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Object-Oriented Programming

Figure 2–2 Partitioned Data Model

VM-0840A-AI

Terminals

Frontends

Routers

Backends

Database

Server

application

Server

application

Client

application

Client

application

Client

application

Client

application

Server

application

Partition 1

Partition 2

Partition 3

Architectural Concepts 2–7

Содержание AA-RLE1C-TE

Страница 1: ...saction Router and describes its concepts for the system manager system administrator and applications programmer Revision Update Information This manual supersedes Reliable Transaction Router Getting Started Version 4 2 Software Version HP Reliable Transaction Router Version 5 0 Hewlett Packard Company Palo Alto California ...

Страница 2: ...ties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein Microsoft and Windows are U S registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation Intel and Itanium are trademarks or reg...

Страница 3: ...ties 1 26 2 Architectural Concepts The Three Tier Architecture 2 1 RTR Facilities Bridge the Gap 2 3 Broadcasts 2 4 Flexibility and Growth 2 4 Transaction Integrity 2 5 The Partitioned Data Model 2 6 Object Oriented Programming 2 6 Objects 2 8 Messages 2 9 Class Relationships 2 9 Polymorphism 2 10 Object Implementation Benefits 2 10 Java Support 2 11 XA Support 2 11 iii ...

Страница 4: ...iented Programming Interface 4 18 RTR C Programming Interface 4 21 5 The RTR Environment The RTR System Management Environment 5 1 Monitoring RTR 5 3 Transaction Management 5 4 Partition Management 5 5 RTR Runtime Environment 5 6 What s Next 5 7 Glossary Index Examples 2 1 Objects Defined Sample 2 9 4 1 The user issues the following commands on the server application where RTR is running on the ba...

Страница 5: ...ironment 1 11 1 7 Three Tier Client Server Environment 1 11 1 8 Browser Applet Configuration 1 12 1 9 RTR with Browser Single Node and Database 1 13 1 10 RTR Deployed on Two Nodes 1 13 1 11 RTR Deployed on Three Nodes 1 14 1 12 Standby Server Configuration 1 15 1 13 Transactional Shadowing Configuration 1 16 1 14 Standby Servers 1 19 1 15 Shadow Servers 1 20 1 16 Concurrent Servers 1 21 1 17 A Cal...

Страница 6: ...der 4 17 5 1 RTR System Management Environment 5 4 5 2 RTR Runtime Environment 5 7 Tables 1 RTR Documents viii 2 1 Functional and Object Oriented Programming Compared 2 8 4 1 RTR Development Interfaces and their Use 4 5 vi ...

Страница 7: ...ogy basic RTR concepts and RTR terminology Chapter 2 Architectural Concepts introduces the RTR three tier model and explains the use of RTR functions and programming capabilities Chapter 3 Reliability Features highlights RTR server types and failover and recovery scenarios Chapter 4 RTR Interfaces introduces the management and programming interfaces of RTR Chapter 5 The RTR Environment describes t...

Страница 8: ... that defines all RTR terms HP Reliable Transaction Router Software Product Description Describes product features For the system manager HP Reliable Transaction Router Installation Guide Describes how to install RTR on all supported platforms HP Reliable Transaction Router System Manager s Manual Describes how to configure manage and monitor RTR For the application programmer HP Reliable Transact...

Страница 9: ...lication Programmer s Reference Manual Explains how to design and code RTR applications using the C programming language and the RTR C API Contains full descriptions of the basic RTR API calls 2In downloadable kit You can find additional information about RTR including the Software Product Descriptions on the RTR website found through http www hp com links to middleware products or at http www hp ...

Страница 10: ...t Boldface monospaced font indicates user input Terms and titles Terms defined only in the glossary are shown in italics when presented for the first time Italics are also used for titles of manuals and books and for emphasis FE RTR frontend TR RTR transaction router or router BE RTR backend Refer to References another manual See References another part of this manual Reading Path The reading path...

Страница 11: ...ogrammer Tutorial Online Only If C If Java If C Getting Started C Application Programmer s Reference Manual Application Design Guide JRTR Getting Started System Manager s Manual Installation Guide RTR Help Online Only C Foundation Classes Glossary Release Notes SPD xi ...

