END STIMULUS Enter 150 MHz the ending frequency of the rst minimum limit line A limit line is drawn between the two frequency values you entered at a zero 0 0 unit level 4 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 95: ...nding one segment indicates the currently selected limit for editing 2 Press the arrow keys or use the RPG to move the highlighted box to the portion of the test parameter to edit 3 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN EDIT LIMITS then press the keys that correspond to the portions of the limit you want to edit begin frequency end frequency begin limit or end limit as an example 4 Enter new l...

Page 96: ...nnel 1 or a 2 for channel 2 disappears In addition the sweep is stopped The parameter label located in the channel identi cation area changes to indicate which memory register is being displayed Settings that can and cannot be changed You may select any format and response setting to display the stored trace The STIMULUS menu 4START5 and 4STOP5 key functions are not active The marker can be used t...

Page 97: ...d side is the Display menu Press the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA AND MEMORIES key Use the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SELECT DEFAULTS key to change the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA MEMORY 1 to be any one of eight memory locations The number in the softkey re ects the default memory location you choose If you are using Cha...

Page 98: ...DISPLAY Functions Figure 4 9 Display Menu Showing Trace Memory Locations Menu Measurement Controls 4 19 ...

Page 99: ...r than 1 2 3 and 4 for repetitive memory operations Trace Math Operations The trace math operations provide functionality for complicated mathematical calculations such as Vector addition Vector subtraction Vector multiplication Vector division You can use these functions on the data trace using a selected memory or in dual channel operation from the opposite channel Following a factory preset seq...

Page 100: ...DISPLAY Functions 4 Press 4PRIOR MENU5 to retain the original setting Figure 4 10 Trace Math Operations Menu Structure Measurement Controls 4 21 ...

Page 101: ...EL 15 4PRIOR MENU5 and from the Display menu press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA AND MEMORIES 5 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SELECT DEFAULTS NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA CHANNEL 2 6 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MATH to display on Channel 1 the complex ratio of channel 1 current data divided by c...

Page 102: ...ary Voltage Domain Auxiliary Voltage Domain NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AUX VOLT OUTPUT selects the mode where frequency sweep is xed at the current start or single point frequency then the voltage at the instrument s rear panel AUX OUTPUT is swept from the speci ed start voltage to the speci ed stop voltage The result is a measurement of the device response with respect to ...

Page 103: ...L5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FACTORY PRESET 2 In the Stimulus block press 4MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SINGLE POINT 4CENTER5 Select a frequency value for the measurement 3 Press 4DOMAIN5 then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AUX VOLT OUTPUT Notice that the stimulus axis for the log mag display is labeled START 01V ...

Page 104: ... magnitude and angle Logarithmic magnitude and angle Real imaginary Examples of the available display formats are shown in Figure 4 13 and Figure 4 14 Format Keys Available on the Front Panel Four of these display formats are available simply by pressing the labeled front panel keys 4LOG MAG5 4PHASE5 4DELAY5 and 4SMITH CHART5 Press the FORMAT 4MENU5 key to display the Format menu Choices on this m...

Page 105: ...FORMAT Functions Figure 4 12 Format Function Block and Format Menu 4 26 Measurement Controls ...

Page 106: ...FORMAT Functions Figure 4 13 Format Selections 1 of 2 Measurement Controls 4 27 ...

Page 107: ...FORMAT Functions Figure 4 14 Format Selections 2 of 2 4 28 Measurement Controls ...

Page 108: ...is displayed in the Active Function area of the LCD CRT Figure 4 15 MARKER Key and Marker Menus Select the Active Marker Markers are made active by pressing the 4MARKER5 key in the MENUS block and choosing a marker from the Marker menu 1 Press 4MARKER5 This causes the last selected marker Marker 1 after Factory Preset to be displayed on the trace and display the Marker menu You can now move the se...

Page 109: ...ER 2 455 4G n5 When you press the units terminator the active marker moves to the data point nearest to that stimulus value and display the trace value as the active entry Press the corresponding step key to move the active marker left down or right up 1 x division 1 10 of the stimulus span Marker values remain displayed even when you select another function such as 4SCALE5 The knob no longer cont...

Page 110: ...n that depends upon the frequency span and the number of points When you select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKERS CONTINUOUS the marker can be moved continuously across the trace with trace values between the actual measured points obtained by the process of linear interpolation In Continuous mode the marker value is obtained by a simple linear interpolation between ...

Page 111: ... 026 461 dB MARKER 2 3 975 GHz 020 99 dB MARKER 3 6 015 GHz 022 54 dB MARKER 4 7 97 GH 021 56 dB 7MARKER 5 13 495 GHz 42 6 dB Notice the 7 symbol next to the marker 5 annotation This symbol denotes the active marker If marker list is on Factory Preset whenever the softkey menu display area is empty and markers are active the marker list is displayed Press 4PRIOR MENU5 as many times as necessary to...

Page 112: ...type of marker list Single parameter displays or dual channel displays can choose ve marker lists only Delta Mode Markers Use the 1 marker mode to read the di erence in trace value and stimulus value between any currently selected active marker and another marker designated as the reference marker Figure 4 17 Marker and Mode Menus The 1 Mode sequence uses both the Marker menu and the 1 Mode menu a...

Page 113: ...igure 4 18 Mode Markers on Trace Marker Search Modes Select any of three marker search modes by pressing 4MARKER5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER to MINIMUM NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER to MAXIMUM or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER to TARGET When you press one of these softkeys the mode ...

Page 114: ...he marker to any position on the trace then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TARGET VALUE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 2 Now move the marker to another position on the trace then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER to TARGET The marker moves to the trace value closest to the target value Figure 4 19 Marker Search Modes Search Right and Search Left Press NN...

Page 115: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 1 Marker 1 is now active Marker 2 symbol inverts Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1 MODE MENU then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1 REF 2 The delta symbol appears near marker 2 to indicate that it is the reference marker The stimulus di erence and trace value di erence between the active marker and the reference marker active 0 reference is displayed 6 Use...

Page 116: ...NN MARKER to TARGET again 16 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEARCH RIGHT Marker 1 moves to the rst target value to the right increasing stimulus of its present position if another target value is found 17 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEARCH LEFT Marker 1 moves to the rst target value to the left decreasing stimulus of its present position if found 18 Press 4PRIOR MENU5 N...

Page 117: ...nantly at microwave frequencies because they provide a simple notation with exact data on device performance in achievable environments The fact that the device under test is embedded in a characteristic impedance usually Z0 50 is fundamental to de nitions of S parameter measurements S parameters are easy to measure and there are analytically convenient methods for predicting the response of the d...

Page 118: ...hat power is emerging from Port 1 of the test set S11 or S21 selected the indicator near a2 lights when power is emerging from Port 2 of the test set S22 or S12 selected Figure 4 22 S Parameter Flowgraphs Now look at the owgraph on the right hand side of Figure 4 22 This owgraph appears on the front panel of re ection transmission test sets It shows that energy can only be applied at the a1 node T...

Page 119: ...r example press PARAMETER 4MENU5 then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN USER 1 a1 Figure 4 24 shows a typical display of this measurement Refer to the test set signal ow diagrams Figure 3 4 and Figure 3 5 in Chapter 3 of this manual This display represents the power incident at the a1 rst frequency converter which is the reference signal for forward measurements Now select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ...

Page 120: ...odels include automatic parameter selection only the four basic S parameters can be used in these calibrations Figure 4 25 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FACTORY PRESET restores all basic and user parameter de nitions to their standard values Table 4 4 lists the standard parameter de nitions selected when the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FACTORY PRESET key is pressed ...

Page 121: ...the softkey corresponding to the item on the Rede ne Parameter menu to be rede ned This displays a menu of the available choices and the current selection is underlined Press the softkey corresponding to the new de nition Changes are executed immediately when the softkey corresponding to the new de nition is pressed 5 When the parameter has been rede ned press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 122: ...PARAMETER Functions Figure 4 25 Redefine Parameter Menu Structure Measurement Controls 4 43 ...

Page 123: ...LECT LETTER The character appears in the title area Repeat this process to write the rest of the new label When you have nished entering the new label press the softkey labeled NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TITLE DONE This enters the new label and returns the Rede ne Parameter menu to the display The label appears in the channel identi cation area of the display when the parameter is selected 6...

Page 124: ...ection Transmission and S Parameter Test Sets a1 Reference S11 and S21 b2 Transmitted to Port 2 Connect Thru or S parameter test sets only Re ected at Port 2 Connect Short Circuit a2 Reference S12 and S22 for S parameter test set Not used for re ection transmission test set b1 Re ected at Port 1 Connect Short Circuit or S parameter test sets only Transmitted to Port 2 Connect Thru To approximate t...

Page 125: ...enuator value Then measure power using the method described here Dynamic Range Considerations As stated earlier after Factory Preset the source power level is appropriate for most measurements on passive devices and for range without overload or excessive measurement uncertainty The maximum signal that can be applied to port 1 or port 2 of the test set without damage is about 20 dBm For measuremen...

Page 126: ... With an S parameter test set reducing the test signal level is accomplished by setting the internal port 1 attenuator to about 20 dB At these levels the network analyzer can measure about 20 dB of gain and insertion loss down to the noise oor Maximum input to the reference or test rst frequency conversion stage without gain compression is 010 dBm up to 18 GHz 015 dBm 18 to 26 5 GHz The reference ...

Page 127: ...usually works best when the reference line is at the center of the grid Changing Display Scale Manually Press 4SCALE5 and then use the knob step or numeric 4x15 keys in the ENTRY block to change the scale division value The trace expands or contracts around the reference position line Changing the Position of the Reference Line Manually Press 4REF POSN5 to move the reference position line on Carte...

Page 128: ...yzer Remembers Previous Settings Limited Instrument State for more detail about this concept The limited instrument state or automatic memory remembers all past combinations of the following Channel 1 or 2 Domain Frequency Time or Voltage Parameter S11 S21 S12 S22 Colors assigned to the parameters Display Scale Reference graphic presentation Format As an example of this select 4CHANNEL 15 4S115 4S...

Page 129: ... Factory Preset on Display Settings Factory Preset assigns an appropriate 4SCALE5 4REF VALUE5 and 4REF POSN5 setting for each format of each parameter on each channel Color assignments are not changed by Factory Preset Response Menu Press the RESPONSE 4MENU5 key to display the Response menu Choices on this menu structure allow you to add electrical delay phase o set magnitude slope and o set and t...

Page 130: ...ctor then increases the averaging factor group by group up to the selected factor thus allowing fast convergence to the nal value This fast convergence algorithm means that the trace is fully averaged in n 1 sweeps rather than 4n sweeps as would be the case if the fast convergence were not used In the step sweep single point and frequency list sweep modes each data point is averaged n times as it ...

Page 131: ...he smoothing aperture the width of the linear moving average is displayed in Hz seconds or volts depending upon the domain selected When Smith or polar display formats are selected the trace data is not smoothed however the smoothing aperture is displayed Figure 4 30 Smoothing Operation Smoothing is especially useful in group delay measurements because it allows the response to be measured using s...

Page 132: ...l delay in terms of seconds with the supplementary display below showing the equivalent length in meters relative to the current Velocity Factor setting After Factory Preset this is relative to the speed of light in free space For example select 4PHASE5 and then use the knob to change the value Notice that when delay is added the D enhancement annotation appears on the left side of the LCD CRT You...

Page 133: ...r After Factory Preset this value is 1 0 which is the equivalent of the speed of light in free space 2 997925 x108 meters per second The range of the relative velocity factor is 0 001 to 500 with values less than 1 indicating that the propagation velocity is less than the speed of light in free space For example the relative velocity is 1 divided by the square root of the dielectric constant for t...

Page 134: ...by the selected dB GHz over the frequency sweep Magnitude o set adds a constant magnitude value to each frequency point A non zero value for either function causes the D enhancement annotation to be displayed Reasons for using magnitude slope and o set include viewing Deviation from constant magnitude Compensation for magnitude loss versus frequency Compensation for insertion of a series attenuato...

Page 135: ...2 STIMULUS Function Block Set Frequency Sweep To set the frequency sweep use the 4START5 and 4STOP5 keys or the 4CENTER5 and 4SPAN5 keys Enter actual values using the knob numeric step and units keys in the ENTRY block To familiarize yourself with the source controls press 4START5 4STOP5 4CENTER5 or 4SPAN5 and observe the current value on the LCD CRT in the active function area Use the ENTRY block...

Page 136: ...where the marker is positioned now becomes the new start stop or center frequency Set Stimulus Power There are two considerations for obtaining best accuracy and dynamic range Stimulus signal level at the test port what is the maximum and minimum incident signal level required for measurement of the device under test Signal levels at the receiver input what are the maximum and minimum signal level...

