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B8. TOE
Toe is the angle of the wheels when looked at from above the car.
• Wheels parallel with the centerline of the car have a 0° toe angle.
• Wheels are open toward the front have a negative toe angle (toe-out).
• Wheels that are closed toward the front have a positive toe angle
(toe-in).
Toe is used to stabilize the car at the expense of traction, as it introduces
friction and therefore some slip in the tires.
Front wheels may be set to toe-in, neutral, or toe-out.
Rear wheels should always have toe-in; they should never have toe-out.
EFFECTS OF TOE ADJUSTMENT
Front Toe
Increased (more toe-in)
• Increases understeer (decreases oversteer)
• Decreases steering at corner entry
• Increases “nervousness”
• Makes car more difficult to drive
Decreased (more toe-out)
• Decreases understeer (increases oversteer)
• Increases steering at corner entry
• Increases straight-line stability
• Makes car easier to drive
Rear Toe-In
Increased (more toe-in)
• Increases understeer
• Increases on-power stability at corner exit and braking at corner entry
• Less chance of losing rear traction
• Increases straight-line stability
Decreased (less toe-in)
• Decreases on-power stability at corner exit and braking
• More chance of losing rear traction