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Страница 13: ...ns with client server technologies RTR helps ensure business continuity across multivendor systems and helps maximize uptime Failure and fault tolerance Failure tolerance is supplied by the RTR software that enables an application to continue even when failures such as node or site outages occur Failover is automatic Fault tolerance is supplied by systems with hardware that is built with redundant...

Страница 14: ...er transaction processing software available for many computer systems offering unique benefits to ensure the integrity and correctness of transactions under its control Corporations and institutions benefit when the data they need is current and kept rapidly up to date This ensures that they have increased control of their business or institution and can react more effectively to changes in the b...

Страница 15: ...rity Scalability Ease of building and maintaining applications Interoperability with multiple operating systems RTR additionally provides the following capabilities essential in the demanding transaction processing environment Flexibility Parallel execution at the transaction level Potential for step by step growth Comprehensive monitoring tools Management station for single console system managem...

Страница 16: ...ique to RTR or redefined when used in the RTR context If you have learned any of these terms in other contexts take the time to assimilate their meaning in the RTR environment These and other terms are also defined in the Glossary of this manual The terms are described in the following order Application Client client application Server server application Channel RTR configuration Roles Frontend Ro...

Страница 17: ...cation process is shown in diagrams as an oval open for a client application see Figure 1 1 filled for a server application see Figure 1 2 Client A client is always a client application one that initiates and demarcates a piece of work In the context of RTR a client must run on a node defined to have the frontend role Clients typically deal with presentation services handling forms input screens a...

Страница 18: ...rver Symbol Server VM 0820A AI Channel RTR expects client and server applications to identify themselves before they request RTR services During the identification process RTR provides a tag or handle that is used for subsequent interactions This tag or handle is called an RTR channel A channel is used by client and server applications to exchange units of work with the help of RTR An application ...

Страница 19: ...ode where neither backends nor frontends are running Figure 1 3 shows the symbol for each of the RTR roles Figure 1 3 Roles Symbols FE TR BE Frontend Transactional Router Backend VM 0821A AI Facility The mapping between nodes and roles is done using a facility An RTR facility is the user defined name for a particular configuration whose definition provides the role to node map for a given applicat...

Страница 20: ...atabase is represented by the cylinder Two facilities are shown indicated by the large double headed arrows the User Accounts Facility and the General Ledger Facility The User Accounts Facility uses three nodes FE TR and BE while the General Ledger Facility uses only two TR and BE in the configuration shown Its FEs are on nodes not shown in the figure at another location Figure 1 5 Components in t...

Страница 21: ...D properties so that all transactions are in a known state See the description of Transactional messaging for further clarification of transaction integrity Transaction Controller With the C API the Transaction Controller manages transactions one at a time channels messages and events Transactional messaging RTR provides transactional messaging in which transactions are enclosed in messages contro...

Страница 22: ...ditional two tier client server environment is based on hardware that separates application presentation and business logic the clients from database server activities The client hardware runs presentation and business logic software and server hardware runs database or data manager DM software also called resource managers RM This type of configuration is illustrated in Figure 1 6 In all diagrams...

Страница 23: ...n hardware to a multilayer or multicomponent software model RTR Software Components RTR provides a multicomponent software model where client applications running on frontends combined with routers and server applications running on backends cooperate to provide reliable service and transactional integrity Application users interact with the client presentation layer on the node with the frontend ...

Страница 24: ... running on a browser that connects to a client running on the RTR frontend Such a configuration is shown in Figure 1 8 In the figure the applet is separate from but connects to the client application written to work directly with RTR Figure 1 8 Browser Applet Configuration RTR Frontend PC Browser Web Server Process RTR Client Application Applet VM 0826A AI The RTR client application could be an A...

Страница 25: ...For example you could have a single node configuration as shown in Figure 1 9 RTR with Browser Single Node and Database A single node configuration can be useful during development but would not normally be used when your application is deployed Figure 1 9 RTR with Browser Single Node and Database Database VM 0827A AI TR FE BE Browser When applications are deployed often the frontend is separated ...

