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4 Programming: Fundamentals of NC, File Management, Programming Aids, Pallet Management

4.13 P

a

llet Oper

ation with T

ool-Or

ient

e

d Mac

h

ining

4.13 Pallet Operation with Tool-

Oriented Machining

Application

Pallet tables are used for machining centers with pallet changer: The
pallet table calls the part programs that are required for the different
pallets, and activates datum shifts or datum tables.

You can also use pallet tables to run in succession several programs
that have different datums.

Pallet tables contain the following information:

n

PAL/PGM

(entry obligatory):

The entry

PAL

identifies the pallet,

FIX

marks the fixture plane and

PGM

is used to enter the workpiece.

n

W-STATE:

Current machining status. The machining status is used to
determine the current stage of machining. Enter

BLANK

for an

unmachined (raw) workpiece. During machining, the TNC changes
this entry to

INCOMPLETE

, and after machining has finished, to

ENDED.

The entry

EMPTY

is used to identify a space at which no workpiece is

to be clamped or where no machining is to take place.

n

METHOD

(entry obligatory):

Entry which determines the method of program optimization.
Machining is workpiece-oriented if

WPO

is entered. Machining of the

piece is tool-oriented if

TO

is entered. In order to include subsequent

workpieces in the tool-oriented machining, you must enter

CTO

(continued tool oriented). Tool-oriented machining is also possible
with pallet fixtures, but not for multiple pallets.

n

NAME

(entry obligatory):

Pallet or program name. The machine tool builder determines the
pallet name (see Machine Manual). Programs must be stored in the
same directory as the pallet table. Otherwise you must enter the full
path name for the program.

Pallet management in combination with tool-oriented
machining is a machine-dependent function. The standard
functional range will be described in the following. Refer
to your machine manual for more information.

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Содержание TNC 426

Страница 1: ...NC Software 280 476 xx 280 477 xx User s Manual HEIDENHAIN Conversational Format 10 2001 TNC 426 TNC 430...

Страница 2: ...blocks cycles and parameter functions Override control knobs for feed rate spindle speed 150 0 50 100 F 150 0 50 100 S Programming path movements Approach depart contour FK free contour programming S...

Страница 3: ......

Страница 4: ......

Страница 5: ...ter an interruption Please contact your machine tool builder to become familiar with the features of your machine Many machine manufacturers as well as HEIDENHAIN offer programming courses for the TNC...

Страница 6: ...for managing TS calibration data see Entering tool data in tables on page 101 n Management of unlimited calibration data with the TS triggering touch probes see User s Manual for Touch Probe Cycles n...

Страница 7: ...bled see SL cycles on page 285 n M91 and M92 are now also possible with tilted working plane see Positioning in a tilted coordinate system on page 332 n Display of the NC program during the execution...

Страница 8: ...IV...

Страница 9: ...ogramming Fundamentals of File Management Programming Aids 4 Programming Tools 5 Programming Programming Contours 6 Programming Miscellaneous Functions 7 Programming Cycles 8 Programming Subprograms a...

Страница 10: ...VI...

Страница 11: ...play 9 Additional status displays 10 1 5 Accessories HEIDENHAIN 3 D Touch Probes and Electronic Handwheels 13 3 D Touch Probes 13 HR electronic handwheels 14 2 1 Switch on Switch off 16 Switch on 16 S...

Страница 12: ...and reference marks 34 Reference system 34 Reference system on milling machines 35 Polar coordinates 36 Absolute and incremental workpiece positions 37 Setting the datum 38 4 2 File Management Fundam...

Страница 13: ...et interface option 61 4 5 Creating and Writing Programs 63 Organization of an NC program in HEIDENHAIN conversational format 63 Defining the blank form BLK FORM 63 Creating a new part program 64 Prog...

Страница 14: ...ding text sections 77 4 10 Integrated Pocket Calculator 78 Operation 78 4 11 Immediate Help for NC Error Messages 79 Displaying error messages 79 Display HELP 79 4 12 Pallet Management 80 Application...

Страница 15: ...ional Tool Compensation 114 Introduction 114 Definition of a normalized vector 115 Permissible tool forms 115 Using other tools Delta values 116 3 D compensation without tool orientation 116 Face Mill...

Страница 16: ...th tangential connection APPR CT 136 Approaching on a circular arc with tangential connection from a straight line to the contour APPR LCT 136 Departing on a straight line with tangential connection D...

Страница 17: ...ngential connection 153 Helical interpolation 153 6 6 Path Contours FK Free Contour Programming 158 Fundamentals 158 Graphics during FK programming 159 Initiating the FK dialog 160 Free programming of...

Страница 18: ...r in the tool axis direction M140 188 Suppressing touch probe monitoring M141 189 Delete modal program information M142 190 Delete basic rotation M143 190 7 5 Miscellaneous Functions for Rotary Axes 1...

Страница 19: ...NG NEW with floating tap holder Cycle 206 227 RIGID TAPPING Cycle 17 229 RIGID TAPPING without a floating tap holder TAPPING Cycle 207 230 THREAD CUTTING Cycle 18 232 TAPPING WITH CHIP BREAKING Cycle...

Страница 20: ...URFACE slot milling Cycle 28 299 8 7 Cycles for multipass milling 310 Overview 310 RUN DIGITIZED DATA Cycle 30 311 MULTIPASS MILLING Cycle 230 312 RULED SURFACE Cycle 231 314 8 8 Coordinate Transforma...

Страница 21: ...44 Operating sequence 344 Programming notes 344 Programming a program section repeat 344 Calling a program section repeat 344 9 4 Separate Program as Subprogram 345 Operating sequence 345 Programming...

Страница 22: ...ecisions 364 Abbreviations used 365 10 7 Checking and changing Q parameters 366 Procedure 366 10 8 Additional Functions 367 Overview 367 FN14 ERROR Displaying error messages 368 FN15 PRINT Output of t...

Страница 23: ...h touch probe cycles see also Touch Probe Cycles User s Manual 389 11 1 Graphics 400 Function 400 Overview of display modes 400 Plan view 401 Projection in 3 planes 401 3 D view 402 Magnifying details...

Страница 24: ...UD RATE 422 Assign 423 Software for data transfer 424 12 5 Ethernet Interface 427 Introduction 427 Installing an Ethernet card 427 Connection possibilities 427 Configuring the TNC 428 12 6 Configuring...

Страница 25: ...g Teleservice 444 12 17 External Access 445 Function 445 13 1 General User Parameters 448 Input possibilities for machine parameters 448 Selecting general user parameters 448 13 2 Pin Layout and Conne...

Страница 26: ......

Страница 27: ...1 Introduction...

Страница 28: ...can call up the on screen pocket calculator at any time Keyboard and screen layout are clearly arranged in a such way that the functions are fast and easy to use Programming HEIDENHAIN conversational...

Страница 29: ...ions by pressing the keys immediately below them The lines immediately above the soft key row indicate the number of soft key rows that can be called with the black arrow keys to the right and left Th...

Страница 30: ...You could also display the program structure in the right window instead or display only program blocks in one large window The available screen windows depend on the selected operating mode To change...

Страница 31: ...cover Machine panel buttons e g NC START are described in the manual for your machine tool 1 Alphanumeric keyboard for entering texts and file names as well as for programming in ISO format 2 n File m...

Страница 32: ...ove the machine axes manually with the HR electronic handwheel Soft keys for selecting the screen layout select as described previously Positioning with manual data input MDI This mode of operation is...

Страница 33: ...ow to prepare your program structure Soft keys for selecting the screen layout Test run In the Test Run mode of operation the TNC checks programs and program sections for errors such as geometrical in...

Страница 34: ...e Program Run Single Block mode of operation you execute each block separately by pressing the machine START button Soft keys for selecting the screen layout Soft keys for selecting the screen layout...

Страница 35: ...tus display appears in the large window Information in the status display Symbol Meaning Actual or nominal coordinates of the current position Machine axes the TNC displays auxiliary axes in lower cas...

Страница 36: ...or screen layout Select the layout option for the additional status display To switch on the additional status display Shift the soft key rows until the STATUS soft keys appear Select the desired addi...

Страница 37: ...tion 3 5 1 2 4 6 1 n T Tool number and name n RT Number and name of a replacement tool 2 Tool axis 3 Tool length and radii 4 Oversizes delta values from TOOL CALL PGM and the tool table TAB 5 Tool lif...

Страница 38: ...MAX values of the individual cutting edges and the result of measuring the rotating tool DYN dynamic measurement 4 Cutting edge number with the corresponding measured value If the measured value is fo...

Страница 39: ...o the TNC This makes them highly convenient for use on machines with automatic tool changers Principle of operation HEIDENHAIN triggering touch probes feature a wear resisting optical switch that gene...

Страница 40: ...he spindle rotating or stopped The TT 130 features a particularly rugged design and a high degree of protection which make it insensitive to coolants and swarf The triggering signal is generated by a...

Страница 41: ...2 Manual Operation and Setup...

Страница 42: ...tage The TNC checks the functioning of the EMERGENCY STOP circuit Cross the reference points manually in the displayed sequence For each axis press the machine START button or Cross the reference poin...

Страница 43: ...he operating system as follows U Select the Manual mode U Select the function for run down confirm again with the YES soft key U When the TNC displays the message Now you can switch off the TNC in a s...

Страница 44: ...nuously Press and hold the machine axis direction button then press the machine START button To stop the axis press the machine STOP button You can move several axes at a time with these two methods Y...

Страница 45: ...ed rate you have selected It is also possible to move the machine axes with the handwheel during a program run To move an axis Select the Electronic Handwheel operating mode Press and hold the permiss...

Страница 46: ...ning you can move a machine axis by a preset distance Select Manual or Electronic Handwheel mode of operation Select incremental jog positioning Switch the INCREMENT soft key to ON Enter the jog incre...

Страница 47: ...spindle speed S with the entered rpm is started with a miscellaneous function M Proceed in the same way to enter a miscellaneous function M Feed rate F After entering a feed rate F you must confirm yo...

Страница 48: ...m by setting the TNC position display to the coordinates of a known position on the workpiece Preparation U Clamp and align the workpiece U Insert the zero tool with known radius into the spindle U En...

Страница 49: ...a known workpiece position here 0 or enter the thickness d of the shim In the tool axis offset the tool radius Repeat the process for the remaining axes If you are using a preset tool set the display...

Страница 50: ...n of the tool axis When tilting the working plane the TNC differentiates between two machine types n Machines with tilting tables n You must tilt the workpiece into the desired position for machining...

Страница 51: ...in tilted axes With tilted axes you use the machine axis direction buttons to cross over the reference points The TNC interpolates the corresponding axes Be sure that the function for tilting the work...

Страница 52: ...TNC must no longer calculate the offset of the datum from the difference of the REF coordinates Instead of the difference from the 0 position the TNC uses the REF value of the tilting table after til...

Страница 53: ...function set the desired operating modes in menu Tilt working plane to Inactive If the Working Plane function is active and the TNC moves the machine axes in accordance with the tilted axes the statu...

Страница 54: ......

Страница 55: ...3 Positioning with Manual Data Input MDI...

Страница 56: ...START button Example 1 A hole with a depth of 20 mm is to be drilled into a single workpiece After clamping and aligning the workpiece and setting the datum you can program and execute the drilling op...

Страница 57: ...cancel the Basic Rotation Select operating mode Positioning with MDI Select the axis of the rotary table enter the rotation angle you wrote down previously and set the feed rate For example L C 2 561...

Страница 58: ...nction press the COPY soft key Enter the name under which you want to save the current contents of the MDI file Copy the file To close the file manager press the END soft key Erasing the contents of t...

Страница 59: ...4 Programming Fundamentals of NC File Management Programming Aids Pallet Management...

Страница 60: ...enerally used for linear axes Rotary tables and tilt axes have angle encoders If the position encoders feature distance coded reference marks you only need to move each axis a maximum of 20 mm 0 8 in...

Страница 61: ...e middle finger is pointing in the positive direction of the tool axis from the workpiece toward the tool the Z axis the thumb is pointing in the positive X direction and the index finger in the posit...

Страница 62: ...scribe points in a plane Polar coordinates have their datum at a circle center CC or pole A position in a plane can be clearly defined by the n Polar Radius the distance from the circle center CC to t...

Страница 63: ...tool to move by the distance between the previous and the subsequent nominal positions Incremental coordinates are therefore also referred to as chain dimensions To program a position in incremental c...

