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Recommendations and Precautions 

 

Multec 3.5 Fuel Injector Application Manual 

7-4 

 

 

Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems 

Revision:  11/05-1 

7.3.3 Plugging 

Fuel deposits cause plugging resulting in flow shifts over the life of the 
injector.  Fuel varnish, a type of injector deposit, is created when certain 
types of fuel are heated by high injector tip temperatures at soak (no fuel 
flow).  Deposit build up in the director holes causes the flow shifts 

• 

Plugging can cause flow restrictions, frictional changes and the 
collection of other particles attracted by the tacky surface.  The flow 
restrictions can degrade emissions and driveability. 

• 

Other fuel and environmental conditions may cause crystal or 
corrosion growth in the injector and cause a flow shift. 

• 

Oxidation stability of the gasoline affects the potential for deposit 
formation and must be controlled by the fuel supplier. 

• 

Increased levels of detergent additives reduce the rate of injector 
plugging. 

• 

The Multec 3.5 injector features a recessed director design to reduce 
the exposure of the director surface to deposit forming engine 
combustion by-products, which contribute to plugging. 

Recommendations 

A fuel survey should be performed in the markets that the injector is 
intended to be used to understand the fuel compositions available and 
their potential impact on injector durability and plugging.  Consult your 
Delphi representative for further information.

 

 

Delphi has developed plugging test fuels and procedures to evaluate the 
susceptibility of injector designs to plugging.  These techniques can be 
applied using the intended engine to evaluate the application’s 
susceptibility to injector plugging.  

 

Maintain maximum injector tip temperatures less than 95

°

C to minimize 

injector plugging potential 

7.3.4 Contamination 

Resistance 

The chassis fuel line filter is required to protect the fuel system from fuel 
contamination.  A 10-micron inline filter is recommended to prevent 
injector problems.  

Caution 

A fuel filter is required in the injector fuel supply line to prevent injector 
damage from contamination.  This applies to vehicle as well as 
dynamometer and component test equipment fuel supplies. 

Содержание Multec 3.5

Страница 1: ...Top Feed Fuel Injector Application Manual Fuel Systems Applications Engineering Delphi Energy Chassis Systems 5500 W Henrietta Rd P O Box 20366 Rochester New York 14602 USA Delphi Energy and Chassis S...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...e voltage range and injector flow test for vehicle calibration note to section 3 6 3 3 13 1 Nov 05 Revised calculation example from max flow to min flow in section 3 7 3 19 1 Nov 05 Added J 2715 to se...

Страница 4: ...al Revision Summary Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 01 1 Nov 05 Renumbered pages in section 4 starting at 1 4 1 1 Nov 05 Changed dwell time from 1 hr to 0 5 hr and duration from 240 h...

Страница 5: ...cteristics and Injection Timing 2 8 2 2 4 Benefits of Electronic Fuel Injection Over Other Types of Fuel Systems 2 9 2 2 5 Impact of Transient Conditions on Combustion 2 9 2 2 6 Impact of Fuel Composi...

Страница 6: ...E 3 21 3 8 1 Targeting 3 21 3 8 2 Cone Angle 3 22 3 8 3 Spray Atomization 3 23 3 9 PULSE WIDTH LIMITS 3 27 3 9 1 Minimum Pulse Width MPW 3 28 3 9 2 Tailbiting 3 30 3 10 LINEAR AND WORKING FLOW RANGE 3...

Страница 7: ...cs 5 18 5 3 4 Injector Driver Diagnostics 5 18 5 3 5 Engine Misfire Diagnostics 5 18 5 3 6 Factors Affecting Engine Diagnostics 5 19 6 0 PRODUCT HANDLING 6 1 6 1 PACKING PROCEDURES 6 3 6 2 RECEIVING A...

Страница 8: ...h Fueling Accuracy 8 4 8 4 7 Driveability Index Fuel Sensitivity 8 4 8 4 8 Spark Plug Fouling Tests 8 5 8 4 9 Voltage Sensitivity 8 5 8 4 10 Manifold Pressure Sensitivity 8 5 8 4 11 Standard Durabilit...

