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DMC490 Microgrid Controller Software Configuration Guide

Figure 10 Data flow for a system with dispatchables, renewables, and storage

Model Predictive Control

Model predictive control (MPC) is used for optimal dispatch in the microgrid. In this method, a model of the

process to be controlled is used to evaluate the behavior of process outputs in response to control inputs. The

model response is evaluated for a finite period extending into the future, known as a prediction horizon. The

outputs are optimized over this period in order to arrive at the ideal values of outputs to be applied at the

current time.

Figure 11 Model predictive control

Applied to the dispatch challenge, inputs represent internal physical states of the process such as

offline/online, availability, isochronous operation, storage state of charge, and metered power of the devices.

Generators and storage devices are modeled by their power ratings and efficiency curves. Forecasts model the

loading of the power system, the contribution of renewable sources, and the price of grid power (if one exists).

Finally, outputs take the form of start/stop commands and power reference commands applied to generators

and storage devices.
Generation must match load in a stable power system. Dispatchable generation including the storage equals

the total load minus the total power supplied by renewable sources. These resources are assumed to have

local controllers that are designed to maximize the use of available renewable energy.
The problem to be solved by the MGC is a multi-interval optimization problem. As shown in Figure 12, an

assumed prediction horizon of 24 hours is divided into multiple time steps/intervals, such as 120 twelve-minute

or 240 six-minute time intervals.

DMC490

Microgrid Controller

System

Loads

Renewable

generators

Power generated

Online status

Availability

Power consumed

Online status

Dispatchable

generators

Power generated

Online status

Availability

Storage

devices

Start/stop

Input preferences

Output preferences

Power generated

Power consumed

State of charge

Online status

Availability

Setup tool

Operational

parameters (settings)

Start/stop

Isochronous/droop

Output preferences

Содержание DMC490

Страница 1: ...GE Grid Solutions DMC490TM Microgrid Controller Software Configuration Guide SWM0091 Version 1 00 Revision 3 GE Information ...

Страница 2: ...mark Notices GE and are trademarks and service marks of General Electric Company Trademarks of General Electric Company Cisco is a registered trademark of Cisco Corporation Hyperterminal is a registered trademark of Hilgraeve Incorporated IEC is a registered trademark of Commission Electrotechnique Internationale IEEE and POSIX are registered trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electroni...

Страница 3: ... Guide SWM0066 V5 2 D400 V5 20 online Help includes D400 configuration tool online Help How to Use this Guide For most operational features refer to the documents listed above For information specific to the Microgrid Controller MGC feature see the details provided in this manual SWM0091 The DMC490 employs sophisticated applications that contain many advanced features and capabilities To successfu...

Страница 4: ...to the user May also include angle brackets around the placeholder if the placeholder is already in italic text For example c product product def References to a setting or field value shown The software related procedures in this guide are based on using a computer running Windows XP Some steps and dialog boxes may vary slightly if you are using another version of Windows Safety words and definit...

Страница 5: ...pport Web site go to http sc ge com SASTechSupport Contact Technical Support The GE Grid Solutions Technical Support is open 24 hours a day seven days a week for you to talk directly to a GE representative In the U S and Canada call toll free 1 800 547 8629 International customers please call 1 905 927 7070 or email to multilin tech ge com Have the following information ready to give to Technical ...

Страница 6: ......

Страница 7: ...iguration Overview 18 Configure Electrical Assets 20 Configure Thermal Assets 34 Configure System Settings 40 Health Status and Monitoring 45 Chapter 3 Forecasts 46 Chapter 4 Common Forecast Settings 46 Forecasts for Renewables 47 Forecasts for Electrical Load 47 Forecasts for Grid Buy Price 48 Forecasts for Grid Sell Price 48 Forecasts for Heat Load 48 Forecast Value Update Procedure 48 ...

Страница 8: ... such as diesel generators Combined heat and power CHP generation or cogeneration Heating elements such as boilers Storage specifically hydrogen based and batteries Utility grid connections The block diagram of Figure 1 shows the microgrid approach When the resources include Modbus server functionality the UR controllers are unnecessary For example when a wind turbine is added to the microgrid and...

Страница 9: ... available when needed renewable sources can be better utilized when there is storage in the microgrid such as an electrolyzer fuel cell system or conventional battery storage Figure 2 shows a typical Microgrid where DG represents a Diesel Generator Figure 2 Typical microgrid Islanded Power System Operation Within any power system the generated power must match the demand The loading in the system...