Страница 26: ...saction load onto three nodes it does not provide for continuing work if one of the nodes fails or becomes disconnected from the others In many applications there is a need to ensure that there is a server always available to access the database Standby server In this case a standby server will do the job A standby server see Figure 1 12 is a process or application that can take over when the prim...

Страница 27: ...s can be shadowed with a shadow server as shown in Figure 1 13 The system where the shadow server runs can be made available with clustering technology A shadow server eliminates the single point of failure that is evident in Figure 1 12 In a shadow configuration the second database of Figure 1 13 is available even when the first is not Use of a shadow server is called transactional shadowing and ...

Страница 28: ... defining the nodes where a facility has its frontends routers and backends the setup must also define which nodes will have journal files Each backend in an RTR configuration must have a journal file to capture transactions when other nodes are unavailable When the primary server and data store become available again RTR replays the transactions in the journal to the primary data store through th...

Страница 29: ...ultiple frontends running client applications with connections to several routers to ensure continuing operation if a particular router fails RTR Server Types In the RTR environment in addition to the placement of frontends routers and servers the application designer must determine what server capabilities to use RTR provides four types of software servers for application use Standby servers Tran...

Страница 30: ...server failure could be caused by server process failure or backend node failure Standby in a cluster The intended and most common use of a standby server is in a recognized cluster environment In a noncluster or unrecognized cluster environment seamless failover of standbys is not guaranteed For RTR clusters supported by OpenVMS and Tru64 UNIX are recognized clusters whose processing is controlle...

Страница 31: ...ion FE Client application FE Client application Transactional shadow server The transactional shadow server places all transactions recorded on the primary server on a second database The transactional shadow server can be at the same site or at a different site with networking capability available When one member of a shadow set fails RTR remembers the transactions executed at the surviving site ...

Страница 32: ...pplication at Site 1 and the shadow server Shadow application at Site 2 both receive every transaction for the data partition they are servicing Should Site 1 fail Site 2 continues to operate without interruption Sites can be geographically remote for example available at separate locations in a wide area network WAN Figure 1 15 Shadow Servers VM 0834A AI TR FE Terminals Frontends Router Backends ...

Страница 33: ...t servers sending transactions to the same partition on a backend the partition A N Concurrent servers allow transactions to be processed in parallel to increase throughput Concurrent servers deal with the same database partition and may be implemented as multiple channels within a single process or as one channel in separate processes The application designer must determine if transactions can be...

Страница 34: ...its checks A callout server is facility based not partition based any message arriving at the facility is routed to both the server and the callout A callout server is enabled when the facility is defined Figure 1 17 illustrates the use of a callout server that authenticates every transaction in a facility Figure 1 17 A Callout Server TR BE User Accounts Facility Server application Callout Server ...

Страница 35: ...nsactions are expected to fail the check so as not to have a performance impact Partition When working with database systems partitioning the database can be essential to ensuring smooth and untrammeled performance with a minimum of bottlenecks When you partition your database you locate different parts of your database on different disk drives to spread both the physical storage of your database ...

Страница 36: ...s both a name its partition name and an identifier generated by RTR the partition ID The properties of a partition callout standby shadow concurrent key segment range can be defined by the system manager with a CREATE PARTITION command For details of the command syntax refer to the HP Reliable Transaction Router System Manager s Manual A significant advantage of the partitioning shown in the bank ...

Страница 37: ...standby for these same accounts shown as a dashed line The Server application on backend B is the primary for accounts 20 000 to 39 999 and the Server application on backend A can be the standby for these same accounts not shown in the figure For clarity account numbers are shown only for the primary servers and one standby server Figure 1 19 Standby with Partitioning VM 0838A AI Accounts 1 19 999...

Страница 38: ...pending on operating system RTR uses TCP IP or DECnet as underlying transports for the virtual network RTR facilities and can be deployed in both local area and wide area networks PATHWORKS 32 is required for DECnet configurations on Windows 1 26 Introduction ...