Страница 9: ...3 4 Figure 3 4 Injector Identification and Markings 3 5 Figure 3 5 Multec 3 5 Internal Components 3 6 Figure 3 6 Injector Retaining Clip Designs 3 7 Figure 3 7 Multec 3 5 Magnetic Circuit 3 10 Figure...

Страница 10: ...Table of Contents Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector Application Manual vi Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 01 Figure 6 2 Injector Installation Surface 6 5 Figure 7 1 Thermocoupled injector 7 2...

Страница 11: ...occur that update the content of the manual a new manual revision shall be released All updates shall be issued and distributed by Delphi E C electronically The latest revision shall be uploaded to an...

Страница 12: ...he components and features of the Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector A description of the process used to determine the requirements needed to achieve the following objectives Accurate fuel flow requirements Pr...

Страница 13: ...e provided Also discussed is the process Delphi uses to provide custom products Section 4 0 System Interface Hardware Electrical Section 4 0 describes and illustrates the mechanical and electrical int...

Страница 14: ...ntal standards regulations Section 10 Appendix 10 1 Introduction 10 2 Injector System Component Checklist 10 3 Multec 3 5 Injector Application Guideline Checklist 10 4 Component Assembly Best Practice...

Страница 15: ...an outline drawing or other document the conflict must be formally resolved through the Delphi application engineer Until the contradiction can be resolved the part outline drawing will always take p...

Страница 16: ...andard Test Method for Vapor Liquid Ratio of Spark Ignition Engine Fuels 1 9 4 5 ASTM D4814 Standard Specification for Automotive Spark Ignition Engine Fuel 1 9 4 6 ASTM D5191 Standard Test Method for...

Страница 17: ...injector supply system typically consists of the fuel injectors a fuel rail or conduit a fuel pressure regulator and connections to fuel supply and return lines This portion of the fuel system is inst...

Страница 18: ...equirements and the theory of combustion are outside the scope of this manual The following sub sections summarize the major considerations involved with the fuel injector s impact on combustion If a...

Страница 19: ...n before the injection process is highly undesirable and can cause a host of driveability problems See Sec 2 2 7 2 and 8 4 1 However it is important for the actual combustion process that fuel is in t...

Страница 20: ...tures Equivalence Ratio where F A actual F A stoichiometric 1 00 for lean mixtures 1 00 for rich mixtures Fuel Type Stoichiometric Air Fuel Ratio Typical Unleaded Gasoline 14 5 Range 14 2 14 8 10 Etha...

Страница 21: ...a 1 00 or an equivalence ratio 1 00 Rich mixtures have a larger proportion of fuel relative to the stoichiometric ratio which typically results in increased fuel consumption and hydrocarbon emissions...

Страница 22: ...x is typically highest just lean of stoichiometry Lean mixtures above a 16 17 to 1 air fuel ratio decrease NOx production due to the lowering of combustion temperatures While NOx production is an unde...

Страница 23: ...evaporate when they mix with the air and also when they contact a hot surface When the intake valve opens the air fuel mixture passes into the cylinder where it mixes with residual exhaust gases Comb...

Страница 24: ...ineer for more information Note Reference Worldwide Emissions Standards booklet available from Delphi for emissions regulations and test profiles Spray not targeted at the intake valve can be stored a...

Страница 25: ...neuvers but other changes in state such as transmission gear changes torque converter lock condition automatic transmissions and air conditioning compressor engagement can impact fueling requirements...

Страница 26: ...ence Figure 2 3 for fuel distillation curve vs temperature properties and the effects of changing distillation properties on vehicle and fuel system performance Fuel composition is adjusted by the fue...

Страница 27: ...an accelerate wear and corrosion in fuel system components For high ethanol concentration fuels deviations from regulated or typical levels of pHe and corrosives could compromise fuel injector perform...

Страница 28: ...rocarbons that can lead to deposit formation on intake valves and injector tips Olefins are created in the refining process Gasolines with high levels of olefins require additional detergent chemical...