Страница 64: ...cles on page 319 If the production drawing is not dimensioned for NC set the datum at a position or corner on the workpiece which is the most suitable for deducing the dimensions of the remaining work...

Страница 65: ...ot exceed 1 500 MB File names When you store programs tables and texts as files the TNC adds an extension to the file name separated by a point This extension indicates the file type Using the MOD fun...

Страница 66: ...PLC program machine parameters etc are stored Please contact your machine tool builder for more information on both the backup program and the floppy disk Saving the contents of the entire hard disk u...

Страница 67: ...ave all files in one directory or if you are well practiced in the file management of old TNC controls To use the standard file management set the MOD function PGM MGT see Configuring PGM MGT on page...

Страница 68: ...the window Moves the highlight up or down page by page in the window To select the file Press the SELECT soft key or the ENT key Deleting a file Call the file manager Use the arrow keys or the arrow...

Страница 69: ...in the window To copy the file Press the COPY soft key Enter the new name and confirm your entry with the AUSF HREN soft key or the ENT key A status window appears on the TNC informing about the copy...

Страница 70: ...u want to transfer Moves the highlight up and down within a window Moves the highlight from the left to the right window and vice versa If you wish to copy from the TNC to the external data medium mov...

Страница 71: ...ess the TNC EXT soft key Confirm with the EXECUTE or with the ENT key A status window appears on the TNC informing about the copying progress or If you wish to transfer more than one file or longer fi...

Страница 72: ...select Move the highlight up or down To select the file Press the SELECT soft key or the ENT key Renaming a file Call the file manager Use the arrow keys or the arrow soft keys to move the highlight...

Страница 73: ...row keys or the arrow soft keys to move the highlight to the file you wish to convert Moves the highlight up or down file by file in the window Moves the highlight up or down page by page in the windo...

Страница 74: ...s or arrow soft keys to move the highlight to the file you wish to protect or whose protection you wish to cancel Moves the highlight up or down file by file in the window Moves the highlight up or do...

Страница 75: ...e is saved The individual names are separated by the symbol Example On drive TNC the subdirectory AUFTR1 was created Then in the directory AUFTR1 the directory NCPROG was created and the part program...

Страница 76: ...es Display a specific file type Display the last 10 files that were selected Erase a file or directory Tag a file Renaming a file Convert an FK program into HEIDENHAIN conversational format Protect a...

Страница 77: ...he TNC shows all directories 2 of the selected drive A drive is always identified by a file symbol to the left and the directory name to the right The TNC displays a subdirectory to the right of and b...

Страница 78: ...ve the highlight from the left to the right window and vice versa Moves the highlight up and down within a window Moves the highlight one page up or down within a window 1 step Select a drive Move the...

Страница 79: ...ith 4 Move the highlight to the desired file in the right window The selected file is opened in the operating mode from which you have the called file manager Press SELECT soft key or the ENT key Crea...

Страница 80: ...lumns or lines you want to replace Example With a tool presetter you have measured the length and radius of 10 new tools The tool presetter then generates the tool table TOOL T with 10 lines for the 1...

Страница 81: ...ress the COPY DIR soft key Subdirectories are also copied at the same time Choosing one of the last 10 files selected Call the file manager Display the last 10 files selected Press the LAST FILES soft...

Страница 82: ...eally intend to erase the file U To confirm press the YES soft key U To abort erasure press the NO soft key Deleting a directory U Delete all files and subdirectories stored in the directory that you...

Страница 83: ...agging functions press the TAG soft key Tag a file by pressing the TAG FILE soft key Move the highlight to the next file you wish to tag You can tag several files in this way as desired To copy the ta...

Страница 84: ...P U To cancel file protection proceed in the same way using the UNPROTECT soft key Converting an FK program into HEIDENHAIN conversational format U Move the highlight to the file you want to convert U...

Страница 85: ...a window Moves the highlight from the left to the right window and vice versa If you wish to copy from the TNC to the external data medium move the highlight in the left window to the file to be tran...

Страница 86: ...o display directories in both windows press the PATH soft key In the right window U Move the highlight to the directory into which you wish to copy the files and display the files in this directory wi...

Страница 87: ...rights Connecting and disconnecting a network drive U To select the program management Press the PGM MGT key If necessary press the WINDOW soft key to set up the screen as it is shown at the upper rig...

Страница 88: ...e file type being transmitted Printing file with a network printer If you have defined a network printer see Ethernet Interface on page 427 you can print the files directly U To call the file manager...

Страница 89: ...is identified by END PGM the program name and the active unit of measure Defining the blank form BLK FORM Immediately after initiating a new program you define a cuboid workpiece blank If you wish to...

Страница 90: ...the PGM MGT key Select the directory in which you wish to store the new program Enter the new program name and confirm your entry with the ENT key To select the unit of measure press the MM or INCH s...

Страница 91: ...n name unit of measure 1 BLK FORM 0 1 Z X 0 Y 0 Z 40 Spindle axis MIN point coordinates 2 BLK FORM 0 2 X 100 Y 100 Z 0 MAX point coordinates 3 END PGM NEW MM Program end name unit of measure If you do...

Страница 92: ...xis Enter the target coordinate for the Y axis and go to the next question with ENT Enter No radius compensation and go to the next question with ENT Enter a feed rate of 100 mm min for this path cont...

Страница 93: ...s Function Key Ignore the dialog question End the dialog immediately Abort the dialog and erase the block Function Soft keys keys Go to the previous page Go to the next page Go to beginning of program...

Страница 94: ...he desired dialog appears You can then enter the desired value Looking for the same words in different blocks Set the AUTO DRAW soft key to OFF To select a word in a block press the arrow keys repeate...

Страница 95: ...am section you wish to copy or delete The TNC shows the marked blocks in a different color You can end the marking function at any time by pressing the CANCEL SELECTION soft key U To copy the selected...

Страница 96: ...each path contour you program in the graphics window in the right screen half If you do not wish to have graphics generated during programming set the AUTO DRAW soft key to OFF Even when AUTO DRAW is...

Страница 97: ...the graphics display by selecting a detail with the frame overlay You can now magnify or reduce the selected detail U Select the soft key row for detail magnification reduction second row see figure...

Страница 98: ...ents texts in the second level To display the program structure window change the active window U To display the program structure window select the screen display PGM SECTS U To change the active win...

Страница 99: ...comment and conclude the block by pressing the END key Inserting comments after program entry U Select the block to which a comment is to be added U Select the last word in the block with the right a...

Страница 100: ...Editing mode of operation U To call the file manager press the PGM MGT key U To display type A files press the SELECT TYPE and then the SHOW A soft keys U Select a file and open it with the SELECT sof...

Страница 101: ...arrow keys The line in which the cursor is presently located is depicted in a different color A line can have up to 77 characters To start a new line press the RET key or the ENT key Insert a blank sp...

Страница 102: ...hem at other locations Before carrying out any of these editing functions you must first select the desired text block U To select a text block move the cursor to the first character of the text you w...

Страница 103: ...o insert another file at the cursor position U Move the cursor to the location in the text where you wish to insert another file U Press the READ FILE soft key The TNC displays the dialog prompt File...

Страница 104: ...screen with the arrow keys The calculator is operated with short commands through the alphabetic keyboard The commands are shown in a special color in the calculator window If you are writing a progr...

Страница 105: ...eled with the CE key after the cause of the error has been removed If you require more information on a particular error message press the HELP key A window is then superimposed where the cause of the...

Страница 106: ...able can be activated in the NC program with Cycle 7 DATUM SHIFT n X Y Z entry optional other axes also possible For pallet names the programmed coordinates are referenced to the machine datum For NC...

Страница 107: ...ocated If you have not defined a pallet before an NC program the programmed coordinates are then referenced to the machine datum If you do not define an entry the datum that was set manually remains a...

Страница 108: ...soft key U To select a different type of file press the SELECT TYPE soft key and the soft key for the desired file type for example SHOW H U Select the desired file Executing the pallet file U Select...

Страница 109: ...execution the TNC then shows program blocks to the left and the pallet to the right To check at the program contents before execution proceed as follows U Select a pallet table U With the arrow keys...

Страница 110: ...hanges this entry to INCOMPLETE and after machining has finished to ENDED The entry EMPTY is used to identify a space at which no workpiece is to be clamped or where no machining is to take place n ME...

Страница 111: ...s of all active axes in the pallet table With the PRESENT VALUE soft key the TNC saves the coordinates of the axis on which the highlight in the pallet table is presently located n SP X SP Y SP Z entr...

Страница 112: ...table mode Soft key Select beginning of table Select end of table Select previous page in table Select next page in table Insert the last line in the table Delete the last line in the table Go to the...

Страница 113: ...tailed pallet view Select standard fixture view Select detailed fixture view Select standard workpiece view Select detailed workpiece view Insert pallet Insert fixture Insert workpiece Delete pallet D...

Страница 114: ...llet Management 4 13 Pallet Operation with Tool Oriented Machining Tool optimized machining Workpiece optimized machining Connecting or separating the types of machining Mark plane as being empty Mark...

Страница 115: ...es in the standard view If you are editing an existing pallet file the updated entries are displayed Use the detail view for setting up the pallet file The various planes of the entry form can be reac...

Страница 116: ...Y POSITION if you want to skip the pallet during machining EMPTY appears in the Status field Setting up details in the pallet plane n Pallet ID Enter the pallet name n Datum Enter the pallet datum n D...

Страница 117: ...to skip the fixture during machining EMPTY appears in the Status field Setting up details in the fixture plane n Fixture The number of the fixture is displayed The number of fixtures within this plane...

Страница 118: ...skip the workpiece during machining EMPTY appears in the Status field Setting up details in the workpiece plane n Workpiece The number of the workpiece is displayed The number of workpieces within thi...

Страница 119: ...try TO if one of the following situations applies n If the entry PAL is in the PAL PGM field in the next line n If the entry TO or WPO is in the Method field in the next line n If in the lines already...

Страница 120: ...LECT TYPE and SHOW P U Select pallet table with the arrow keys and confirm with ENT U To execute pallet table Press the NC Start button The TNC executes the pallets as set in Machine Parameter 7683 In...

Страница 121: ...PALLET During execution the TNC then shows program blocks to the left and the pallet to the right To check at the program contents before execution proceed as follows U Select a pallet table U With t...

Страница 122: ......

Страница 123: ...5 Programming Tools...

Страница 124: ...nt feed rate is reached F MAX is only effective in the block in which it is programmed After the block with F MAX is executed the feed rate will return to the last feed rate entered as a numerical val...

Страница 125: ...e zero tool with the length L 0 and the radius R 0 In tool tables tool 0 should also be defined with L 0 and R 0 Tool length L There are two ways to determine the tool length L Determining the differe...

Страница 126: ...e values to Q parameters Input range You can enter a delta value with up to 99 999 mm Entering tool data into the program The number length and radius of a specific tool is defined in the TOOL DEF blo...

Страница 127: ...Tool table Standard tool data Abbr Input Dialog T Number by which the tool is called in the program e g 5 indexed 5 2 NAME Name by which the tool is called in the program Tool name L Value for tool le...

Страница 128: ...th L for wear detection If the entered value is exceeded the TNC locks the tool status L Input range 0 to 0 9999 mm Wear tolerance length RTOL Permissible deviation from tool radius R for wear detecti...

Страница 129: ...mposes a window where you can select the type of tool you want Tool type TMAT Tool material Press the SELECT MATERIAL soft key 3rd soft key row The TNC superimposes a window where you can select the t...

Страница 130: ...ored values or enter new values at any position The available editing functions are illustrated in the table below If the TNC cannot show all positions in the tool table in one screen page the highlig...

Страница 131: ...rts a copy of the tool data after the last available index and increases the index by 1 Application e g stepped drill with more than one length compensation value Delete current line tool Display Do n...

Страница 132: ...ating mode U Call the file manager U To select the file type press the SELECT TYPE soft key U To show files of the type TCH press the soft key TCH FILES second soft key row U Select a file or enter a...

Страница 133: ...call a tool with other compensation values enter also the index you defined in the tool table after the decimal point U Working spindle axis X Y Z Enter the tool axis U Spindle speed S Enter the spin...

Страница 134: ...size of 0 2 mm the tool radius 2 with an oversize of 0 05 mm and the tool radius with an undersize of 1 mm The character D preceding L and R designates delta values Tool preselection with tool tables...

Страница 135: ...ith M102 The tool is not always changed immediately but depending on the workload of the control a few NC blocks later Prerequisites for standard NC blocks with radius compensation R0 RR RL The radius...