Page 137: ... especially at higher frequencies Lower levels also depend on the source capabilities the source may not be able to achieve the selected power for all frequencies Maximum power from RF sources is generally less at higher frequencies If the sources UNLEVELED indicator comes on you are requesting more power than the source can produce across the selected frequency band In general it is not harmful f...

Page 138: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SLOPE SRC1 OFF to turn o the power slope function Factory Preset selects slope o and 0 0 dB GHz Attenuator Port 1 and Attenuator Port 2 Attenuator choices on the source power menu control the internal 0 to 90 dB 10 dB step attenuators in many test sets Such attenuators are useful for reducing the incident signal level applied at the test set port without c...

Page 139: ... input power into the test set The source and test set used determine the available test port power range The test port power levels must be set within the power range given in Table 4 8 Table 4 8 Typical Test Port Power Ranges for Source or Test Set Configurations RF Source 83620A 83621A 83631A 83651A 83651A 8510 Test Set1 w 8514B w 8515A w 8515A w 8517B w 8517B Opt 007 Set to Set to 10 dBm 020 d...

Page 140: ...points Figure 4 34 Number of Points Menu Number of points is always coupled Selecting the number of points for one channel automatically selects the same number of points for the other channel With broadband sweeps responses that are narrow with respect to the frequency interval may not be accurately represented For example with a 10 GHz sweep width the frequency resolution is Number of Points Fre...

Page 141: ...at subsequent sweeps are more accurate The analyzer processes the rst sweep referred to as the learn sweep at a slightly slower rate than the subsequent sweeps This is why the data may change slightly from the rst sweep to the second and subsequent sweeps NNNNNNNNNNNNNN STEP The source is tuned and phaselocked at each frequency point This mode is available only with synthesized sources You can sel...

Page 142: ... Sweep Mode Menu Speed of Step and Frequency vs Ramp Modes Using less than about 100 averages taking one sweep in the step sweep mode or the frequency list mode takes about the same time as about 100 sweeps in the ramp mode Notice that measurement time at each step or frequency list data point is not visibly a ected until the averaging factor is increased above about 100 Measurement Hint Often in ...

Page 143: ... using Sweep Time s Span GHz 2 Group Delay ns 100 The length of the dwell time can be determined by using Dwell Time ms Sweep Time ms Number of Points 0 1 Select the fastest possible sweep time or the shortest possible dwell time that does not result in distortion of the trace In the ramp sweep mode the standard Preset state selects a sweep time of 166 0 ms sweep for 51 101 201 and 401 points or 1...

Page 144: ...races are given earlier in this chapter in the Trace Memory Operations section Figure 4 37 Effects of Sweep Time Sweep Execution Hold Single Number of Groups Continual The Factory Preset condition selects NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CONTINUAL sweep the network analyzer continually executes the sweeps required to produce a measurement In this mode the trace is continually updated Figure 4 38 Hold...

Page 145: ...e with averaging on the trace is fully averaged by n 1 groups of sweeps where n is the averaging factor In this way Number of Groups can be used to signify that the measurement is complete If the Averaging Factor is 16 then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NUMBER of GROUPS enter 4175 4x15 When the measurement is complete Hold is selected Using step sweep or frequency list w...

Page 146: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY MODE select either NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DUAL CHAN OVERLAY or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DUAL CHAN SPLIT Uncoupled Stimulus Settings and Dual Channel Displays For dual channel displays separate stimulus values for each channel are displayed below the graticule area These stim...

Page 147: ...u to set the data acquisition point at a spot delayed from the leading edge of the trigger pulse The delay time for internal trigger equals zero seconds when the signal at the rear panel PULSE OUT connector is asserted You can set the delay for a time before zero seconds negative time delay to 40 88 ms after the pulse output signal is asserted For external triggering time zero is at the falling ed...

Page 148: ...ture Entering the First Segment To create a frequency list 1 Press STIMULUS 4MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN EDIT LIST The LCD CRT appears as shown here 2 Press NNNNNNNNNNN ADD The rst segment appears as shown here 3 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEGMENT START and enter the start frequency of the rst segment 4 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 149: ...GMENT DONE If you try to add more than the maximum allowed number of segments or frequency points a warning message is displayed Editing the Frequency List Changing a Segment To change the contents of the list press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN EDIT LIST to display the edit frequency list menu press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEGMENT to choose a segment then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN EDIT The NNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 150: ...oup delay trace shows an unexpected discontinuity at the duplicated point Later in the discussion of the COPY menu you will see that you can print the list of measured frequencies and values in tabular format If you performed this operation you would see that 4 GHz is listed twice If this is an undesired duplication press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DUPLICATE POINTS then NNN...

Page 151: ... of the screen show the actual frequency range being measured and that Correction remains On Figure 4 42 Frequency List Display of Single Segment To Exit Frequency List To exit the frequency list mode press STIMULUS 4MENU5 then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN RAMP NNNNNNNNNNNNNN STEP or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SINGLE POINT The frequency endpoints of the frequency list are used for the ramp or ...

Page 152: ...ect the Network Analyzer Phaselock Controls Warning Beeper IF Calibration and Correction Display Functions Creating a Title Adjusting the Date Time Clock Security Features Controls that A ect I 0 GPIB Addresses Power Leveling Controlling Multiple Sources Multiple Source Menu Mode Service Functions Using System Functions 5 1 ...

Page 153: ...Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer System Menus Figure 5 1 shows the main System menu Figure 5 1 Main System Menu and Part of the Display Functions Menu 5 2 Using System Functions ...

Page 154: ...NNNNNNNNN LOCK TYPE INTERNAL or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOCK TYPE EXTERNAL EXTERNAL lock type selects the system rst IF phase lock and phase locks on an external LO source INTERNAL lock type selects the system rst IF phase lock and the internal LO source NONE turns phaselock o Step Type Press 4SYSTEM5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 155: ...vides a list of compatible 836xx sources Note Quick Step mode does not function in a system that uses multiple sources The key attributes of the quick step phaselock method are Each data acquisition point is fully synthesized The source is tuned from point to point it does not break phaselock The network analyzer remains phaselocked to the source except at the source bandcross points or when the t...

Page 156: ...ten Refer to Figure 5 12 To perform an IF calibration the network analyzer measures a 100 kHz reference signal from a built in crystal oscillator with the Test and Reference Synchronous Detectors Then IF calibration calculates gain and quadrature errors for each input channel The network analyzer inhibits periodic IF calibrations during Fast CW modes You can force an IF calibration to be performed...

Page 157: ...te Time Clock Figure 5 3 Date Time Functions Menu To adjust the date time clock annotation 1 Press 4SYSTEM5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY FUNCTIONS NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATE TIME FUNCTIONS This brings up the adjust date time menu 2 Select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SET YEAR Notice that the date time clock appears in the lowe...

Page 158: ...n the display ON again press 4RECALL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FACTORY PRESET or recall an Instrument State which was created with the display turned ON The NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FREQUENCY OFF softkey turns o frequency annotations display OFF All stimulus functions operate normally except that the start stop center and span display values...

Page 159: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ADDRESS of 8510 16 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SYSTEM BUS 17 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SOURCE 1 19 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SOURCE 2 31 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TEST SET 20 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN RF SWITCH 31 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN POWERMETER 31 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISC 0 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 160: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN EDIT MULT SCR softkey accesses the menu that allows you to con gure the system for the following LO Sources External Mixers RF frequency multipliers that do not have a digital communications link source module interconnect with an RF source Special modules that must be tested with an IF output frequency other than 20 MHz Power Leveling Press 4SYSTEM5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN ...

Page 161: ...ted to the network analyzer system bus An LO source must be speci ed in the network analyzer s Multiple Source menu before you can change its power leveling type Other LO source power and phaselock controls LOCK TYPE are located in the 4SYSTEM5 key menus The Source 2 leveling functions are the same as those used for Source 1 5 10 Using System Functions ...

Page 162: ...tes two management tasks for the network analyzer The LO source must supply the appropriate LO signal to the mixer The mixer uses the third harmonic of the LO signal The network analyzer must compensate by setting the LO source frequency to be 1 3 of the needed frequency The formula shown in Figure 5 7 would be appropriate for this situation The mixer must produce a 20 MHz IF for the network analy...

Page 163: ...urce SOURCE 2 the SOURCE 2 formula tells the network analyzer to adjust frequency commands sent to the LO source RECEIVER the RECEIVER formula tunes the frequency converter to the frequency sent by the mixer Examples are provided later for each of these formulas Using the Multiple Source Menu Given the test setup shown earlier here is an example of how to use the Multiple Source Menu Look at the S...

Page 164: ...enters a xed o set which is added to or subtracted from the FREQ frequency FREQ represents the stimulus RF source frequency entered by the user In most setups the o set you enter becomes the IF frequency To enter a positive o set simply enter the desired o set value Terminate this entry with an appropriate units key To enter a negative o set press 4 05 enter the value then press the appropriate un...

Page 165: ... SAVE or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MULT SRC ON SAVE If not all de nition changes are lost These softkeys turn the function on or o and save the equation de nitions in the Hardware State Note that changes can be made and saved with the mode o using NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MULT SRC OFF SAVE This means that at power up the equations a...

Page 166: ...e an interconnect bus that allows them to communicate directly When using these devices you do not need to change the SOURCE 1 formula from the default settings However if you have a source or multiplier that does not have the interconnect then change the SOURCE 1 formula as needed For example for a 3x multiplier you would enter 1 3 as the multiplier and no o set Assume you are using this type of ...

Page 167: ...se settings used Here are the objectives of this measurement setup The nal LO frequency must mix with a 100 GHz RF signal to produce a 1 GHz IF Therefore the nal LO frequency must equal 99 or 101 GHz For the sake of this example 101 GHz is used The LO frequency output by the LO source must be 1 10th of the required LO frequency This is because the 10th harmonic mixers essentially multiplies the LO...

Page 168: ...xer picks the 10th harmonic it is at 101 GHz Therefore the IF becomes 1 GHz The network analyzer must tune the 8511 frequency converter to measure 1 GHz Setting RECEIVER to a constant frequency of 1 GHz does this Figure 5 10 shows how the multiple source menu appears after these changes are made Figure 5 10 Finished Multiple Source Configuration for Hypothetical Module Using System Functions 5 17 ...

Page 169: ...NNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SERVICE FUNCTIONS NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TEST MENU Selecting NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TEST MENU disables the GPIB interface This menu gives access to self test menu items To return to normal operation enter 15 then 4 MARKER5 or cycle line power or press the TEST button Operation of selections from the Test menu are d...

Page 170: ...ty Slide the disc into the disc drive Press 425 415 4 MARKER5 System Bus Softkeys Use the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SYSTEM BUS LOCAL softkey to suspend all activity on the System Bus and enter the hold mode Front panel control of instruments connected to the System Bus is enabled to allow you to change instrument functions not controllable from the network analyzer S...

Page 171: ...r almost all measurement setups Why Use Manual Control You should use manual IF gain control if any of the following applies to your measurement There are large power changes between adjacent data points greater than 24 dB between points The IF OVERLOAD message keeps appearing even though RF Power to the network analyzer inputs is less than 010 dBm Why the problem occurs When the network analyzer ...

Page 172: ...ure 5 12 Simplified Block Diagram of the Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer Note the block in Figure 5 12 titled IF AMPS INPUT SELECTOR It is this section that we evaluate more closely in Figure 5 13 Using System Functions 5 21 ...

Page 173: ...l The signals then go to a series of 12 dB ampli ers In automatic IF gain mode the network analyzer controls these ampli ers These ampli ers can also be controlled manually with the softkeys in the IF Gain Select Menu How to Use Manual IF Gain Controls Properly You can solve the IF OVERLOAD problem by using xed IF gain and setting it as necessary for the higher power level Press 4SYSTEM5 NNNNNNNNN...

Page 174: ... is a GUARANTEED way to harm the network analyzer s operating system unless it is done under the supervision of a quali ed Agilent service representative Misusing POKE can cause all kinds of operating and measurement problems Some problems may corrupt measurement data without the operator being aware of it Service personnel are aware that valid POKEs change rmware versions from one version to the ...

Page 175: ......

Page 176: ...Con guration Using an HP DeskJet DeskJet Plus or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printer Using an HP QuietJet QuietJet Plus PaintJet or PaintJet XL Printer Using an HP ThinkJet Printer Using Non HP Printers Printing Printing One Snapshot per Page Printing Two Snapshots per Page Printing Tabular Measurement Data as text Printing Instrument Settings and System Con guration as text Using a Plotter Installi...