Страница 29: ...ring the fuel s distillation curve and computing the driveability index DI Figure 2 3 shows a fuel distillation curve and which aspects of engine performance are impacted for a typical gasoline DI 1 5...

Страница 30: ...It is important to consider these operating conditions when determining the proper flow size for the injector 2 2 7 2 High Ambient Temperature Startability Reference section 8 4 1 for Hot Fuel Handlin...

Страница 31: ...not deliver the same energy content as liquid fuel These two problems cause a lean shift as the volume passed through the metering orifice contains some percentage of vapor rather than 100 liquid fuel...

Страница 32: ...gulator at start up will tend to reduce the upstream pressure on the fuel This can negatively impact hot re start performance While vacuum biasing should not be eliminated because of this the impact o...

Страница 33: ...reduce fuel tank temperatures which in turn is driving many engine applications to a returnless fuel system It therefore is becoming increasingly important to consider the effect of hot fuel handling...

Страница 34: ...ons Vehicle exhaust requirements Injector spray quality and spray targeting options can affect the cold start HC emissions Engine development and calibration should include injector spray optimization...

Страница 35: ...control is critical at these low voltage and temperature conditions Delphi recommends the use of voltage offset compensation in the engine calibration to allow for precise metering of fuel even at lo...

Страница 36: ...es the air fuel ratios for each cylinder together So if one injector runs rich the engine controller compensates by commanding all injectors lean Some V engine systems control each bank of cylinders i...

Страница 37: ...should be maintained for all engine running mode system voltages The required fuel pump supply pressure at minimum pump flow is determined by the set pressure of the regulator at minimum flow and the...

Страница 38: ...regulator contains a vacuum chamber that is connected to manifold vacuum that is separated from the fuel by a diaphragm and valve assembly The diaphragm has fuel on one side and engine manifold press...

Страница 39: ...may be required To ensure that the catalytic converter is operating at maximum HC CO and NOx conversion efficiency the warm engine air fuel ratio must be very accurately controlled to stoichiometry A...

Страница 40: ...ectors The fuel rail assembly must provide the correct amount of fuel to each cylinder Each fuel injector in the fuel rail assembly should provide the correct amount of fuel at the correct time and pl...

Страница 41: ...m design and seal ring selection Increasingly stringent evaporative emissions requirements place additional demands on the sealing capabilities of the fuel system see Figure 2 9 The Multec 3 5 Injecto...

Страница 42: ...the injectors when canister purge is taking place based on feedback from the oxygen sensor The impact of canister purge flow rates on the fuel injector is greatest when purge is active at idle Since t...

Страница 43: ...ert like EGR the fuel vapor can be combusted and thus must be compensated for in a manner similar to canister purge 2 4 5 Injector Flow Characterization Refer to Fuel Rail Applications Manual Once the...

Страница 44: ...ay still require low pulse correction Injector to Injector Variation Multec 3 5 Fuel Injectors are manufactured to very tight tolerances Using rail calibration flow data will further help minimize the...

Страница 45: ...er engineering and design teams 3 2 General Description In simplest terms the purpose of fuel injection is to deliver fuel to achieve the desired air fuel mass ratio to the engine Fuel atomization and...

Страница 46: ...functions of the seals are as follows Center the top end of the injector into the fuel rail and the bottom end into the intake manifold or cylinder head Reduce fuel rail and intake or cylinder head th...

Страница 47: ...advantages The mini version is offered with an extended tip option which places the spray origin closer to the intake valve when required for spray targeting The Multec 3 5 injector is available with...

Страница 48: ...uel Injector Dimensions Seal ring design For exact dimensions refer to Delphi Injector Outline Drawing Figure 3 3 Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector Dimensions Cushion seal Face seal design For exact dimensions...

Страница 49: ...ncludes clip and seal rings 3 3 3 Identification and Markings Each injector is identified with permanent markings for traceability that include the date code build location identification and the Delp...

Страница 50: ...mpacted and moved relative to its normal mounted position Positions the injector during normal operation preventing solid contact with the manifold head Solid contact affects noise and heat transfer t...