Страница 136: ...ensation the TNC takes the delta values from both the TOOL CALL block and the tool table into account Compensation value L DLTOOL CALL DLTAB where If a part program generated by a CAD system contains...

Страница 137: ...table into account Compensation value R DRTOOL CALL DRTAB where Contouring without radius compensation R0 The tool center moves in the working plane to the programmed path or coordinates Applications...

Страница 138: ...moves to the right of the programmed contour RL The tool moves to the left of the programmed contour Between two program blocks with different radius compensations RR and RL you must program at least...

Страница 139: ...ol center paths at inside corners under radius compensation From this point it then starts the next contour element This prevents damage to the workpiece The permissible tool radius therefore is limit...

Страница 140: ...gure at center right The straight line end point the components for the surface normal vector as well as those for the tool orientation must be calculated by a CAD system Application possibilities n U...

Страница 141: ...ture between tool tip and tool circumference The ratio of R to R2 determines the shape of the tool n R2 0 End mill n R2 R ball nose cutter n 0 R2 R Toroid cutter These data also specify the coordinate...

Страница 142: ...ation The coordinates of the straight line end point and the components of the surface normal vectors are to be defined by the CAD system Face Milling 3 D compensation with and without tool orientatio...

Страница 143: ...ion On machines whose rotary axes only allow limited traverse sometimes automatic positioning can require the table to be rotated by 180 In this case make sure that the tool head does not collide with...

Страница 144: ...defined orientation with the active compensation There are two ways to define the tool orientation n In an LN block with the components TX TY and TZ n In an L block by indicating the coordinates of t...

Страница 145: ...n Example Block format with rotary axes 1 L X 31 737 Y 21 954 Z 33 165 B 12 357 C 5 896 F1000 M128 L Straight line X Y Z Compensated coordinates of the straight line end point B C Coordinates of the r...

Страница 146: ...ions described here may not be provided on your machine tool Refer to your machine manual Before you let the TNC automatically calculate the cutting data the tool table from which the TNC is to take t...

Страница 147: ...CE MATERIAL soft key and the TNC displays in a second window the list of materials that are stored in the WMAT TAB table U Select your workpiece material by using the arrow keys to move the highlight...

Страница 148: ...F combinations The standard cutting data table FRAES_2 CDT is stored in the directory TNC You can edit FRAES_2 CDT or add as many new cutting data tables as you wish If you change the standard tool cu...

Страница 149: ...ow Use the arrow keys to move the highlight onto the table format you wish to select and confirm with ENT The TNC generates a new empty cutting data table Data required for the tool table n Tool radiu...

Страница 150: ...the workpiece material by pressing the WMAT soft key 7 In the NC program let the TOOL CALL block automatically calculate spindle speed and feed rate via soft key Changing the table structure Cutting...

Страница 151: ...vert into the new structure are indicated with a hash mark e g if you have narrowed the column width Structure command Meaning NR Column number NAME Overview of columns TYPE N Numerical input C Alphan...

Страница 152: ...g the table structure page 124 Behind STRUCTEND the TNC saves the actual content of the table Configuration file TNC SYS You must use the configuration file TNC SYS if your cutting data tables are not...

Страница 153: ...6 Programming Programming Contours...

Страница 154: ...he tool Subprograms and Program Section Repeats If a machining sequence occurs several times in a program you can save time and reduce the chance of programming errors by entering the sequence once an...

Страница 155: ...med axis Depending on the individual machine tool the part program is executed by movement of either the tool or the machine table on which the workpiece is clamped Nevertheless you always program pat...

Страница 156: ...it to one of the main planes This plane is defined automatically when you set the spindle axis during a TOOL CALL Direction of rotation DR for circular movements When a circular path has no tangential...

Страница 157: ...ath function keys The gray path function keys initiate the plain language dialog The TNC asks you successively for all the necessary information and inserts the program block into the part program Exa...

Страница 158: ...ramming Contours 6 2 Fundamentals of Path Functions Enter a miscellaneous function here M3 and terminate the dialog with ENT The part program now contains the following line Miscellaneous function M L...

Страница 159: ...contour and is approached without radius compensation R0 n Auxiliary point PH Some of the paths for approach and departure go through an auxiliary point PH that the TNC calculates from your input in t...

Страница 160: ...ntour allow sufficient distance between the starting point PS and the first contour point PA to assure that the TNC will reach the programmed feed rate for machining The TNC moves the tool from the ac...

Страница 161: ...point PH It then to the first contour point PA on a straight line perpendicular to the first contour element The auxiliary point PH is separated by the distance LEN plus the tool radius from the firs...

Страница 162: ...angle CCA of the arc n CCA can be entered only as a positive value n Maximum input value 360 U Radius compensation RR RL for machining Example NC blocks Approaching on a circular arc with tangential c...

Страница 163: ...s separated from PE by the distance LEN plus the tool radius U Program the last contour element with the end point PE and radius compensation U Initiate the dialog with the APPR DEP key and DEP LN sof...

Страница 164: ...traight line DEP LCT The tool moves on a circular arc from the last contour point PS to an auxiliary point PH It then moves on a straight line to the end point PN The arc is tangentially connected bot...

Страница 165: ...cle center CC to an arc end point Coordinates of the arc end point direction of rotation Circular Arc CR Circular arc with a certain radius Coordinates of the arc end point arc radius direction of rot...

Страница 166: ...cks Actual position capture You can also generate a straight line block L block by using the ACTUAL POSITION CAPTURE key U In the Manual Operation mode move the tool to the position you wish to captur...

Страница 167: ...must be large enough to accommodate the current tool U Chamfer side length Length of the chamfer Further entries if necessary U Feed rate F only effective in CHF block Example NC blocks 7 L X 0 Y 30...

Страница 168: ...blocks 5 L X 10 Y 40 RL F300 M3 6 L X 40 Y 25 7 RND R5 F100 8 L X 10 Y 5 In the preceding and subsequent contour elements both coordinates must lie in the plane of the rounding arc If you machine the...

Страница 169: ...mmed position do not enter any coordinates Example NC blocks or The program blocks 10 and 11 do not refer to the illustration Duration of effect The circle center definition remains in effect until a...

Страница 170: ...o the circle starting point U Coordinates of the circle center U Coordinates of the arc end point U Direction of rotation DR Further entries if necessary U Feed rate F U Miscellaneous function M Examp...

Страница 171: ...f the second semicircle is the starting point of the first Central angle CCA and arc radius R The starting and end points on the contour can be connected with four arcs of the same radius Smaller arc...

Страница 172: ...ust be programmed immediately before the CT block This requires at least two positioning blocks U Coordinates of the arc end point Further entries if necessary U Feed rate F U Miscellaneous function M...

Страница 173: ...the tool 7 L Z 5 R0 F1000 M3 Move to working depth at feed rate F 1000 mm min 8 APPR LT X 5 Y 5 LEN10 RL F300 Approach the contour at point 1 on a straight line with tangential connection 9 L Y 95 Mov...

Страница 174: ...Pre position the tool 7 L Z 5 R0 F1000 M3 Move to working depth at feed rate F 1000 mm min 8 APPR LCT X 5 Y 5 R5 RL F300 Approach the contour at point 1 on a circular arc with tangential connection 9...

Страница 175: ...tours Cartesian Coordinates 16 L X 5 Move to last contour point 1 17 DEP LCT X 20 Y 20 R5 F1000 Depart the contour on a circular arc with tangential connection 18 L Z 250 R0 F MAX M2 Retract in the to...

Страница 176: ...50 Y 50 Define the circle center 6 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 7 L X 40 Y 50 R0 F MAX Pre position the tool 8 L Z 5 R0 F1000 M3 Move to working depth 9 APPR LCT X 0 Y 50 R5 RL F300 Approach the...

Страница 177: ...oordinates for the pole or If you want to use the last programmed position do not enter any coordinates Before programming polar coordinates define the pole CC You can only define the pole CC in Carte...

Страница 178: ...is counterclockwise PA 0 n Angle from angle reference axis to PR is clockwise PA 0 Example NC blocks Circular path CP around pole CC The polar coordinate radius PR is also the radius of the arc It is...

Страница 179: ...cation grooves Calculating the helix To program a helix you must enter the total angle through which the tool is to move on the helix in incremental dimensions and the total height of the helix For ca...

Страница 180: ...RL RR R0 Enter the radius compensation according to the table above Example NC blocks Thread M6 x 1 mm with 5 revolutions Internal thread Work direction Direction Radius comp Right handed Left handed...

Страница 181: ...180 R0 F MAX Pre position the tool 8 L Z 5 R0 F1000 M3 Move to working depth 9 APPR PLCT PR 45 PA 180 R5 RL F250 Approach the contour at point 1 on a circular arc with tangential connection 10 LP PA...

Страница 182: ...Y 50 R0 F MAX Pre position the tool 7 CC Transfer the last programmed position as the pole 8 L Z 12 75 R0 F1000 M3 Move to working depth 9 APPR PCT PR 32 PA 180 CCA180 R 2 Approach the contour on a ci...

Страница 183: ...s Polar Coordinates 10 LBL 1 Identify beginning of program section repeat 11 CP IPA 360 IZ 1 5 DR F200 Enter the thread pitch as an incremental IZ dimension 12 CALL LBL 1 REP 24 Program the number of...

Страница 184: ...rmat page 47 The following prerequisites for FK programming FK programming The FK free contour programming feature can only be used for programming contour elements that lie in the working plane The w...

Страница 185: ...contour element matches the drawing select the contour element with FSELECT Select the green contour elements as soon as possible with the FSELECT soft key In this way you can reduce the ambiguity of...

Страница 186: ...es press the FL soft key The TNC displays additional soft keys U Enter all known data in the block by using these soft keys The FK graphic displays the programmed contour element in red until sufficie...

Страница 187: ...ter all known data in the block by using these soft keys The FK graphic displays the programmed contour element in red until sufficient data are entered If the entered data describe several solutions...

Страница 188: ...coordinates X and Y Polar coordinates referenced to FPOL 7 FPOL X 20 Y 30 8 FL IX 10 Y 20 RR F100 9 FCT PR 15 IPA 30 DR R15 Known data Soft keys Length of a straight line Gradient angle of a straight...

Страница 189: ...remains in effect until the TNC encounters a block in which another FPOL is defined Example NC blocks A circle center that was calculated or programmed conventionally is then no longer valid as a pole...

Страница 190: ...circular arcs Auxiliary points on a contour The auxiliary points are located on a straight line or on the extension of a straight line or on a circular arc Auxiliary points near a contour Beginning o...

Страница 191: ...D10 Known data Soft keys The coordinates and angles for relative data are always programmed in incremental dimensions You must also enter the block number of the contour element on which the data are...

Страница 192: ...nother element Straight line parallel to another contour element Distance from a straight line to a parallel contour element 17 FL LEN 20 AN 15 18 FL AN 105 LEN 12 5 19 FL PAR 17 DP 12 5 20 FSELECT 2...

Страница 193: ...y the files U Move the highlight to the file you wish to convert U Press the soft keys MORE FUNCTIONS and then CONVERT FK H The TNC converts all FK blocks into HEIDENHAIN dialog blocks Circle centers...

Страница 194: ...0 R0 F1000 M3 Move to working depth 8 APPR CT X 2 Y 30 CCA90 R 5 RL F250 Approach the contour on a circular arc with tangential connection 9 FC DR R18 CLSD CCX 20 CCY 30 FK contour 10 FLT Program all...

Страница 195: ...0 Z 20 Define the workpiece blank 2 BLK FORM 0 2 X 100 Y 100 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 2 Define the tool 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S4000 Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 6 L X 30 Y 30 R0 F MAX Pre po...

Страница 196: ...1 FC DR R30 CCX 30 CCY 30 Program all known data for each contour element 12 FL AN 60 PDX 30 PDY 30 D10 13 FSELECT 3 14 FC DR R20 CCPR 55 CCPA 60 15 FSELECT 2 16 FL AN 120 PDX 30 PDY 30 D10 17 FSELECT...

Страница 197: ...5 Y 45 Z 20 Define the workpiece blank 2 BLK FORM 0 2 X 120 Y 70 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 3 Define the tool 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S4500 Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 6 L X 70 Y 0 R0 F MAX Pre...