Page 177: ...or If you need to abort the process use the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ABORT PRINT PLOT softkey located in the Copy function main menu Connecting an RS 232 Printer or Plotter The 8510C has two serial interfaces You can select either of these interfaces for printing or plotting In addition you can assign one of the ports to a printer and the other to a plotter An RS 232 plot...

Page 178: ...g the time it takes to resume measurements Print resolution is explained fully in the printer setup section The system bus does not supply a print plot bu er Because of this measurements are suspended until the print or plot is completely nished Adding Custom Annotations to the Screen You can add your own text annotations to the screen before printing or plotting To do this 1 Press 4SYSTEM5 NNNNNN...

Page 179: ...ing a GPIB command The marker list and real time clock are printed if they are active unless softkey menus are being printed Installing a Printer Installation is described in the Agilent 8510C On Site Service Manual Selecting the Output Port Select the appropriate output port for your printer as follows 1 Turn the network analyzer ON 2 If using a serial printer Press 4LOCAL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NN...

Page 180: ...he De ne Print menus located under the 4COPY5 key Refer to Figure 6 1 Figure 6 1 Define Print Menu The required settings are dependent on the type of printer you use The following pages explain how to set up HP Compatible Laser Printers HP DeskJet DeskJet Plus or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printers HP QuietJet or QuietJet Plus Printers HP PaintJet or PaintJet XL Printers HP ThinkJet Printers Non HP...

Page 181: ...display prints in about 12 seconds A very complex print takes about 2 minutes 20 seconds Most prints are completed in 1 minute or less Using the Standard Configuration Turn the laser printer ON Refer to the laser printer s operating manual Select SERIAL input output I O Use the factory default RS 232 settings for the printer Baud Rate 9 600 Robust Xon ON DTR Polarity HI These settings never have t...

Page 182: ...t over the serial bus 2 The laser printer must only change memory locations that equate to black pixels The majority of memory locations those that represent white pixels do not need to be accessed This saves even more time My printer has built in HP GL Do I still need the cartridge Yes To use the built in HP GL emulation mode laser printers usually require the computer or instrument to send a spe...

Page 183: ...urn the printer ON 5 Make sure paper is loaded Configuring the Network Analyzer The following instructions look unusual because you are telling the 8510C to plot Remember the laser printer looks just like a plotter to the 8510C 1 Determine which 8510C RS 232 port has the printer connected to it Agilent recommends RS 232 Port 1 because it has a larger printer bu er than RS 232 Port 2 2 Press 4LOCAL...

Page 184: ...ting Laser Printers To switch between a laser printer acting like a plotter and a real plotter you must select the port to which the desired device is connected Press 4LOCAL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE then press one of the following softkeys NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOTTER HP IB Press this to select a real plotter connected to the GPIB bus NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 185: ...t resolution from 1 to 1200 DPI HP DeskJet printers typically use 75 100 150 and 300 dots per inch DPI To choose a speci c resolution 1 Press 4COPY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DEFINE PRINT NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PRINTER RESOLUTION 2 Enter the desired value using the keypad and press 4x15 Note Higher resolutions take longer to print ...

Page 186: ...about connecting the printer Setting the Serial DIP Switch Make sure all DIP switches are positioned as shown in Figure 6 2 If necessary refer to the printer s user s guide for switch location These recommended switch settings assume you are using 8 5 by 11 inch paper If you are using Metric paper sizes refer to the printer manual for the appropriate switch settings Figure 6 2 HP QuietJet and Pain...

Page 187: ...and PaintJet Printers not XL 2 Move the Paper Advance Knob on the right hand side of the printer to advance the paper Set the top of the page so it is just above the inkjet print head These printers automatically set Top of Form to the current position when the paper Advance Knob is moved Configuring the Network Analyzer Selecting Printer Resolution HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus Printers The 8510C...

Page 188: ... on making actual printouts Using an HP ThinkJet Printer Choose the serial RS 232 or GPIB setup depending on how your printer is equipped Using Serial Setup Connect the printer as explained in the service manual Setting the Serial DIP Switch Make sure all DIP switches mounted on the back of the printer are down o These recommended switch settings assume you are using 8 5 by 11 inch paper If you ar...

Page 189: ... form Configuring the Network Analyzer Selecting Printer Resolution The 8510C allows you to change printer resolution The HP ThinkJet printer however can be used only with the 96 dots per inch DPI setting To check the current printer resolution setting 1 Press 4COPY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DEFINE PRINT NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PRI...

Page 190: ... Parity None XON XOFF DTR XON XOFF 7 8 Bits 8 Bits Stop Bits 1 1 Most laser printers must be set to SERIAL mode by the user Setting Up for GPIB Connect the printer as explained in the service manual Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch Refer to the printer s User s guide for instructions The default address used by the 8510C is 01 Pre Printing Check Out Load paper and if using fan fold paper align ...

Page 191: ...r Landscape or Portrait Next de ne the print orientation Select either NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PRINT PORTRAIT or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PRINT LANDSCAPE Portrait orientation is the factory default See Figure 6 5 and Figure 6 6 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE to set the printer resolution margins widths and total print width Figure 6 5 Landscape Printer Orient...

Page 192: ...RINTER Printing Two Snapshots per Page By leaving the Auto Form Feed feature OFF and Portrait mode ON two screen snapshots can be printed to a single page 1 Press 4COPY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DEFINE PRINT NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PORTRAIT NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AUTO FEED OFF 2 Press 4PRIOR MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT TO PRINTER T...

Page 193: ...uired if you are using an HP ThinkJet Printer NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FORM FEED causes fanfold paper printers to go to the top of the next page It causes laser printers to eject the page Alternatively you can press 4FORM FEED5 on the printer Some printers must be taken OFF LINE before you can form feed Note If you abort a printout always use form feed to eject the partial printout This is es...

Page 194: ...at To change the format of the list trace data press 4COPY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DEFINE LIST This displays the de ne list menu as shown in Figure 6 7 Figure 6 7 Define List Menu You can de ne various format aspects of the printed tabular data The number of lines of data printed depends upon the number of points selected Stimulus menu and the list skip factor When the skip factor 1 a...

Page 195: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN COLUMN 1 DECIMAL POSITION sets the number of digits after the decimal point NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN COLUMN 2 WIDTH and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN COLUMN 2 DECIMAL POSITION set the column 2 format aspects For those printers with automatic paper feed capabilit...

Page 196: ...r the plot To restore the measurement display press the softkey NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN RESTORE DISPLAY or any front panel key other than a softkey Refer to NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SYSTEM PARAMETERS and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN OPERATING PARAMETERS in the Agilent 8510 Keyword Dictionary for typical displays...

Page 197: ...s unless asked for using a GPIB command The marker list and real time clock are always plotted if they are active unless menus are being plotted Installing a Plotter Installation is described in the Agilent 8510C On Site Service Manual Selecting the Output Port Select the appropriate output port for your plotter as follows 1 Turn the network analyzer ON 2 If using a serial plotter Press 4LOCAL5 NN...

Page 198: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SET PEN NUMBERS if your plotter has multiple pens Turn Auto Form Feed ON or OFF Choose full page or 1 4 page plot size using NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SELECT QUADRANT and either select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FULL PAGE or one of the four quadrant softkeys The softkeys NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AUTO FEED ON O...

Page 199: ...quence causes the entire plot to be drawn using a single pen 4COPY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DEFINE PLOT NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT TYPE MONOCHROME 4PRIOR MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT TO PLOTTER NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT ALL Pen selections are saved as part of the Instrument State The following is a list ...

Page 200: ...ing Plotting You can plot a single 0 per page plot only a portion of the display or plot all four quadrants on a page Figure 6 9 Define Plot and Plot to Plotter Menu Structure COPY Printing and Plotting 6 25 ...

Page 201: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT ALL NNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN GRATICULE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER S NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MEMORY NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TITLE NNNNNNNNNNNNNN TEXT NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ALL FOUR PARAMETERS To plot more than one of these for example to plot the trace and then the graticule wait for the rst plot to be comp...

Page 202: ...NNNNNNNNNNN RIGHT UPPER or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN RIGHT LOWER 3 Press 4COPY5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT TO PLOTTER NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT ALL or one of the softkeys for plotting only part of the display The material selected is plotted at approximately one quarter size in the location you have speci ed To select the location for the next plot sele...

Page 203: ......

Page 204: ...e new discs Use internal or external disk drives Both internal disk and SS 80 type external disk drives can provide data storage for instrument states calibration error coe cient sets calibration kit de nitions measurement data memory data hardware states user display memory delay table or machine dump these terms are de ned later in this chapter Compatible Disk Types Disk Storage Capacity The net...

Page 205: ... binary le format and others in ASCII format The format used for each type of data cannot be changed by the user and are listed in Table 7 2 All other types of data are saved as shown in Table 7 2 Binary data les require less disk space and the le transfer is faster If the cal set le is to be read by a computer use ASCII format Table 7 2 shows the information you can store to internal or external ...

Page 206: ...tell whether it is LIF or DOS format The only time you must choose between LIF and DOS is when you initialize discs Initializing Discs 1 Before you initialize a oppy disk make sure the write protect tab is completely shut 2 Insert the disk with the label side facing left 3 Press 4DISK5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SETUP DISK 4 To initialize the disk using DOS format press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 207: ...E 1 8 Press this softkey then select the instrument state register you want to store to disc NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN INST STATE ALL Press this softkey to store all eight instrument states to one le NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MEMORY 1 8 Press this softkey then select the memory register you want to store to disc NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MEMORY ALL Press this softk...

Page 208: ...hen you load a machine dump from disc the contents of these internal registers are replaced with the data from the machine dump le NOTE Before saving a machine dump le store your current measurement setup in Save Register 8 the user preset power ON register Later when that machine dump is loaded the network analyzer will wake up in that state When a machine dump le is loaded the network analyzer w...

Page 209: ...ately overwritten with new data In Frequency Domain the currently selected number of points must match the number of points in the data le For example if you want to load a Frequency Domain data le with 801 points make sure you set the 8510C to Frequency Domain mode and select STIMULUS 4MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NUMBER of POINTS NNNNNNNNNNN 801 If you do not perform ...

Page 210: ...ight the desired le then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOAD FILE The le will now load from disc Viewing a Directory of Files Press 4DISK5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DIRECTORY to display a directory of all the les on the inserted disc Each disk can hold many les in each data type There are often more les on the disk than can be seen at one time Use the knob to scroll through the le listing...

Page 211: ...disk and then reinsert it If you delete a second le The un delete feature only works on the last le you deleted Using an External Disk Drive Compatible Disk Drives An external disk drive must be GPIB compatible It must be able to use the Hewlett Packard SS 80 protocol and be capable of being formatted to 256 bytes per sector You can use a oppy disc hard disc or combination hard oppy drive Disk Uni...

Page 212: ...e in fact part of the same physical disc A control wheel on the back of the hard disk selects the number of volumes that can be used Select the speci c volume you want to address by pressing 4DISK5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SET UP DISK NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISK VOLUME then enter the desired volume number and press 4x15 Volume 0 through 7 may be speci ed Factory Preset sele...

Page 213: ...escribed as being a ected by various features averaging calibration and so on Such user selected features only a ect the data when turned On Raw Data Raw data is averaged but no other processing is performed This data is stored in an internal memory array called the Raw Data Array Raw data is composed of complex data pairs real imaginary for each stimulus point Data Data This is measurement data t...

Page 214: ...ch cal set This will ensure that you can recall the settings that are applicable for each calibration Calibrations are sensitive to ambient temperature and humidity and therefore have a limited life span In addition a cal set s life can be limited because of changes to the system s components including wear You can use old calibrations if you measure a well known device and compare the data to exp...

Page 215: ...lly save the current measurement settings Before saving a Machine Dump always save the current measurement setup to save register 8 If you do this the instrument will return to a known setup when you load the Machine Dump le Viewing or Plotting Old Data If you know you want to plot analyze or view data at a later date store the Raw Data or Formatted data to disc 7 12 Disk Drive Operation ...

Page 216: ...nhancement Vector accuracy enhancement techniques provide the means of greatly reducing the systematic errors in transmission and re ection measurements This is achieved by rst measuring the magnitude and phase response of standard devices using this data to develop coe cients in a model of the measurement system then measuring a test device and using vector mathematics to compute the actual test ...

Page 217: ...ring the calibrated measurement You can use the eight calibration set memories and the eight instrument states together to provide eight instant access measurement setups For example you could store the calibration data for a certain measurement in calibration set memory 1 and the proper instrument settings for that cal in storage register 1 To make things simpler however the calibration memory au...

