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PRIMUS

R

660 Digital Weather Radar System

A28–1146–111

REV 2

Radar Facts
5-30

VIP Level

Rainfall rate in

mm/hr

Storm

Category

dBZ Level

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

6

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Greater than

125

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Extreme

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Greater than

57

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

5

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

50 – 125

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Intense

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

50 – 57

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

4

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

25 – 50

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Very Strong

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

45 – 50

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

3

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

12 – 25

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Strong

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

40 – 45

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

2

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

2.5 – 12

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Moderate

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

29 – 40

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

1

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

0.25 – 2.5

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Weak

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

13 – 29

VIP Levels Related to dBZ

Table 5–7

VARIABLE GAIN CONTROL

The PRIMUS

R

660 Digital Weather Radar variable gain control is a

single turn rotary control and a push/pull switch that is used to control
the radar’s receiver gain. With the switch pushed in, the system is in the
preset, calibrated gain mode. In calibrated gain, the rotary control does
nothing.

When the GAIN switch is pulled out, the system enters the variable gain
mode. Variable gain is useful for additional weather analysis. In the WX
mode, variable gain can increase receiver sensitivity over the calibrated
level to show very weak targets or it can be reduced below the
calibrated level to eliminate weak returns.

WARNING

LOW VARIABLE GAIN SETTINGS CAN ELIMINATE HAZARDOUS
TARGETS.

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Содержание PRIMUS 660

Страница 1: ...AD 54257 ...

Страница 2: ...ges and revision bars have been used to indicate the revised or added text Insert this highlights letter in the manual in your possession ahead of page RR 1 RR 2 Record of Revisions The List of Effective Pages shows the order in which to insert the attached new pages of front material into your manual Page No Description of Change Title Page Revised to reflect revision 3 Update Proprietary Notice ...

Страница 3: ...S A Pub No A28 1146 111 03 February 1998 Revised August 2003 Honeywell Aerospace Electronic Systems CES Phoenix P O Box 21111 Phoenix Arizona 85036 1111 U S A PRIMUSR 660 Digital Weather Radar System Pilot s Manual ...

Страница 4: ...ed for installation or maintenance of recipient s equipment NOTICE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 5 USC 552 AND DISCLOSURE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION GENERALLY 18 USC 1905 This document is being furnished in confidence by Honeywell The information disclosed herein falls within exemption b 4 of 5 USC 552 and the prohibitions of 18 USC 1905 All rights reserved No part of this book CD or PDF may be repr...

Страница 5: ...sert the latest revised pages and dispose of superseded pages Enter revision number and date insertion date and the incorporator s initials on the Record of Revisions The typed initials H are used when Honeywell is the incorporator Revision Number Revision Date Insertion Date By 1 Aug 1999 Aug 1999 HI 2 Dec 1999 Dec 1999 HI 3 Aug 2003 Aug 2003 H ...

Страница 6: ...ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ...

Страница 7: ...e Pages LEP 1 H 3 LEP 2 H 3 LEP 3 LEP 4 H 3 Table of Contents TC 1 0 TC 2 1 TC 3 1 TC 4 1 TC 5 1 TC 6 1 TC 7 TC 8 1 Introduction 1 1 0 1 2 0 System Configurations 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 2 6 0 Operating Controls 3 1 0 3 2 0 3 3 0 3 4 0 3 5 0 3 6 0 3 7 0 3 8 0 3 9 0 3 10 0 3 11 0 3 12 0 3 13 0 3 14 0 3 15 0 3 16 0 3 17 3 18 0 Normal Operation 4 1 0 4 2 0 4 3 0 4 4 0 4 5 0 4 6 0 Radar Facts 5 1 ...

Страница 8: ... 5 37 0 5 38 0 5 39 0 5 40 0 5 41 0 5 42 0 5 43 0 5 44 0 5 45 0 5 46 0 5 47 0 5 48 0 5 49 0 5 50 0 5 51 0 5 52 0 5 53 0 5 54 0 5 55 0 5 56 0 5 57 0 5 58 0 Maximum Permissible Exposure Level MPEL 6 1 6 2 H 3 In Flight Adjustments 7 1 0 7 2 0 7 3 0 7 4 0 7 5 0 7 6 0 7 7 0 7 8 0 7 9 0 7 10 0 7 11 0 7 12 0 7 13 0 7 14 0 7 15 7 16 0 In Flight Troubelshooting 8 1 0 8 2 0 8 3 0 8 4 0 8 5 0 8 6 0 8 7 0 8 ...

Страница 9: ... of Effective Pages Subheading and Page Revision Subheading and Page Revision Appendix A cont A 6 0 A 7 0 A 8 0 A 9 0 A 10 0 A 11 0 A 12 0 A 13 A 14 0 Appendix B B 1 1 B 2 1 B 3 1 B 4 1 B 5 1 B 6 1 Index Index 1 1 Index 2 1 Index 3 1 Index 4 1 Index 5 1 Index 6 1 Index 7 1 Index 8 1 ...

Страница 10: ...5 RADAR FACTS 5 1 Radar Operation 5 1 Tilt Management 5 5 Stabilization 5 15 Dynamic Error 5 15 Accelerative Error 5 15 Antenna Mounting Error 5 16 Wallowing Wing Walk and Yaw Error 5 19 Roll Gain Error 5 19 Pitch Gain Error 5 22 Interpreting Weather Radar Images 5 24 Weather Display Calibration 5 28 Variable Gain Control 5 30 Rain Echo Attenuation Compensation Technique REACT 5 31 Shadowing 5 34 ...

Страница 11: ...abilization Check 7 9 Roll Gain Adjustment 7 11 Pitch Stabilization Check 7 12 Pitch Gain Adjustment 7 15 8 IN FLIGHT TROUBLESHOOTING 8 1 Test Mode With Text Faults Enabled 8 2 Pilot Event Marker 8 4 Fault Code and Text Fault Relationships 8 5 9 HONEYWELL PRODUCT SUPPORT 9 1 Publication Ordering Information 9 4 10 ABBREVIATIONS 10 1 APPENDICES A FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION FAA ADVISORY CIRCULA...

Страница 12: ...tion B 1 EGPWS Controls B 1 Related EGPWS System Operation B 3 EGPWS Operation B 3 EGPWS Display B 4 EGPWS Test B 6 INDEX Index 1 List of Illustrations Figure Page 2 1 PRIMUSR 660 Configurations 2 2 2 2 Typical PRIMUSR 660 Weather Radar Components 2 5 3 1 Typical PRIMUSR 660 Digital Weather Radar Display 3 1 3 2 WI 650 660 Weather Radar Indicator Front Panel View 3 2 3 3 WI 650 660 Weather Radar I...

Страница 13: ...11 Unaltered Tilt 5 11 5 12 Proper Tilt Technique 5 12 5 13 Tilt Management With Heading Changes 5 12 5 14 Fast Developing Thunderstorm 5 13 5 15 Low Altitude Tilt Management 5 13 5 16 Antenna Size and Impact on Tilt Management 5 14 5 17 Rules of Thumb 5 14 5 18 Symmetrical Ground Returns 5 17 5 19 Ground Return Indicating Misalignment Upper Right 5 18 5 20 Ground Return Indicating Misalignment Up...

Страница 14: ...Bow Shaped Line of Thunderstorms 5 54 5 47 Ground Mapping Display 5 56 6 1 MPEL Boundary 6 1 7 1 Symmetrical Ground Returns 7 4 7 2 Ground Return Indicating Misalignment Right 7 4 7 3 Ground Return Indicating Misalignment Left 7 5 7 4 Roll Offset Adjustment Display Initial 7 7 7 5 Roll Offset Adjustment Display Final 7 7 7 6 Symmetrical Ground Returns Level Flight and Good Roll Stabilization 7 10 ...