Страница 198: ...DR R6 CCX 0 CCY 0 14 FCT DR R24 15 FCT DR R6 CCX 12 CCY 0 16 FSELECT 2 17 FCT DR R1 5 18 FCT DR R36 CCX 44 CCY 10 19 FSELECT 2 20 FCT DR R5 21 FLT X 110 Y 15 AN 0 22 FL AN 90 23 FL X 65 AN 180 PAR21...

Страница 199: ...Feed rate F and miscellaneous function M in the spline block 7 L X 33 909 Z 75 107 F MAX Spline starting point 8 SPL X 39 824 Z 77 425 Spline end point K3X 0 0983 K2X 0 441 K1X 5 5724 Spline paramete...

Страница 200: ...ithin the spline block The TNC always expects the spline parameters K for each axis in the sequence K3 K2 K1 Besides the principal axes X Y and Z the TNC can also process the secondary axes U V and W...

Страница 201: ...7 Programming Miscellaneous functions...

Страница 202: ...In the Manual Operation and Electronic Handwheel modes of operation the M functions are entered with the M soft key Please note that some F functions become effective at the start of a positioning bl...

Страница 203: ...ant OFF n M01 Optional program STOP n M02 Stop program run Spindle STOP Coolant OFF Go to block 1 Clear the status display dependent on machine parameter 7300 n M03 Spindle ON clockwise n M04 Spindle...

Страница 204: ...ing Without a 3 D Touch Probe page 22 Behavior with M91 Machine datum If you want the coordinates in a positioning block to be referenced to the machine datum end the block with M91 The coordinate val...

Страница 205: ...datum setting for one or more axes If datum setting is inhibited for all axes the TNC no longer displays the soft key DATUM SET in the Manual Operation mode The figure at right shows coordinate system...

Страница 206: ...an non tilted coordinate system with a tilted working plane M130 Standard behavior with a tilted working plane The TNC places the coordinates in the positioning blocks in the tilted coordinate system...

Страница 207: ...th radius compensation RR RL the TNC automatically inserts a transition arc at outside corners Behavior with M90 The tool moves at corners with constant speed This provides a smoother more continuous...

Страница 208: ...the TNC interrupts program run and generates the error message Tool radius too large Behavior with M97 The TNC calculates the intersection of the contour elements as at inside corners and moves the to...

Страница 209: ...takes effect at the end of block Example NC blocks Move to the contour points 10 11 and 12 in succession Feed rate factor for plunging movements M103 Standard behavior The TNC moves the tool at the l...

Страница 210: ...f you change the spindle speed by using the spindle override the TNC changes the feed rate accordingly Effect M136 becomes effective at the start of block You can cancel M136 by programming M137 Actua...

Страница 211: ...to inhibit the error message this will result in dwell marks and will also move the corner If the programmed contour contains undercut features the tool may damage the contour Behavior with M120 The T...

Страница 212: ...without LA n another program is called with PGM CALL M120 becomes effective at the start of block Limitations n After an external or internal stop you can only re enter the contour with the function R...

Страница 213: ...is block by asking you the axis specific values The coordinates are entered with the orange axis direction buttons or the ASCII keyboard Effect Cancel handwheel positioning by programming M118 once ag...

Страница 214: ...ing the contour or press the MAX soft key to move to the limit of the traverse range Effect M140 is effective only in the block in which it is programmed M140 becomes effective at the start of the blo...

Страница 215: ...even if the touch probe is deflected This function is required if you wish to write your own measuring cycle in connection with measuring cycle 3 in order to retract the stylus by means of a positioni...

Страница 216: ...h a new value Behavior with M142 All modal program information except for basic rotation 3 D rotation and Q parameters are reset Effect M142 is effective only in the block in which it is programmed M1...

Страница 217: ...the feed rate is not changed during execution of the block even if the tool moves toward the center of the rotary axis Effect M116 is effective in the working plane With M117 you can reset M116 M116...

Страница 218: ...C first reduces the current angular value to a value less than 360 and then moves the tool to the programmed value If several rotary axes are active M94 will reduce the display of all rotary axes As a...

Страница 219: ...enter the current valid swivel head position after M114 e g M114 B 45 Q parameters permitted The radius compensation must be calculated by a CAD system or by a postprocessor A programmed radius compe...

Страница 220: ...ger feed rate than is defined in machine parameters 7471 the feed rate from machine parameter 7471 will be effective M128 on tilting tables If you program a tilting table movement while M128 is active...

Страница 221: ...effective at the start of block M129 at the end of block M128 is also effective in the manual operating modes and remains active even after a change of mode The feed rate for the compensation movemen...

Страница 222: ...nd of block You can reset M134 with M135 The TNC also resets M134 if you select a new program in a program run operating mode Selecting tilting axes M138 Standard behavior The TNC performs M114 and M1...

Страница 223: ...f the position of a controlled tilted axis changes the position of the tool tip to the workpiece is also changed The resulting offset is calculated in the position display Effect M144 becomes effectiv...

Страница 224: ...ng you the required parameters for the programmed function All miscellaneous functions for laser cutting machines become effective at the start of the block Output the programmed voltage directly M200...

Страница 225: ...M202 M203 or M204 Output voltage as a function of time time dependent ramp M203 Behavior with M203 The TNC outputs the voltage V as a function of the time TIME The TNC increases or decreases the curr...

Страница 226: ......

Страница 227: ...8 Programming Cycles...

Страница 228: ...of cycles U Press the soft key for the desired group of cycles for example DRILLING for the drilling cycles U Select the desired cycle for example THREAD MILLING The TNC initiates the programming dia...

Страница 229: ...of relatively complex contours consisting of several overlapping subcontours cylinder surface interpolation Cycles for face milling of flat or twisted surfaces Coordinate transformation cycles which...

Страница 230: ...all press the CYCL CALL key U Press the CYCL CALL M soft key to enter a cycle call U Enter a miscellaneous function M or press END to end the dialog 2 If the TNC is to execute the cycle automatically...

Страница 231: ...e axis that was defined in the TOOL CALL block as the spindle axis It performs movements in the working plane only in the principle axes X Y or Z Exceptions n You program secondary axes for the side l...

Страница 232: ...axis correspond to the coordinate of the workpiece surface Creating a point table Select the Programming and Editing mode of operation To call the file manager press the PGM MGT key Enter the name an...

Страница 233: ...ant to activate the point table Press the PGM CALL key to call the function for selecting the point table Press the POINT TABLE soft key Enter the name of the point table and confirm your entry with t...

Страница 234: ...The coordinate of the spindle axis defines the upper surface of the workpiece so the TNC can pre position automatically first in the working plane then in the spindle axis Effect of the point tables...

Страница 235: ...g 2nd set up clearance 201 REAMING With automatic pre positioning 2nd set up clearance 202 BORING With automatic pre positioning 2nd set up clearance 203 UNIVERSAL DRILLING With automatic pre position...

Страница 236: ...P BRKG Without a floating tap holder with automatic pre positioning 2nd set up clearance chip breaking 262 THREAD MILLING Cycle for milling a thread in pre drilled material 263 THREAD MLLNG CNTSNKG Cy...

Страница 237: ...al value Distance between workpiece surface and bottom of hole tip of drill taper U Plunging depth 3 incremental value Infeed per cut The total hole depth does not have to be a multiple of the plungin...

Страница 238: ...bove the first plunging depth 4 The tool then advances with another infeed at the programmed feed rate F 5 The TNC repeats this process 2 to 4 until the programmed depth is reached 6 At the hole botto...

Страница 239: ...han the depth U Dwell time at top Q210 Time in seconds that the tool remains at set up clearance after having been retracted from the hole for chip release U Workpiece surface coordinate Q203 absolute...

Страница 240: ...tool remains at the hole bottom for the entered dwell time 4 The tool then retracts to set up clearance at the feed rate F and from there if programmed to the 2nd set up clearance in FMAX X Z Q200 Q20...

Страница 241: ...he tool in mm min when retracting from the hole If you enter Q208 0 the tool retracts at the reaming feed rate U Workpiece surface coordinate Q203 absolute value Coordinate of the workpiece surface U...

Страница 242: ...ction by 0 2 mm fixed value 6 The TNC moves the tool at the retraction feed rate to the set up clearance and then if entered to the 2nd set up clearance with FMAX If Q214 0 the tool point remains on t...

Страница 243: ...tool at the hole bottom after spindle orientation U Angle for spindle orientation Q336 absolute value Angle at which the TNC positions the tool before retracting it Example 10 L Z 100 R0 FMAX 11 CYCL...

Страница 244: ...rface U Depth Q201 incremental value Distance between workpiece surface and bottom of hole tip of drill taper U Feed rate for plunging Q206 Traversing speed of the tool during drilling in mm min U Plu...

Страница 245: ...ithdraw the tool from the hole for chip release For chip breaking the TNC retracts the tool each time by the value Q256 U Minimum plunging depth Q205 incremental value If you have entered a decrement...

Страница 246: ...from the hole again The TNC carries out another oriented spindle stop and the tool is once again displaced by the off center distance 6 The TNC moves the tool at the pre positioning feed rate to the...

Страница 247: ...ce surface U 2nd set up clearance Q204 incremental value Coordinate in the tool axis at which no collision between tool and workpiece clamping devices can occur U Disengaging direction 0 1 2 3 4 Q214...

Страница 248: ...setup clearance and then at FMAX to the entered starting position above the first plunging depth 4 The tool then advances with another infeed at the programmed feed rate If programmed the plunging dep...

Страница 249: ...Q258 incremental value Set up clearance for rapid traverse positioning when the TNC moves the tool again to the current plunging depth after retraction from the hole value for the first plunging dept...

Страница 250: ...rses a full circle to remove the material remaining after the initial plunge 4 The TNC then positions the tool at the center of the hole again 5 Finally the TNC returns to the setup clearance at FMAX...

Страница 251: ...meter to be the same as the tool diameter the TNC will bore directly to the entered depth without any helical interpolation U Roughing diameter Q342 absolute value As soon as you enter a value greater...

Страница 252: ...he machine stop button the TNC will display a soft key with which you can retract the tool Example NC blocks 24 L Z 100 R0 FMAX 25 CYCL DEF 2 0 TAPPING 26 CYCL DEF 2 1 SET UP 3 27 CYCL DEF 2 2 DEPTH 2...

Страница 253: ...direction of spindle rotation reverses once again Before programming note the following Program a positioning block for the starting point hole center in the working plane with radius compensation R0...

Страница 254: ...Workpiece surface coordinate Q203 absolute value Coordinate of the workpiece surface U 2nd set up clearance Q204 incremental value Coordinate in the tool axis at which no collision between tool and wo...

Страница 255: ...terrupt program run during tapping with the machine stop button the TNC will display the soft key MANUAL OPERATION If you press the MANUAL OPERATION key you can retract the tool under program control...

Страница 256: ...the tool is retracted to the set up clearance at the end of the dwell time and if programmed to the 2nd set up clearance with FMAX 4 The TNC stops the spindle turning at set up clearance Machine and...

Страница 257: ...Coordinate of the workpiece surface U 2nd set up clearance Q204 incremental value Coordinate in the tool axis at which no collision between tool and workpiece clamping devices can occur Retracting af...

Страница 258: ...s the working direction a negative value means a negative working direction in the tool axis U Pitch 2 Pitch of the thread The algebraic sign differentiates between right hand and left hand threads ri...

Страница 259: ...tion again and advances to the next infeed depth 4 The TNC repeats this process 2 to 3 until the programmed thread depth is reached 5 The tool is then retracted to set up clearance and if programmed t...

Страница 260: ...ing Q256 The TNC multiplies the pitch Q239 by the programmed value and retracts the tool by the calculated value during chip breaking If you enter Q256 0 the TNC retracts the tool completely from the...

Страница 261: ...he tool radius DR in the tool call n The Cycles 262 263 264 and 267 can only be used with rightward rotating tools For Cycle 265 you can use rightward and leftward rotating tools n The working directi...

Страница 262: ...on will then be determined from the countersinking depth Procedure in the case of a tool break If a tool break occurs during thread cutting stop the program run change to the Positioning with MDI oper...

Страница 263: ...he tool in rapid traverse to set up clearance or if programmed to the 2nd set up clearance U Nominal diameter Q335 Nominal thread diameter U Thread pitch Q239 Pitch of the thread The algebraic sign di...

Страница 264: ...coordinate Q203 absolute value Coordinate of the workpiece surface U 2nd set up clearance Q204 incremental value Coordinate in the tool axis at which no collision between tool and workpiece clamping d...