Страница 10: ...Figure 4 Figure 4 Isochronous control Assume that electrical and mechanical power are initially equal and speed is equal to the reference speed When the loading of the system increases then Pe becomes greater than Pm As seen in the previous equation the machine speed drops The governor takes a measurement of machine speed and compares it with a reference speed nominal speed The difference is an er...

Страница 11: ...in isochronous mode and the remaining generators are operated in droop control resulting with the machine receiving an additional power signal that it compares to a power reference Figure 6 Droop control used for two or more sources of power At nominal frequency the level of power output is determined by the power reference command because the speed error signal is zero When there is a drop in fre...

Страница 12: ... in non isochronous mode can pick any value between its lower and upper bounds however for an isochronous dispatchable genset lower and upper bounds of generating power need to be changed in the optimization problem solved by the MGC so that the reserve margins are respected These concepts are demonstrated in Figure 8 and Figure 9 where the highlighted regions specify the intervals that the genera...

Страница 13: ...rid plus the power generated internally must equal the total load and the power exported to the grid at any instant of time The algorithm does not treat loads as dispatchable except to avoid situations of grid instability associated with imbalance between supply and demand In other words the microgrid always supplies enough power to satisfy its loads provided that this is physically possible given...

Страница 14: ...ystem the contribution of renewable sources and the price of grid power if one exists Finally outputs take the form of start stop commands and power reference commands applied to generators and storage devices Generation must match load in a stable power system Dispatchable generation including the storage equals the total load minus the total power supplied by renewable sources These resources ar...

Страница 15: ...d and any grid Minimum maximum and initial values of storage devices state of charge Limits on storage input and output powers The energy balance equation of storage devices representing the storage state of charge in each time step based on its value in the previous time step as well as charging and discharging powers with the consideration of the related efficiencies and standby losses When the ...

Страница 16: ...icrogrid Controller Setup The Microgrid Controller is set up for microgrid operation and control from the DMC490 HMI To connect and configure a microgrid perform the following tasks 1 Set up communication between Assets controller or Asset of the Microgrid to the DMC490 using Data Collection Application see Chapter 17 Configure IED Device Blocks Clients of the SWM0066 D400 Software Configuration G...

Страница 17: ...enerator is on and the user activates Legacy Off mode the diesel generator continues to operate The Analog Value code for this mode is 0 Auto On In this mode Optimization occurs and the optimal solution is communicated to the resources and assets The analog value code for this mode is 1 Advisory On In this mode Optimization occurs but the optimal solution is not communicated to the resources and a...

Страница 18: ...To view the time remaining until the next cycle of Optimization is executed 1 Navigate to the MGC application Point details page on the HMI Point Summary Applications Microgrid Controller Analog Input 2 From the Analog Output access pseudo point MGC Change Current state 3 See the status for the Time to Next Advice point Configuration Overview Microgrid Assets To configure and map microgrid assets ...

Страница 19: ...s that is Renewable assets Dispatchable Assets and Thermal CHP Assets 10 Configure forecast settings for optimization 11 Map the Electrical Assets and Thermal Assets status points to the Datalogger click Data Logger powerbar button so that you can analyze decisions made by the Optimizer over the logging period 12 Repeat steps 1 to 11 for each microgrid asset System Settings To configure microgrid ...

Страница 20: ...ed Rated Power kW Specify the maximum power generation capacity in kW depending on the availability of the renewable resource 0 to 1 000 000 kW 250 kW Operating Cost kWh Specify the operating cost of the equipment in dollars per kWh Include operations maintenance and any fuel costs The cost is in dollars for other currencies simply enter that value and be consistent in all fields involving the cur...

Страница 21: ... set by zero values Status Points The following field mappings apply to the status control and read only inputs that are to be mapped to the Microgrid controller Renewable Asset configuration page Online This field indicates if the renewable resource is online or offline Isoc Mode This field indicates if the resource is in droop or isochronous mode Net Meter Power This field indicates the power ge...

Страница 22: ...can be found in the related handbooks or the Internet 0 to 1 000 kWh kg 0 55 kWh kg Start Cost Specify the cost to power up the resource Include the costs that you think are important based on your experience with the microgrid The cost is in dollars for other currencies simply enter that value and be consistent in all fields involving the currency 0 to 1 000 000 10 Stop Cost Specify the cost to p...

Страница 23: ...sochronous 4 Grid in isochronous Assume in a particular microgrid one big hydro generator such as a run of the rive hydro unit with a reservoir can operate in isochronous mode This corresponds to Operation Mode 2 however any of the four operation modes can be assigned to a single hydro unit in isochronous If the operator follows the suggested operation mode assignment that is Operation Mode 2 is h...