Страница 15: ...Target Display 12 Inch Radiator 5 8 5 2 Approximate Tilt Setting for Minimal Ground Target Display 18 Inch Radiator 5 9 5 3 Stabilization in Straight and Level Flight Check Procedure 5 17 5 4 Stabilization in Turns Check Procedure 5 19 5 5 Pitch Stabilization In Flight Check Procedure 5 22 5 6 Display Levels Related to dBZ Levels Typical 5 29 5 7 VIP Levels Related to dBZ 5 30 5 8 Turbulence Level...

Страница 16: ...age 7 4 Pitch Offset Adjustment Procedure 7 8 7 5 Roll Stabilization While Turning Check Procedure 7 9 7 6 Roll Gain Adjustment Procedure 7 11 7 7 Pitch Stabilization Check Procedure 7 12 7 8 Pitch Gain Adjustment Procedure 7 15 8 1 Fault Data Fields 8 2 8 2 Text Faults 8 5 8 3 Pilot Messages 8 8 B 1 EGPWS Obstacle Display Color Definitions B 4 ...

Страница 17: ...rs contrasted against a deep black background Areas of very heavy rainfall appear in magenta heavy rainfall in red less severe rainfall in yellow moderate rainfall in green and little or no rainfall in black background If selected at installation the antenna sweep position indicator is a yellow band at the top of the display Range marks and identifying numerics displayed in contrasting colors are ...

Страница 18: ...ure expands the use of the radar indicator to display information such as checklists short and long range navigation displays when used with a Honeywell DATA NAVt system and electrical discharge data from Honeywell s LSZ 850 Lightning Sensor System LSS NOTE Refer to Honeywell Pub 28 1146 54 LSZ 850 Lightning Sensor System Pilot s Handbook for more information ...

Страница 19: ...ndicator EHSI repeats the data displayed on the radar indicator System control remains with the radar indicator The second system configuration uses an RTA and single or dual controllers The single or dual EFIS is the radar display Since there is no radar indicator in this configuration the radar system operating controls are located on the controller With a single controller all cockpit radar dis...

Страница 20: ...ch side s weather radar display to meet the needs of the situation With one controller turned off both cockpit displays are updated on every sweep of the radar but control of the radar is only on one side With each controller operating each side has control but each side is updated with new radar information on every other sweep of the antenna RCT STAB TGT SECT TILT SLV RADAR GAIN GMAP WX STBY FP ...

Страница 21: ...by Standby Standby Standby OFF Standby SLV Standby Standby OFF ON SLV ON ON ON ON OFF ON SLV ON ON Standby ON Standby 2 ON 2 ON ON Standby ON 2 Standby 2 ON ON ON ON 2 ON 2 ON Standby Standby Standby Standby Standby Dual Control Mode Truth Table Table 2 1 NOTES 1 ON is used to indicate any selected radar mode 2 SLV means that displayed data is controlled by opposite side controller That is the one...

Страница 22: ...eather Radar Controller 7008471 VAR Remote Mounted Equipment WU 660 Receiver Transmitter Antenna 7021450 601 NOTES 1 Typically either the indicator or one of the remote controllers one or two is installed 2 Typical installed antenna sizes range from 12 to 18 inches in diameter PRIMUSR 660 Weather Radar Equipment List Table 2 2 NOTE A WC 650 Weather Radar Controller can be installed Except as noted...

Страница 23: ...ar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 2 5 2 6 blank System Configurations WC 660 WEATHER RADAR CONTROLLER WI 650 660 WEATHER RADAR INDICATOR WU 660 RECEIVER TRANSMITTER ANTENNA AD 51768 Typical PRIMUSR 660 Weather Radar Components Figure 2 2 ...

Страница 24: ...ICATOR OPERATION All controls used to operate the system display shown in figure 3 1 are located on the WI 650 660 Weather Radar Indicator front panel AD 51769 R1 AUTO TILT 50 40 30 20 10 1 0 2 1 3 4 T Typical PRIMUSR 660 Digital Weather Radar Display Figure 3 1 The controls and display features of the WI 650 660 Weather Radar Indicator are indexed and identified in figure 3 2 Brightness levels fo...

Страница 25: ...e field If WX is selected prior to the expiration of the initial RTA warm up period the white WAIT legend is displayed in the mode field In wait mode the transmitter and antenna scan is inhibited and the memory is erased Upon completion of the warmup period the system automatically switches to WX mode WX can only be selected when the function switch is in the ON position 2 GMP GROUND MAPPING OR MA...

Страница 26: ...m automatically switches to the GMP mode GMP can only be selected when the function switch is in the ON position 3 RCT RAIN ECHO ATTENUATION COMPENSATION TECHNIQUE REACT The RCT switch is an alternate action switch that enables and disables REACT The REACT circuitry compensates for attenuation of the radar signal as it passes through rainfall The cyan field indicates areas where further compensati...

Страница 27: ...3 1 for a target description These annunciations advise the pilot of potentially hazardous targets directly in front of the aircraft that are outside the selected range When a yellow warning is received the pilot should select longer ranges to view the questionable target Note that target alert is inactive within the selected range Selecting target alert forces the system to preset gain Target ale...

Страница 28: ... used to select the following functions OFF This position turns off the radar system SBY Standby This position places the radar system in standby a ready state with the antenna scan stopped the transmitter inhibited and the display memory erased STBY in white is shown in the mode field If SBY is selected before the initial RTA warmup period is complete approximately 90 seconds the white WAIT legen...

Страница 29: ...he system automatically switches to the WX or MAP mode as selected The system in preset gain with WX selected is calibrated as listed in table 3 2 Rainfall Rate ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ in hr mm hr Color ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 04 16 1 4 Green ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 16 47 4 12 Yellow ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 47 2 12 50 Red ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 2 ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ 5 0 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Magenta Rainfall Rate Color Coding Tab...

Страница 30: ...rn WARNING IN THE TEST MODE THE TRANSMITTER IS ON AND RADIATING X BAND MICROWAVE ENERGY REFER TO SECTION 6 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVEL MPEL AND THE APPENDIX FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION FAA ADVISORY CIRCULARS TO PREVENT POSSIBLE HUMAN BODY DAMAGE FSBY FORCED STANDBY FSBY is an automatic nonselectable radar mode As an installation option the indicator can be wired to the weight on wheels ...

Страница 31: ...N In the GMAP mode variable gain is used to reduce the level of the typically very strong returns from ground targets to allow details to be seen Minimum gain is with the control at its full counterclockwise ccw position Gain increases as the control is rotated cw from full ccw At full clockwise cw position the gain is at maximum In variable gain the color bar legend contains the variable gain VAR...

Страница 32: ...d data is cleared from the memory of the LSS After 3 seconds the test mode is initiated in the LSS Refer to the LSZ 850 Lightning Sensor System Pilot s Handbook for a detailed description of LSS operation 10 SCT SCAN SECTOR The SCT button is an alternate action switch that is used to select either the normal 12 looks minute 120 scan or the faster update 24 looks minute 60 sector scan 11 AZ AZIMUTH...

Страница 33: ...nel RCT STAB TGT SECT OFF OFF 15 0 AD 51772 WC 660 Weather Radar Controller Configurations Figure 3 4 NOTES 1 A WC 650 Weather Radar Controller can be installed in the aircraft Consult the aircraft installed equipment configuration listing for details Except as noted operation of the WC 650 Weather Radar Controller is identical to the WC 660 Weather Radar Controller 2 Controllers are available wit...