Страница 265: ...r either tangentially from the center or with a pre positioning move to the side and follows a circular path Countersinking at front 5 The tool moves at the feed rate for pre positioning to the sinkin...

Страница 266: ...sation R0 The algebraic sign of the cycle parameters depth of thread countersinking depth or sinking depth at front determines the working direction The working direction is defined in the following s...

Страница 267: ...piece U Feed rate for pre positioning Q253 Traversing speed of the tool when moving in and out of the workpiece in mm min U Climb or up cut Q351 Type of milling operation with M03 1 climb milling 1 up...

Страница 268: ...versing speed of the tool during counterboring in mm min U Feed rate for milling Q207 Traversing speed of the tool in mm min while milling Example NC blocks 25 CYCL DEF 263 THREAD MILLING COUNTERSINKI...

Страница 269: ...sinking 8 The tool then moves in a semicircle to the hole center Thread milling 9 The TNC moves the tool at the programmed feed rate for pre positioning to the starting plane for the thread The starti...

Страница 270: ...pth does not have to be a multiple of the plunging depth The TNC will go to depth in one movement if n the plunging depth is equal to the depth n the plunging depth is greater than the depth U Upper a...

Страница 271: ...Q206 Traversing speed of the tool during drilling in mm min U Feed rate for milling Q207 Traversing speed of the tool in mm min while milling Example NC blocks 25 CYCL DEF 264 THREAD DRILLNG MLLNG Q3...

Страница 272: ...for the thread 6 The tool then approaches the thread diameter tangentially in a helical movement 7 The tool moves on a continuous helical downward path until it reaches the thread depth 8 After this...

Страница 273: ...ed rate for pre positioning Q253 Traversing speed of the tool when moving in and out of the workpiece in mm min U Depth at front Q358 incremental value Distance between tool point and the top surface...

Страница 274: ...counterboring Q254 Traversing speed of the tool during counterboring in mm min U Feed rate for milling Q207 Traversing speed of the tool in mm min while milling Example NC blocks 25 CYCL DEF 265 HEL T...

Страница 275: ...ws a circular path at the feed rate for countersinking 5 The tool then moves in a semicircle to the starting point Thread milling 6 The TNC positions the tool to the starting point if there has been n...

Страница 276: ...offset required before countersinking at the front should be determined ahead of time You must enter the value from the center of the stud to the center of the tool uncorrected value The algebraic si...

Страница 277: ...oot of thread U Threads per step Q355 Number of thread revolutions by which the tool is offset see figure at lower right 0 one 360 helical path to the depth of thread 1 continuous helical path over th...

Страница 278: ...orkpiece surface U 2nd set up clearance Q204 incremental value Coordinate in the tool axis at which no collision between tool and workpiece clamping devices can occur U Feed rate for counterboring Q25...

Страница 279: ...0 2 X 100 Y 100 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 3 Define the tool 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S4500 Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 6 CYCL DEF 200 DRILLING Define cycle Q200 2 SET UP CLEARANCE Q201 15 DEPTH...

Страница 280: ...F MAX M3 Approach hole 1 spindle ON 8 CYCL CALL Call the cycle 9 L Y 90 R0 F MAX M99 Approach hole 2 call cycle 10 L X 90 R0 F MAX M99 Approach hole 3 call cycle 11 L Y 10 R0 F MAX M99 Approach hole...

Страница 281: ...e workpiece blank 2 BLK FORM 0 2 X 100 Y 100 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 6 Define the tool 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S100 Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 6 CYCL DEF 18 0 THREAD CUTTING Define THREAD CU...

Страница 282: ...F 13 1 ANGLE 0 17 L M19 Orient the spindle machine specific M function 18 L IX 2 R0 F1000 Tool offset to prevent collision during tool infeed dependent on core diameter and tool 19 L Z 5 R0 F MAX Pre...

Страница 283: ...ioning 2nd set up clearance 5 CIRCULAR POCKET Roughing cycle without automatic pre positioning 214 CIRCULAR POCKET FINISHING Finishing cycle with automatic pre positioning 2nd set up clearance 215 CIR...

Страница 284: ...peed of the tool during penetration U First side length 4 incremental value Pocket length parallel to the reference axis of the working plane U 2nd side length 5 Pocket width U Feed rate F Traversing...

Страница 285: ...nd slots U Rounding off radius Radius for the pocket corners If Radius 0 is entered the pocket corners will be rounded with the radius of the cutter Calculations Stepover factor k K x R K is the overl...

Страница 286: ...and using climb milling machines one revolution 5 The tool then departs the contour on a tangential path and returns to the starting point in the working plane 6 This process 3 to 5 is repeated until...

Страница 287: ...olute value Center of the pocket in the reference axis of the working plane U Center in 2nd axis Q217 absolute value Center of the pocket in the minor axis of the working plane U First side length Q21...

Страница 288: ...using climb milling machines one revolution 5 The tool then departs the contour on a tangential path and returns to the starting point in the working plane 6 This process 3 to 5 is repeated until the...

Страница 289: ...rkpiece clamping devices can occur U Center in 1st axis Q216 absolute value Center of the stud in the reference axis of the working plane U Center in 2nd axis Q217 absolute value Center of the stud in...

Страница 290: ...e between tool tip at starting position and workpiece surface U Milling depth 2 Distance between workpiece surface and bottom of pocket U Plunging depth 3 incremental value Infeed per cut The TNC will...

Страница 291: ...circular pocket U Feed rate F Traversing speed of the tool in the working plane U Clockwise DR Climb milling with M3 DR Up cut milling with M3 Example NC blocks 16 L Z 100 R0 FMAX 17 CYCL DEF 5 0 CIR...

Страница 292: ...ol then moves tangentially to the contour of the finished part and using climb milling machines one revolution 5 After this the tool departs the contour tangentially and returns to the starting point...

Страница 293: ...lision between tool and workpiece clamping devices can occur U Center in 1st axis Q216 absolute value Center of the pocket in the reference axis of the working plane U Center in 2nd axis Q217 absolute...

Страница 294: ...finished part and using climb milling machines one revolution 5 The tool then departs the contour on a tangential path and returns to the starting point in the working plane 6 This process 3 to 5 is r...

Страница 295: ...nate in the tool axis at which no collision between tool and workpiece clamping devices can occur U Center in 1st axis Q216 absolute value Center of the stud in the reference axis of the working plane...

Страница 296: ...mills the contour with M3 4 At the end of the cycle the tool is retracted in rapid traverse FMAX to set up clearance If the number of infeeds was odd the tool returns to the starting position at the...

Страница 297: ...to the depth n the plunging depth is greater than the depth U Feed rate for plunging Traversing speed during penetration U 1st side length 4 Slot length specify the sign to determine the first milling...

Страница 298: ...TNC advances the tool from the slot center tangentially to the contour of the finished part The tool subsequently climb mills the contour with M3 and if so entered in more than one infeed 6 When the...

Страница 299: ...ence axis of the working plane U Center in 2nd axis Q217 absolute value Center of the slot in the minor axis of the working plane U First side length Q218 value parallel to the reference axis of the w...

Страница 300: ...the contour of the finished part The tool subsequently climb mills the contour with M3 and if so entered in more than one infeed The starting point for the finishing process is the center of the right...

Страница 301: ...nter of the slot in the reference axis of the working plane U Center in 2nd axis Q217 absolute value Center of the slot in the minor axis of the working plane U Pitch circle diameter Q244 Enter the di...

Страница 302: ...ng mill 5 TOOL CALL 1 Z S3500 Call the tool for roughing finishing 6 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 7 CYCL DEF 213 STUD FINISHING Define cycle for machining the contour outside Q200 2 SET UP CLEARA...

Страница 303: ...change 17 TOOL CALL 2 Z S5000 Call slotting mill 18 CYCL DEF 211 CIRCULAR SLOT Cycle definition for slot 1 Q200 2 SET UP CLEARANCE Q201 20 DEPTH Q207 250 FEED RATE FOR MILLNG Q202 5 PLUNGING DEPTH Q2...

Страница 304: ...T MILLING Cycle 5 CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING Cycle 17 RIGID TAPPING without a floating tap holder Cycle 18 THREAD CUTTING Cycle 200 DRILLING Cycle 201 REAMING Cycle 202 BORING Cycle 203 UNIVERSAL DRILLIN...

Страница 305: ...tarting point for the first machining operation on the pitch circle U Stopping angle Q246 absolute value Angle between the reference axis of the working plane and the starting point for the last machi...

Страница 306: ...ection clockwise U Number of repetitions Q241 Number of machining operations on a pitch circle U Set up clearance Q200 incremental value Distance between tool tip and workpiece surface Enter a positiv...

Страница 307: ...e the last point on the first line 5 The tool subsequently moves to the last point on the second line where it carries out the machining operation 6 From this position the tool approaches the starting...

Страница 308: ...s in the starting point U Set up clearance Q200 incremental value Distance between tool tip and workpiece surface U Workpiece surface coordinate Q203 absolute value Coordinate of the workpiece surface...

Страница 309: ...Y 100 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 3 Define the tool 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S3500 Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX M3 Retract the tool 6 CYCL DEF 200 DRILLING Cycle definition drilling Q200 2 SET UP CLEARANCE Q201 15...

Страница 310: ...203 0 SURFACE COORDINATE Q204 100 2ND SET UP CLEARANCE Q301 1 TRAVERSE TO CLEARANCE HEIGHT 8 CYCL DEF 220 POLAR PATTERN Define cycle for circular pattern 2 CYCL 200 is called automatically Q216 90 CEN...

Страница 311: ...lled without interruptions since the cutter traverses around islands instead of over them n The radius of inside corners can be programmed the tool keeps moving to prevent surface blemishes at inside...

Страница 312: ...cycles Cycle Soft key 14 CONTOUR GEOMETRY essential 20 CONTOUR DATA essential 21 PILOT DRILLING optional 22 ROUGH OUT essential 23 FLOOR FINISHING optional 24 SIDE FINISHING optional Cycle Soft key 2...

Страница 313: ...Pockets and islands can be overlapped to form a new contour You can thus enlarge the area of a pocket by another pocket or reduce it by an island Subprograms Overlapping pockets Pockets A and B overla...

Страница 314: ...be machined including the mutually overlapped area n The surfaces A and B must be pockets n The first pocket in Cycle 14 must start outside the second pocket Surface A Surface B 51 LBL 1 52 L X 10 Y...

Страница 315: ...apped by both A and B is to be machined The areas covered by A or B alone are to be left unmachined n A and B must be pockets n A must start inside of B Surface A Surface B A B 51 LBL 1 52 L X 10 Y 50...

Страница 316: ...is referenced to the tool midpoint path U Direction of rotation Clockwise 1 Q9 Machining direction for pockets n Clockwise Q9 1 up cut milling for pocket and island n Counterclockwise Q9 1 climb mill...

Страница 317: ...epth Q10 incremental value Dimension by which the tool drills in each infeed negative sign for negative working direction U Feed rate for plunging Q11 Traversing speed in mm min during drilling U Roug...

Страница 318: ...h the TNC has already coarse roughed the contour If there was no coarse roughing enter 0 if you enter a value other than zero the TNC will only rough out the portion that could not be machined with th...

Страница 319: ...ng from rough out U Feed rate for plunging Traversing speed of the tool during penetration U Feed rate for milling Q12 Traversing speed for milling Example NC blocks 60 CYCL DEF 23 0 FLOOR FINISHING Q...

Страница 320: ...ral finish milling operations If you enter Q14 0 the remaining finishing allowance will be cleared Example NC blocks 61 CYCL DEF 24 0 SIDE FINISHING Q9 1 DIRECTION OF ROTATION Q10 5 PLUNGING DEPTH Q11...

Страница 321: ...ishing allowance in the working plane U Workpiece surface coordinate Q5 absolute value Absolute coordinate of the workpiece surface referenced to the workpiece datum U Clearance height Q7 absolute val...

Страница 322: ...rate for milling Q12 Traversing speed of the tool in the working plane U Climb or up cut Up cut 1 Q15 Climb milling Input value 1 Up cut milling Input value 1 To enable climb milling and up cut millin...

Страница 323: ...e contour the TNC returns the tool to the setup clearance and returns to the point of penetration 4 Steps 1 to 3 are repeated until the programmed milling depth Q1 is reached 5 Then the tool moves to...

Страница 324: ...value Dimension by which the tool plunges in each infeed U Feed rate for plunging Q11 Traversing speed of the tool in the tool axis U Feed rate for milling Q12 Traversing speed of the tool in the wor...