Page 218: ...namic range required for the measurement for Isolation steps This can be easily accomplished by turning Averaging On before beginning the calibration then leaving Averaging Factor as the active function during the calibration Coupled Uncoupled Channels With NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN COUPLED CHANNELS selected when you turn correction on for a parameter on one channel it is ...

Page 219: ...or non calibrated vector measurement data The C annotation and the number of the current calibration set next to the ON label show correction is applied to the measurement Pressing NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CORRECTION ON brings the Cal Set Selection menu onto the display and the message SELECT CALIBRATION SET onto the display An asterisk next to the calibration set number indicates...

Page 220: ...xplained in Step 4 Saving the Cal Set to Memory 5 Store the calibration to disc if desired This is explained in Storing Calibration Data to Disc Exiting and Resuming a Calibration Procedure The NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN RESUME CAL SEQUENCE key allows you to exit the calibration sequence currently in progress for example to change the averaging factor then reenter ...

Page 221: ...lar standards may be similar Refer to the instruction manual for the calibration kit in use to nd the labels assigned to each class and each standard for the connector type of your test set A complete calibration kit will contain a tape or disc le which de nes the standards used in the kit This le can be loaded using the disc load feature Pressing either the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 or the NNNNNNNN...

Page 222: ...s best applied to high accuracy re ection measurements of one port devices What a Full 2 Port Calibration Provides The error model used for Full 2 Port and TRL 2 Port provides full directivity isolation source match load match and frequency response vector error correction for transmission and re ection measurements of two port devices on S Parameter test sets This model provides best magnitude an...

Page 223: ...Measurement Calibration Figure 8 2 Cal Type Selections 8 8 Calibrating for System Measurements ...

Page 224: ...VE key at the bottom of the menu Note If the calibration is not complete such as in the case where the standards thus far measured are not speci ed over the full frequency range being swept then pressing NNNNNNNNNNNNNN DONE or NNNNNNNNNNNNNN SAVE causes the message ADDITIONAL STANDARDS NEEDED to appear Measure the additional standards needed then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN DONE or NNNNNNNNNNNNNN SAVE ag...

Page 225: ...ured the last standard pressed is used to compute the frequency response correction term Figure 8 3 Response Cal Menu Standards Required for a S11 1 Port Calibration The S11 1 Port calibration sequence requires a minimum of three standards an OPEN a SHORT and at least one standard from the LOADS menu 8 10 Calibrating for System Measurements ...

Page 226: ...oadband load is speci ed over the full frequency range NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN OFFSET an o set standard can be used instead of the Sliding Load when the appropriate transmission line is available It is speci ed from 2 0 GHz up to the highest frequency When you select this standard measure the Broadband load connected directly to the port and press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOAD NO ...

Page 227: ...est isolation cal select a large averaging factor at least 128 by pressing RESPONSE 4MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AVERAGING ON restart 42565 4x15 4CAL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN RESUME CAL SEQUENCE Then select the measurement If a large averaging factor is not used the error may be greater than if the isolation cal were not ...

Page 228: ...Measurement Calibration Figure 8 6 Full 2 Port Reflection Transmission and Isolation Cal Menus Calibrating for System Measurements 8 13 ...

Page 229: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LINE 2 18 LINE must be measured rst Afterwards if the Start frequency is below 2 GHz press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOWBAND REFLECT N Step 4 Saving the Cal Set to Memory Calibration Save Registers and Storage Capacity At this point the Cal Set Selection menu and the message SELECT CALIBRATION SET are displayed Error terms are computed and stored in t...

Page 230: ...is turned On can invalidate the calibration or cause calibration to turn O automatically Parameter Frequency Range Number of Points Source Power Sweep Time Power Slope Sweep Mode and values Trim Sweep values S Parameter Test Set Two Path Calibration Error Models All calibration error models may be used with S Parameter test sets Frequency Response S11 S21 S12 or S22 Frequency Response Isolation S1...

Page 231: ...5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CALIBRATE RESPONSE 2 At Port 1 connect either a short or a shielded open circuit 3 When the trace is correct press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SHORT or NNNNNNNNNNNNNN OPEN Data is measured 4 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DONE RESPONSE then select a Cal Set 1 through 8 Error coe cients are computed and sto...

Page 232: ...RATE RESPONSE 2 Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru 3 When the trace is correct press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN THRU S21 thru data is measured 4 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DONE RESPONSE then select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL SET 2 Error coe cient is computed and stored Cal menu is displayed with NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CORRECTION ON 5 Corrected S21 data is displayed 6 ...

Page 233: ...s two port device use the Response and Isolation calibration instead of the simpler Response calibration While this calibration improves the e ective directivity for re ection measurements it is best applied to transmission measurements Two Port Device Transmission Frequency Response and Isolation Calibration 1 Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru 2 Press 4S215 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 234: ...librations One Port Device S11 1 Port Correction 1 Press 4S115 4CAL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 CALIBRATE S11 1 PORT 2 At Port 1 connect a shielded open circuit 3 When the trace is correct press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN S11 OPEN Open circuit data is measured 4 At Port 1 connect a short circuit 5 When the trace is correct pre...

Page 235: ...s follows connecting the standards at Port 2 1 Press 4S225 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CALIBRATE S22 1 PORT 2 Perform the S22 1 Port calibration procedure use NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN S22 OPEN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SHORT and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOADS connect all standards at Port 2 press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 236: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DONE RESPONSE then select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL SET 3 13 Corrected S12 data is displayed 14 Press 4S225 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CALIBRATE S22 1 PORT 15 Perform the S22 1 PORT calibration sequence use NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN S22 OPEN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SHORT and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOADS ...

Page 237: ...Test Sets 1 Press 4CAL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 CALIBRATE FULL 2 PORT then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN REFLECT N 2 Proceed as for the S11 1 PORT calibration sequence connect standards at Port 1 use NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN S11 OPEN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SHORT and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOADS do not press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 238: ... a load at Port 2 14 When the trace is correct press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FWD ISOL N NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ISOL N STD S21 noise oor is measured 15 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN REV ISOL N NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ISOL N STD S12 noise oor is measured 16 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ISOLATION DONE Forward and reverse isolation error...

Page 239: ...WD ISOL N NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ISOL N STD S21 noise oor is measured 11 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN REV ISOL N NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ISOL N STD S12 noise oor is measured 12 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ISOLATION DONE Forward and reverse isolation error coe cients are stored 13 Connect the precision transmission line between Port 1 and Port ...

Page 240: ... This procedure is similar to the Full 2 Port calibration procedure described previously for S parameter test sets except that all calibration takes place with respect to Port 1 and the device under test and possibly the adapters if used must be manually reversed in the process of measuring any S parameter This manual reversal makes it impossible to obtain fully error corrected data in real time I...

Page 241: ...ollow instructions to connect the test device for forward measurement then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PRESS TO CONTINUE 4 Follow instructions to connect the test device for reverse measurement then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PRESS TO CONTINUE 5 Observe the corrected trace 6 To measure another parameter press the key for the desired PARAMETER 8 ...

Page 242: ...behind their use and common problems associated with them Calibration Standards Require Careful Handling For best accuracy and repeatability use great care in handling and storing the calibration devices Their performance and accuracy depend on very precise mechanical tolerances sometimes on the order of a few ten thousandth of an inch Therefore the standards must be handled and stored more carefu...

Page 243: ...ed open circuit is assumed to exhibit a phase shift with frequency that can be approximated using the equation Ctotal C0 C1 F C2 F2 C3 F3 where C0 is the DC capacitance C1 F is the capacitance times frequency C2 F2 is the capacitance times frequency squared and C3 F3 is the capacitance times frequency cubed The shielded open circuits in the 3 5 mm calibration kit use a center pin extender so the m...

Page 244: ...cceptable limits and good technique was used during the calibration then the system characteristics have changed thus making the current calibration error coe cients invalid Standards quality measurement data is supplied with the Agilent veri cation devices Adjusting Trim Sweep The Trim Sweep Adjustment procedure applies only to measurements made in the Ramp sweep mode It is considered a part of t...

Page 245: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TRIM SWEEP to provide best frequency accuracy as follows 1 Press 4RECALL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FACTORY PRESET Select 4S215 4PHASE5 for display 2 Connect measurement Port 1 to measurement Port 2 thru connection 3 Set the START STOP or CENTER SPAN controls to sweep the frequency range of interest 4 Set Averaging Factor to 128 Select 4DELA...

Page 246: ...mory De nitions and assignments that are not actually changed remain the same The kit de nition is not re stored into non volatile memory until NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN KIT DONE MODIFIED is pressed So if you are simply examining the contents exit the menu structure by pressing 4CAL5 then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 2 not by pressing NNNNNNNNN...

Page 247: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN KIT DONE MODIFIED to store the new kit in place of the selected kit Notice that to indicate that the kit de nition has been modi ed if any standard de nition is changed the kit name is automatically changed by replacing the last character of the calibration kit label with the symbol This is why the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LABEL KIT operation is the las...

Page 248: ...nal calibration is selected a caution message is displayed and correction is turned o Note that when the number of points is reduced from the original calibration Time Low Pass cannot be selected Effects in Ramp Sweep Mode The number of points may also be reduced after calibration in the ramp sweep mode however in order for the data to remain valid the sweep time cannot change This limits the usef...

Page 249: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MODIFY CAL SET and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FREQUENCY SUBSET As shown in Figure 8 14 markers appear on the trace to show you the current Start Stop or Center Span of the frequency subset Position these markers by pressing the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SUBSET START NNNNNNNNNNNNNN STOP NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CENTER or NNNNNNNNNNNNNN SPAN ...

Page 250: ...ce the ramp sweep is not phaselocked at each frequency point the slight potential frequency di erence at each point between the ramp and frequency list sweeps may cause the displayed data to change To reduce this e ect prior to calibration in the ramp sweep mode set the sweep time to 200 ms or greater and perform the trim sweep 8350 series and 8340 series sources only adjustment The trim sweep adj...

Page 251: ...NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MODIFY CAL SET 3 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CHANGE CAL TYPE 4 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2 PORT to S11 1 PORT 5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CHANGE SAVE 6 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL SET n select a new cal set di erent from the existing cal set If the same cal set is used its original conte...

Page 252: ...procedure on the previous pages Note that the de nitions in the default Cal Kits are additions to the Standard Class ADAPTER and are Standards of type OPEN Figure 8 15 Connector Compensation Menu Keys Calibrating for System Measurements 8 37 ...

Page 253: ...alternate Cal Kit before repeating the procedure If the connector pairs you are using are not listed in either Cal Kit 1 or Cal Kit 2 then you need to modify the calibration kit Use the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MODIFY 1 or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MODIFY 2 functions to enter an appropriate set of coe cients Refer to the previous section Modifying a Calibration Kit After selecting a connector p...

Page 254: ...o important factors to consider the type of two port device you are going to measure and the type of test set in your system There are generally three kinds of two port devices Figure 9 1 as listed below Insertable The port 1 connector type will mate with the port 2 connector type port 2 is of the same family but is of opposite sex to that of port 1 Reversible Reversible devices use the same conne...

Page 255: ...the stimulus can be switched to either port 1 or port 2 thus allowing both forward and reverse characteristics of the test device to be measured without manually reversing the test device Re ection Transmission Called one path test sets because the stimulus can only be applied to port 1 and the test device must be physically reversed to measure its reverse parameters Each combination of device typ...

Page 256: ...tups for S parameter and re ection transmission test sets Transmission Measurement Calibration Choices There are four di erent calibration types available for transmission measurements Response calibration Response and Isolation calibration One Path 2 port calibration 2 Port calibration Transmission Measurements 9 3 ...

Page 257: ...rt typically uses a thru a shielded open circuit a short circuit and loads to calibrate at Port 1 and Port 2 The TRL 2 Port technique uses a thru shorts isolation loads and a precision transmission line Multiple 2 Port calibrations are used in the procedure for measurement of noninsertable devices Measurement Calibration for Noninsertable Devices The Modify Cal Set function under the Cal menu prov...

Page 258: ...DIFY SAVE then select the calibration set to receive the processed cal coe cients The calibration set that results from combining the two calibration sets is computed and stored then correction is turned on Figure 9 3 Adapter Removal Calibration Sequence The resultant 2 Port calibration set contains error coe cients that accurately represent the characteristics of Port 1 and Port 2 as if A1 and A2...

Page 259: ...is positioned to the minimum insertion loss point using the sequence 4MARKER5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER TO MAXIMUM Figure 9 4 Typical Insertion Loss Display Measuring 3 dB Frequencies The insertion loss and gain measurement procedure can be extended to measure the 3 dB insertion loss points of the lter 1 Press 4MARKER5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 260: ...ER5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER TO MINIMUM 3 Press 4PRIOR MENU5 4 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 2 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1 MODE MENU NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1 REF 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER TO MAXIMUM Marker 2 is active and th...