Страница 34: ... REACT This switch position turns on RCT The REACT circuitry compensates for attenuation of the radar signal as it passes through rainfall The cyan field indicates areas where further compensation is not possible Any target detected within the cyan field cannot be calibrated and should be considered dangerous All targets in the cyan field are displayed as fourth level precipitation magenta RCT is ...

Страница 35: ...g is received the pilot should select longer ranges to view the questionable target Note that target alert is inactive within the selected range Selecting target alert forces the system to preset gain Target alert can only be selected in the WX and FP modes In order to activate target alert the target must have the depth and range characteristics described in table 3 3 Selected Range NM Minimum Ta...

Страница 36: ... from the LSS SBY Standby In this position the display of LSS data is inhibited but the LSS still accumulates data LX Lightning Sensor System In this position the LSS is fully operational and it displays LSS data on the indicator CLR TST Clear Test In this position accumulated data is cleared from the memory of the LSS After 3 seconds the test mode is initiated in the LSS 8 SLV SLAVE DUAL INSTALLA...

Страница 37: ...layed on the EFIS MFD In WAIT mode the transmitter and antenna scan are inhibited and the display memory is erased When the warmup is complete the system automatically switches to the WX mode The system in preset gain is calibrated as described in table 3 4 Rainfall Rate ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ in hr mm hr Color ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 04 16 1 4 Green ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 16 47 4 12 Yellow ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 47 2 12 50 Re...

Страница 38: ...en of radar data This allows the radar controller to select a range for display on EFIS of mapping information at very long ranges NOTE In the FP mode the radar RTA is put in standby and the FLTPLN legend is displayed in the mode field The target alert mode can be used in the FP mode With target alert on and the FP mode selected the target alert armed annunciation green TGT is displayed The RTA se...

Страница 39: ...CED STANDBY MODE MUST BE VERIFIED IN GROUND OPERATIONS BY THE OPERATOR TO ENSURE SAFETY FOR GROUND PERSONNEL In installations with two radar controllers it is only necessary to override forced standby from one controller If either controller is returned to standby mode while weight is on wheels the system returns to the forced standby mode 10 GAIN The GAIN is a single turn rotary control and push ...

Страница 40: ... full ccw position Gain increases as the control is rotated in a cw direction from full ccw at full cw position the gain is at maximum The VAR legend annunciates variable gain Selecting RCT or TGT forces the system into calibrated gain NOTE Some controllers have a preset position on the rotary knob Rotating the knob to PRESET provides calibrated gain functions Rotating the knob out of the PRESET p...

Страница 41: ...etallic objects such as hangars or other aircraft for a minimum distance of 100 feet 30 meters and tilt the antenna fully upwards D Do not operate the radar system during aircraft refueling or during refueling operations within 100 feet 30 meters D Do not operate the radar if personnel are standing too close to the 120_ forward sector of aircraft Refer to Section 6 Maximum Permissible Exposure Lev...

Страница 42: ...IATED IN TEST MODE 6 After the warm up select the test mode and verify that the test pattern is displayed as shown in figure 4 2 If the radar is being used with an EFIS the test pattern is similar The antenna position indicator API is shown as a yellow arc at the top of the display NOTE The API a strap option paints and unpaints on alternate sweeps to supply a continuous indication of picture bus ...

Страница 43: ...2 IF THE BITE DETECTS A FAULT IN TEST MODE FAIL N WILL BE SHOWN N IS A FAULT CODE ANY FAULT CODE CAN ALSO BE DISPLAYED IN THE MAINTENANCE MODE IN THAT CASE IT REPLACES THE ANTENNA TILT ANGLE TARGET ALERT GREEN SELECTED AMBER TGT DETECTED VARIABLE GAIN AMBER TGT ALERT ON RED TGT ALERT OFF BLACK AND NOISE BAND REACT OFF BLACK REACT ON CYAN STBY GREEN TEST GREEN WX GREEN RCT GREEN GMAP GREEN WAIT AMB...

Страница 44: ...sory circular referenced above the radar receiver gain is calibrated in the WX mode with the GAIN control in the preset position The radar is not calibrated when variable gain is being used but calibration is restored if RCT or target alert TGT is selected To aid in target interpretation targets are displayed in various colors Each color represents a specific target intensity The intensity levels ...

Страница 45: ... One possible means of verification are signal returns from known targets Honeywell recommends that the pilot report evidence of weak returns to ensure that radome performance is maintained at a level that does not affect radar calibration Target alert can be selected in any WX range The target alert circuit monitors for hazardous targets within 7 5_ of the aircraft centerline Radar Mode Ground Ma...

Страница 46: ...me of installation TEXT FAULT A plain English text indicating the failure is placed in the test band FAULT CODE A fault code is displayed refer to the maintenance manual for an explanation The indicator or EFIS display indicates a fault as noted below D Dedicated Radar Indicator A FAIL annunciation is shown at the top left corner of the test pattern It indicates that the built in test equipment BI...

Страница 47: ... to the target range Because the antenna beam is scanning right and left in synchronism with the sectoring sweep on the indicator the bearing of the target is found as shown in figure 5 1 The indicator with the radar is called a plan position indicator PPI type When an architect makes a drawing for a house one of the views he generally shows is a plan view a diagram of the house as viewed from abo...

Страница 48: ...rom a point close to the surface of earth it towers to a high altitude summit Without upsetting the loaf of bread the radar removes a single slice from the middle of the loaf and places this slice flat upon the table Looking at the slice of bread from directly above a cross section of the loaf can be seen in its broadest dimension In the same manner the radar beam literally slices out a horizontal...

Страница 49: ...ction of Storm During Horizontal Scan Figure 5 2 Weather radar can occasionally detect other aircraft but it is not designed for this purpose and should never be considered a collision avoidance device Nor is weather radar specifically designed as a navigational aid but it can be used for ground mapping by tilting the antenna downward Selecting the GMAP mode enhances returns from ground targets ...

Страница 50: ...north south east west spokes overlaying the ground map The second phenomenon is associated with radar returns from water surfaces generally called sea clutter as shown in figure 5 3 Calm water reflects very low radar returns since it directs the radar pulses onward instead of backward i e the angle of incidence from mirrored light shone on it at an angle The same is true when viewing choppy water ...

Страница 51: ...nated by the flat plate radiator during level flight with 0_ tilt Figures 5 6 and 5 7 show a representative low altitude situation with the antenna adjusted for 2 8_ up tilt Î Î ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ ELEVATION IN FEET 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 0 25 50 RANGE NAUTICAL MILES 100 AD 35693 CENTER OF RADAR BEAM 20 000 FT 20 000 FT 41 800 FT 41 800 FT 10 500 FT 10 500 FT 7 9 ZERO TILT R...

Страница 52: ...R 660 Digital Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 Radar Facts 5 6 Radar Beam Illumination Low Altitude 12 Inch Radiator Figure 5 6 AD54258 Radar Beam Illumination Low Altitude 18 Inch Radiator Figure 5 7 ...

Страница 53: ...er targets Usually this can be done by tilting the antenna downward in 1_ increments until ground targets begin to appear at the display periphery Ground returns can be distinguished from strong storm cells by watching for closer ground targets with each small downward increment of tilt The more the downward tilt the closer the ground targets that are displayed When ground targets are displayed mo...

Страница 54: ...0 1 1 0 1 1 246 230 213 195 174 151 123 87 78 67 55 39 LINE OF SIGHT LIMITED REGION TILT LIMITED REGION AD 29830 R2 5 10 2 3 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 3 6 1 0 1 2 11 2 5 4 2 0 Approximate Tilt Setting for Minimal Ground Target Display 12 Inch Radiator Table 5 1 Tilt angles shown are approximate Where the tilt angle is not listed the operator must exercise good judgment NOTE The line of sight distance is nom...

