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ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER 10.0 User Manual Download Page 91

 

 

Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2005 

91

Chapter 7.

 

Hard Disk And File 
Systems 

 

However, there are many other file systems. The Linux operating system, which is now 
gaining popularity, widely uses three file systems: 

•

 

Ext2 is a file system for end-users’ PCs 

•

 

Ext3 is the default file system used by Red Hat Linux 

•

 

ReiserFS is a more secure (with respect to data integrity) file system that is used on 
data servers 

A.9 

File System Main Specifications 

Operating systems allow you to work with data by supporting a 

file system

 on a disk 

partition. 

All file systems contain structures required for data storage and control. These structures 
usually consist of an OS boot record, files and folders. A file system performs the 
following main functions: 

1. 

Monitors used and free disk space (including bad sectors) 

2. 

Maintains folders and file names 

3. 

Monitors physical file location on a disk 

Different operating systems use different file systems. One operating system may support 
only one file system; others may support several. 

A.9.1 

File system specification summary 

Below is a summary of the most popular file systems. Each system is briefly discussed. 
This information can help you work with Acronis Disk Director Server. 

Table 1. Windows file systems. 

File system 

FAT16 

FAT32 

NTFS 

Operating systems 

Almost all 

Windows 
95OSR2/98/Me, 
2000/XP, Linux 

Windows 
NT/2000/XP, Linux 
(for reading) 

Max. partition size 

4 GB (2 GB

 for 

Windows 
95OSR2/98/Me) 

2 TB 

16 EB 

Max. file size 

Limited by 
partition size 

4 GB 

Limited by 
partition size 

Max. file-name length 

255 255 32767 

Summary of Contents for DISK DIRECTOR SERVER 10.0

Page 1: ...Acronis Disk Director Server 10 0 User s guide www acronis com...

Page 2: ...without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Distribution of the work or derivative work in any standard paper book form for commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is ob...

Page 3: ...ies of any kind in the software except as specifically permitted above D Attempting to unassemble decompile or reverse engineer the software in any way E Granting sublicenses leases or other rights in...

Page 4: ...N OPERATIONS 21 4 1 CREATING A NEW PARTITION 21 4 2 INCREASING PARTITION FREE SPACE 30 4 3 COPYING PARTITIONS 32 CHAPTER 5 MANUAL PARTITION OPERATIONS 37 5 1 MAIN PARTITION OPERATIONS 37 5 2 ADDITIONA...

Page 5: ...Table of contents Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2005 5 A 7 FORMATTING HARD DISKS 90 A 8 FILE SYSTEMS 90 A 9 FILE SYSTEM MAIN SPECIFICATIONS 91 APPENDIX B GLOSSARY 95...

Page 6: ...liar Chapter 7 Hard Disk And File Systems and Appendix B Glossary provide descriptions of some hard disk data storage components and used terms 1 2 What s new in Acronis Disk Director Server 10 0 Spli...

Page 7: ...supplied License Agreement The unique serial number is the confirmation of your legal purchase and usage of Acronis Disk Director Server on your system Under current legislation the License Agreement...

Page 8: ...2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2003 Server 2 3 Installation Process 2 3 1 Acronis Disk Director Server installation To install Acronis Disk Director Server 1 Run the installation pr...

Page 9: ...a dialog to confirm removal Click Yes to confirm and Acronis Disk Director Server will be completely removed 2 6 User Interface When Acronis Disk Director Server software is installed it has a graphi...

Page 10: ...ing Check the selected partition for errors toolbar button 3 Do not perform any partition operations while running other software that has low level disk access such as antivirus or backup tools Close...

Page 11: ...s Windows NT Server Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2003 Server Installation Process While working with Acronis Disk Director Server you may need to use the bootable media 1 a...

Page 12: ...ated disk space or other partitions Copy partition wizard enables you to copy a partition Recover partitions wizard enables you to recover any deleted or damaged partitions Working with Recover partit...

Page 13: ...ition list The main window appearance differs depending on the selected operation mode see 3 1 Acronis Disk Director Server Logical Organization The difference applies to the available operation list...

Page 14: ...ze type file system 3 3 Calling Partition Operations All partition operations in both modes are called and executed similarly 3 3 1 Calling the main operations Any operation can be launched By selecti...

Page 15: ...es per i node which is not found on the FAT menus 3 3 3 Invoking Acronis Disk Director Server wizards Wizards are invoked from the Wizards submenu and the corresponding sidebar list For example select...

Page 16: ...f the two following commands Select Operations Commit in the main menu Click Commit Pending Operations toolbar button To prevent you from performing any unintentional change on your disk the program w...