Страница 51: ...ade to withstand temperatures ranging from 40o C to 150o C 40 to 302o F without leakage or seeping They must also be resistant to varying amounts of fuel additives to fuel i e ethanol etc The followin...

Страница 52: ...gher pressures with improved fueling accuracy Specific design considerations are required for non standard fuels such as E 85 85 ethanol blend to meet engine performance and injector corrosion resista...

Страница 53: ...flow See Figure 3 7 Pressurized fuel enters the injector at the top via its connection to the fuel rail The fuel passes through the center of the injector A filter at the injector inlet protects the i...

Страница 54: ...tor Application Manual 3 10 Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1 Figure 3 7 Multec 3 5 Magnetic Circuit Figure 3 8 Multec 3 5 Fuel Flow Path Pole Piece Valve Armature Body Coil Outer Bod...

Страница 55: ...vice is required to ensure correct injector orientation Various cone and separation angles are available to meet application specifics See Section 3 3 5 All Multec 3 5 injectors incorporate a locating...

Страница 56: ...e caused by low temperatures battery alternator malfunctions engine cranking and high temperature high load conditions Minimum operating voltage is the lowest voltage that will provide fuel flow i e o...

Страница 57: ...rate must be sized to provide adequate fuel flow for all anticipated vehicle operating conditions This will require knowledge of the engine and platform performance requirements In selecting the prop...

Страница 58: ...high manifold vacuums idle and deceleration This situation increases the flow range requirement demands on the injector Injector Pressure Drop inlet fuel pressure manifold vacuum Note For a turbocharg...

Страница 59: ...the vehicle requirements To determine the minimum fuel flow rate four conditions should be considered Idle The minimum fuel rate required by the engine is based on a no load idle of a warm fully brok...

Страница 60: ...ar flow range might warrant a flow compromise Once the preceding specifications are determined proceed with the following calculation to obtain maximum fuel flow per injector Example Engine Rated Hors...

Страница 61: ...m sec 11 5 11 5 2 7625 gm sec Converter OT 2 7625 gm sec 11 5 11 0 2 89 gm sec Cold Start Req 2 7625 gm sec 11 5 10 5 3 03 gm sec Final injector size maximum injector flow 3 03 gm sec Note Make sure t...

Страница 62: ...differences between linear and working flow range The engine control algorithms available for a particular application will determine whether the system flow range requirement calculated above will i...

Страница 63: ...Systems Revision 11 05 1 3 19 Example Min flow 0 46 gm sec 400 kPa fuel pressure 50 kPa Vac 450 kPa injector pressure drop Max flow 3 68 g s 400 kPa fuel pressure 0 kPa Vac 400 kPa injector pressure...

Страница 64: ...c ________ gm sec 3 Adjust the value to eliminate injector operation in the tailbiting region if required Assume a 5 adjustment ________ gm sec 1 05 ________ gm sec 4 Adjust value for durability flow...

Страница 65: ...2715 which was in the approval process at time of writing and may currently be available 3 8 1 Targeting Generally the goal is to target the fuel spray so that it uniformly covers the intake valve wit...

Страница 66: ...the fuel spray and measure the volume distribution Single spray injectors The spray patternator is located 100 to 143 mm from the injector tip N Heptane at system pressure is supplied to the injector...

Страница 67: ...gle spray injector may also be acceptable for dual intake valve engines The interaction of the injector spray with intake mixture motion control devices need to be considered Specific injector spray p...

Страница 68: ...Delphi are typically performed with a Laser Diffraction instrument The beam is located 100 mm from the injector tip which is actuated at pulse width to deliver 15 mg pulse of N Heptane Injector spray...

Страница 69: ...Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector Application Manual Product Description Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1 3 25 100 mm Figure 3 11 Dual Spray Injector Separation and Orientation Angle...

Страница 70: ...2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 60 0 65 0 70 0 75 0 80 0 85 0 90 0 95 0 100 0 Mass Cone Angle deg Single Spray Spray Parameters Spray Plot Injector Height 100 mm SLANT Connector Angle 0 Test Descriptio...