Page 261: ...tions represents 360 degrees of phase shift To illustrate the display format determine the total phase shift for the selected sweep width as follows 1 Position the marker as far to the left as possible and note the phase reading 2 Determine the number of degrees before the rst transition 3 Count the second and following transition traces and multiply by 360 4 Now determine the number of degrees fr...

Page 262: ...NNNNNNNNNNNN LIN mkr on POLAR display on the under the 4FORMAT5 key The magnitude is given in linear terms and an angle 6 in degrees A magnitude value greater than one indicates gain less than one indicates loss The conversion from dB to linear units is given by the equation dB 20 log Note that the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOG mkr on POLAR format presents the same data wi...

Page 263: ... the selected parameter is used to nd the phase change 1 over a speci ed frequency aperture 1f to obtain a linear approximation for the rate of change of phase with frequency This value represents the group delay in seconds assuming linear phase change over the frequency aperture 1f Figure 9 10 Group Delay Aperture This sequence lists the steps for a typical group delay measurement 1 Perform appro...

Page 264: ...eps the measurement aperture 1f is computed from the frequency span and number of points Measurement Aperture stop frequency 0startfrequency number of points 01 With smoothing selected the displayed smoothing aperture represents the percent of span and the actual 1f over which the group delay values are averaged to obtain the trace value at any given point Press RESPONSE 4MENU5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 265: ...sed to change the aperture during the measurement For example with smoothing o group delay is computed using the phase change between each frequency step With smoothing on the phase change over the selected percent of sweep is used to compute group delay The two LCD CRT display plots in Figure 9 13 show the e ect of increasing the aperture Suggestion Use a smaller aperture to assure that ne grain ...

Page 266: ...ition is automatically selected 7 After you press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AUTO DELAY NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ELECTRICAL DELAY becomes the Active Function You may use the knob femtosecond resolution STEP keys 1 2 5 sequence or numeric and units 4x15 seconds to change the Electrical Delay value You should adjust the controls until the displayed trace is at This me...

Page 267: ...Figure 9 14 Typical Group Delay and Deviation from Ideal Phase Displays 9 14 Transmission Measurements ...

Page 268: ...evice the device output port must be terminated in Z0 This is accomplished either by actually terminating the device output with Z0 or by using 2 port error correction to compensate the measurement for the actual terminating impedance Reflection Measurement Calibration Choices The following types of calibration are applicable to re ection measurements Response Response and Isolation 1 Port calibra...

Page 269: ...o calibrate at port 1 Follow instructions displayed on the LCD CRT to manually reverse the test device for measurement of the reverse parameters 2 Port Calibrations This model provides fully corrected transmission and re ection measurements with an S parameter test set It uses a Thru a Shielded Open Circuit a Short Circuit and Loads to calibrate at port 1 and port 2 Figure 10 1 Typical Measurement...

Page 270: ...0 degrees with a short circuit at the reference plane Figure 10 2 shows the return loss of a bandpass lter Figure 10 2 Typical Return Loss Display SWR Measurement The measurement sequence for Standing Wave Ratio SWR is the same as that for Return Loss Select the SWR display by pressing FORMAT 4MENU5 then NNNNNNNNNNN SWR SWR is calculated from the Return Loss value using these equations 10D where D...

Page 271: ...isplay in the Format menu The magnitude is given in linear terms and an angle 6 in degrees A magnitude value greater than one indicates greater than unity re ection less than one indicates lower than unity re ection The conversion from dB to linear units is given by the equation dB 20 log Note that the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOG mkr on POLAR format Figure 10 4 presents ...

Page 272: ...ance base for the marker readout is set by the system Z0 Figure 10 5 Typical Impedance Display Admittance Measurement Pressing the softkey labeled NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN INVERTED SMITH on the Format Menu presents the re ection measurement using an inverted Smith Admittance chart The readout is in terms of susceptance and conductance G 6 jB The measurement calibration and meas...

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Page 274: ...the RPG knob step keys or the keypad for data entry The keypad terminators also refer to time in seconds using lowercase annotation As an example entering 40 015 4G n5 displays 10 picoseconds General Theory The relationship between the Frequency Domain response and the Time Domain response in a network is described with the Fourier Transform Frequency Domain Time Domain H f 0 h t It is therefore p...

Page 275: ...ime or distance In time domain the device response consists of three separate impedance changes with the second discontinuity having a re ection coe cient magnitude of 0 013 This discontinuity is located 167 5 picoseconds from the reference plane relative to the speed of light in free space In the time domain trace shown in Figure 11 1 the trace peaks show the round trip time to each re ection and...

Page 276: ...lse shaped envelope This is a distinct advantage over traditional TDR which requires that the DUT be able to operate at DC With Time Band Pass there are no restrictions on the frequency range of the measurement Low Pass Mode The Time Low Pass mode is used to simulate a traditional Time Domain Re ectometer TDR measurement The response can be viewed as if the device were stimulated by either an impu...

Page 277: ... simply press the green 4USER PRESET5 key and recall an instrument state 1 Press 4USER PRESET5 Save the preset state to a save register for future use 2 Perform an S11 1 PORT calibration Leave the sliding load connected and observe the Frequency Domain response as the sliding element is moved 3 Press 4DOMAIN5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN TIME NNNNNNNNNNNNNN BAND NNNNNNNNNNNNNN PASS 4 Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN AUTO t...

Page 278: ...ertical Axis The quantity displayed on the vertical axis depends on the format selected Time Band Pass presets to the Linear Magnitude format which displays the response in re ection coe cient units This can be thought of as an average re ection coe cient of the discontinuity over the frequency range of the measurement Other useful formats are listed in Table 11 1 The Time Band Pass response gives...

Page 279: ...the means to analyze the length and loss of multiple signal propagation paths of the device Before making Time Domain transmission measurements it is necessary to perform the appropriate measurement calibration 1 Press 4USER PRESET5 or recall an instrument state in which you have saved preset values 2 Perform an appropriate transmission measurement calibration 3 Connect a 20 dB coaxial attenuator ...

Page 280: ...al electrical length not x2 The Marker reads out the electrical length in both time and distance You must multiply the distance number by the relative velocity of the transmission medium to get the actual physical length or use the 8510 Velocity Factor function Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Vertical Axis The vertical axis displays the transmission response in transmission c...

Page 281: ... may be changed This is in order to meet the mathematical requirements of the time domain transformation The 8510B sets the Time Low Pass frequency range as shown in Table 11 2 After you press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SET FREQ LOW PASS rst the instrument computes Stop n x Start where n is the Number of Points If the Stop frequency is above the maximum shown for D...

Page 282: ... that is useful in determining the type of discontinuity you are viewing Before making actual measurements using Time Low Pass mode it is helpful to review the Time Low Pass response of a known discontinuity Figure 11 5 shows the resultant Time Low Pass S11 response waveform for some various discontinuities viewed with either a Step or an Impulse stimulus Mathematically the Time Low Pass Impulse s...

Page 283: ...most useful format is NNNNNNNNNNNNNN REAL which displays the TDR response in re ection coe cient units This points out a key di erence between Time Band Pass and Time Low Pass modes Band Pass This measurement is actually the response of the device to an RF pulse with an impulse shaped envelope The Inverse Fourier Transform Frequency Domain data gives a response that is a function of this simulated...

Page 284: ...gure 11 5 Time Low Pass Step and Impulse Responses These Time Domain responses were generated using the Circuit Modeling Program CMP which is supplied with the Time Domain option Introduction to Time Domain Measurements 11 11 ...

Page 285: ...e coupler based Agilent 8414B test set rolls o below 500 MHz down 030 dB at 45 MHz The trace bounce is a factor of 30 times less the bridge based Agilent 8515A test set which has at magnitude frequency responses down to 45 MHz As a second example of Low Pass re ection measurements consider the Low Pass Step response of a 30 cm airline and xed load shown in Figure 11 7 The Time Low Pass response at...

Page 286: ...Time Domain Low Pass Figure 11 7 Step Response of a 30 cm Airline and Fixed Load Introduction to Time Domain Measurements 11 13 ...

Page 287: ... the 25 section the response does not return to zero re ection coe cient which would be expected for a 50 impedance The reason is that the step incident on the second response is of less than unity amplitude because of the energy re ected in the rst mismatch As a second example of masking consider the Time Domain response of a 3 dB attenuator and a short circuit The Impulse response of the short c...

Page 288: ...main measurement by modifying ltering the Frequency Domain data prior to conversion to the Time Domain to produce an impulse stimulus with lower sidelobes This greatly enhances the e ectiveness in viewing Time Domain responses that are very di erent in magnitude The sidelobe reduction is achieved however with the tradeo with increased impulse width The e ect of Windowing on the Step stimulus integ...

Page 289: ...Impulse Width Multiply by the velocity of light in a vacuum 2 997925E8 m sec to get electrical length and then by the relative velocity of light in the propagation medium to get physical length The purpose of windowing is to make the Time Domain response more useful in isolating and identifying individual responses The window does not a ect the displayed Frequency Domain response It is turned on o...

Page 290: ... data points It is therefore directly proportional to the number of points and inversely proportional to the Frequency Span Stop 0 Start frequency and can be calculated using the following formula RANGE 1 1F Number of Points 0 1 Frequency Span As a sample calculation for a 201 point measurement from 50 MHz to 18 GHz SPAN 17 95 GHz the Range is 201 0 1 17 95 GHz 11 1 nsec 3 34m Thus the device unde...

Page 291: ...is de ned as the ability to resolve two closely spaced responses In other words if two responses are present this is how closely they can be spaced and still be distinguished from one another For responses of equal amplitude the Response Resolution is equal to the 50 06 dB impulse width It therefore is inversely proportional to the frequency span of the measurement and is also a function of the wi...

Page 292: ...8 m sec As illustrated in Figure 11 13 two Time Domain responses of equal amplitude separated by 16 mm could begin to be resolved in this Time Domain measurement This indicates an actual discontinuity separation of 8 mm for re ection measurements Now consider the case where only one response is present By centering that response on the display and adjusting the time SPAN to equal the 50 Impulse wi...

Page 293: ...NTER The GATE CENTER indicates the center time not frequency of this lter The Gate has a bandpass lter shape as shown in Figure 11 14 Figure 11 14 Typical Gate Shape Figure 11 15 shows the Frequency Domain and the Band Pass Time Domain responses of a 7 mm to 3 5 mm adapter connected to a 3 5 mm airline and a xed load Figure 11 15 Reflection Measurement of 7 mm to 3 5 mm Adapter Airline and Load We...

Page 294: ... the gated Frequency Domain response of the adapter See Figure 11 16 Figure 11 16 Gated Responses of the 7 mm to 3 5 mm Adapter The smoother trace in the Frequency Domain plot of Figure 11 16 shows the Gated Frequency Domain response which is that of the adapter only The e ects of the xed load on the measurement are removed Select Gate Shape Four di erent Gate shapes are available MINIMUM NORMAL W...

Page 295: ...enter the Gate around the response s that you want to retain in the measurement and to make the Gate span wide enough to include all of those responses It is also recommended to use the widest Gate shape possible Measurement Recommendations When making Time Domain measurements it is generally good practice to measure the device within the frequency range that it is designed to operate There are tw...

Page 296: ...t in source stability eliminates these noise sidebands and improves the Time Domain measurement dynamic range by as much as 30 dB A second improvement is that the stepped sweep mode allows the use of many averages per point without greatly a ecting the sweep time and this lowers the noise oor of the Time Domain measurement Test Set Considerations Wide frequency range test sets have two advantages ...

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Page 298: ...ain mode measurement measures power over a frequency range of interest A typical application for power domain is measuring the compression of ampli ers In power domain the independent variable STIMULUS swept or stepped by the network analyzer system normally frequency is changed to power The STIMULUS block keys 4START5 4STOP5 4CENTER5 and 4SPAN5 refer to power and a ect the horizontal axis of a re...

Page 299: ...es in the path between the source and the test ports Receiver calibration is performed after calibrating the 8360 Series source with a power meter and ensuring that it remains leveled across the frequency range of operation A receiver calibration is stored as a Cal Set and corrects Port 1 a1 output power and Port 2 b2 input power only Note There are a number of assumptions associated with receiver...

Page 300: ... Set to use 4 Activate a marker and set the marker to the frequency at which you wish to make a power sweep If the marker is not used the power domain is entered at 2 GHz Note If multiple markers are ON the active marker is used for the power domain frequency of measurement 5 Press 4DOMAIN5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN POWER then press the appropriate STIMULUS block keys to set the power levels of interest N...