Page 17: ...actions to be performed enter a label select partition type file system size and location resulting in the creation of a single partition create operation only The difference between user actions and...

Page 18: ...inish on the last wizard page The new partition structure is graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director Server main window The wizard creates a list of pending operations you can see it by s...

Page 19: ...ctor Server with a password 1 Select Disk Set Password 2 Enter a password in the New Password and Confirm New Password fields in the Set Password window 3 Click OK to enable password protection After...

Page 20: ...If any step was terminated by an error the corresponding log will be marked with a red circle with a white cross inside The right window features the list of steps contained in the selected log The t...

Page 21: ...or video files on a partition Store backups images of other partitions disks on a partition Install a new operating system or swap file on a partition Create partition wizard lets you create a partit...

Page 22: ...the largest unallocated area For example if you have 5 GB and 12 GB unallocated areas the wizard will offer to create a partition on the 12 GB area If you want to create a partition on the 5 GB unallo...

Page 23: ...ile system on this partition It will be disabled in the File System wizard page Partition type selection window A hard disk can contain up to four primary partitions If they already exist Active and P...

Page 24: ...file allocation table etc 8 On the next wizard page you will be asked to select a partition letter Partition Logical Drive Letter selection window At startup an operating system assigns letters C D to...

Page 25: ...re assigned to them The first primary active partition found on the first hard disk is assigned C If there s no such partition C is assigned to the first suitable primary partition Similarly and conse...

Page 26: ...rtition label is shown in the Explorer disk and folder tree for example WIN98 C WINXP D DATA E etc WIN98 WINXP and DATA are partition labels See also Appendix B Glossary Label 10 The last wizard page...

Page 27: ...page shows logical disks or partitions on the selected physical disk See also Appendix B Glossary Physical disk Logical disk 3 On the next Select Partitions wizard page select the disk partition s who...

Page 28: ...e switch set to Free space of the existing partitions you provide a small partition size If it is possible to create it using unallocated disk space the partition will be created this way the existing...

Page 29: ...ibed in 4 1 Creating A New Partition section Clicking Finish on the last wizard page allows Acronis Disk Director Server to create a pending operation list for new partition creation these actions may...

Page 30: ...ing system partition free space below a certain value might cause operating system problems The Increase free space wizard will enable you to enlarge a partition using other partitions free space If t...

Page 31: ...of another partition is described above see 4 1 Creating A New Partition Selecting a partition to use to increase free space 4 On the next wizard page you will see the maximum size available for the s...

Page 32: ...s a whole 4 3 Copying Partitions Having copied a partition you get the duplicate of all its data Partition copy can be used As a partition backup or rather as a data backup A system partition backup i...

Page 33: ...ion parameters will be created The page for selecting a disk location for partition copy You will have to select a copy location on one of the disks among existing partitions To make your selection cl...

Page 34: ...clicking after the PROGRAM H partition You can locate a copy anywhere on your disk s The copy partition wizard will automatically perform all necessary operations even if it has to resize or move othe...

Page 35: ...page and there is not enough unallocated disk space you will see an error message Error message showing not enough disk space for a partition copy In that case the wizard will prompt you to select a p...

Page 36: ...oot the partition s operating system at startup By copying a partition at the expense of existing partition free space Acronis Disk Director Server can take the partition space to make sure that parti...

Page 37: ...reating partitions If there is unallocated space on a disk you can create a partition using manual disk operations Note that the Create partition wizard mentioned above can create a partition using bo...

Page 38: ...ion creation The new partition structure will be graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director Server main window Creating a partition in unallocated disk space in Windows 98 Me can change the...

Page 39: ...the toolbar 3 Acronis Disk Director Server will automatically compare the size of a copied partition and disk free space as shown in the Copy Partition window Free space available for copying Note th...

Page 40: ...ring data into the Unallocated space before Partition size and Unallocated space after fields 6 By clicking OK in the Copy Partition wizard you ll add the pending operation of partition copying and lo...

Page 41: ...you might have a special partition for a swap file If you move this partition closer to the beginning of a disk OS might work much faster with it Change partition configuration If you need to move a...

Page 42: ...possible If there is not enough free space to copy a partition on a hard disk no unallocated space will be available for selection 4 Select free space to move the selected partition to 5 On the next...

Page 43: ...ndows 98 Me can change the order of letters assigned to other partitions As a result some shortcuts might stop working A detailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules for various operating...

Page 44: ...ectangle left side to resize free space before the partition 2 Having pointed to the rectangle hold the left mouse button and move a partition as a whole until you get the necessary MB or GB amount in...