Страница 39: ...n the database software that controls the database In addition to the physical configuration where RTR is deployed software plays a critical part extending the tier concept to more than three tiers On certain pieces of hardware client application software runs and on others server application software runs Users can connect to nodes that are running the frontend role with appropriate non RTR softw...

Страница 40: ...es defined to have the frontend role This tier allows computing power to be provided locally at the end user site for transaction acquisition and presentation Server application processes represented by Server application in Figure 2 1 run on nodes defined to have the backend role This tier Enables the database to be distributed geographically Permits replication of servers to cope with network no...

Страница 41: ...ith few frontends the router and backend tiers can be combined in the same nodes During application development and test all three roles can be combined in one node The nodes used by an application and their configuration roles are specified using RTR configuration commands RTR lets application code be completely location and configuration independent RTR Facilities Bridge the Gap Many application...

Страница 42: ...ive a broadcast message RTR permits clients to broadcast messages to one or more servers or servers to broadcast to one or more clients If a server needs to broadcast a message to another server it must open a second channel as a client Flexibility and Growth RTR allows you to cope easily with changes in Network demand User access patterns Volume of data Because an RTR based system can be built us...

Страница 43: ...correctly its transactions must have the ACID properties fundamental properties of transaction processing systems A transaction that has the ACID properties is Atomic Consistent Isolated Durable An atomic transaction is all or nothing that is either the entire transaction is totally committed or totally rolled back A consistent transaction either creates a new valid state of data or from any failu...

Страница 44: ...e database has three partitions RTR routes messages to the correct partition on the basis of an application defined key For a more complete description of partitioning as provided with RTR refer to the HP Reliable Transaction Router Application Design Guide Each RTR API provides the capability to use partitions For specific information on declaring and using partitions see the RTR documentation fo...

Страница 45: ... AI TR FE Terminals Frontends Routers Backends Database BE Server application BE Server application Client application TR FE Client application FE Client application FE Client application BE Server application Partition 1 Partition 2 Partition 3 Architectural Concepts 2 7 ...

Страница 46: ...nted environment a program or application is a grouping of cooperating objects The basic programming unit is the class Instantiating or declaring an instance of a class implements an object RTR provides object oriented programming capabilities with the C API described in the HP Reliable Transaction Router C Foundation Classes manual and the Java API described in the JRTR Getting Started manual Obj...

Страница 47: ...lement objects within a container object For example an array Class Relationships Classes can be related in the following ways Simple association One class is aware of another class For example Dog object is associated with a Master object This is a Knows a relationship Composition One class contains another class as part of its attributes For example Dog objects contains Leg objects This is a Has...

Страница 48: ...use each Bark call is a separately defined method within its child object definition The virtual parent class Dog method Bark is defined in the class definition of Dog Object Implementation Benefits The benefits of creating RTR solutions with objects include the following Each major RTR concept is represented by its own individual foundation class Simple methods within RTR classes transform featur...

Страница 49: ...of the X Open DTP Distributed Transaction Processing standard It defines the interface that transaction managers TM and resource managers RM use to perform the two phase commit protocol Resource managers are underlying database systems such as ORACLE RDBMS Microsoft SQL Server and others This interface is used by TM to RM exchanges to coordinate a transaction from within an application program If ...

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Страница 51: ...outer failover Note that conceptually servers can be contrasted as follows Concurrent servers handle similar transactions which access the same data partition and run on the same node When transaction throughput is constrained by your server application consider adding a second instance of your server application with a concurrent server Shadow servers handle the same transactions and run on diffe...

Страница 52: ...d logging operations can be performed in parallel Use a callout server to add processing logic authentication or logging to your transactions without modifying your server application All servers are further described in the earlier section on RTR Terminology Failover and Recovery RTR provides several capabilities to ensure failover and recovery under several circumstances Router Failover Frontend...

Страница 53: ... Scenarios This section describes how RTR recovers from different hardware and software failure For additional information on failure and recovery scenarios refer to the HP Reliable Transaction Router Application Design Guide Backend Recovery If standby or shadow servers are available on another backend node operation of the rest of the system will continue without interruption using the standby o...