Страница 24: ...e optimizer the modes are usually the same Power Ref This field refers to the power reference points of dispatchable generators in kW Their values are computed by the MGC dispatch algorithm Operation mode This is an Analog output which refers to the current microgrid operation mode of the asset as explained in section System Settings on page 19 see the Active Mode setting Watchdog This is a Digita...

Страница 25: ...Power kW Charging power for a storage device cannot be below a certain level so Specify the minimum input charging power of the storage unit This power level is related to the technology and specifications of the storage device itself and it does not depend on other dispatchable or renewable devices in the system For hydrogen storage which is interpreted as the combination of electrolyzer high pre...

Страница 26: ...storage stop start or to change some input readings such as SOC This also requires defining some small regions around State Of Charge Maximum and State Of Charge Minimum Thus two regions below State Of Charge Maximum and two regions on either side of State Of Charge Minimum are defined as shown in the following figure If SOC is located in region E no action is required however if SOC is within any...

Страница 27: ...mply enter that value and be consistent in all fields involving the currency 0 to 1 000 kWh 5 kWh Charging Incentive kWh This setting is the financial incentive to charge storage in dollars per kWh In some jurisdictions utilities are required to store a percent of energy and incentives can be available for such a program The incentive can be used to set this parameter for grid connected microgrid ...

Страница 28: ...steresis is On a set of appropriate parameters is in place to prevent excessive switching and cycling Support for hysteresis is required for storage input to overcome high frequency on off cycling of the electrolyzer because it lowers performance and decreases the life of the device The hysteresis mostly targets the electrolyzer hydrogen based storage but it is available for all storage devices On...

Страница 29: ...ed by their local controllers they have mathematical functions that calculate the maximum power depending on the value of SOC these values are published so that an external device like the DMC490 can read them Given this the DMC490 has two related settings for storage devices Charging Limit Feedback and Discharging Limit Feedback For example when the Charging Limit Feedback is Yes it means that th...

Страница 30: ... this case the value read by the DMC490 is replaced with the maximum value already set by the user In other words setting value for maximum charging power is overwritten based on the value provided by the storage local controller and read by the DMC490 When the Charging Limit Feedback is set to No then the value read by the DMC490 is disregarded False True False Used by Unit Commitment1 Select yes...

Страница 31: ...e fuel cell An online storage resource is not necessarily an available storage resource Net Meter Power In This is the net metered input power in kW It indicates the input charging power value read from the storage device For hydrogen storage which is interpreted as the combination of electrolyzer high pressure storage cylinders and fuel cell Net Meter Power In represents the measured value of the...

Страница 32: ...t to use Point Settings Setting Description Range Default Asset ID Unique asset ID assigned by the DMC490 MGC Name Specify the name of the asset 4 to 20 characters Load Asset_ Enabled Specify if the asset is to be included in the microgrid optimization calculations Disabled Enabled Enabled Status Points The following field mappings apply to the status control and read only inputs that are to be ma...

Страница 33: ... Disabled Disabled Enabled Enabled Export Enabled Specify if exporting from the microgrid to the grid is enabled This setting takes the grid contribution into the microgrid optimization calculations but only export power to the grid is allowed If both Import Enabled and Export Enabled are set to Enabled optimization calculations decide whether import power from the grid or export power to the grid...

Страница 34: ...ine can also translate to having grid connection Net Meter Power This field indicates the import export power value in kW Importing This field indicates whether the grid is importing or exporting power Operation mode This is an Analog output which refers to the current microgrid operation mode of the asset as described in section System Settings on page 19 see the Active Mode setting Watchdog This...

Страница 35: ...s for different fuel sources can be found in the related handbooks or the Internet 0 to 1 000 kWh kg 4 2 kWh kg Gas to Electric Ratio Specify the gas to electricity conversion ratio of the co generator For example a ratio of 0 35 means that 35 of the energy content of natural gas is converted to electricity and the remainder is in the form of heat that cannot be recovered completely For example if...

Страница 36: ... can be assigned to a single co generator in isochronous If the operator follows the suggested operation mode assignment that is Operation Mode 3 is single dispatchable CHP in isochronous and Co generator 1 is supposed to be the isochronous machine the following are set for this machine Operation Mode 1 Droop Operation Mode 2 Isoch Operation Mode 3 Droop Operation Mode 4 Droop In this manner if yo...

Страница 37: ...nerator The availability signal is built into the co generator s local controller based on some parameters and is read by the MGC The following field mappings apply to the AO DO control points that are to be mapped to the Microgrid controller CHP Asset configuration page Electric Power Ref This field refers to the electric power reference points of co generators in kW Their values are computed by ...