Page 45: ...in two moving the selected folders to the new partition and leaving the rest of the data on the old one The new partition will have the same file system This operation can also be used for creating an...

Page 46: ...n free space Please keep in mind that you are distributing not overall partition size but just free space at this step The program will automatically count how much space is necessary for the folders...

Page 47: ...ta from another partition will be added If you need to merge one partition with another 1 Select a partition to be merged to the target partition 2 Select Disk Merge or a similar item in the Operation...

Page 48: ...rtition 1 Select a partition to be explored 2 Select Disk Explore or a similar item in the Operations sidebar list or click Explore on the toolbar 3 The program displays a folder tree Now you can expl...

Page 49: ...DATA E etc WIN98 WINXP and DATA are partition labels A partition label is shown in all application dialog boxes for opening and saving files See Appendix B Glossary Label If you need to change a part...

Page 50: ...disk space will be lost see A 9 2 FAT16 Table 3 2 The smaller the cluster size the bigger the file allocation table FAT The bigger the FAT the slower the operating system works with the disk 3 If you...

Page 51: ...he switch to Delete partition and destroy data enter a number of passes for wiping Wiping unallocated disk space means multiple writing of special data to hard disk sectors Acronis Disk Director Serve...

Page 52: ...n 4 1 Creating A New Partition 5 1 11 Checking hard disk partitions for errors Acronis Disk Director Server enables you to check hard disk partitions for file system errors Hard disk partitions should...

Page 53: ...ad has to move less across the disk to read all file parts Acronis Disk Director Server supports defragmentation in Windows XP and Windows 2003 Server only Windows 2000 has its own embedded disk defra...

Page 54: ...ust be completely destroyed to avoid unauthorized access to it simply deleting an old file is not sufficient Windows tools do not guarantee data destruction Deleted files can be restored easily Format...

Page 55: ...but an entire disk as well If you need to clear the entire hard disk 1 Select a hard disk on the Tree View panel of Acronis Disk Director Server Clear the current hard disk drive button becomes availa...

Page 56: ...ions Additional hard disk partition operations include some rarely used but useful operations for converting partition file systems hiding and unhiding partitions setting active partitions changing ro...

Page 57: ...000 XP might result in problems running applications and opening files on the partition If it is a system or swap file partition it might cause OS boot problems A detailed discussion of partition lett...

Page 58: ...t it from partition or the graphical representation context menu 3 Enter partition type Logical Primary in the Convert Partition window Convert partition window 4 By clicking OK you ll add a pending o...

Page 59: ...ctive system partition will automatically make another partition active Note that the Advanced Hide sidebar item is changed to Advanced Unhide after you select a hidden partition from the list The par...

Page 60: ...e can change the order of letters assigned to other partitions As a result some shortcuts might stop working A detailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules for various operating systems ap...

Page 61: ...hange the order of letters assigned to other partitions As a result some shortcuts might stop working A detailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules for various operating systems appears i...

Page 62: ...space occupied by the file allocation table FAT and slow down file access If you need to change cluster size 1 Select a disk and partition from the list in the Acronis Disk Director Server main window...

Page 63: ...Me only uses the partition type field when determining if it can support a partition Usually partition type is set during its creation depending on the file system to be used However you might need t...

Page 64: ...inux Ext2 Ext3 In Linux Ext2 Ext3 the i node index descriptor is the main data structure describing files Each descriptor contains a file description including file type size data block pointers etc D...

Page 65: ...tion context menu If you select a partition with another file system mentioned sidebar and context menu items will be unavailable 3 Enter the new amount of bytes per descriptor i node in the Change by...

Page 66: ...and may be accompanied by additional options create_partition Creates new partition using unallocated space on the hard disk Supported options start start sector Sets the start sector for creating a p...

Page 67: ...the partition number size partition size in sectors Sets the new partition size in sectors list Lists the available partitions on the hard disks 6 2 diskdirectorcmd exe usage examples 1 Create a parti...

Page 68: ...in window sidebar Using the respective main menu item While working in the Manual mode Using Advanced Recover item of the context menu by hovering a mouse pointer over Unallocated space and right clic...

Page 69: ...rt will search unallocated space thoroughly either automatically or manually 7 1 Automatic Recovery You can recover deleted partitions automatically or manually To do so set the switch to the necessar...

Page 70: ...eted partition s almost at once in a few seconds Partition s found are then added to the list in the Searching for Deleted Partitions window The search will however continue until the entire disk is s...

Page 71: ...ows a partition to recover as a part of hard disk partition structure marking it with an icon in the upper right corner of its rectangle A hard disk partition to be recovered A partition has been foun...