Страница 55: ...2 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 0 13 5 2 1 0 0 0 11 4 1 1 9 3 2 7 246 230 213 195 174 151 123 87 78 67 55 39 LINE OF SIGHT LIMITED REGION TILT LIMITED REGION AD 35711 Approximate Tilt Setting for Minimal Ground Target Display 18 Inch Radiator Table 5 2 Tilt angles shown are approximate Where the tilt angle is not listed the operator must exercise good judgment NOTE The line of sight distance is nomi...

Страница 56: ... and windshear are not very reflective because they lack reflective liquid water The figures that follow show the relationship between flight situations and the correct tilt angle The first describes a high altitude situation the second describes a low altitude situation D The ideal tilt angle shows a few ground targets at the edge of the display as shown in see figure 5 8 AD 35694 GROUND RETURN I...

Страница 57: ...000 feet above the freezing level as shown in figure 5 10 AD 35696 FREEZING LEVEL Convective Thunderstorms Figure 5 10 The aircraft in figure 5 10 has a clear radar indication of the thunderstorm probably with a shadow in the ground returns behind it D If the tilt angle shown in figure 5 11 is not altered the thunderstorm appears to weaken as the aircraft approaches it AD 35697 FREEZING LEVEL Unal...

Страница 58: ...am as shown in figure 5 12 AD 35698 FREEZING LEVEL Proper Tilt Technique Figure 5 12 D After heading changes in a foul weather situation the pilot should adjust the tilt to see what was brought into the aircraft s flightpath by the heading changes as shown in figure 5 13 AD 30429 DISPLAY BEFORE TURN DISPLAY AFTER TURN THUNDERSTORM WAS OUT OF DISPLAY BEFORE TURN AND IS NOW UNDER BEAM Tilt Managemen...

Страница 59: ...craft can be large enough to damage the aircraft by the time it arrives at the storm AD 35699 FREEZING LEVEL THUNDERSTORM MATURES AS IT APPROACHES Fast Developing Thunderstorm Figure 5 14 D At low altitude the tilt should be set as low as possible to get ground returns at the periphery only as shown in figure 5 15 CORRECT WRONG FREEZING LEVEL AD 35700 Low Altitude Tilt Management Figure 5 15 Exces...

Страница 60: ... 46703 Antenna Size and Impact on Tilt Management Figure 5 16 NOTE The 10 and 24 inch antennas are shown for illustration purposes only D Some of the rules of thumb are described below and shown in figure 5 17 A 1_ look down angle looks down 100 ft per mile Bottom of beam is 1 2 beam width below tilt setting A 12 inch antenna grazes the ground at 100 NM if set to 0_ tilt at 40 000 ft AD 35702 TILT...

Страница 61: ...As the gust lifts the wing the aircraft attitude source sends a continuous stream of attitude change information to stabilization circuits that in turn control the motors that raise and lower the beam In short a dynamic error in aircraft attitude as seen by the radar is detected and the antenna attitude is corrected for it Extremely small errors of less than 1_ can be detected and compensated Howe...

Страница 62: ... or turn condition If the stabilization system seems to be in error because the radar begins ground mapping on one side and not the other or because it appears that the tilt adjustment has slipped verify that aircraft has been in nonturning constant speed flight long enough to let the gyroscope erect on true earth gravity When dynamic and acceleration errors are taken into account maintaining accu...

Страница 63: ...l a band of ground returns starts at the 40 NM range arc ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 4 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ After several antenna sweeps verify that ground returns are equally displayed figure 5 18 If returns are only on one side of the radar screen or uneven across the radar screen a misalignment of the radar antenna mounting ...

Страница 64: ...dar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 Radar Facts 5 18 AD 17721 R2 60 wx 40 20 100 80 Ground Return Indicating Misalignment Upper Right Figure 5 19 AD 17722 R2 60 wx 40 20 100 80 Ground Return Indicating Misalignment Upper Left Figure 5 20 ...

Страница 65: ...hows a total lack of roll stabilization in a turn ROLL STABILIZATION WHILE TURNING CHECK Once proper operation is established in level flight verify stabilization in a turn using this procedure Step Procedure ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 1 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Place the aircraft in 20 roll to the right ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 2 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ...

Страница 66: ...660 Digital Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 Radar Facts 5 20 Symmetrical Ground Returns Good Roll Stabilization Figure 5 21 AD 17721 R2 60 wx 40 20 100 80 Understabilization in a Right Turn Figure 5 22 ...

Страница 67: ...l Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 5 21 Radar Facts AD 17722 R2 60 wx 40 20 100 80 Overstabilization in a Right Turn Figure 5 23 AD 17723 R2 60 wx 40 20 100 80 Roll Stabilization Inoperative in a Turn Figure 5 24 ...

Страница 68: ...ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Complete the steps listed in table 5 3 ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ 2 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Place the aircraft between 5 and 10 pitch up ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ 3 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Note the radar display If it is correctly stabilized there is very little change in the ground returns ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ 4 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ...

Страница 69: ... A28 1146 111 REV 2 5 23 Radar Facts AD 53797 60 GMAP 40 20 100 80 Understabilized in Pitch Up Figure 5 26 AD 53798 60 GMAP 40 20 100 80 Overstabilized in Pitch Up Figure 5 27 Refer to Section 7 In Flight Adjustments for adjustment procedures ...

Страница 70: ...associated The weather radar can see water best in its liquid form as shown in figure 5 28 not water vapor not ice crystals not hail when small and perfectly dry It can see rain wet snow wet hail and dry hail when its diameter is about 8 10 of the radar wavelength or larger At X band this means that dry hail becomes visible to the radar at about 1 in diameter WET HAIL GOOD RAIN GOOD WET SNOW GOOD ...

Страница 71: ...ot zones of present and developing turbulence Some knowledge of meteorology is required to identify these areas as being turbulent The most important fact is that the areas of maximum turbulence occur where the most abrupt changes from light or no rain to heavy rain occur The term applied to this change in rate is rain gradient The greater the change in rainfall rate the steeper the rain gradient ...

Страница 72: ...d to meet the colder air above the moisture condenses and builds into raindrops heavy enough to fall downward through the updraft When this precipitation is heavy enough it can reverse the updraft Between these downdrafts shafts of rain updrafts continue at tremendous velocities It is not surprising therefore that the areas of maximum turbulence are near these interfaces between updraft and downdr...

Страница 73: ...ation shows that the rainfall is steadily diminishing on the left while it is very heavy in two mature cells and increasing rapidly in a third cell to the right The safest and most comfortable course lies to the left where the storm is decaying into a light rain The growing cell on the right should be given a wide berth AD 12058 R1 BEST DETOUR OUTLINE OF RAIN AREA VISIBLE TO RADAR DECAYING CELLS A...

Страница 74: ...level This is the maximum range where the indicated rainfall rate can be detected if there is no intervening radar signal attenuation caused by other precipitation Beyond calibrated range the precipitation appears at a lower color level than it actually is For example with a 12 inch antenna a red level storm can appear as a green level at 200 miles as you fly closer it becomes yellow and then red ...

Страница 75: ...ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 0 5 2 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 40 53 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 130 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 190 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 230 ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 2 YELLOW ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 4 12 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 0 17 0 5 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 33 40 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 90 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 130 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 160 ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 1 GREEN ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 1 4 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 0 04 0 17 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 23 33 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 55 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 80 ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 100 ÁÁÁ Á...

Страница 76: ...ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 1 ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 0 25 2 5 ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ Weak ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 13 29 VIP Levels Related to dBZ Table 5 7 VARIABLE GAIN CONTROL The PRIMUSR 660 Digital Weather Radar variable gain control is a single turn rotary control and a push pull switch that is used to control the radar s receiver gain With the switch pushed in the system is in the preset calibrated gain mode In calibrated gain the rot...