Страница 71: ...lly closed position to the fully open position Closing response C R is the time it takes for the magnetic circuit to decay to a level at which the loads from the valve spring and fuel pressure can mov...

Страница 72: ...se times become less repeatable at very low pulse widths As a result fuel delivery also becomes less repeatable Refer to Figure 3 14 and Figure 3 15 for graphical representations of high and low pulse...

Страница 73: ...cation Manual Product Description Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1 3 29 Figure 3 14 High Pulse Width Flow Effects Static Occurs at 10 msec rep rate 10 msec Figure 3 15 Low Pulse Widt...

Страница 74: ...haracteristics of tailbiting rich shift occurs at high pulse widths approaching static flow 100 duty cycle Flow rates in the tailbiting portion of the fuel flow curve have a large part to part variati...

Страница 75: ...0 Linear and Working Flow Range 3 10 1 Linear Range Linear Range is a measure of the portion of an injector flow curve that is linear It is a function of opening and closing response times The SAE J18...

Страница 76: ...Using values other than 5 may be more appropriate depending on the fueling accuracy needs of the engine control system Linear range can apply to a single injector or an average of a population of inje...

Страница 77: ...n schemes can compensate for the non linearity of the injector with a low pulse width correction table This assumes the injector working flow range low pulse width is less than the linear flow range l...

Страница 78: ...imes and possible stalling In addition injector tip leakage has been identified as a source of evaporative hydrocarbon HC emission during engine shutdown and tailpipe HC emissions during engine restar...

Страница 79: ...as tip leakage may not be a factor Other possible causes include a malfunctioning pump check valve regulator leakage etc 3 11 1 Total Fuel System Tip Leakage Monte Carlo Analysis At a vehicle level t...

Страница 80: ...ls under high temperature conditions The injector inlet filter is not a serviceable component and is designed only to trap potential built in contamination between the chassis fuel filter and injector...

Страница 81: ...eter Seat geometry Fuel pressure Director hole size Valve Stroke The injector is set for both static and dynamic flow during the manufacturing process Multec 3 5 injectors are capable of static flow r...

Страница 82: ...fications Solenoid electrical specifications for the Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector are presented in Table 3 1 3 15 2 Avalanche Energy Avalanche Energy supplements inductance as a solenoid specification par...

Страница 83: ...Table 3 2 lists typical examples of normal and extreme operating conditions Refer to the Engineering Product Specification for the application for exact values and conditions Values shown are for exa...

Страница 84: ...re The Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector meets performance and physical requirements for environmental conditions it may be exposed to as defined by Delphi Validation Plans see section 9 The fuel injector is c...

Страница 85: ...JECTOR Intake Manifold or Cylinder Head X1 Combustion Chamber Intake Valve X6 Underhood Environment X4 Filter Injector Actuator Solenoid Injector Metering Engine Controller and Software X3 Fuel System...

Страница 86: ...ctor scheduling D PWM output to injector E Diagnostics 4 4 5 2 5 3 To Manifold or cylinder head X1 Orientation Seal ring seal or face seal Mechanical Mounting X7A X1B X1C Angle to direct fuel to intak...

Страница 87: ...w Road splash X4A X4B Provide sufficient ambient air flow for injector cooling Provide protection from road splash 4 2 1 4 2 Mechanical Interfaces 4 2 1 Locating the Fuel Injector Properly locating th...

Страница 88: ...enoid engages the injector clip and allows the injector to be oriented rotationally relative the fuel rail The fuel rail then supplies the specific feature for orienting the injector clip See Figure 3...

Страница 89: ...he axis orientations with the data To eliminate confusion when comparing data it is imperative that a sketch of the part with the axis be included with the data sets 2 Place the accelerometer on an ap...

Страница 90: ...Frequency band from 20 2500 Hz Stable averaging and peak hold averaging for a minimum of 50 events Overall RMS Level in a 20 2500 Hz frequency band Identification of peak frequencies and level Display...