Страница 325: ...ached 5 Then the tool moves to the setup clearance C Z Machine and control must be specially prepared by the machine tool builder for use of this cycle Before programming note the following The memory...

Страница 326: ...plunges in each infeed U Feed rate for plunging Q11 Traversing speed of the tool in the tool axis U Feed rate for milling Q12 Traversing speed of the tool in the working plane U Cylinder radius Q16 R...

Страница 327: ...oughing tool 5 TOOL CALL 1 Z S2500 Tool call coarse roughing tool 6 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 7 CYCL DEF 14 0 CONTOUR GEOMETRY Define contour subprogram 8 CYCL DEF 14 1 CONTOUR LABEL 1 9 CYCL...

Страница 328: ...fine the fine roughing cycle Q10 5 PLUNGING DEPTH Q11 100 FEED RATE FOR PLUNGING Q12 350 FEED RATE FOR MILLING Q18 1 COARSE ROUGHING TOOL Q19 150 RECIPROCATION FEED RATE 15 CYCL CALL M3 Cycle call Fin...

Страница 329: ...inishing 5 TOOL CALL 1 Z S2500 Call the drilling tool 6 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 7 CYCL DEF 14 0 CONTOUR GEOMETRY Define contour subprogram 8 CYCL DEF 14 1 CONTOUR LABEL 1 2 3 4 9 CYCL DEF 20...

Страница 330: ...E FOR PLUNGING Q12 350 FEED RATE FOR MILLING Q18 0 COARSE ROUGHING TOOL Q19 150 RECIPROCATION FEED RATE 15 CYCL CALL M3 Cycle call Rough out 16 CYCL DEF 23 0 FLOOR FINISHING Cycle definition Floor fin...

Страница 331: ...L 2 Contour subprogram 2 right pocket 27 CC X 65 Y 50 28 L X 90 Y 50 RR 29 C X 90 DR 30 LBL 0 31 LBL 3 Contour subprogram 3 square left island 32 L X 27 Y 50 RL 33 L Y 58 34 L X 43 35 L Y 42 36 L X 27...

Страница 332: ...CL DEF 14 0 CONTOUR GEOMETRY Define contour subprogram 7 CYCL DEF 14 1 CONTOUR LABEL 1 8 CYCL DEF 25 0 CONTOUR TRAIN Define machining parameters Q1 20 MILLING DEPTH Q3 0 ALLOWANCE FOR SIDE Q5 0 WORKPI...

Страница 333: ...DENHAIN TNC 426 TNC 430 307 8 6 SL cycles 11 LBL 1 Contour subprogram 12 L X 0 Y 15 RL 13 L X 5 Y 20 14 CT X 5 Y 75 15 L Y 95 16 RND R7 5 17 L X 50 18 RND R7 5 19 L X 100 Y 80 20 LBL 0 21 END PGM C25...

Страница 334: ...ry table center 5 CYCL DEF 14 0 CONTOUR GEOMETRY Define contour subprogram 6 CYCL DEF 14 1 CONTOUR LABEL 1 7 CYCL DEF 27 0 CYLINDER SURFACE Define machining parameters Q1 7 MILLING DEPTH Q3 0 ALLOWANC...

Страница 335: ...6 SL cycles 11 LBL 1 Contour subprogram 12 L C 40 Z 20 RL Data for the rotary axis are entered in mm Q17 1 13 L C 50 14 RND R7 5 15 L Z 60 16 RND R7 5 17 L IC 20 18 RND R7 5 19 L Z 20 20 RND R7 5 21 L...

Страница 336: ...ted by digitizing or with a CAD CAM system n Flat rectangular surfaces n Flat oblique angled surfaces n Surfaces that are inclined in any way n Twisted surfaces Cycle Soft key 30 RUN DIGITIZED DATA Fo...

Страница 337: ...wish to execute a point table enter also the file type PNT U Min point of range Lowest coordinates X Y and Z coordinates in the range to be milled U Max point of range Highest coordinates X Y and Z c...

Страница 338: ...point from the programmed starting point the program length and the tool radius 4 The TNC offsets the tool to the starting point in the next pass at the stepover feed rate The offset is calculated fro...

Страница 339: ...f cuts Q240 Number of passes to be made over the width U Feed rate for plunging 206 Traversing speed of the tool in mm min when moving from set up clearance to the milling depth U Feed rate for millin...

Страница 340: ...he total movement from point 1 2 to point 3 4 You can program point 1at any corner of the surface to be machined If you are using an end mill for the machining operation you can optimize the surface f...

Страница 341: ...nate of the surface to be multipass milled in the reference axis of the working plane U 2nd point in 2nd axis Q229 absolute value Stopping point coordinate of the surface to be multipass milled in the...

Страница 342: ...tween points 1 and 4 2 and 3 U Feed rate for milling Q207 Traversing speed of the tool in mm min while milling The TNC performs the first step at half the programmed feed rate Example NC blocks 72 CYC...

Страница 343: ...ol 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S3500 Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 6 CYCL DEF 230 MULTIPASS MILLNG Cycle definition MULTIPASS MILLING Q225 0 STARTNG PNT 1ST AXIS Q226 0 STARTNG PNT 2ND AXIS Q227 3...

Страница 344: ...mming Cycles 8 7 Cycles for multipass milling 7 L X 25 Y 0 R0 F MAX M3 Pre position near the starting point 8 CYCL CALL Call the cycle 9 L Z 250 R0 F MAX M2 Retract in the tool axis end program 10 END...

Страница 345: ...ehavior with a new value such as scaling factor 1 0 n Execute a miscellaneous function M02 M30 or an END PGM block depending on machine parameter 7300 n Select a new program n Program miscellaneous fu...

Страница 346: ...n be a datum which has already been shifted Cancellation A datum shift is canceled by entering the datum shift coordinates X 0 Y 0 and Z 0 Graphics If you program a new BLK FORM after a datum shift yo...

Страница 347: ...CYCL DEF 7 0 DATUM SHIFT 78 CYCL DEF 7 1 5 N 0 N 2 N 4 N 1 N 3 N 5 Z X Y Z X Y X Y X Y N 0 N 2 N 1 1 2 1 2 If you are using datum shifts with datum tables then use the SEL TABLE function to activate t...

Страница 348: ...see File Management Fundamentals page 39 U Display the datum tables Press the soft keys SELECT TYPE and SHOW D U Select the desired table or enter a new file name U Edit the file The soft key row com...

Страница 349: ...e axes are active If you wish to exclude an axis set the corresponding soft key to OFF The TNC then deletes that column from the datum table If you do not wish to define a datum table for an active ax...

Страница 350: ...on You can reactivate the last datum set in the Manual mode by entering the miscellaneous function M104 Example NC blocks 13 CYCL DEF 247 DATUM SETTING Q339 4 DATUM NUMBER Z Z X X Y Y The TNC only set...

Страница 351: ...ne axis the machining direction of the tool is reversed except in fixed cycles n If you mirror two axes the machining direction remains the same The result of the mirror image depends on the location...

Страница 352: ...he axis to be mirrored You can mirror all axes including rotary axes except for the spindle axis and its auxiliary axes You can enter up to three axes Reset Program the MIRROR IMAGE cycle once again w...

Страница 353: ...plane X axis n Y Z plane Y axis n Z X plane Z axis U Rotation Enter the rotation angle in degrees Input range 360 to 360 absolute or incremental Cancellation Program the ROTATION cycle once again wit...

Страница 354: ...me depending on machine parameter 7410 n to the dimensions in cycles n to the parallel axes U V W Prerequisite It is advisable to set the datum to an edge or a corner of the contour before enlarging o...

Страница 355: ...t or reduction The coordinate axes are selected with soft keys Cancellation Program the SCALING FACTOR cycle once again with a scaling factor of 1 for the same axis Example NC blocks 25 CALL LBL1 26 C...

Страница 356: ...s If two solutions are possible the TNC will choose the shorter path from the zero position of the rotary axes The axes are always rotated in the same sequence for calculating the tilt of the plane Th...

Страница 357: ...to disable the function Position the axis of rotation If the rotary axes are positioned automatically in Cycle 19 n The TNC can position only controlled axes n In order for the tilted axes to be posit...

Страница 358: ...outputs an error message Positioning in a tilted coordinate system With the miscellaneous function M130 you can move the tool while the coordinate system is tilted to positions that are referenced to...

Страница 359: ...the tool U Retract the tool in the tool axis to a position where there is no danger of collision with the workpiece clamping devices during tilting U If required position the tilt axis or axes with a...

Страница 360: ...olled the angular values entered in the menu must correspond to the actual position s of the tilted axis or axes respectively The TNC will otherwise calculate a wrong datum 5 Set the datum n Manually...

Страница 361: ...Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 6 CYCL DEF 7 0 DATUM SHIFT Shift datum to center 7 CYCL DEF 7 1 X 65 8 CYCL DEF 7 2 Y 65 9 CALL LBL 1 Call milling operation 10 LBL 10 Set label for prog...

Страница 362: ...axis end program 21 LBL 1 Subprogram 1 22 L X 0 Y 0 R0 F MAX Define milling operation 23 L Z 2 R0 F MAX M3 24 L Z 5 R0 F200 25 L X 30 RL 26 L IY 10 27 RND R5 28 L IX 20 29 L IX 10 IY 10 30 RND R5 31...

Страница 363: ...ant to call and if necessary the directory it is located in Call the program with n CYCL CALL separate block or n M99 blockwise or n M89 executed after every positioning block Example NC blocks 89 CYC...

Страница 364: ...by entering M19 or M20 depending on the machine If you program M19 or M20 without having defined Cycle 13 the TNC positions the machine tool spindle to an angle that has been set in a machine paramet...

Страница 365: ...smoothing out The size of this deviation tolerance value is set in a machine parameter by the machine manufacturer You can change the pre set tolerance value with Cycle 32 U Tolerance value Permissib...

Страница 366: ......

Страница 367: ...9 Programming Subprograms and Program Section Repeats...

Страница 368: ...s of subprograms and program section repeats are marked in a part program by labels A label is identified by a number between 1 and 254 Each label can be set only once with LABEL SET in a program LABE...

Страница 369: ...the main program behind the block with M2 or M30 n If subprograms are located before the block with M02 or M30 they will be executed at least once even if they are not called Programming a subprogram...

Страница 370: ...after the last repetition Programming notes n You can repeat a program section up to 65 534 times in succession n The number behind the slash after REP indicates the number of repetitions remaining to...

Страница 371: ...nite loop will result Calling any program as a subprogram U To select the functions for program call press the PGM CALL key U Press the PROGRAM soft key U Enter the complete path name of the program y...

Страница 372: ...urther program sections or subprograms n Maximum nesting depth for subprograms 8 n Maximum nesting depth for calling main programs 4 n You can nest program section repeats as often as desired Subprogr...

Страница 373: ...on repeats Example NC blocks Program execution 1 Main program REPS is executed up to block 27 2 Program section between block 27 and block 20 is repeated twice 3 Main program REPS is executed from blo...

Страница 374: ...ated twice This means that subprogram 2 is repeated twice 4 Main program UPGREP is executed from block 13 to block 19 End of program 0 BEGIN PGM SUBREP MM 10 LBL 1 Beginning of program section repeat...

Страница 375: ...lues n Mill the contour n Repeat downfeed and contour milling 0 BEGIN PGM PGMWDH MM 1 BLK FORM 0 1 Z X 0 Y 0 Z 40 2 BLK FORM 0 2 X 100 Y 100 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 10 Define the tool 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S...

Страница 376: ...R 5 RL F250 Approach contour 11 FC DR R18 CLSD CCX 20 CCY 30 Contour 12 FLT 13 FCT DR R15 CCX 50 CCY 75 14 FLT 15 FCT DR R15 CCX 75 CCY 20 16 FLT 17 FCT DR R18 CLSD CCX 20 CCY 30 18 DEP CT CCA90 R 5 F...

Страница 377: ...BLK FORM 0 1 Z X 0 Y 0 Z 20 2 BLK FORM 0 2 X 100 Y 100 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 2 5 Define the tool 4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S5000 Tool call 5 L Z 250 R0 F MAX Retract the tool 6 CYCL DEF 200 DRILLING Cycle defi...

Страница 378: ...1 Call the subprogram for the group 11 L X 75 Y 10 R0 F MAX Move to starting point for group 3 12 CALL LBL 1 Call the subprogram for the group 13 L Z 250 R0 F MAX M2 End of main program 14 LBL 1 Begi...