Страница 77: ... attenuation can be so extreme that the total depth of a single cell cannot be shown Without some form of compensation attenuation causes a single cell to appear to weaken as the depth of the cell increases Honeywell has incorporated attenuation compensation that adjusts the receiver gain by an amount equal to the amount of attenuation That is the greater the amount of attenuation the higher the r...

Страница 78: ...get calibration is no longer possible is highlighted by changing the background field from black to cyan Any area of cyan background is an area where attenuation has caused the receiver gain to reach its maximum value so further calibration of returns is not possible Extreme caution is recommended in any attempt to analyze weather in these cyan areas The radar cannot display an accurate picture of...

Страница 79: ...PRIMUSR 660 Digital Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 5 33 Radar Facts AD 51778 R1 With REACT Selected AD 54262 Without REACT REACT ON and OFF Indications Figure 5 31 ...

Страница 80: ...ows the following D There is a 100 probability of light turbulence occurring in any area of rain D A level one storm all green has virtually no chance of containing severe or extreme turbulence but has between a 5 and 20 chance that moderate turbulence exists D A level two storm one containing green and yellow returns has virtually no probability of extreme turbulence but has a 20 to 40 chance of ...

Страница 81: ...sks any additional information about the rainfall rate until the magenta threshold is reached A red return covers a range of turbulence probabilities and the worst case must be assumed especially since extreme destructive turbulence is born in the red zone Therefore once the red threshold is reached the risk in penetration becomes totally unacceptable Likewise once the magenta threshold is reached...

Страница 82: ...elts or shoulder straps Unsecured objects are dislodged ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁ SEVERE ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Turbulence that causes large abrupt changes in altitude and or attitude It usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed Aircraft can be momentarily out of control ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Occupants are forced violently agai...

Страница 83: ...storm is very turbulent but largely icy the red core on the radar display is weak or absent and highly mobile The storm core can be expected to change shapes with each antenna scan On reaching the tropopause the hail is ejected from the storm and falls downward to a point where it is sucked back into the storm When the hail falls below the freezing level however it begins to melt and form a thin s...

Страница 84: ...n in figure 5 35 Fingers or hooks of cyclonic winds that radiate from the main body of a storm usually contain hail A U shaped pattern is also frequently a column of dry hail that returns no signal but is buried in a larger area of rain that does return a strong signal Scalloped edges on a pattern also indicate the presence of dry hail bordering a rain area Finally weak or fuzzy protuberances are ...

Страница 85: ...ed on the long range setting can disappear from the display as it is approached The pilot should not be fooled into believing the storm has dissipated as the aircraft approaches it The possibility exists that the radiated energy is being directed from the aircraft antenna above the storm as the aircraft gets closer If this is the case the weather shows up again when the antenna is tilted downward ...

Страница 86: ...s in this situation if they habitually fly with the radar on the short range The short range returns show an obvious corridor between two areas of heavy rainfall but the long range setting shows the trap Both the near and far weather zones could be avoided by a short term course change of about 45_ to the right Always switch to long range before entering such a corridor THE BLIND ALLEY 40 20 LONG ...

Страница 87: ...rom the targets at position A At this distance the beam width is spreading As the beam scans across the two targets there is no point that the beam energy is not reflected either by one target or the other because the space between the targets is not wide enough to pass the beam width In target position B the aircraft is closer to the same two targets the beam width is narrower and the targets sep...

Страница 88: ...cause reverberant echoes within the radome the condition might be indicated by the appearance of nonexisting targets The radome can also cause refractive distortion that would make it appear that the TILT control was out of adjustment or that bearing indications were somewhat erroneous A radome with ice or water trapped within its walls can cause significant attenuation and distortion of the radar...

Страница 89: ...ÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Keep TGT alert enabled when using short ranges to be alerted if a new storm cell develops in the aircraft s flightpath ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 2 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Keep the gain in preset The gain control should be in preset exc...

Страница 90: ...ma have determined that thunderstorms extending to 60 000 ft show little variation of turbulence intensity with altitude Ice crystals are poor reflectors Rain water at the lower altitudes produce a strong echo however at higher altitudes the nonreflective ice produces a week echo as the antenna is tilted up Therefore though the intensity of the echo diminishes with altitude it does not mean the se...

Страница 91: ...of the storm cells can grow at 7000 ft min The pilot cannot expect a flightpath through such a field of strong storms separated by 20 to 30 NM to be free of severe turbulence ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 10 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ...

Страница 92: ...at is located between another storm and its moisture source can cause the blocked storm to have erratic motion Sometimes the blocking of moisture is effective enough to cause the thunderstorm to dissipate Three of the most common erratic motions are 1 Right Turning Echo This is the most frequently observed erratic motion Sometimes a thunderstorm echo traveling the same direction and speed as nearb...

Страница 93: ... with no visible returns This indicates that the storm contains a great amount of rain that attenuates the signal and prevents the radar from seeing beyond the cell under observation The REACT blue field shows areas where attenuation could be hiding severe weather Both the shadow and the blue field are to be avoided by 20 miles Keep the REACT blue field turned on The blue field forms fingers that ...

Страница 94: ...he low near hook According to statistics from the NSSL almost 60 percent of all observed hook echoes have tornadoes associated with them A tornado is always suspected when a hook echo is seen A hook can form with no tornadoes and vice versa However when a bona fide hook is observed on a weather radar moderate or greater turbulence strong shifting surface winds and hail are often nearby and aircraf...

Страница 95: ...though some imagination may be needed by the reader to see the eagle V notch echoes are formed by the wind pattern at the leading edge left front of the echo Thunderstorm echoes with V notches are often severe containing strong gusty winds hail or funnel clouds but not all V notches indicate severe weather Again severe weather is most likely at S in figure 5 41 N v s echo movement AD 15561 R1 V No...

Страница 96: ... supercells D The average maximum size of hail is over 2 inches 5 3 cm D The average width of the hail swath is over 12 5 miles 20 2 km D Sixty percent produce funnel clouds or tornadoes The classic pendant shape echo is shown in figure 5 42 Note the general pendant shape the hook and the steep rain gradient This storm is extremely dangerous and must be avoided STORM MOTION N AD 35706 The Classic ...

Страница 97: ...1 Rain Gradients Figure 5 43 AVOID ALL CRESCENT SHAPED ECHOES BY 20 MILES A crescent shaped echo shown in figure 5 44 with its tips pointing away from the aircraft indicates a storm cell that has attenuated the radar energy to the point where the entire storm cell is not displayed This is especially true if the trailing edge is very crisp and well defined with what appears to be a steep rain gradi...

Страница 98: ...cho at the south end of a line of echoes is often severe and so too is the storm on the north side of a break in line Breaks frequently fill in and are particularly hazardous for this reason Breaks should be avoided unless they are 40 miles wide This is usually enough room to avoid thunderstorm hazards The above two locations favor severe thunderstorm formation since these storms have less competi...

Страница 99: ...ure 5 45 is an example of an LEWP The most severe weather is likely at S LEWPs form solid or nearly solid lines that are dangerous to aircraft operations and disruptive to normal air traffic flow N AD 15562 R1 S Line Echo Wave Pattern LEWP Figure 5 45 The S indicates the location of the greatest hazards to aviation The next greatest probability is anywhere along the advancing usually east or south...

Страница 100: ...as shown in figure 5 46 Severe weather is most likely along the bulge and at the north end but severe weather can occur at any point along the line Bow shaped lines are particularly disruptive to aircraft operations because they are broken to solid and can accelerate to speeds in excess of 70 knots within an hour N VIP 1 VIP 3 VIP 5 S 100 mi AD 15563 R1 Bow Shaped Line of Thunderstorms Figure 5 46...

