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1. Protection from radiation 

From the first use of the X-ray apparatus to the last, 
you must ensure that any planned use is in con-
formance with local legislation, stipulations and 
regulations and has been approved by the respon-
sible authorities or otherwise certified. 

High voltage may only be applied when the cover is 
closed and the safety circuitry is correctly con-
nected and activated. Only when this has been 
done can the X-ray apparatus be operated. The 
housing is secured against unauthorised opening 
by  means  of  a  self-tapping  screw.  This  prevents  X-
ray radiation from escaping and allows experi-
ments to be performed in safety.  

The maximum operating parameters 

U

 = 30 kV and 

I

 = 100 

μ

A must not be exceeded.  

Every time the X-ray apparatus is used, the radia-
tion protection equipment must be checked as 
specified in Section 8.1. 

Never open the housing of the X-ray apparatus. Any 
attempt to manipulate, repair or otherwise tamper 
with the equipment other than setting it up for use 
in a laboratory invalidates the certification for this 
type of equipment and it may no longer be used 
for any purpose. Repairs may only be made by the 
manufacturer UK 3B Scientific Ltd.  

 

The apparatus must be secured in such a way 
as to prevent unauthorised access. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Safety instructions 

The X-ray apparatus conforms to safety regulations 
for electrical measuring, control and laboratory 
equipment as specified in DIN EN 61010 Part 1 and 
is designed to meet protection classification I. It is 
to be operated in dry rooms as appropriate for the 
use of electrical equipment.  

Safe operation of this equipment is guaranteed as 
long as it is used as stipulated. However, there is no 
guarantee of safety if the equipment is used incor-
rectly or carelessly. If there is any suspicion that the 
equipment can no longer be operated without risk 
(e.g. if visible damage is detected), the equipment 
must immediately be withdrawn from use and 
secured in such a way as to prevent its inadvertent 
operation.  

 

As soon as you have unpacked the X-ray appara-
tus, check it for any signs of damage that may 
have occurred during transport. If any damage is 
found, do not attempt to operate the equipment 
but inform the manufacturer UK 3B Scientific Ltd. 

 

Please do not dispose of the packaging, since it 
might be handy should you need to return the item. 

 

Before using the equipment for the first time, 
ensure that the mains voltage selector switch is 
set to the right voltage. 

Due to the high dosage potential inside the X-ray 
apparatus, users are obliged to treat the equip-
ment with special care.  

 

Before any use of the X-ray apparatus, the 
housing, the cover plus the control and display 
elements should all be checked and in particu-
lar the radiation protection equipment must 
be checked as specified in Section 8.1. 

 

If any damage is found, the equipment must 
immediately be withdrawn from use and se-
cured in such a way as to prevent its inadver-
tent operation. 

 

If any malfunction occurs, the equipment must 
immediately be withdrawn from use and se-
cured in such a way as to prevent its inadver-
tent operation. 

 

If the high voltage indicator lamp is lit even 
though the cover has not been fully closed and 
locked in its central position, the equipment 
must immediately be withdrawn from use. 

If the cathode heater filament of the tube is not oper-
ating, then no “afterflash” (spark discharge of the tube 
heater filament on disconnection of high voltage) can 
take effect when the high voltage supply is turned off. 
In this event, a high voltage can remain in effect in 
the tube for up to 6 hours after disconnection. 

 

For this reason you should not touch any of the 
high voltage terminals for at least 6 hours after 
failure of the cathode. 

 

When replacing bulbs or fuses, always discon-
nect from the mains. 

Summary of Contents for U192001

Page 1: ...3B SCIENTIFIC PHYSICS 1 X ray apparatus U192001 Instruction sheet 05 11 ALF Hh ...

Page 2: ...ipment can no longer be operated without risk e g if visible damage is detected the equipment must immediately be withdrawn from use and secured in such a way as to prevent its inadvertent operation As soon as you have unpacked the X ray appara tus check it for any signs of damage that may have occurred during transport If any damage is found do not attempt to operate the equipment but inform the ...

Page 3: ...imming potentiometer for setting emitter current 3 High voltage ON OFF button 4 Housing 5 Base 6 Timer 7 Key switch for mains supply 8 Jack socket for emitter current measurement giving an output voltage proportional to current 9 Cover 10 Screening plate with radiation warning label ...