Page 301: ...ycling the system power skip to Step 5 otherwise continue with the atness calibration at Step 4 The Flatness Calibration Must Be Completed Flatness calibration must be completed before beginning the receiver calibration Data obtained during the atness calibration is used during the receiver calibration 4 Connect the power sensor from a zeroed power meter to Port 1 of the test set a Press the STIMU...

Page 302: ...d in the Cal Kit a further menu appears to allow selection of the appropriate standard At the completion of the measurement the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN OUTPUT PWR key is underlined c Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SAVE RCVR CAL then select a Cal Set number and store the receiver cal data Note Unless both input and output power have been measured pressing NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...

Page 303: ...e a Press 4DISPLAY5 then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY MODE b Select either NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DUAL CHAN SPLIT or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DUAL CHAN OVERLAY c Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CHANNEL 2 PARAMETER 4MENU5 then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN USER 2 b2 d Con rm that the display on Channel 2 reads Pout in units...

Page 304: ...annel 2 to determine the absolute input power Pin or output power Pout at the 1 dB compression point a Press 4CHANNEL 25 then 4MENU5 in the PARAMETER block b Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN USER 1 a1 or NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN USER 2 b2 10 To make calibrated compression measurements at other frequencies of interest use the steps that follow a Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DOMAIN NNNNNNNNNNN...

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Page 306: ... with manual operation of the network analyzer system and that you have read the Basic Network Measurements section in this manual Details of each function are given only if these are unique to programmed operation or are di erent for manual and programmed operation What s in This Chapter What You Can Do with Remote Programming GPIB Command Information Setting up the System Transferring Data out o...

Page 307: ... NOT allowed within the mnemonic name For example the mnemonic name MARK 1 in a statement would cause a syntax error but MARK1 would not Use the semicolon to separate instructions Use the comma to separate each value in a series If no units terminator follows the value for frequency and time units the system defaults to network analyzer basic units Hz seconds For other quantities power length a un...

Page 308: ... are handled automatically and data is not displayed until it is valid However depending upon the speed of the computer the programmer may need to intervene to make certain that the data is ready The SING and NUMG instructions always hold o execution of the instructions that follow until the speci ed number of groups is nished These statements are the primary means of data synchronization For exam...

Page 309: ... and measure its response the network analyzer applies calibration o sets to the data Output the data from the desired array to the computer The stimulus settings and parameter used during the calibration must match those used during the calibrated measurement Cal sets remember the stimulus settings that were in e ect when the calibration was made When you recall a cal set it automatically changes...

Page 310: ...tion has fold out pages showing all menu maps each softkey function and the GPIB mnemonic for each softkey Transferring Data out of the Network Analyzer Sending Data to the Computer You can send measurement data to the computer in either of two ways You can output the current active marker value You can output a complete data trace Before you attempt to transfer data to the computer you should kno...

Page 311: ...y data is in real imaginary pairs Raw data can be output for any parameter at any time assuming the parameter is actually being measured If a parameter is displayed on the screen it is being measured by the network analyzer Or when a full 2 port calibration is active all four S parameters are measured Corrected Data Array In addition to ratioing and averaging corrected data has been through Time d...

Page 312: ...puter just like the arrays described above Refer to the descriptions for the OUTPCALC and INPUCALC commands in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary Delay Table Each parameter has its own special array called a delay table The table must be created using an external computer then be sent to the network analyzer The network analyzer uses the table to modify measurement data The table...

Page 313: ...ord Dictionary Form 1 GPIB Command FORM1 FORM1 is signi cantly di erent from the other four transfer modes The biggest di erence is that you can only obtain data from the raw array when you use FORM1 The other four transfer modes let you choose any internal data array for transfer FORM1 is the fastest transfer format available and is almost exclusively used in fast CW mode Refer to FORM 1 in the 8...

Page 314: ... Transferred When you measure data the network analyzer stores data for the entire sweep in the raw corrected and formatted arrays In addition data for all displayed parameters are stored in these arrays For example if you have selected 201 frequency points each array contains 201 data points If more than one parameter is displayed a complete set of data exists for each one When you transfer raw d...

Page 315: ...nsion an array of appropriate size for the data FORM4 data requires a string array Dynamic Array Allocation Setting up xed array sizes is all you may need in simple programs However large measurement programs may need to call subroutines that can intelligently determine the size of the required data array Fortunately you can write your program so it reads the size block then dynamically allocates ...

Page 316: ...on a 201 x 2 array to hold transferred data 5 DIM Mag 200 Phase 200 Dimension two 1 dimensional arrays to hold the 7 final magnitude and phase values for each point 9 INTEGER Preamble Size Define integer variables for the preamble and 11 size blocks 13 ASSIGN Nwa TO 716 This sets up the I O path for the network analyzer and 15 defines the GPIB address used to talk to it 17 19 ASSIGN Nwa_data2 TO 7...

Page 317: ...nd phase data 97 99 101 The following two lines simply print the real imaginary magnitude and 103 phase values for the first point and every 20th point 105 107 IF N 0 OR N 20 INT N 20 THEN 109 PRINT Point N 1 TAB 13 Real Real TAB 36 Imag Imag 111 PRINT Point N 1 TAB 13 Mag Mag N TAB 36 Phase Phase N 113 END IF 115 117 NEXT N 119 121 OUTPUT Nwa Mark1 123 LOCAL 716 Place network analyzer back in loc...

Page 318: ...nary Format for Vector Math Real and imaginary data in its existing form is useful for vector math Once you have done any mathematical processing of the data you can convert it into magnitude and phase information as explained below Converting Real Imaginary Data to Magnitude and Phase Data As explained earlier in this chapter data is often in real imaginary data pairs You can perform vector math ...

Page 319: ...the same way With raw data there is a di erent GPIB command for each raw data array INPURAW1 through INPURAW4 When you issue an INPURAW3 command data is sent to the S12 raw data array in the active channel INPUFORM requires you to supply data in exactly the same format as the network analyzer would use during an OUTPFORM operation As explained earlier when you output data from the formatted array ...

Page 320: ...ting the total number of data bytes in the block and Data holds the real imaginary data pairs The network analyzer accepts data until the speci ed number of bytes is received or EOI is detected then terminates the listen mode If the number of data bytes is not equal to the value of the variable Size the message BLOCK INPUT ERROR is displayed If the value of the variable Size does not correspond to...

Page 321: ...alue at the marker position in the sequence MARK2 MARKMAXI OUTPACTI To accept the data use a single real variable For example Freq Query System State For instrument state settings that cannot be made the active function use the query instructions function For example DOMA This command returns the current domain selection as an ASCII string enclosed as quotes for example FREQUENCY if the frequency ...

Page 322: ...n Return the network analyzer to local control by pressing the front panel 4LOCAL5 key or by issuing the GPIB command GTL 716 or GTL 7 LOCAL 716 or LOCAL 7 using HP Series 200 300 BASIC language Program Debugging Aids To further assist in program development the statements DEBUON debug on and DEBUOFF debug o control a network analyzer debug mode Instructions currently being executed are displayed ...

Page 323: ...ess computer Return or ENTER Using a simple program like this one you can input commands one at a time and observe the network analyzer response At rst try instructions such as STAR 10 GHz Refer to the list of programming codes in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary to see the syntax requirements for each programmable function Enter a sequence of 8510C instructions by separating e...

Page 324: ...nctions The value for any function that can be made the active function can be read this way Functions or settings that do not have an active function may be read using query commands Refer to the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary for a list query commands The value of the current active function is output as a single ASCII value in the basic units of the function For example OUTPUT...

Page 325: ... The OUTPMARK statement always transfers two values in standard ASCII format As shown in Table 13 1 the values depend upon the currently selected display format Two values are output in every display format but for Cartesian displays the second value is zero Table 13 1 Marker Units for All display Formats FORMAT MARKER Basic Units OUTPMARK A B Value LOG MAG dB dB 0 PHASE degrees degrees 0 DELAY se...

Page 326: ... MARKOFF This sequence moves marker 2 to the maximum trace value selects the delta marker mode with marker 2 as the reference marker moves marker 1 to the maximum trace value then outputs the di erence between marker 2 and marker 1 Then the delta mode is turned o and the markers are turned o To read marker values in dual channel display modes rst select the channel as follows OUTPUT Nwa MARK1 3 5 ...

Page 327: ...ry pairs which are then converted to linear magnitude log magnitude and phase data Example 8 S11 1 Port and S21 Response Cals This set of examples guides you through an S11 1 port calibration and an S21 response calibration Next you measure a device using the S11 cal on channel 1 and the S21 cal on channel 2 in dual channel display mode Example 8a reads the S21 response cal coe cient processes the...

Page 328: ... proceed between the calibration type selection and the class selection Select the Standard Class Because standard class labels are user de nable a special mnemonic is used to select measurement of each standard class Mnemonic Example Standard Class Labels CLASS11A S11 OPEN 1st S11 standard class CLASS11B S11 SHORT 2nd S11 standard class CLASS11C S11 LOADS 3rd S11 standard class CLASS22A S22 OPEN ...

Page 329: ...DBAND OPEN STANB SLIDING SHORT STANC LOWBAND THRU STAND OFFSET not used STANE not used not used STANF not used not used STANG not used not used Any of these except SLIDING and OFFSET will cause a measurement restart and measurement of the standard The message WAIT MEASURING CAL STANDARD appears while the measurement is being made The speed of the measurement depends on the mode ramp or step select...

Page 330: ...connected to the network analyzer s system bus The program prompts the user to choose which drive to use internal or external In the second part of the example program the computer reads and displays the disk les which were stored in part 1 of the program This is done to show the CITI le format A disk drive must be connected to the computer during this part of the example program The network analy...

Page 331: ...red part of the lename and must be used Table 7 3 shows all le name pre xes used by the network analyzer Printing Your Own Messages on the Network Analyzer Display Messages of up to 50 characters are displayed using TITL GOOD MORNING This causes the message GOOD MORNING to appear in the title area of the network analyzer display The quotation marks are required BASIC usually requires double marks ...

Page 332: ...hrough the Network Analyzer Devices on the System Bus The network analyzer listens to commands sent to either of two addresses 8510 Address The 8510 Address speci ed under 4LOCAL5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ADDRESS of 8510 is the address of the 8510C network analyzer itself Any commands sent to this address will cause the 8510C to perform the function System Bus Address The sy...

Page 333: ...analyzer passes it to the system bus to the device at address 01 For example OUTPUT Nwa ADDRPASS 01 Select address 01 for pass through commands OUTPUT Nwa_systbus CHR 12 Send a form feed command to the printer Remember Nwa systbus and Nwa systbusdata represent the address of the system bus You must set this up using a statement such as ASSIGN Nwa_systbus TO 717 If the device is to output ASCII dat...

Page 334: ...lay as described later in this section then plot the network analyzer display to the plotter Examples of printing or plotting using pass through are given in the paragraphs describing user display graphics below User Display Graphics Example 15 Plot User Graphics User display functions are demonstrated by using HP GL commands to draw a series of boxes The boxes have labels that correspond to areas...

Page 335: ... to 4095 Figure 13 2 shows internal scaling for PA vector diagrams Figure 13 2 PA Vector Scaling The PR Plot Relative instruction moves the pen from its present position to the new position x y units away OUTPUT Nwa ADDRPASS 31 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus CS PU OUTPUT Nwa_systbus PA 128 384 PD PR 3200 0 0 3200 03200 0 0 03200 This outlines the Menu labels area Text Position standard ASCII text on the scree...

Page 336: ...DISF USER1 This erases the current user display then loads and displays the previously stored graphics and text Summary of User Graphics Statements The following statements are used to control plotting of vectors and text into the network analyzer user display area of internal memory PA x1 y1 plot absolute vector Move the pen from the current location to the location speci ed by the following x y ...

Page 337: ...r parameters The new de nitions are then saved in an instrument state register It is possible to de ne both user and S parameters specifying numerator denominator phase lock and port drive Example 18 Read and Output Caution Tell Message This example prints the number and message of any error or warning shown on the network analyzer display The user is rst prompted to Adjust the network analyzer to...

Page 338: ... Decimal Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Function Reason in extended byte RQS SRQ issued Syntax error SING NUMB CALF complete Waiting for GET after reverse device TRIG waiting for GET FASC issued ready for external trigger Data entry complete CAUTION message displayed EXTENDED STATUS BYTE 2 BIT 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Decimal Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Function Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Powe...

Page 339: ... parameter color The main feature of this example is the WAIT command that is sent to the network analyzer This forces the display to update each time the loop is executed Without the WAIT command the loop might execute several times before the display updates and certain changes would be missed Refer to the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary entry for WAIT Example 23 Wait Not Requir...