Страница 54: ...tend is lost All transactions committed but not completed on the frontend node at the time of failure will be completed All transactions started but not committed on the frontend node at the time of failure will be aborted 3 4 Reliability Features ...

Страница 55: ...Explorer The command line interface or CLI The RTR Administrator lets you manage RTR its facilities nodes and network links with a point and click interface It contains extensive help both as inline popups as linked help and as links to current information For example inline popups describe short headings more fully and the system manager can view many types of status as RTR and the applications u...

Страница 56: ...cility You can use either the RTR Manager or the RTR CLI to manage your RTR configuration You can also use the command line interface to write short RTR C applications for testing and experimentation The CLI is described in the HP Reliable Transaction Router System Manager s Manual Its use is illustrated in this chapter Figure 4 2 shows the RTR command line interface 4 2 RTR Interfaces ...

Страница 57: ...th existing applications This API can be used to implement applications with RTR using Java and J2EE technologies The object oriented API for C programming You can use this API for new development and where appropriate for new work with existing applications An application can contain both object oriented classes and Portable API calls The C API can be used to implement both management and transac...

Страница 58: ...lly described in the HP Reliable Transaction Router C Application Programmer s Reference Manual Both APIs are used in examples in the HP Reliable Transaction Router Application Design Guide The Java J2EE interface is described in the JTA material in the RTR JRTR kit The XA interface is described in materials from X Open Application Development The transaction processing environment poses special c...

Страница 59: ... on in many books including James Rumbaugh Michael Blaha William Lorenson Object Oriented Modeling and Design Prentice Hall Englewood CLiffs NJ 1991 Martin Fowler with Kendall Scott UML Distilled Addison Wesley Reading MA 1997 Table 4 1 summarizes the RTR application development interfaces and their typical use Table 4 1 RTR Development Interfaces and their Use With this interface You can write RT...

Страница 60: ...Explorer with which you observe and monitor your RTR configuration Online help provided with the RTR Administrator includes popups for screen headings popups for some RTR Explorer information and extensive help for RTR commands In the RTR Manager or RTR Explorer buttons have the following effect This button Takes you to Back The previous level Back to Home To the RTR Administrator RTR Manager Figu...

Страница 61: ... configuration by facility and by node and assess the state of the RTR network and the state of any individual node or facility in the network The All Facilities View Figure 4 4 shows all facilities by name with icons showing status of normal or one of three levels of alert warning error or fatal Additional views either by facility or node enable the manager to drill down with a simple point and c...

Страница 62: ...or each node includes its name role cluster name partition names partition states node state and alerts Additional views either by facility or by node enable the administrator to zoom with a simple point and click to the facility or node of interest From the node view the administrator can open the RTR Manager for the node Hence RTR Explorer enables the administrator to both view and manage the st...

Страница 63: ...lly but something needs to be looked at Error means that RTR is likely not operating normally but may be able to continue operating Fatal means that RTR cannot continue to operate unless the alert is resolved See the REMEMBER EXPRESSION command in the System Manager s Manual for how to define alerts The state of a facility shown by its icon in a view of all facilities see Figure 4 4 indicates the ...

Страница 64: ...ntifier for the client is C and for the server is S Both use the facility called DESIGN Sample TP The examples that follow show transaction processing TP communication between a client and a server created by entering commands at a terminal keyboard The client application is executing on the frontend and the server on the backend The operational process is Create the journal Create a facility Crea...

Страница 65: ...your own designs for starting up RTR and initiating your own application You can use RTR SHOW and MONITOR commands to display status and examine system state at any time from the CLI For more information on RTR commands refer to the HP Reliable Transaction Router System Manager s Manual Note The rtr_receive_message command waits or blocks if no message is currently available When using the rtr_rec...

Страница 66: ...2000 Disk D Blocks 1000 RTR start rtr RTR I NOLOGSET logging not set RTR S RTRSTART RTR started on node NODEA in group username RTR CREATE FACILITY DESIGN ALL_ROLES NODEA or all NODEA NODEB RTR S FACCREATED facility DESIGN created RTR SHOW FACILITY Facilities on node NODEA in group username at Mon Aug 28 15 00 28 2000 Facility Frontend Router Backend DESIGN yes yes yes RTR CREATE PARTITION des_1 F...