Страница 101: ...ith respect to associated echoes but many of the most intense and enduring occur on the up relative wind side The air rising in a tornado can contribute to a downwind area of strong echoes while the tornado itself can or can not return an echo Echo hooks and appendages though useful indexes of tornadoes are not infallible guides The appearance of a hook warns the pilot to stay away but just becaus...

Страница 102: ...ange Tables 5 10 and 5 11 show tilt settings for maximal ground target display at selected ranges AD 51782 R1 Ground Mapping Display Figure 5 47 For the low ranges 5 10 25 and 50 NM the transmitter pulsewidth is narrowed and the receiver bandwidth is widened to enhance the identification of small targets In addition the receiver STC characteristics are altered to better equalize ground target refl...

Страница 103: ... 000 10 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 5 4 13 9 8 7 6 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 8 6 6 5 10 7 6 11 8 6 12 8 7 11 8 7 10 9 13 246 230 213 195 174 151 123 87 78 67 55 39 LINE OF SIGHT LIMITED REGION TILT LIMITED REGION TILT Setting for Maximal Ground Target Display 12 Inch Radiator Table 5 10 NOTE The line of sight distance is nominal Atmospheric conditions and terrains offset this value ...

Страница 104: ...10 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 5 4 3 6 8 11 12 12 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 7 7 5 4 8 6 5 7 5 11 7 6 5 5 6 10 7 6 9 8 246 230 213 195 174 151 123 87 78 67 55 39 LINE OF SIGHT LIMITED REGION TILT LIMITED REGION AD 12041 TILT Setting for Maximal Ground Target Display 18 Inch Radiator Table 5 11 NOTE The line of sight distance is nominal Atmospheric conditions and terrains offset this value ...

Страница 105: ...tion of Airborne Weather Radar The radius R to the maximum permissible exposure level boundary is calculated for the radar system on the basis of radiator diameter rated peak power output and duty cycle The greater of the distances calculated for either the far field or near field is based on the recommendations outlined in AC No 20 68B The advisory circular is reproduced without Appendix 1 in App...

Страница 106: ...play Over Level Terrain ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ Roll offset ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Straight and level ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Nonsymmetrical display ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ Pitch offset ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Straight and level ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Ground displays do not follow contour of range arcs ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ Roll gain ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Constant roll angle 20 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ...

Страница 107: ...feature is selected more than one adjustment can be made They are available in the sequence shown in table 7 2 and can be done in the sequence of first finishing one adjustment then proceeding to do the next by pushing the STAB button 4 The in flight stabilization adjustment range is limited If you cannot achieve a satisfactory adjustment in flight a ground adjustment is required 5 Proper radar st...

Страница 108: ...g at the 40 mile range arc ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 4 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ After several antenna sweeps verify that ground returns follow the range arc closely and are equally displayed on both sides as shown in figure 7 1 If the ground returns are not equally displayed on both sides see examples in f...

Страница 109: ...USR 660 Digital Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 In Flight Adjustments 7 4 Symmetrical Ground Returns Figure 7 1 AD 17721 R2 60 wx 40 20 100 80 Ground Return Indicating Misalignment Right Figure 7 2 ...

Страница 110: ...ther Radar Controller or the WI 650 660 Weather Radar Indicator During this procedure described in table 7 3 the GAIN control acts as roll offset control After the procedure the GAIN control reverts to acting as a gain control Step Procedure 1 If two controllers are installed one must be turned off If an indicator is used as the controller the procedure is the same as given below 2 Fly to an altit...

Страница 111: ... such that clockwise rotation of the knob causes the antenna to move down when scanning on the right side 7 While flying straight and level adjust the GAIN knob until ground clutter display is symmetrical ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 8 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Push in the GAIN knob When the GAIN knob is pushed in the display returns to the previous message ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 9 ÁÁÁÁÁÁ...

Страница 112: ...USR 660 Digital Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 7 7 In Flight Adjustments AD 51776 WX Roll Offset Adjustment Display Initial Figure 7 4 WX AD 51777 R1 Roll Offset Adjustment Display Final Figure 7 5 ...

Страница 113: ...n region of the ground returns start at about 40 NM 5 Select STAB STB 4 times within 3 seconds The roll offset display is shown 6 From the roll offset entry menu push the STAB STB button once more to bring up the pitch offset entry menu 7 To change the pitch offset value pull out the GAIN knob and rotate it The offset range is from 2 0 to 2 0 8 When flying straight and level adjust so the contour ...

Страница 114: ...arting at the 40 mile range arc See figure 7 6 ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 4 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Place the aircraft in a 20 degree or greater roll to the right If there is little change to the arc of ground returns the roll stabilization is good ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 5 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ If ground returns come in closer...

Страница 115: ...Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 In Flight Adjustments 7 10 Symmetrical Ground Returns Level Flight and Good Roll Stabilization Figure 7 6 AD 17721 R2 60 wx 40 20 100 80 Understabilization in a Right Roll Figure 7 7 ...

Страница 116: ...used as the controller the procedure is the same as given below ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 2 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Fly to an altitude of 10 000 feet AGL or greater ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 3 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Set range to 50 NM ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 4 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Adjust the tilt down until a solid band of ground returns are shown on...

Страница 117: ...ÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Push the STAB STB button to go to the next menu pitch gain Roll Gain Adjustment Procedure Table 7 6 PITCH STABILIZATION CHECK This in flight adjustment is made in a bank when the ground returns do not remain symmetrical during turns The procedure is listed in table 7 7 Step Procedure ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁ 1 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Trim the aircraft f...

Страница 118: ...ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ If the display of ground returns comes in closer in range the pitch is overstabilized See figure 7 11 ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 7 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ If the pitch is understabilized or overstabilized you can wish to perform an in flight pitch gain adjustment as shown in table 7 8 Pitch Stabilization Ch...

Страница 119: ...PRIMUSR 660 Digital Weather Radar System A28 1146 111 REV 2 In Flight Adjustments 7 14 60 WX 40 20 100 80 AD 53802 Understabilized in Pitch Up Figure 7 10 Overstabilized in Pitch Up Figure 7 11 ...

Страница 120: ...art at about 40 NM ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 5 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Push STAB STB 4 times within 3 seconds A display with text instruction is shown ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 6 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ From the roll offset entry menu push the STAB STB button 3 more times to bring up the pitch gain entry menu ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ 7 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ...

Страница 121: ...ally a fault name a pilot message and a line maintenance message are associated with each fault condition Faults can be accessed on the ground or while airborne D Display indicator or RTA malfunction D FAIL annunciation on weather indicator or EFIS display If the feature TEXT FAULTS is enabled the radar test pattern area displays plain English text fault information If it is not enabled only the f...

Страница 122: ...t and re enter the TEST mode Table 8 1 describes the six fault data fields that are displayed in figure 8 1 Field No Description ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 1 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Pilot message ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 2 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Line maintenance message ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 3 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Fault code power on count ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 4 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Fault name ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ 5 ...

Страница 123: ...AGE FIELD FAULT CODE POWER ON COUNT TRANSMIT ON OFF FAULT DISPLAY MESSAGE DIVIDER LINE MAINTENANCE MESSAGE FAULT NAME STRAP CODE 80 Fault Annunciation on Weather Indicator With TEXT FAULT Fields Figure 8 1 Figure 8 2 shows the fault codes displayed on EFIS with text faults disabled Fault Code on EFIS Weather Display With TEXT FAULTS Disabled Figure 8 2 ...

Страница 124: ...or preset pull for VAR and push for preset within three seconds There is no annunciation on the display after this operation This feature can be useful if the radar appears to be malfunctioning and a fail annunciation is not shown on the display If the pilot event marker is used it is best to record several sets of data during the period of misoperation Refer to the PRIMUSR 660 System Description ...