Страница 38: ...generated per kg of fuel consumed Assuming the fuel to be natural gas the default value of 13 5 kWh kg translates to almost 90 efficiency considering the energy content of natural gas Calculate the number using the related curves for your boiler If the boiler efficiency is available in terms of percent this setting can simply be determined by multiplying the percent value with the higher heating v...

Страница 39: ...fers to the current microgrid operation mode of the asset as described in section System Settings on page 19 see the Active Mode setting Watchdog This is a Digital Output command used to inform the asset that the MGC controller is active A Digital Output command is sent on this point with the value toggling between 0 and 1 every 10 seconds Heat Load Asset Point Settings Setting Description Range D...

Страница 40: ...When connected to a grid the grid compensates for any imbalance between load and generation in the microgrid behaving like an isochronous machine for the microgrid However for islanded microgrids there is a need for an isochronous machine to maintain load generation balance and stabilize the microgrid for instantaneous load and renewable generation variations above or below the forecasted values S...

Страница 41: ...rrespond to the following microgrid operation modes Configure all values The higher the variation in power generation the greater the margin 1 Dispatchable isochronous load share default 2 Renewable in isochronous 3 Single dispatch in isochronous CHP 4 Grid in isochronous For example due to the highly variable nature of solar and wind power a larger margin can be entered than for a hydro or CHP in...

Страница 42: ...tch Time both of which determine the size of forecast parameters as well as decision variables for the microgrid optimization problem For each renewable grid load and heat load forecasts there are 240 registers available in the DMC490 MGC and up to 48 hours are possible as the Prediction Horizon The Dispatch Time needs to be set in conjunction with the Prediction Horizon so that the number of fore...

Страница 43: ... high pressure storage cylinders and fuel cell the optimal solution is found in less than 80 seconds based on the default values for Prediction Horizon 24 hours and Dispatch Time 12 minutes 6 minutes 12 minutes 18 minutes 24 minutes 30 minutes 36 minutes 42 minutes 48 minutes 6 minutes Command Scheduler Settings Configure the startup and shutdown time intervals for Dispatchable resources and Stora...

Страница 44: ...tting is the minimum delay between starting discharging storage units 10 20 30 40 50 60 seconds 10 seconds Time Interval Between Charging Shut Downs Seconds This setting is the minimum delay between stopping charging storage units 10 20 30 40 50 60 seconds 10 seconds Time Interval Between Discharging Shut Downs Seconds This setting is the minimum delay between stopping discharging storage units 10...

Страница 45: ...ne of the dispatchable resources went offline unexpectedly Unexpected Disp 1 16 Online One of the dispatchable resources came online unexpectedly Unexpected Disp 1 16 in Droop Discrepancy between the Isoch command and actual reading from the device Unexpected Disp 1 16 in Isoch Discrepancy between the Droop command and actual reading from the device Unexpected Renew 1 16 in Droop Discrepancy betwe...

Страница 46: ...n a Prediction Horizon of 24 hours and Dispatch Time of 12 minutes If Resolution is set to 60 minutes only 25 forecast values can be provided by the user corresponding to each hour from 00 00 to 24 00 In order to cover the forecast requirements for the whole Prediction Horizon the DMC490 interpolates the required 120 forecast values based on the 25 values provided by the user Offset Range number D...

Страница 47: ...er as a coefficient between 0 and 1 When no Renewable Capability forecast is provided by the user a default value of 1 is used by the DMC490 Forecast Internal flag Specify if the forecast calculated by the DMC490 internal or another forecast is to be used external There are two options available for updating the renewable forecast information Option 1 Use the internal forecast algorithm of the DMC...

Страница 48: ...Internal The MGC relies on the past 24 hours Meter measured Heat Load from the Asset Forecast Value Update Procedure The procedure for updating the Forecast information is common for Renewable Electrical Load Heat Load Grid Buy Price and Grid Sell Prices The Resolution and Offset are applicable for Load Grid Renewable and Heat Load forecasts 1 Select the appropriate values for the Resolution Offse...

Страница 49: ...e first Analog Output point value is considered as the Forecasted Load for the hour at which the DMC490 clock is running Likewise the MGC issues values for the remaining 23 Analog Output points for the remaining 23 hours and then applies a Digital Output command relevant to this Forecast section ...

Страница 50: ...June 14 2016 Document created 1 July 21 2016 Added map instruction step 11 to the Chapter 2 Configuration Overview Microgrid Assets Configure and map microgrid assets procedure 2 Aug 12 2016 Added subsection Using SGConfig to Configure the DMC490 to the Overview chapter 3 Aug 19 2016 Revised the About This Manual Purpose section ...

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