Страница 379: ...ORM 0 2 X 100 Y 100 Z 0 3 TOOL DEF 1 L 0 R 4 Define tool center drill 4 TOOL DEF 2 L 0 R 3 Define tool drill 5 TOOL DEF 3 L 0 R 3 5 Define tool reamer 6 TOOL CALL 1 Z S5000 Call tool center drill 7 L...

Страница 380: ...RANCE 18 CALL LBL 1 Call subprogram 1 for the entire hole pattern 19 L Z 250 R0 F MAX M2 End of main program 20 LBL 1 Beginning of subprogram 1 Entire hole pattern 21 L X 15 Y 10 R0 F MAX M3 Move to s...

Страница 381: ...10 Programming Q Parameters...

Страница 382: ...three ranges Programming notes You can mix Q parameters and fixed numerical values within a program Q parameters can be assigned numerical values between 99 999 9999 and 99 999 9999 Internally the TN...

Страница 383: ...press the Q key in the keypad for numerical input below the key The TNC then displays the following soft keys Function group Soft key Basic arithmetic assign add subtract multiply divide square root...

Страница 384: ...instead of fixed numerical values Example NC blocks You need write only one program for a whole family of parts entering the characteristic dimensions as Q parameters To program a particular part you...

Страница 385: ...the following n Two numbers n Two Q parameters n A number and a Q parameter The Q parameters and numerical values in the equations can be entered with positive or negative signs Function Soft key FN0...

Страница 386: ...of the Q parameter 5 Assign the value 10 to Q5 To select Q parameter functions press the Q key To select the mathematical functions Press the BASIC ARITHMETIC soft key To select the Q parameter funct...

Страница 387: ...he trigonometric functions of the angle a are defined by the following equations where n c is the side opposite the right angle n a is the side opposite the angle a n b is the third side The TNC can f...

Страница 388: ...ns Function Soft key FN6 SINE Example FN6 Q20 SIN Q5 Calculate the sine of an angle in degrees and assign it to a parameter FN7 COSINE Example FN7 Q21 COS Q5 Calculate the cosine of an angle in degree...

Страница 389: ...le center of the reference axis X with spindle axis Z in Parameter Q20 the circle center of the minor axis Y with spindle axis Z in Parameter Q21 and the circle radius in Parameter Q22 The coordinate...

Страница 390: ...jump is programmed by entering a conditional jump whose condition is always true Example FN9 IF 10 EQU 10 GOTO LBL1 Programming If Then decisions Press the JUMP soft key to call the if then conditions...

Страница 391: ...HEIDENHAIN TNC 426 TNC 430 365 10 6 If Then Decisions with Q Parameters Abbreviations used IF If EQU Equals NE Not equal GT Greater than LT Less than GOTO Go to...

Страница 392: ...ing the machine STOP button and the INTERNAL STOP soft key If you are doing a test run interrupt it U To call the Q parameter functions press the Q key U Enter the Q parameter number and press the ENT...

Страница 393: ...R Output error messages FN15 PRINT Unformatted output of texts or Q parameter values FN16 PRINT Formatted output of texts or Q parameter values FN18 SYS DATUM READ Read system data FN19 PLC Transfer v...

Страница 394: ...1013 Entered angle not permitted 1014 Touch point inaccessible 1015 Too many points 1016 Contradictory entry 1017 CYCL incomplete 1018 Plane wrongly defined 1019 Wrong axis programmed 1020 Wrong RPM 1...

Страница 395: ...tud too small scrap axis 2 1056 Stud too large rework axis 1 1057 Stud too large rework axis 2 1058 TCHPROBE 425 length exceeds max 1059 TCHPROBE 425 length below min 1060 TCHPROBE 426 length exceeds...

Страница 396: ...ssages with FN 15 PRINT numerical value Example Output of dialog text 20 Outputting dialog texts and Q parameters with FN15 PRINT Q parameter Application example Recording workpiece measurement You ca...

Страница 397: ...t format and Q parameters you want to output Example of a text file to define the output format TEST RECORD IMPELLER CENTER OF GRAVITY NO OF MEASURED VALUES 1 X1 5 3LF Q31 Y1 5 3LF Q32 Z1 5 3LF Q33 Wh...

Страница 398: ...age L_SPANISH Output text only for Spanish conversational language L_SWEDISH Output text only for Swedish conversational language L_DANISH Output text only for Danish conversational language L_FINNISH...

Страница 399: ...TNC MASKE MASKE1 A RS232 PROT1 TXT If you use FN 16 several times in the program the TNC saves all texts in the file that you have defined with the first FN 16 function The file is not output until th...

Страница 400: ...fixed cycle 11 Direction of rotation for active fixed cycle 12 Dwell time for active fixed cycle 13 Thread pitch for Cycles 17 18 14 Milling allowance for active fixed cycle 15 Direction angle for ro...

Страница 401: ...ta from the tool table 51 1 Pocket number Tool number 2 Pocket number Special tool 0 no 1 yes 3 Pocket number Fixed pocket 0 no 1 yes 4 Pocket number Locket pocket 0 no 1 yes 5 Pocket number PLC statu...

Страница 402: ...tive scaling factor in Z axis 4 7 Active scaling factor in U axis 4 8 Active scaling factor in V axis 4 9 Active scaling factor in W axis 5 1 3D ROT A axis 5 2 3D ROT B axis 5 3 3D ROT C axis 6 Tilted...

Страница 403: ...C axis 7 U axis 8 V axis 9 W axis Status of M128 280 1 0 M128 inactive 1 M128 active 2 Feed rate that was programmed with M128 Triggering touch probe 350 10 Touch probe axis 11 Effective ball radius 1...

Страница 404: ...touch point in TCH PROBE cycle 0 or last touch point from manual operating mode 360 1 1 to 9 Position in the active coordinate system in axes 1 to 9 2 1 to 9 Position in the REF system in axes 1 to 9...

Страница 405: ...n synchronize the NC and PLC with each other during a program run The NC stops machining until the condition that you have programmed in the FN 20 block is fulfilled With FN10 the TNC can check the fo...

Страница 406: ...select the additional functions press the DIVERSE FUNCTIONS soft key U Select FN25 Switch the soft key row to the second level press the FN25 DATUM SET soft key U Axis Enter the axis where you wish t...

Страница 407: ...names must be written between quotation marks and separated by a comma You define the values that the TNC is to write to the respective column with Q parameters Example You wish to write to the colum...

Страница 408: ...d separated by a comma In the FN 28 block you can define the Q parameter number in which the TNC is to write the value that is first read Example You wish to read the values of the columns Radius Dept...

Страница 409: ...Subtraction Example Q25 Q7 Q108 Multiplication Example Q12 5 Q5 Division Example Q25 Q1 Q2 Opening parenthesis Example Q12 Q1 Q2 Q3 Closing parenthesis Example Q12 Q1 Q2 Q3 Square of a value Example Q...

Страница 410: ...f the opposite to the adjacent side Example Q12 ATAN Q50 Powers of values Example Q15 3 3 Constant pi 3 14159 Example Q15 PI Natural logarithm LN of a number Base 2 7183 Example Q15 LN Q11 Logarithm o...

Страница 411: ...side Q12 and adjacent side Q13 then store in Q25 To select the formula entering function press the Q key and FORMULA soft key Enter the parameter number Shift the soft key row and select the arc tang...

Страница 412: ...he active value of the tool radius is assigned to Q108 Q108 is calculated from n Tool radius R Tool table or TOOL DEF block n Delta value DR from the tool table n Delta value DR from the TOOL CALL blo...

Страница 413: ...n The parameters Q115 to Q119 contain the coordinates of the spindle position at the moment of contact during programmed measurement with the 3 D touch probe The coordinates are referenced to the datu...

Страница 414: ...th the TT 130 Tilting the working plane with mathematical angles Rotary axis coordinates calculated by the TNC IVth axis dependent on MP100 Q118 Vth axis dependent on MP100 Q119 Coordinate axis Parame...

Страница 415: ...pocket Q155 Length in the axis selected in the cycle Q156 Position of the center line Q157 Angle of the A axis Q158 Angle of the B axis Q159 Coordinate of the axis selected in the cycle Q160 Measured...

Страница 416: ...red deviation with cycle 440 Parameter value X axis Q185 Y axis Q186 Z axis Q187 Reserved for internal use Parameter value Markers for cycles point patterns Q197 Status during tool measurement with TT...

Страница 417: ...1 FN 0 Q1 50 Center in X axis 2 FN 0 Q2 50 Center in Y axis 3 FN 0 Q3 50 Semiaxis in X 4 FN 0 Q4 30 Semiaxis in Y 5 FN 0 Q5 0 Starting angle in the plane 6 FN 0 Q6 360 End angle in the plane 7 FN 0 Q7...

Страница 418: ...L X Q21 Y Q22 R0 F MAX M3 Move to starting point in the plane 32 L Z Q12 R0 F MAX Pre position in tool axis to setup clearance 33 L Z Q9 R0 FQ10 Move to working depth 34 LBL 1 35 Q36 Q36 Q35 Update th...

Страница 419: ...tion starting angle end angle n The tool radius is compensated automatically 0 BEGIN PGM CYLIN MM 1 FN 0 Q1 50 Center in X axis 2 FN 0 Q2 0 Center in Y axis 3 FN 0 Q3 0 Center in Z axis 4 FN 0 Q4 90 S...

Страница 420: ...L Z 5 R0 F1000 M3 Pre position in the tool axis 35 LBL 1 36 CC Z 0 X 0 Set pole in the Z X plane 37 LP PR Q16 PA Q24 FQ11 Move to starting position on cylinder plunge cutting obliquely into 38 L Y Q7...

Страница 421: ...2 FN 0 Q2 50 Center in Y axis 3 FN 0 Q4 90 Starting angle in space Z X plane 4 FN 0 Q5 0 End angle in space Z X plane 5 FN 0 Q14 5 Angle increment in space 6 FN 0 Q6 45 Radius of the sphere 7 FN 0 Q8...

Страница 422: ...6 Q108 Compensate sphere radius for pre positioning 27 FN 0 Q28 Q8 Copy rotational position in the plane 28 FN 1 Q16 Q6 Q10 Account for allowance in the sphere radius 29 CYCL DEF 7 0 DATUM SHIFT Shift...

Страница 423: ...is 46 L X Q26 R0 F MAX Pre position for next arc 47 FN 1 Q28 Q28 Q18 Update rotational position in the plane 48 FN 0 Q24 Q4 Reset solid angle 49 CYCL DEF 10 0 DREHUNG Activate new rotational position...

Страница 424: ......

Страница 425: ...11 Test run and Program Run...

Страница 426: ...m has no valid blank form definition n no program is selected With machine parameters 7315 to 7317 you can have the TNC display a graphic even if no tool axis is defined or moved Overview of display m...

Страница 427: ...part is displayed with a plan view and two sectional planes A symbol to the lower left indicates whether the display is in first angle or third angle projection according to ISO 6433 selected with MP...

Страница 428: ...Press the soft key for 3 D view To rotate the 3 D view Shift the soft key row until the following soft keys appear Switch the frame overlay display for the workpiece blank on off U Show the frame ove...

Страница 429: ...tion During detail magnification the TNC displays the coordinates of the axis that is currently being isolated The coordinates describe the area determined for magnification To the left of the slash i...

Страница 430: ...endent interruptions such as tool change To activate the stopwatch function Shift the soft key rows until the TNC displays the following soft keys with the stopwatch functions Function Soft key Restor...

Страница 431: ...In the program run modes of operation as well as in the Test Run mode the TNC provides the following soft keys for displaying a part program in pages Function Soft key Go back in the program by one s...

Страница 432: ...ing a program test If the central tool file is active a tool table must be active status S to run a program test Select a tool table via the file manager PGM MGT in the Test Run mode of operation With...

Страница 433: ...t N Enter the block number at which you wish the test to stop U Program Enter the name of the program that contains the block with the selected block number The TNC displays the name of the selected p...

Страница 434: ...n Functions for graphic simulation n Additional status display Running a part program Preparation 1 Clamp the workpiece to the machine table 2 Set the datum 3 Select the necessary tables and pallet fi...

Страница 435: ...llaneous function M6 determined by the machine tool builder To interrupt machining with the machine STOP button U Press the machine STOP button The block which the TNC is currently executing is not co...

Страница 436: ...f you interrupt program run while the working plane is tilted you can change from a tilted to a non tilted coordinate system and vice versa by pressing the 3 D ON OFF soft key The functions of the axi...