Страница 125: ...FLASH CRC RADAR FAIL PULL RTA POWER ON 4904 CONFIG Table CRC 4905 FPGA Firmware CRC 4846 2V ADC Reference CONTINUOUS 4903 IOP Ready IOP RADAR FAIL PULL RTA 02 4908 INT ARINC 429 Loopback POWER ON 4910 Spurious ARINC Interrupt IOP CONTINUOUS 4913 ARINC 429 INT Coupling IOP RADAR FAIL PULL RTA POWER ON 4806 EEPROM Timer CRC FLASH CRC POWER ON 4811 EEPROM POC RADAR FAIL PULL RTA POWER ON 03 4842 STAB...

Страница 126: ...ailbox Miscompare DSP RADAR FAIL PULL RTA 4901 DSP HOLDA Asserted 4902 DSP HOLDA Not Asserted POWER ON 4825 Filament Monitor 11 4827 Severe Magnetron MAGNETRON RADAR FAIL PULL RTA LATCHED 11 4829 PFN Trim Monitor HVPS MON FAIL RTA CONTINUOUS 12 4831 Pulse Width PULSE WIDTH RADAR UNCAL PULL RTA CONTINUOUS 13 4832 Elevation Error EL POSITION TILT UNCAL CHK RADOME RTA CONTINUOUS 14 4833 Azimuth Error...

Страница 127: ...eping AFC SPOKING LIKELY PULL CONTINUOUS 24 4929 AFC RX DAC Monitor AFC PULL RTA 4930 AFC Trim DAC Monitor RADAR FAIL POWER ON 4848 AHRS IRS Source 27 ÁÁ ÁÁ 4852 ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ Analog STAB REF NO STAB SRC STAB UNCAL CHK ATT SRC INSTALLATION 34 4853 Scan Switch Off SCAN SWITCH SCAN SWITCH CHK SWITCH INSTALLATION 35 4854 XMIT Switch Off XMIT SWITCH XMIT SWITCH CHK SWITCH INSTALLATION 4914 Invalid Alt...

Страница 128: ...ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ An error in the antenna position system has been detected The displayed tilt angle setting could be incorrect This can also cause ground spoking Have the RTA checked at the next opportunity ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ SPOKING LIKELY ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ A problem has been detected that can cause spoking to occur Have...

Страница 129: ...kmanship and conformity to Type Design and to certify that the article meets all controlling documentation Reconditioned Specification criteria are on file at Honeywell facilities and are available for review All exchange units are updated with the latest performance reliability MODs on an attrition basis while in the repair cycle When contacting a Honeywell Dealer or Customer Support Center for s...

Страница 130: ...ial Aviation Systems 3 Hamilton Avenue North OTTAWA ONTARIO K1Y 4J4 TEL 613 728 4681 FAX 613 728 7084 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Minneapolis Support Center Honeywell Inc Commercial Aviation Systems 8840 Evergreen Boulevard MINNEAPOLIS MN 55433 6040 TEL 612 957 4051 FAX 612 957 4698 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ...

Страница 131: ...Center Honeywell Aerospace 1 Rue Marcel Doret B P 14 31701 BLAGNAC CEDEX FRANCE Toulouse TEL 33 5 6212 1500 FAX 33 5 6130 0258 AOG 33 5 6171 9662 TLX 521635F ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Singapore Support Center Honeywell Aerospace Pte Ltd 2 Loyang Crescent SINGAPORE 1750 TEL 65 542 1313 FAX 65 542 1212 AOG 65 542 1313 TLX RS 56969 HWLSSC ÁÁÁÁ...

Страница 132: ...FORMATION Additional copies of this manual can be obtained by contacting Honeywell Inc P O Box 29000 Business and Commuter Aviation Systems Phoenix Arizona 85038 9000 Attention Publication Distribution Dept M S V19A1 Telephone No 602 436 6900 FAX 602 436 1588 E MAIL CAS publications distribution CAS honeywell com ...

Страница 133: ...K Check CLR Clear CNTL Control CONFIG Configuration CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check cw Clockwise ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ DAC ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Digital to Analog Converter DSP Display ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ EEPROM ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System E...

Страница 134: ... Interrupt IO Input Output IOP Inoperative IRS Inertial Reference System kt Knot s LEWP Line Echo Wave Patterns LSS LX Lightning Sensor System MAINT Maintenance MFD Multifunction Display MON Monitor MPEL Maximum Permissible Exposure Level MSG Message N A Not Applicable NAV Navigation ND Navigation Display NM Nautical Mile NSSL National Severe Storms Laboratory NWS National Weather Service OSC Osci...

Страница 135: ...Exchange STAB STB Stabilization ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ STC ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Sensitivity Time Control TCAS Traffic Alert and Crew Alerting System TEMP Temperature TERR Terrain TGT Target TST Test ÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁ TX ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Transmitter UDI Universal Digital Interface UNCAL Uncalibration VAR Variance VIP Video Integrated Processor WOW Weight on Wheel...

Страница 136: ...d Related Reading Material Barnes and Taylor radiation Hazards and Protection London George Newnes Limited 1963 p 211 U S Department of Health Education and Welfare Public Health Service Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service Environmental health microwaves ultraviolet radiation and radiation from lasers and television receivers An Annotated Bibliography FS 2 300 RH 35 Washington U S...

Страница 137: ...d be taken D Personnel should never stand nearby and in front of a radar antenna which is transmitting When the antenna is not scanning the danger increases D A recommended safe distance from operating airborne weather radars should be established A safe distance can be determined by using the equations in Appendix 1 or the graphs of figures 1 and 2 This criterion is now accepted by many industria...

Страница 138: ...1978 is cancelled Related Reading Material Advisory Circulars 00 6A Aviation Weather 090 45B Aviation Weather Services 00 50A Low Level Wind Shear General We all know what a thunderstorm looks like Much has been written about the mechanics and life cycles of thunderstorms They have been studied for many years and while much has been learned the studies continue because much is not known Knowledge ...

Страница 139: ...cloud bases with great vigor If the incoming air has any initial rotating motion it often forms an extremely concentrated vortex from the surface well into the cloud Meteorologists have estimated that wind in such a vortex can exceed 200 knots pressure inside the vortex is quite low The strong winds gather dust and debris and the low pressure generates a funnel shaped cloud extending downward from...

Страница 140: ...de the cloud where turbulence may be encountered D It is almost impossible to hold a constant altitude in a thunderstorm and maneuvering in an attempt to do so produces greatly increased stress on the aircraft It is understandable that the speed of the aircraft determines the rate of turbulence encounters Stresses are least if the aircraft is held in a constant attitude and allowed to ride the wav...

Страница 141: ...curs with severe thunderstorms with strong updrafts that have built to great heights Eventually the hailstones fall possibly some distance from the storm core Hail may be encountered in clear air several miles from dark thunderstorm clouds D As hailstones fall through air whose temperature is above 0 _C they begin to melt and precipitation may reach the ground as either hail or rain Rain at the su...

Страница 142: ...avigational equipment Lightning has been suspected of igniting fuel vapors causing explosion however serious accidents due to lightning strikes are extremely rare Nearby lightning can blind the pilot rendering him momentarily unable to navigate by instrument or by visual reference Nearby lightning can also induce permanent errors in the magnetic compass Lightning discharges even distant ones can d...

Страница 143: ...eather avoidance radar is as its name implies for avoiding severe weather not for penetrating it Whether to fly into an area of radar echoes depends on echo intensity spacing between the echoes and the capabilities of you and your aircraft Remember that weather radar detects only precipitation drops it does not detect turbulence Therefore the radar scope provides no assurance of avoidance turbulen...