Page 340: ...ring OUTPLEAS Output learn string to GPIB INPULEAS Input learn string from GPIB Set the network analyzer controls to that state The contents of the learn string is identical to the information processed by the SAVE and RECALL features for network analyzer internal storage and the disk store and load instrument state functions for the network analyzer disk drive The following example shows a sequen...

Page 341: ...With atness OFF it is the power at the source output Example 30 Receiver Power Cal Power Domain Note Receiver calibration and power domain require 8510C rmware Rev C 07 00 or greater This example performs a receiver calibration which then allows the 8510C to display unratioed power measurements of the input and output power of a device connected between ports 1 and 2 on the test set calibrated in ...

Page 342: ...ce is STOR CALSn DISF lename CALSn can be replaced with several other data type commands such as INSSn INSSALL MEMOn MEMALL CALSALL CALK1 CALK2 DATARAW DATAFORM DELT USED HARS MACD The LOAD version of the command is the same with LOAD replacing STOR It can be switched between internal or external disk drive with STOIINT or STOIEXT External drives with multiple bays can be selected using DISCVOL an...

Page 343: ...already addressed as a listener a GTL 716 LOCAL 716 sets the network analyzer system to the normal manual mode without changing the current instrument state All GPIB Universal and Addressed Commands and the network analyzer system response to the commands are listed below computer speci c and language considerations are discussed in the Example Program Listings later in this chapter Interface Func...

Page 344: ... The network analyzer GPIB responds to the following addressed commands when it is addressed as a listener Refer to the language reference manual of the computer being used to nd the corresponding commands allowed by the computer GET Group execute trigger The network analyzer system already in the triggered data acquisition mode initiates the preprogrammed action of continuing the data acquisition...

Page 345: ... EX_8510 1 Syntax familiarization 2 Active function output 3 Marker output 4 Marker operations 5 Single and dual channel displays 6 Trace data output input 7 FORM1 data conversion 8 S11 1 port and S21 response cals 8a Cal error coe cients 8b Modify cal set frequency subset 9 Modify cal kit 10 Simulated standard measurement 11 Using disk and tape 12 Making Plots using COPY 13 List trace values 14 P...

Page 346: ...d ASCII Data to from HP 8510 HP IB OUTPMARK OUTPACTI FORM4 I O 26 ASSIGN Nwa_data1 TO 716 FORMAT ON OUTPERRO OUTPSTAT OUTPACTI 27 Read non ASCII Data to from HP 8510 HP IB FORM1 FORM2 and FORM3 I 0 28 ASSIGN Nwa_data2 TO 716 FORMAT OFF 29 ASSIGN Nwa_systbus TO 717 Write to 8510 System Bus 30 ASSIGN Nwa_systbusdata TO 717 FORMAT ON Read from 8510 System Bus 31 32 ON TIMEOUT 7 1 GOTO No_analyzer 33 ...

Page 347: ...87 LINPUT Example 11 Using Disc and Tape Press Return Input 88 GOSUB Example11 89 90 LINPUT Example 12 Plots Using Copy Press Return Input 91 GOSUB Example12 92 93 LINPUT Example 13 List Trace Values Press Return Input 94 GOSUB Example13 95 96 LINPUT Example 14 Print to Printer on 8510 System Bus Press Return Input 97 GOSUB Example14 98 99 LINPUT Example 15 Plot User Graphics Press Return Input 10...

Page 348: ...xample28140 141 LINPUT Example 29 Test Port Power Flatness Cal Press Return Input 142 GOSUB Example29 143 144 LINPUT Example 30 Receiver Power Cal Press Return Input 145 GOSUB Example30 146 147 LINPUT Example 31 Cal Sets LOAD and STORE Operations Press Return Input 148 GOSUB Example31 149 150 DISP END OF EXAMPLES 151 LOCAL Nwa 152 STOP 153 154 155 156 Example1 INPUT SYNTAX FAMILIARIZATION 157 PRIN...

Page 349: ...TION OUTPUT 203 PRINT 204 PRINT Example 2 Active Function Output 205 206 OUTPUT Nwa USERPRES LOGM 207 208 OUTPUT Nwa STAR OUTPACTI 209 ENTER Nwa_data1 Value 210 PRINT Start Frequency Value 1 E 6 Mhz 211 212 OUTPUT Nwa STOP OUTPACTI 213 ENTER Nwa_data1 Value 214 PRINT Stop Frequency Value 1 E 6 Mhz 215 216 OUTPUT Nwa POWE OUTPACTI 217 ENTER Nwa_data1 Value 218 PRINT Power Source 1 PROUND Value 2 db...

Page 350: ...260 OUTPUT Nwa SING 8510C automatically waits until SING or NUMG 261 completes before executing further instructions 262 END IF 263 264 OUTPUT Nwa AUTO MARK1 MARKMAXI OUTPMARK 265 ENTER Nwa_data1 Mag Phase Read Marker Value 266 OUTPUT Nwa FORM Query Display Format 267 ENTER Nwa_data1 Input 268 269 PRINT Marker Input Mag 270 IF Phase 0 THEN PRINT Phase 271 272 OUTPUT Nwa MARK1 OUTPACTI 273 ENTER Nw...

Page 351: ...Nwa LOGM MARKOFF ENTO SING AUTO MKRLISTON 324 OUTPUT Nwa MARK2 MARKMAXI DELR2 MARK1 MARKMINI OUTPMARK 325 ENTER Nwa_data1 Mag Phase 326 OUTPUT Nwa OUTPACTI 327 ENTER Nwa_data1 Freq 328 PRINT P P Mag Mag P P Freq Freq 329 OUTPUT Nwa MKRLISTON 330 LINPUT Press Return for 3db Measurement Input 331 OUTPUT Nwa DELO MARKOFF CONT 332 333 PRINT 3 dB Bandwidth Measurement 334 335 OUTPUT Nwa S21 POIN 201 SP...

Page 352: ...RK1 378 PRINT Single Channel Single Parameter Display 379 PRINT Single or Four Parameter Display is Not Coupled 380 381 LINPUT Press Return for Channel 1 Display Input 382 OUTPUT Nwa CHAN1 383 384 DUAL CHANNEL DISPLAYS 385 386 LINPUT Press Return for Dual Channel Split Display Input 387 OUTPUT Nwa SPLI 388 PRINT Dual Channel Single Parameter Channel Split Display 389 390 LINPUT Press Return for Du...

Page 353: ...s size will automatically adjust for any number of 443 measurement points Converted values are printed for the first and 444 last points 445 446 OUTPUT Nwa SING MARK1 447 OUTPUT Nwa FORM1 OUTPDATA or OUTPRAWn OUTPDATA OUTPFORM 448 or OUTPDELA OUTPMEMO 449 note if using OUTPFORM Data_re I will be in the current display 450 format and Data_im I will 0 for all display formats that 451 are not plots o...

Page 354: ...0 THEN 493 Phase 180 494 ELSE 495 Phase 2 ATN Imag Real Lin_mag 496 END IF 497 498 IF I 1 OR I SIZE Form1_data 1 THEN print first and last points 499 PRINT Pt I Real Real Imag Imag 500 PRINT Lin Lin_mag Log Log_mag Phase Phase 501 PRINT 502 END IF 503 NEXT I 504 505 REDIM Form1_data 0 2 1 201 506 507 PRINT 508 LOCAL Nwa 509 RETURN 510 511 Example8 S11 1 PORT AND S21 RESPONSE CALIBRATIONS 512 PRINT...

Page 355: ...IS Sliding Load Data Measured 546 GOSUB Wait_for_meas 547 NEXT Slide 548 OUTPUT Nwa SLID 549 END IF 550 551 OUTPUT Nwa DONE SAV1 CALS4 552 Error coefficients computed and stored 553 Cal Menu displayed with CORRECTION ON 554 Corrected S11 trace displayed 555 PRINT S11 1 Port Cal Complete and Saved in Cal Set 4 556 LINPUT Press Return Input 557 558 PRINT S21 Response Measurement Calibration 559 OUTP...

Page 356: ...TPUT Nwa SAVC CALS6 CONT 607 608 PRINT Processed Cal saved in Cal Set 6 609 LINPUT Press Return Input 610 611 Read_1_port 612 613 OUTPUT Nwa DEBUOFF HOLD S11 CORRON CALS4 OUTPERRO 614 ENTER Nwa Error_number clear message 615 616 PRINT Read and Display Cal Coefficients Cal 4 S11 1 Port 617 PRINT Display Directivity Coefficient 618 OUTPUT Nwa FORM3 OUTPCALC01 619 ENTER Nwa_data2 Preamble Size Data 6...

Page 357: ...ined Cal Set 8 665 RETURN 666 667 Example9 MODIFY CAL KIT TYPICAL X BAND WAVEGUIDE 668 PRINT 669 PRINT Example 9 Modify Cal Kit Typical X Band Waveguide 670 671 OUTPUT Nwa USERPRES MENUCAL 672 PRINT Saving Current Cal Kit 2 to Disc 673 LINPUT Insert Initialized Disc then Return Input 674 OUTPUT Nwa STOIINT STOR CALK2 FILE2 675 PRINT Old Cal Kit 2 now on File2 676 677 PRINT Defining New Cal Kit 2 6...

Page 358: ...LINPUT Reload Old cal kit Y N Input 723 IF UPC Input N THEN RETURN 724 OUTPUT Nwa LOAD CALK2 FILE2 MENUCAL 725 PRINT Prior Cal Kit 2 Reloaded 726 727 RETURN 728 729 Example10 SIMS CALIBRATION 730 PRINT 731 PRINT Example 10 Simulated Calibration 732 733 PRINT Measure Standards Data Used For Simulated Cal 734 OUTPUT Nwa PRES STEP POIN51 AVERON 4 ENTO 735 736 LINPUT Connect Short to Port 1 then Retur...

Page 359: ...normal sweeping 777 778 PRINT Simulated Cal Complete and Saved in Cal Set 3 779 RETURN 780 781 Wait_for_trig Bit 2 ready for trigger 782 REPEAT 783 Ser_poll SPOLL Nwa 784 UNTIL BIT Ser_poll 2 785 RETURN 786 787 Example11 USING DISC READ CITIFILE 788 PRINT 789 PRINT Example 11 Using Disc Read CITIfile 790 OUTPUT Nwa PRES POIN51 USER1 SING DATI S11 SPLI SING 791 792 Disc 793 LINPUT Internal or Exter...

Page 360: ...3 OUTPUT Nwa DIRE 834 LINPUT Output to Printer or Controller CRT ENTER P or C Out 835 IF UPC Out P THEN 836 LINPUT Is Printer on 8510 System Bus ENTER Y or N Input 837 IF UPC Input Y THEN 838 PRINTER IS 717 839 OUTPUT Nwa ADDRPASS 01 840 ELSE 841 PRINTER IS 701 Connected to Controller HP IB 842 END IF 843 ELSE 844 PRINTER IS 1 Print to Controller CRT 845 END IF 846 847 LINPUT INSTALL DISC IN CONTR...

Page 361: ...0C key to ABORT Plot 897 OUTPUT Nwa SING AUTO S21 AUTO S12 AUTO S22 AUTO 898 OUTPUT Nwa FULP PLOTALL 899 900 INPUT Wait until Plotter has finished Plotting then Press Return Input 901 RETURN 902 903 Example13 TRACE LIST TO PRINTER 904 PRINT 905 PRINT Example 13 List Trace Values to System Printer 906 907 PRINT Requires Properly Addressed 8510C Printer 908 LINPUT Skip This Example ENTER Y or N Inpu...

Page 362: ...585 4660 3585 4660 384 180 384 960 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus PU PA 2420 1980 PD Polar Center 961 GOSUB Draw_cross 962 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus PU PA 2000 3300 PD LBSINGLE CHANNEL C 963 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus PU 964 LINPUT Press Return Input 965 966 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus SP3 PA 180 1180 PD 967 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus PA 180 2780 2420 2780 2420 1180 180 1180 968 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus PU PA 1300 1980 PD Polar Center 969 GOSUB D...

Page 363: ...Input 1008 1009 OUTPUT Nwa SINC MENUDOMA ENTO 1010 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus RS measurement display on 1011 1012 LINPUT Insert Initialized Disc in 8510C Drive Press Return Input 1013 PRINT Store User Display to Disc 1014 OUTPUT Nwa STOIINT STOR USED FILE1 1015 1016 LINPUT Press Return For Measurement Display Off Input 1017 OUTPUT Nwa_systbus CS measurement display off 1018 1019 LINPUT Erase User Display ...