Page 4: ...for sample holder 16 Sample holder 17 Radiation exit window with brass collimator 18 Securing screws for leaded glass dome 19 X ray tube 20 Access holes 21 Leaded glass dome 22 Locking pin for cover 23 Length scale for focal point 24 4 mm sockets for addition of driver motor 25 High voltage selector switch 26 Mains voltage indicator lamp white 27 High voltage indicator lamp red ...

Page 5: ...shape of slides or mounted on a 50 mm x 50 mm baseplate e g U19205 U19206 U19207 The pivoting arm can be turned by hand around the sample holder or can be coupled to a fixed angle at a 2 1 ratio for experiments on Bragg reflection for example The space where the experiment takes place is inside a closed housing with a transparent radiation proof cover The cover has a safety lock that prevents it f...

Page 6: ...nature of X ray radiation investigation of X ray fluorescence and determination of mass absorption coefficients Scope of delivery 1 Fluorescent screen 1 Debye Scherrer camera 2 Film cartridges 1 Lead stencil 2 Plate electrodes on 4 mm plug 1 Slotted collimator aperture 1 mm 1 Pinhole collimator aperture 1 mm Ø 1 Spare magazine with circular apertures 2 Slotted apertures 1 mm 3 mm 1 Circular apertu...

Page 7: ... quenching halogen trigger counter tube for regis tering α β γ and X radiation Dose rate range 10 3 to 10 mGy h Mass of active surface mica 2 0 to 3 0 mg cm Operating voltage 500 V Connection BNC Cable length 1 m Dimensions 57 mm x 22 mm dia 10 Ratemeter U19203 The ratemeter counts pulses from a counter tube and measures emitter current in an X ray tube In conjunction with a digital display with a...

Page 8: ... on the X ray apparatus using the key switch The mains indicator lamp should now light up Once the time is up the machine should switch itself off 8 2 3 Closing the cover and switching on the high voltage Once the mains is connected select the high voltage supply U 20 kV 30 kV via the slide switch Close the cover and lock it with the locking pin in the centre position Press the high voltage button...

Page 9: ...d select a high voltage of 20 kV Set the emitter current so that the counter tube registers around 200 to 400 pulses per second see 8 2 4 Remove the rubber stopper from the bottom of the apparatus at the rear to access the screw for adjusting the height of the tube and set it up so that the maximum rate of count is obtained Replace the rubber stopper 8 5 2 Sideways adjustment of X ray tube Turn of...

Page 10: ...rrer camera is made up of three parts housing cover and a clamp with bevel gear see Fig 7 The motor drive can be used for exam ple to take rotating crystal images Remove the clamp from the sample holder and set the measuring arm to an angle 2 θ 90 and the sample holder to θ 90 Make sure that the smooth side of the sample holder is pointing to wards the tube Fix a 1 mm collimator to the brass colli...

Page 11: ... When exposing X ray film the distance of the film from the object should be kept as small as possible and the distance of the film from the radiation source as large as possible for the required exposure time and size of radiation source The film can also undergo exposure from beta and gamma radiation emitted from low energy sources that may be present in a school If the film is irradiated with a...

Page 12: ...nd lock it The cathode lights up brightly for a short time after the high volt age has been switched off After flash This is not a fault its purpose is to allow discharging of the high voltage components No X ray beam although the high voltage is turned on The cathode is not lit The emitter current is too small No emitter current Collimators or such like in the way of the beam X ray tube has lost ...

Page 13: ...reen onto the measuring arm Fig 2 Inserting the ionisation chamber onto the measuring arm Fig 3 Inserting the Geiger Müller tube onto the measuring arm Aa Ab Ac Fig 4 Geometry of Bragg reflections a X ray tube b Monocrystal c Counter tube ...

Page 14: ...of crystal into sample holder a Screw b Clamp c Base d Fixed section of sample holder A B Fig 6 Assembly of ionisation chamber A for low pressure B for normal atmospheric pressure Fig 7 Insertion and removal of Debye Scherrer camera ...

Page 15: ...uper Mare Somerset BS23 1YE Tel 0044 0 1934 425333 Fax 0044 0 1934 425334 e mail uk3bs 3bscientific com Subject to technical amendments Copyright 2008 3B Scientific GmbH Fig 8 Debye Scherrer camera with motor drive 0 300 Fig 9 Insertion of scattering film revolver magazine ...

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