Страница 67: ...K normal successful completion RTR show transaction Frontend transactions on node NodeA in group username at Mon Aug 28 15 12 10 2000 Tid Facility FE User State 63b01d10 0 0 0 0 2e59 43ea2002 DESIGN username SENDING Router transactions on node NodeA in group username at Mon Aug 28 15 12 10 2000 63b01d10 0 0 0 0 2e59 43ea2002 DESIGN username SENDING Backend transactions on node NodeA in group usern...

Страница 68: ...TART_TX CHAN C RTR S OK normal successful completion RTR RTR_SEND_TO_SERVER CHAN C Kathy s text today text sent to the server RTR S OK normal successful completion RTR show transaction Frontend transactions on node NodeA in group username at Mon Aug 28 15 05 43 2000 Tid Facility FE User State 63b01d10 0 0 0 0 2e59 43ea2002 DESIGN username SENDING Router transactions on node NodeA in group username...

Страница 69: ... RTR S OK normal successful completion RTR show transaction Frontend transactions on node NodeA in group username at Mon Aug 28 15 17 45 2000 Tid Facility FE User State 63b01d10 0 0 0 0 2e59 43ea2002 DESIGN username VOTING Router transactions on node NodeA in group username at Mon Aug 28 15 17 45 2000 63b01d10 0 0 0 0 2e59 43ea2002 DESIGN username VOTING Backend transactions on node NodeA in group...

Страница 70: ...s used by RTR servers a database and a JDBC driver that supports the JDBC 2 0 Optional Package javax sql required a JNDI service provider optional Figure 4 6 illustrates the required connection that must be defined for a service provider with the links to the connection pool and the JDBC driver that are set up by the system administrator The application program needs only to know about the service...

Страница 71: ...n is called to obtain a connection object Sample Java server code The sample Java code from a server Java application illustrates Java use of a datasource and a connection pool Get a datasource that has been configured by the administrator DataSource ds DataSource LookupFromJNDI myDataSource Get a connection to the database Connection con ds getConnection Some complex applications require multiple...

Страница 72: ...ly accepting the transaction Create a Transaction Controller to receive incoming messages and events from a client RTRClientTransactionController pTransaction new RTRClientTransactionController Create an RTRData object to hold an ASCII message for the server RTRData pMessage1 new RTRData You are pretty easy to use Send the Server a message sStatus pTransaction SendApplicationMessage pMessage1 ASSE...

Страница 73: ...t will be reused RTRData pDataReceived new RTRData Continually loop receiving messages and dispatching them to the handlers while true sStatus pTransaction Receive pDataReceived ASSERT RTR_STS_OK sStatus sStatus pDataReceived Dispatch ASSERT RTR_STS_OK sStatus Sample system management code The following examples illustrates creation of objects in an application to perform system management tasks f...

Страница 74: ...ity stsCreateFacility pFacilityManager CreateFaclity FaclityWithAllRoles_3 GetDefaultRouterName GetDefaultFrontendName GetDefaultBackendName true false If facility creation is not successful report it if IsFailure stsCreateFaciltiy RTR_STS_OK bOverallResult false OutputStatus stsCreateFacility else Delete a successfully created facility rtr_status_t stsDeleteFacility stsDeleteFacility pFacilityMan...

Страница 75: ...tr_keyseg_unsigned sizeof int 0 low max RTRPartitionManager PartitionMgr sts PartitionMgr CreateBackendPartition myPartition myFacility Key100To199 false false RTR C Programming Interface You can use the C programming interface to write C applications that use RTR For more information on the C programming interface refer to the HP Reliable Transaction Router C Application Programmer s Reference Ma...

Страница 76: ...hannel RTR_NO_FLAGS RTR_ANYCHAN MsgBuffer DataLen RTR_NO_TIMOUTMS MsgStatusBlock if status RTR_STS_OK A client can have one or multiple channels and a server can have one or multiple channels A server can use concurrent servers each with one channel How you create your design depends on whether you have a single CPU or a multiple CPU machine and on your overall design goals and implementation requ...