Page 364: ...OCKA2 DRIVPORT2 REDD 1071 OUTPUT Nwa USER3 LOCKA2 DRIVPORT2 REDD USER4 1072 OUTPUT Nwa SAVE5 1073 PRINT Redefined USER Parameters now Saved in INST STATE 5 1074 1075 PRESET selects standard User parameter definition 1076 RECALL 5 selects saved user parameter definitions 1077 1078 RETURN 1079 1080 Example18 READ AND OUTPUT CAUTION TELL MESSAGE 1081 PRINT 1082 PRINT Example 18 Read and Output Cautio...

Page 365: ...it_loop 1119 1120 Exit_example20 1121 DISABLE INTR 7 1122 GOSUB Keys_off 1123 PRINT 1124 RETURN 1125 1126 Key_code 1127 Ser_poll SPOLL Nwa 1128 OUTPUT Nwa OUTPKEY 1129 ENTER Nwa_data1 A 1130 PRINT A 1131 ENABLE INTR 7 1132 RETURN 1133 1134 Example21 TRIG Mode TRIGGERED DATA ACQUISITION 1135 PRINT 1136 PRINT Example 21 TRIG Mode Triggered Data Acquisition 1137 1138 DISP Initializing System 1139 OUT...

Page 366: ...I DISPMATH PHAO 0 1181 OUTPUT Nwa S21 LINP DATI DISPMATH PHAO 90 1182 OUTPUT Nwa S12 LINP DATI DISPMATH PHAO 180 1183 OUTPUT Nwa S22 LINP DATI DISPMATH PHAO 270 1184 OUTPUT Nwa OUTPERRO 1185 ENTER Nwa Error_number clear message 1186 1187 T 0 initial tint increment value 1188 M 2 5E 11 electrical delay increment 1189 1190 Eled 1191 FOR N 0 TO 1 STEP M 1192 FOR P 1 TO 4 1193 SELECT P Choose Paramete...

Page 367: ...ACTI 1242 ENTER Nwa Freq read current marker frequency 1243 OUTPUT Nwa OUTPMARK 1244 ENTER Nwa Mag Phase 1245 DISP Marker is Mag Phase Freq Ghz 1246 NEXT N 1247 END LOOP 1248 1249 Exit_example23 1250 GOSUB Keys_off 1251 OUTPUT Nwa CONT 1252 RETURN 1253 1254 Example24 FREQUENCY LIST 1255 PRINT 1256 PRINT Example 24 Frequency List 1257 1258 OUTPUT Nwa S21 1259 OUTPUT Nwa EDITLIST CLEL 1260 OUTPUT Nw...

Page 368: ...1299 PRINT 1300 PRINT Example 25 Learn String 1301 1302 DISP Initializing System 1303 OUTPUT Nwa PRES 1304 LOCAL Nwa 1305 LINPUT Set State to Save then Press Return Input 1306 OUTPUT Nwa OUTPLEAS Always FORM1 1307 ENTER Nwa_data2 Preamble Size 1308 PRINT Learn String Length Size Bytes 1309 REDIM Learn_string 1 Size 2 Size Depends Upon Firmware Version 1310 ENTER Nwa_data2 Learn_string 1311 OUTPUT ...

Page 369: ...ute_trace 1355 1356 OUTPUT Nwa FORM4 INPUDATA 1357 OUTPUT Nwa_data1 Data_ascii 1358 1359 GOTO Input_ascii 1360 1361 Finish Must Finish ASCII Trace Before Exit 1362 Finish 1 1363 RETURN 1364 1365 Exit_example26 1366 LINPUT Repeat Example Enter Y or N Input 1367 IF UPC Input Y THEN GOTO Again26 1368 GOSUB Keys_off 1369 RETURN 1370 1371 Compute_trace 1372 Offset Offset 10 1373 FOR I 0 TO 200 1374 Dat...

Page 370: ...uisition 1417 PRINT 1418 PRINT Example 28 FASTCW Data Acquisition 1419 1420 PRINT Pulse Generator or External Trigger Source Required 1421 LINPUT Skip This Example Y or N Input 1422 IF UPC Input N THEN GOTO Exit_example28 1423 LINPUT Connect Pulse Gen or an external trigger source to 8510 EXT TRIGGER IN Input 1424 1425 OUTPUT Nwa PRES CONT SINP 1426 OUTPUT Nwa CENT 10 GHz measurement frequency 142...

Page 371: ...t 1474 IF UPC Input Y THEN 1475 RETURN 1476 ELSE 1477 GOTO Again28 1478 END IF 1479 1480 Example29 Test Port Power Flatness Cal 1481 PRINT 1482 PRINT Example 29 Test Port Power Flatness Cal 1483 PRINT 8360 Series Source and Power Meter On System Bus Required 1484 INPUT Skip this example Enter Y or N Input 1485 IF UPC Input N THEN RETURN 1486 1487 DISP Initializing System 1488 OUTPUT Nwa PRES POWE ...

Page 372: ...OWD 1528 LOCAL Nwa 1529 PRINT Power Domain Stimulus Start Stop keys set Power 1530 PRINT Next Pt Higher Lower keys select next Calibrated Frequency of Measurement 1531 RETURN 1532 1533 Example31 Cal Sets LOAD and STORE Operations 1534 PRINT 1535 PRINT Example 31 Cal Set LOAD STORE 1536 PRINT 8510C Firmware Rev C 07 00 Required 1537 PRINT Requires any valid calibration in CAL SET 1 and a disk in th...

Page 373: ...ple19 1582 IF Input 20 THEN GOSUB Example20 1583 IF Input 21 THEN GOSUB Example21 1584 IF Input 22 THEN GOSUB Example22 1585 IF Input 23 THEN GOSUB Example23 1586 IF Input 24 THEN GOSUB Example24 1587 IF Input 25 THEN GOSUB Example25 1588 IF Input 26 THEN GOSUB Example26 1589 IF Input 27 THEN GOSUB Example27 1590 IF Input 28 THEN GOSUB Example28 1591 IF Input 29 THEN GOSUB Example29 1592 IF Input ...

Page 374: ...alyzer front panel TEST activator to run the self test sequence Observe the LCD CRT for the following sequence TESTING LOADING OPERATING SYSTEM SYSTEM INITIALIZATION IN PROGRESS ashes quickly SYSTEM INITIALIZATION IN PROGRESS RECALLING INSTRUMENT STATE The Instrument State recalled is exactly the same as a factory preset with the addition of resetting the display colors to their default values The...

Page 375: ...he performance of the system refer to the Performance Veri cation procedures To operate the system refer to the operating manual In Case of Difficulty Incorrect operation can be indicated by Error messages or error codes on the analyzer LCD CRT Abnormal system response or operation The most likely causes of problems for newly installed systems are poor cable connections or System Bus address error...

Page 376: ... that the source fan lter if any be inspected once a week and cleaned as necessary Inspect and Clean Connectors For accurate and repeatable measurement results it is essential that connectors on calibration and veri cation devices test ports cables and other devices be cleaned and gaged regularly It is also necessary that standard devices are handled and stored properly and that all connectors are...

Page 377: ...Use a soft cloth and if necessary a cleaning solution recommended for optical coated surfaces part number 8500 2163 is one such solution If after cleaning the outer surface of the glass lter the CRT appears dark or dirty or unfocused clean the inner surface of the lter and the CRT 1 Remove the softkeys cover a plastic cover through which the front panel softkeys protrude carefully insert a thin at...

Page 378: ...moving it in a circle of increasing radius while simultaneously moving away from the CRT Caution Applying an excessively strong magnetic eld to the CRT face can destroy the CRT Like most displays the CRT can be sensitive to large magnetic elds generated from unshielded motors In countries that use 50 Hz some 10 Hz jitter may be observed If this problem is observed remove the device causing the mag...

Page 379: ...ibration chapter for information on how to perform a full 2 port or TRL 2 port calibration To inspect the error terms or compare them to typical values refer to Error Terms in the 8510C On Site Service Manual 6 Operator s Check and Routine Maintenance ...

Page 380: ...o the screen 6 3 aperture 9 11 and phase slope 9 12 and smoothing 9 12 versus resolution and noise 9 12 applying connector compensation 8 37 array corrected data 13 6 array formatted data 13 7 array raw data 13 6 ASCII data format CITI le 7 2 attenuator changing attenuation setting 4 59 attenuator port 1 and 2 4 59 attenuator test set 4 59 audio annunciator beeper 5 5 auto feed on o 6 23 AUTO FEED...

Page 381: ... selection 1 9 chirp Z transform 3 5 CITI le data format 7 2 cleaning connectors 14 3 cleaning the CRT 14 4 cleaning the LCD 14 5 clock adjust 1 13 5 6 codes GPIB programming 13 2 color 4 6 color of plotter pens selecting 6 23 color printing 6 13 COLOR softkey 6 13 compatible instruments and peripherals 1 1 con guring a printer laser printer 6 6 connecting the 8510C to a computer 13 4 connector ca...

Page 382: ...es 1 5 display modes 4 2 display modes program example 13 22 display scale and reference automatic 2 6 display scale and reference changing 2 6 display titles 1 5 DOS and LIF disk formats 7 3 DOS disk format changing to 7 3 dual channel displays 4 3 dual channel mode 4 67 duplicate frequency list points eliminating 4 71 dwell time 4 64 dynamic range considerations 4 46 dynamic range power and accu...

Page 383: ... debugging 13 17 delta marker modes 13 21 disk storage 13 25 disk store and load 13 37 display modes 13 22 dynamic array allocation 13 10 example programs 13 18 fast CW modes 13 36 FORM1 data conversion 13 22 FORM 3 and FORM 4 13 35 format of data output to the computer 13 16 frequency list 13 34 GPIB triggered data acquisition 13 34 HP GL graphics 13 29 key code output 13 34 learn string 13 35 li...

Page 384: ...e 1 1 instrument settings automatic recall of 3 15 instrument state limited 4 49 instrument states saving and recalling 1 15 INST STATE 1 8 softkey 7 4 INST STATE ALL softkey 7 4 intensity CRT 4 5 intensity LCD 4 5 internal trigger 4 68 introduction to basic network measurements 3 1 inverted Smith chart display format 4 25 K key code output program example 13 34 4k m5 key 1 8 L landscape printer m...

Page 385: ...asuring return loss 10 3 measuring SWR 10 3 measuring transmission S parameters 9 9 MEMORY 1 8 softkey 7 4 MEMORY ALL softkey 7 4 memory data array 13 7 memory description 3 5 memory of instrument settings automatic 3 15 memory previous settings 1 14 menu keys in each functional group description of 1 10 menus plotting of 6 22 menus printing of 6 4 message areas 1 3 Microwave Design System 7 2 min...

Page 386: ... domain 12 1 completing a receiver cal 12 4 atness calibration procedure 12 4 function description 12 1 measurement units and parameter labels 12 6 receiver calibration 12 2 using the menu keys 12 3 power leveling 5 9 power on sequence 2 2 power setting 4 57 power slope using 4 59 precautions when changing addresses of System Bus Instruments 5 8 precautions when changing RF or LO sources on the Sy...

Page 387: ... annotations and printouts 6 4 recalling instrument states 1 15 receiver power cal program examples 13 36 rede ne parameter 3 10 4 41 rede ne parameters program example 13 32 Re ection Coe cient 3 2 re ection measurement examples 10 1 re ection measurements description of 3 1 types of measurement results 3 2 re ection transmission test set 3 8 re ection transmission test set calibration 8 25 reloa...

Page 388: ...tkey 5 9 source setting power 4 57 S parameters de nitions and conventions 4 38 S parameters measuring re ection 10 4 S parameters measuring transmission 9 9 S parameter test set 3 9 speed comparison step and frequency list versus ramp mode 4 63 split displays dual channel 4 3 four parameters 4 5 SRQ 13 16 Standing Wave Ratio SWR 3 2 start frequency setting 2 5 static discharge consequences of 2 4...

Page 389: ...m using 4 41 test set too hot message 14 3 ThinkJet printer con guration 6 13 ThinkJet printer switch settings 6 13 ThinkJet printer using 6 13 time date setting 5 6 time domain advanced concepts 11 14 advantages of step sweep mode over ramp sweep mode 11 23 band pass mode description 11 3 basic principles of operation 11 1 fault location measurements 11 5 gating 11 19 low pass mode description 11...

Page 390: ...lotting program example 13 29 user parameters 4 40 4USER PRESET5 de nition of 1 15 using a plotter 6 22 using MARKER program example 13 21 using receiver calibration 12 2 V veri cation kits 3 14 verifying your calibration 8 29 video monitors 4 9 volume number for external disk drive 7 9 W wait not required program example 13 34 wait required program example 13 34 X 4x15 key 1 8 Z zoom frequency su...

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