Страница 144: ...s extremely hazardous any thunderstorm with tops 35 000 feet or higher whether the top is visually sighted or determined by radar If you cannot avoid penetrating a thunderstorm the following are some do s BEFORE entering the storm D Tighten your safety belt put on your shoulder harness if you have one and secure all loose objects D Plan and hold your course to take you through the storm in a minim...

Страница 145: ...In addition turning maneuvers increase stress on the aircraft National Severe Storms Laboratory NSSL Thunderstorm Research The NSSL has since 1964 been the focal point of our thunderstorm research In flight conditions obtained from thunderstorm penetration by controlled especially equipped high performance aircraft are compared by the NSSL with National Weather Service NWS type ground based radar ...

Страница 146: ...ms SEVERE TURBULENCE IS OFTEN FOUND IN TENUOUS ANVIL CLOUDS 15 TO 20 MILES DOWNWIND FROM SEVERE STORM CORES Our findings agree with meteorological reasoning that THE STORM CLOUD IS ONLY THE VISIBLE PORTION OF A TURBULENT SYSTEM WHOSE UPDRAFTS AND DOWN DRAFTS OFTEN EXTEND OUTSIDE OF THE STORM PROPER TURBULENCE IN RELATION TO DISTANCE FROM THE STORM EDGE THE CLEAR AIR ON THE INFLOW SIDE OF A STORM I...

Страница 147: ...between the surface and 15 000 feet Then the lower altitudes may be characterized by strong outflowing winds and severe turbulence where thunderstorms are present Therefore THE SAME TURBULENCE CONSIDERATIONS WHICH APPLY TO FLIGHT AT HIGH ALTITUDES NEAR STORMS APPLY TO LOW LEVELS AS WELL MAXIMUM STORM TOPS Photographic data indicates that the maximum height attained by thunderstorm clouds is approx...

Страница 148: ...ry dry or very moist throughout substantial depths cannot harbor great convective instability Rather a more nearly neutral thermal stratification is maintained partially through a process of regular atmospheric overturning D Desert Areas In desert areas storms should be avoided on the same basis as described in the above paragraphs While nonstorm turbulence may in general be expected more frequent...

Страница 149: ...the terrain data is automatically displayed when a Terrain Alert occurs SYSTEM OPERATION To display the EGPWS the weather system can be in any mode except OFF When the EGPWS is active the indicator range up and down arrows control the EGPWS display range The AZ button on the indicator is also active and the azimuth lines can be displayed or removed The other radar controls do not change the terrai...

Страница 150: ...d is active When INHIB is annunciated EGPWS is not displayed on the radar indicator and the aural annunciators do not sound NOTE The FAIL and INHIB annunciators are often incorporated into the INHIB push button D TERR Terrain The TERR annunciator indicates that the annunciator lamp power is on It does not indicate the operational status of the system D ON The ON annunciator indicates that the rada...

Страница 151: ...ator is manually operated It is only displayed if the pilot pushes the ON button and it is removed if the pilot pushes the ON button a second time In some installations the EGPWS display has a pop up mode in which the terrain display is automatically displayed when the EGPWS system detects a terrain alert situation The pilot can remove the ground display from the radar indicator or prevent the EGP...

Страница 152: ...sity red ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ 1000 2000 above the aircraft ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ High density yellow dot pattern ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ 0 1000 above the aircraft ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Medium Density yellow Dot Pattern ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ 0 1000 below the aircraft ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ Medium density green dot pattern ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ...

Страница 153: ... Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System EGPWS Figure B 1 shows the EGPWS over KPHX airport at 2000 feet mean sea level heading north The terrain shows the mountains to the north of Phoenix AD 62964 EHSI Display Over KPHX Airport With the EGPWS Display Figure B 1 ...

Страница 154: ...1 REV 2 Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System EGPWS B 6 EGPWS Test When the EGPWS is selected for display it can be tested Push the remote mounted EGPWS TEST button to display the test format shown in figure B 2 AD 63056 EGPWS Test Display Figure B 2 ...

Страница 155: ...mer support centers 9 2 North America 9 2 Rest of the World 9 3 D Do s and don ts of thunderstorm flying A 8 Dynamic Error 5 15 E Effect on altimeters A 7 Enhanced ground proximity warning system EGPWS B 1 annunciators B 2 FAIL B 2 INHIB B 2 ON B 2 TERR B 2 displays B 4 obstacle display color definitions B 4 EGPWS test B 6 push buttons controls B 2 INHIB button B 2 ON terrain button B 2 system ope...

Страница 156: ... 5 58 H Hail A 6 Hail in thunderstorms A 12 Hail size probability 5 36 Honeywell product support 9 1 customer support centers 9 2 North America 9 2 Rest of the World 9 3 publication ordering information 9 4 I Icing A 5 In flight adjustments 7 1 pitch and roll trim adjustments 7 1 level flight stabilization check 7 3 pitch gain adjustment 7 15 adjustment procedure 7 15 pitch offset adjustment 7 8 a...

Страница 157: ...ps A 12 modification of criteria when severe storms and rapid development are evident A 13 relationship between turbulence and altitude A 10 relationship between turbulence and reflectivity A 10 turbulence above storm tops A 11 turbulence and echo intensity on NWS radar WSR 57 A 11 turbulence below cloud base A 12 turbulence in relation to distance from storm core A 11 turbulence in relation to di...

Страница 158: ...n check 7 3 Pitch gain adjustment 7 15 adjustment procedure 7 15 Pitch gain error 5 22 pitch stabilization check 5 22 Pitch offset adjustment 7 8 adjustment procedure 7 8 Pitch stabilization check 7 12 check procedure 7 12 Preliminary control settings 4 1 power up procedure 4 1 radar mode ground mapping 4 5 radar mode weather 4 4 standby 4 4 Procedures in flight roll offset adjustment 7 5 pitch ga...

Страница 159: ...tions for ground operation of airborne weather radar A 1 background A 1 cancellation A 1 precautions A 2 body damage A 2 combustible materials A 3 general A 2 purpose A 1 related reading material A 1 Reflectivity A 10 relationship between turbulence and reflectivity A 10 Relationship between turbulence and altitude A 10 Remote mounted equipment 2 4 Roll gain adjustment 7 11 adjustment procedure 7 ...

Страница 160: ... tops A 12 modification of criteria when severe storms and rapid development are evident A 13 relationship between turbulence and altitude A 10 relationship between turbulence and reflectivity A 10 turbulence above storm tops A 11 turbulence and echo intensity on NWS radar WSR 57 A 11 turbulence below cloud base A 12 turbulence in relation to distance from the storm edge A 11 turbulence in relatio...

Страница 161: ...here 5 47 avoid all crescent shaped echoes by 20 miles 5 51 avoid hook echoes by 20 miles 5 47 avoid pendant by 20 miles 5 50 avoid steep rain gradients by 20 miles 5 51 avoid v notch by 20 miles 5 49 line configurations 5 52 avoid bow shaped line of echoes by 20 miles 5 54 avoid line echo wave patterns LEWP by 20 miles 5 53 avoid thunderstorm echoes at the south end of a line or at a break in a l...

Страница 162: ...brightness or BRT LSS lightning sensor system 3 9 CLR TST clear test 3 9 LX lightning sensor system 3 9 OFF 3 9 SBY standby 3 9 display area 3 5 display screen features 3 5 function switch 3 5 FP flight plan 3 6 FSBY forced standby 3 7 OFF 3 5 ON 3 6 SBY standby 3 5 TST test 3 7 GAIN 3 8 GMP ground mapping button or MAP 3 2 rainfall rate color coding 3 6 RANGE 3 9 RCT rain echo attenuation compens...

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