Страница 437: ...ing the machine START button if the program was interrupted in one of the following ways n The machine STOP button was pressed n A programmed interruption Resuming program run after an error If the er...

Страница 438: ...is interrupted Press the machine START button to continue the block scan After a block scan return the tool to the calculated position with RESTORE POSITION If you are working with nested programs yo...

Страница 439: ...POSITION function the TNC returns to the workpiece contour in the following situations n Return to the contour after the machine axes were moved during a program interruption that was not performed wi...

Страница 440: ...ntly active in this operating mode is to be started U Show the window for entering the starting time see figure at center right U Time h min sec Time of day at which the program is to be started U Dat...

Страница 441: ...blocks that begin with a slash U To run or test the program without the blocks preceded by a slash set the soft key to ON U To run or test the program with the blocks preceded by a slash set the soft...

Страница 442: ...ptionally interrupts the program or test run at blocks containing M01 If you use M01 in the Program Run mode the TNC does not switch off the spindle or coolant U Do not interrupt program run or test r...

Страница 443: ...12 MOD Functions...

Страница 444: ...ical value directly e g when determining traverse range limit n Change a setting by pressing the ENT key e g when setting program input n Change a setting via a selection window If there are more than...

Страница 445: ...rovided n Displaying HELP files if provided In all other modes n Display software numbers n Display code digits for installed options n Select position display n Unit of measurement mm inches n Progra...

Страница 446: ...rs of the NC PLC and the SETUP floppy disks appear in the TNC screen after the MOD functions have been selected Directly below them are the code numbers for the installed options OPT No option OPT 000...

Страница 447: ...e Number 12 3 Code Number Function The TNC requires a code number for the following functions Function Code number Select user parameters 123 Configuring an Ethernet card NET123 Enabling special funct...

Страница 448: ...t of the screen Setting the OPERATING MODE of the external device Setting the BAUD RATE You can set the BAUD RATE data transfer speed from 110 to 115 200 baud The functions Transfer all files Transfer...

Страница 449: ...T and PRINT TEST as follows File names TNC mode of operation Transfer function Program Run Single Block PRINT Program Run Full Sequence PRINT Test run PRINT TEST Function Path Output data via RS 232 R...

Страница 450: ...NT 4 0 n 16 MB working memory n 5 MB free memory space on your hard disk n One free serial interface or connection to the TCP IP network on TNCs with Ethernet card Installation under Windows U Start...

Страница 451: ...nsfer a file from the PC to the TNC select the file in the PC window highlighted with a mouse click and activate the functions File Transfer If you want to control data transfer from the TNC establish...

Страница 452: ...a file from the PC to the TNC select the file in the PC window with a mouse click and drag and drop the highlighted file into the PC window 2 If you want to control data transfer from the TNC establis...

Страница 453: ...N recommends the network software CimcoNFS for HEIDENHAIN which you can order separately or together with the Ethernet card for the TNC Installing an Ethernet card Connection possibilities You can con...

Страница 454: ...four decimal numbers separated by points Ask your network manager for the number of your subnet mask e g 255 255 0 0 ROUTER Internet address of your default router Enter the Internet address only if y...

Страница 455: ...IMEOUT of 700 milliseconds Use higher values only if the TNC must communicate with the server through several routers Ask your network manager for the proper timeout setting HM Definition of whether t...

Страница 456: ...see figure at upper right Enter a binary coded value Example 111101000 0 Access not permitted 1 Access permitted AM Definition of whether the TNC upon switch on should automatically connect with the...

Страница 457: ...UBNETMASK OR HOST ID NOT VALID You used an invalid Internet address for the TNC or you entered an incorrect SUBNET MASK or you set all of the HostID bits to 0 1 IP4 E SUBNETMASK OR SUBNET ID NOT VALID...

Страница 458: ...you entered in DEFINE NET HOST is too long NFS2 Device name E CAN NOT OPEN PORT The TNC cannot open the port required to establish the network connection NFS2 Device name E ERROR FROM PORTMAPPER The T...

Страница 459: ...nt with additional functions and directory display Changing the setting U Select the file manager in the Programming and Editing mode of operation press the PGM MGT key U Select the MOD function Press...

Страница 460: ...ers 12 7 Machine Specific User Parameters Function To enable you to set machine specific functions your machine tool builder can define up to 16 machine parameters as user parameters This function is...

Страница 461: ...represents the blank form The TNC takes its dimensions from the workpiece blank definition in the selected program The workpiece cuboid defines the coordinate system for input Its datum lies within th...

Страница 462: ...referenced to the displayed workpiece blank Show the machine datum in the working space Show a position determined by the machine tool builder e g tool change position in the working space Show the w...

Страница 463: ...ou can select the position display in the status display With Position display 2 you can select the position display in the additional status display Function Display Nominal position the value presen...

Страница 464: ...select the metric system e g X 15 789 mm set the Change mm inches function to mm The value is displayed to 3 decimal places n To select the inch system e g X 0 6216 inch set the Change mm inches funct...

Страница 465: ...Function The Program input mod function lets you decide whether to program the MDI file in HEIDENHAIN conversational dialog or in ISO format n To program the MDI H file in conversational dialog set t...

Страница 466: ...ansferred to an L block To generate a separate L block press the ACTUAL POSITION CAPTURE soft key The axes are selected by bit oriented definition similar to programming the machine parameters Axis se...

Страница 467: ...nal traverse limits To allow a machine axis to use its full range of traverse enter the maximum traverse of the TNC 99999 mm as the TRAVERSE RANGE To find and enter the maximum traverse U Set the Posi...

Страница 468: ...cellaneous functions may also be explained in a help file The figure at right shows the screen display of a help file Selecting HELP files U Select the MOD function Press the MOD key U To select the l...

Страница 469: ...erating time displays The machine tool builder can provide further operating time displays The machine tool manual provides further information Operating time Meaning Control ON Operating time of the...

Страница 470: ...the transfer rate that can currently be achieved is not sufficient due to the high degree of utilization of the networks Calling Exiting Teleservice U Select any machine mode of operation U To select...

Страница 471: ...key to ON The TNC will then permit data access through the LSV 2 interface The password is requested when a directory that was entered in the configuration file TNC SYS is accessed U Block connection...

Страница 472: ......

Страница 473: ...13 Tables and Overviews...

Страница 474: ...binary numbers Enter a percent sign before the number n Hexadecimal numbers Enter a dollar sign before the number Example Instead of the decimal number 27 you can also enter the binary number 11011 or...

Страница 475: ...e the following setting to adjust the TNC interface EXT2 MP 5020 1 to an external non HEIDENHAIN device 8 data bits any BCC transmission stop through DC3 even character parity character parity desired...

Страница 476: ...easurement for programmable probe function MP6170 1 to 3 Confidence range for multiple measurement MP6171 0 001 to 0 999 mm Automatic calibration cycle Center of the calibration ring in the X axis ref...

Страница 477: ...o a preset characteristic curve The minimum input value is 10 of the programmed digitizing feed rate MP6362 Feed rate reduction not active 0 Feed rate reduction active 1 Radial acceleration during dig...

Страница 478: ...n with MP6570 MP6510 0 001 to 0 999 mm recommended input value 0 005 mm Feed rate for probing a stationary tool with the TT 130 MP6520 1 to 3 000 mm min Radius measurement with the TT 130 Distance fro...

Страница 479: ...active PLC 1 TNC as programming station with inactive PLC 2 Acknowledgment of POWER INTERRUPTED after switch on MP7212 Acknowledge with key 0 Acknowledge automatically 1 ISO programming Set the block...

Страница 480: ...s per pallet table 1 to 255 Configure datum files MP7226 1 Datum table inactive 0 Number of datums per datum table 1 to 255 Program length for program check MP7229 0 Blocks 100 to 9 999 Program length...

Страница 481: ...soft key in the tool table 0 Do not show the POCKET TABLE soft key in the tool table 1 Configure tool table To omit from the table enter 0 Column number in the tool table for MP7266 0 Tool name NAME 0...

Страница 482: ...olerance for break detection in tool radius RBREAK 0 to 31 column width 6 characters MP7266 22 Tooth length Cycle 22 LCUTS 0 to 31 column width 11 characters MP7266 23 Maximum plunge angle Cycle 22 AN...

Страница 483: ...ool axis MP7285 Display is referenced to the tool datum 0 Display in the tool axis is referenced to the tool face 1 Display step for the spindle position MP7289 0 1 0 0 05 1 0 01 2 0 005 3 0 001 4 0 0...

Страница 484: ...Projection in three planes according to ISO 6433 projection method 2 1 Do not rotate coordinate for graphic display 0 Rotate coordinate system for graphic display by 90 2 Display new BLK FORM in Cycle...

Страница 485: ...ess 0 Mill channel and rough out for each infeed depth before continuing to the next depth 8 The following note applies to the Cycles 6 15 16 21 22 23 and 24 At the end of the cycle move the tool to t...

Страница 486: ...o 99 999 mm min Datums from a datum table are referenced to the MP7475 Workpiece datum 0 Machine datum 1 Running pallet tables MP7683 Program Run Single Block Run one line of the active NC program at...

Страница 487: ...in Layout and Connecting Cable for the Data Interfaces RS 232 C V 24 Interface HEIDEHAIN devices External device HEIDENHAIN standard cable 3 m RS 422 Adapter block HEIDENHAIN connecting cable max 17 m...

Страница 488: ...Non HEIDENHAIN devices The connector pin layout of a non HEIDENHAIN device may differ considerably from that on a HEIDENHAIN device This often depends on the unit and type of data transfer The figure...

Страница 489: ...the Data Interfaces RS 422 V 11 Interface Only non HEIDENHAIN devices are connected to the RS 422 interface The pin layouts on the TNC logic unit X22 and on the adapter block are identical External de...

Страница 490: ...Maximum cable length Unshielded 100 m Shielded 400 m Ethernet interface BNC socket option Maximum cable length 180 m Pin Signal Description 1 TX Transmit Data 2 TX Transmit Data 3 REC Receive Data 4 V...

Страница 491: ...r contour elements n Straight lines up to 5 axes Export versions TNC 426 CF TNC 426 PF TNC 430 CE TNC 430 PE 4 axes n Circles up to 3 axes with tilted working plane n Helices 3 axes Look ahead n Defin...

Страница 492: ...not dimensioned for conventional NC programming Three dimensional tool radius compensation For changing tool data without having to recalculate the program Program jumps n Subprogram n Program sectio...

Страница 493: ...an integer INT n Forming an absolute number ABS n Truncating values before the decimal point FRAC n Functions for calculating circles n Logical comparisons greater than less than equal to not equal to...

Страница 494: ...s 99 9999 to 99 9999 2 4 mm Angle of spindle orientation 0 to 360 0000 3 4 Angle for polar coordinates rotation tilting the working plane 360 0000 to 360 0000 3 4 Polar coordinate angle for helical in...

Страница 495: ...buffer batteries are located next to the power supply unit 2 Open the battery compartment With a screwdriver open the cover by turning it counterclockwise by 90 3 Exchange the batteries and take care...

Страница 496: ......

Страница 497: ...g program run 380 Without a 3 D touch probe 22 Datum shift With datum tables 321 Within the program 320 Define the blank 64 Depart contour 133 Dialog 66 Directory 49 53 Copying 55 Creating 53 Deleting...

Страница 498: ...191 For spindle and coolant 177 Miscellaneous functions MOD Function MOD functions Exiting 418 Overview 418 Select 418 Modes of Operation 6 Moving the machine axes 18 in increments 20 with the electro...

Страница 499: ...e M126 191 Rotation 327 Rough out See SL cycles Rough out Ruled surface 314 Run digitized data 311 S Scaling factor 328 Screen layout 4 Select the unit of measure 64 Setting the BAUD rate 422 Setting...

Страница 500: ...functions 104 Editing exiting 103 Input possibilities 101 Tool type selecting 103 Touch probe monitoring 189 Traverse reference points 16 Trigonometric functions 361 Trigonometry 361 U Universal dril...

Страница 501: ...chine parameter n n page 204 M90 Only in lag mode Constant contouring speed at corners n page 181 M91 Within the positioning block Coordinates are referenced to machine datum n page 178 M92 Within the...

Страница 502: ...tilted working plane n page 180 M134 M135 Exact stop at nontangential contour transitions when positioning with rotary axes Reset M134 n n page 196 M136 M137 Feed rate F in millimeters per spindle rev...

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