Page 72: ...overy mode The next Searching Method window enables you to select one of two deleted partition searching methods 1 Fast 2 Complete What s the difference Using the Fast search method Acronis Recovery E...

Page 73: ...t was deleted A deleted hard disk partition found by Acronis Recovery Expert Unlike in the automatic recovery mode you do not have to wait until the search for deleted hard disk partitions is finished...

Page 74: ...and recover only the partition you deleted by mistake Partitions are selected for recovery by clicking them Click the partition rectangle to select the deleted partition and continue recovery A delet...

Page 75: ...r to observe it yourself with the Acronis Disk Editor 8 2 The selection of the partition or a disk for editing Disk or partition data editing operations are only available in the Manual mode of Acroni...

Page 76: ...rious modes Below the main window of the program is the view as partition table mode The main window in the view as partition table mode To make the information contained in this field sensible the cu...

Page 77: ...racters and go to a certain disk sector according to its absolute offset Help allows you to get help concerning the editor window or about the program s developer and version 8 4 Edit Hard Disks The E...

Page 78: ...rning about saving your changes Saving modified sector 8 5 Write Block to a File and Read from a File The Write to file and Read from file menu items allow you to save the selected block to a file or...

Page 79: ...item will result in opening the Read from file window In this window enter the file name and its path or locate a file by clicking the Browse button To insert file contents to a sector from the curren...

Page 80: ...sector FAT folder 8 7 Search The Search menu allows you to search a hard disk for some line and to go to a disk sector according to its absolute offset Search Menu Selecting the Search item in the sa...

Page 81: ...can search for the next line from the current position by selecting Find next item in the Search menu or by pressing F3 key You can go to the necessary sector according to its absolute offset by selec...

Page 82: ...in Acronis Disk Editor This list is shown closed and dropped down below The closed and dropped down list of encodings The list of encodings is intended for correct interpretation of hard disk sector c...

Page 83: ...uilder For this you will need a CD R RW blank several formatted diskettes the wizard will tell you the exact number or any other media your PC can boot from such as a Zip drive If you have chosen not...

Page 84: ...her Acronis products see the respective user guides 3 Select the type of bootable media CD R RW or 3 5 diskettes to create If your BIOS has this feature you can create other bootable media such as rem...

Page 85: ...pacity If you chose to create a bootable disk ISO image specify the ISO file name and the folder where to place it If you chose to save bootable data on PXE server specify the server and provide the u...

Page 86: ...x portion that marks the beginning of the sector and its number At the end of a sector in the suffix portion a checksum is used to check data integrity The data area between the prefix and suffix port...

Page 87: ...rtitions are analogous to separate physical disk drives and do not depend on each other In fact each partition can contain its own operating system Different operating systems use different data stora...

Page 88: ...gical partitions is unlimited Special programs perform partitioning usually they can Create a primary partition with a single logical disk Create an extended partition and divide it into logical parti...

Page 89: ...several operating systems you might have to create several primary partitions A 5 Extended Partitions The extended hard disk partition was developed as a way to avoid the four primary partitions limit...

Page 90: ...disk has to be formatted with the FORMAT command separately A 8 File Systems The logical structure that has been created on the hard disk is supported by means of the operating system The file system...

Page 91: ...and folders A file system performs the following main functions 1 Monitors used and free disk space including bad sectors 2 Maintains folders and file names 3 Monitors physical file location on a disk...

Page 92: ...y partition size Limited by partition size Max file name length 255 255 255 Restoration logging No Yes Yes Max files in root Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Max clusters blocks 232 232 232 Cluster block...

Page 93: ...r of clusters is less than 65 526 The larger the partition size the larger the cluster has to be Most operating systems incorrectly perform with 128 sector clusters thus reducing the maximum FAT16 par...

Page 94: ...ther NTFS data structures are special files Like the FAT NTFS uses clusters to store files but cluster size does not depend on partition size NTFS is a 64 bit file system It uses Unicode to store file...

Page 95: ...ting an operating system If a boot manager is installed on a computer it is booted instead of an operating system Then the boot manager boots the user selected operating system itself Boot record The...

Page 96: ...escribes each file by a chain of numbers like serial numbers of a file s disk clusters The number of the first cluster of each file is stored in the folder Writing deleting and modifying files and fol...

Page 97: ...y includes kernel drivers shell and system programs that are used for centralized hardware management and hiding the details of hardware management from the user and applications Operating system boot...

Page 98: ...the smallest information unit on a disk that is transferred in a single read or write operation Usually a sector is 512 bytes in size A sector on a disk can be addressed two ways via the absolute num...

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