Страница 77: ...nistrator Manager and Explorer or from the command line using the RTR CLI From a managment station using a network browser processes use http the hypertext transfer protocol for communication The RTR system management environment contains four processes RTR Control Process RTRACP RTR Command Line Interface RTR CLI RTR Command Server Process RTRCOMSERV RTR daemon RTRD The RTR Control Process RTRACP...

Страница 78: ...ARTITION SHOW NODE STOP RTR RTR CLI is the Command Line Interface that Accepts commands entered locally by the system manager Sends commands to the Command Server Process RTRCOMSERV Can initiate commands on one node and execute them on another in most cases Commands executed directly by the CLI include DISPLAY DO to the local operating system MONITOR commands RECALL SET ENVIRONMENT SPAWN HELP RTR ...

Страница 79: ...anage RTR The RTR Management Station runs web browser software with which you manage RTR It could alternatively be running the RTR CLI For further details on the RTR entities such as RTRACP and the RTR COMSERV see RTR Runtime Environment later in this manual Monitoring RTR RTR Monitor pictures the RTR Monitor let you view the detailed status and activities of RTR and your applications A monitor pi...

Страница 80: ...saction As a transaction passes from one state to another it undergoes a state transition Transaction states are maintained in memory and some states are stored in the RTR journal for use in recovery RTR uses three transaction states to track transaction status Transaction runtime state Transaction journal state Transaction server state Transaction runtime state describes how a transaction progres...

Страница 81: ...nager s Manual Partition Management As illustrated in Figure 1 18 you can use key ranges in your application with RTR data content routing to route transactions to specific database partitions Partitions exist for each range of values in the routing key for which a server is available to process transactions Redundant instances of partitions can be started in a distributed network to which RTR aut...

Страница 82: ...heir use in applications refer to the chapter on Partition Management in the HP Reliable Transaction Router System Manager s Manual RTR Runtime Environment When all RTR and application components are running the RTR runtime environment contains Client application Server application RTR shareable image LIBRTR RTR control process RTRACP RTR daemon RTRD RTR command line interface RTR CLI RTR command ...

Страница 83: ...D RTR COMSERV RTR CLI TR RTRACP RTRD RTR COMSERV BE RTRACP RTRD RTR COMSERV RTR CLI Client application Server application LIBRTR RTRDLL What s Next This concludes the material on RTR concepts and capabilities that all users and application designers and implementors should know For more information proceed as follows The RTR Environment 5 7 ...

Страница 84: ...otes 2 RTR Installation Guide 3 RTR System Manager s Manual If you are Read these documents an applications or system management designer developer programmer or software engineer 1 RTR Application Design Guide RTR JRTR Getting Started RTR C Foundation Classes or RTR C Application Programmer s Reference Manual 5 8 The RTR Environment ...

Страница 85: ...ication programming interface applet A small application designed for running on a browser application User written software that employs RTR An application can be written in C C or Java RTR is also XA compliant application classes The Java and C API classes used for implementing client and server applications ASP Active Server Page backend BE the physical node in an RTR facility where the server ...

Страница 86: ...k In the context of RTR a client must run on a node defined to have the frontend role Clients typically deal with presentation services handling forms input screens and so on A browser perhaps running an applet could connect to a web application that acts as an RTR client sending data to a server through RTR In other contexts a client can be a physical system but in the context of RTR and in this ...

Страница 87: ...r cache of reusable open connections to a database Use of the connection pool cache can reduce the overhead of making and releasing database connections Connections are used with the JNDI API and are registered with a JNDI service credit A value used by RTR for flow control between sender and receiver CPU Central processing unit data marshalling The capability of using systems of different archite...

Страница 88: ...ate handler to process the data The handler chosen to process the data is the handler registered with the transaction controller This method is used with the event driven receive model DTC Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator endian The byte ordering of multibyte values Big endian high order byte at starting address little endian low order byte at starting address event RTR or application...

Страница 89: ... when the first has failed or become disconnected failure tolerant Software that enables an application to continue when failures such as node or site outages occur Failover is automatic fault tolerant Hardware built with redundant components to ensure that processing survives component failure frontend FE the physical node in an RTR facility where the client application runs FTP File transfer pro...

Страница 90: ...handles LAN Local area network link A communications path between two nodes in a network local node The node on which a C API client or server application runs The local node is the computer on which this instance of the RTR application is executing management classes C API classes used by new or existing applications to manage RTR member See facility member message A logical grouping of informati...

Страница 91: ...ontaining data that does not contain any part of a transaction such as a broadcast or diagnostic message See transactional message partition RTR transactions can be sent to a specified key range of a database or a partition This is data content routing and is handled by RTR when so programmed in the application and specified by the system administrator For example a database with keys from A to Z ...

Страница 92: ...e executes properties Application transaction and system information property classes Classes used for obtaining information about facilities partitions and transactions quorate Nodes roles in a facility that has quorum are quorate quorum The minimum number of routers and backends in a facility usually a majority who must be active and connected for the valid completion of processing quorum node A...

Страница 93: ...des disk drives and connections between them used by RTR RTR environment The RTR run time and system management areas RTRData object An instance of the C API RTRData class This object contains either a message or an event It is used for both sending and receiving data between client and server applications secondary See shadow server A server is always a server application or process one that reac...

Страница 94: ... copy of the data store or primary database In the context of RTR the shadow method is transactional shadowing not disk shadowing Its counterpart is primary See transactional shadowing and disk shadowing SMP Symmetric MultiProcessing standby The state of the partition that can take over if the process for which it is on standby is unavailable It is held in reserve ready for use striped The recordi...

Страница 95: ...al transaction controller A transaction controller processes transactions A transaction controller may have 0 or 1 transactions active at any moment in time It is through the transaction controller that messages and events are sent and received transaction ID Transaction identification created for each transaction by RTR transaction state As a transaction proceeds from initiation to completion it ...

Страница 96: ... recovery managers cannot commit the transaction then all are told to roll back the transaction Two phase commit is an all or nothing process either all of a transaction is committed or none of it is voting Used in the two phase commit process to ensure that all servers agree that a transaction is to be committed to the database If all agree RTR commits the transaction to the database If any serve...

Страница 97: ...t 1 5 anonymous 1 25 processes 2 2 Cluster standby 1 18 Commit two phase Glossary 12 Concurrent server 1 21 3 1 Configuration RTR 1 6 Connectionpool Glossary 3 Controller transaction 1 9 Glossary 11 D Database 2 2 2 3 locks 2 6 shared 2 6 Data model partitioned 2 6 Datasource Glossary 3 DECnet 1 26 Disk shadowing 1 17 Distributed applications 2 5 DTP standard 2 11 F Facility 1 7 2 3 Failure tolera...

Страница 98: ...ging 1 10 O Object oriented 2 6 Oracle RDBMS 2 11 P Parallel execution 2 5 Partition 1 23 Glossary 7 Partitioned data model 2 6 Polymorphism 2 10 Processes client 2 2 server 2 2 R Range key 1 23 RDBMS 2 11 Recovery 3 3 Reliability features 3 1 Resource manager 2 11 RM 2 11 Roles 1 7 Router 2 1 failover 3 2 loss 3 3 tier 2 3 RTR API 4 1 4 18 application 1 5 broadcasts 2 4 configuration 1 6 faciliti...

Страница 99: ...1 18 SQL server 2 11 Standby cluster 1 18 server 1 14 1 18 3 2 Standby server configuration 1 25 Subscribe 2 4 System management environment 5 1 to 5 6 T TCP IP 1 26 Three tier model 2 1 Tier 1 10 TM 2 11 TR 2 1 Transaction 1 9 2 5 controller 1 9 Glossary 11 ID 1 10 integrity 2 5 manager 2 11 replay 3 3 Transactional messaging 1 9 shadowing 1 15 shadow server 1 19 Transactional shadowing 1 15 1 17...

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