Страница 91: ...is Systems Revision 11 05 1 4 7 Figure 4 3 Example of data presentation for steady state rpm Figure 4 4 Typical Spectral Map 4 2 4 Fuel Supply System Interface Fuel is normally supplied to the injecto...

Страница 92: ...re supplied with each injector If replacement seals are required use only Delphi supplied replacement seal rings Reference section 3 3 6 Note Lubricate the seal rings with an approved lubricant or equ...

Страница 93: ...iring 4 4 2 Wire Routing Electrical wiring to the injector should be routed so that conductors are protected from excessive heat damage and wear Avoid unnecessary handling disconnecting and connecting...

Страница 94: ...correspond to power and ground and are not polarity dependent for injector performance yet a polarity has been established to reduce the severity of a coil short to the injector body from a full on co...

Страница 95: ...pe design USCAR standard connector design immersion proof The USCAR connector design is more robust to environmental exposure and is therefore recommended over the metri pack design Engine control sys...

Страница 96: ...hi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1 Metri Pack design Component Part Number Description Electrical Connector Seal 12110179 or 12129140 or equivalent Splash proof connector Terminal 12077939...

Страница 97: ...5326238 Terminal Position Assurance feature CPA 15355227 Connector Position Assurance feature Or Alternate USCAR 1 5 mm terminal connector design SAE USCAR 12 design guideline Component Part Number De...

Страница 98: ...calculates a pulse width PW based on inputs from the various sensors and delivers the signal to the fuel injector through an injector driver synchronously with the engine There are two principal types...

Страница 99: ...oad is turned off is one of the most important factors limiting driver life The engine controller must be configured to absorb or dissipate appropriate amounts of avalanche energy Injector avalanche e...

Страница 100: ...3 5 Fuel Injector Application Manual 4 16 Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1 Figure 4 10 Oscilloscope trace of injector avalanche energy measurement Voltage Current Current Voltage Inj...

Страница 101: ...2S ECT MAF etc Injector flow characterization Desired Air Fuel Ratio The desired air fuel ratio is stoichiometric for steady state operation and normal operating temperatures during the emission test...

Страница 102: ...t and customer requirements some systems do not require closed loop correction to meet performance and emissions goals 5 2 1 Injection Methods Refer to Section 5 2 5 There are four fuel injection timi...

Страница 103: ...he same relative position to the cylinder event and prevents the spraying of fuel into an open intake valve SFI does require a cam position input to correctly pair respective injectors and cylinders F...

Страница 104: ...terization For ease of calculation and calibration the engine controller s software assumes the injector is a linear device As a linear device the injector can be characterized by the slope in the tra...

Страница 105: ...approximation Note More sophisticated models of the injector flow curve can be developed from the empirical flow data to include the non linear nature of the curve at very low pulse widths Figure 5 2...

Страница 106: ...ver a wide range of battery voltages although it does vary with pressure the higher the pressure the steeper the slope The slope term is obtained using the following method 1 A flow curve for the fuel...

Страница 107: ...linder flow at each voltage and a specified pulse width The pulse width selected should represent a typical highly used injector pulse width during the vehicle emissions test procedure and falls withi...

Страница 108: ...low test should be made at a manifold vacuum that is representative of injector low pulse width operation conditions Note This is necessary because the table corrects the BPW and not the total pulse w...

Страница 109: ...linearity of the injector LFR resulting in a mean shift and the part to part variation WFR resulting in cylinder to cylinder A F variation should be taken into account when determining the minimum pul...

Страница 110: ...me and flow become a simple prediction based upon the injector slope Newer demand fuel systems returnless locate the pressure regulator at the fuel tank where vacuum biasing is not practical For deman...

Страница 111: ...etermine changes in air density so injector pulse widths can be adjusted to achieve the required air fuel ratio Certain conditions reduce the effectiveness of the ECT in predicting charge temperature...

Страница 112: ...5 2 3 12 Transient Conditions Transient conditions are those conditions that require an adjustment of fueling based on larger or more rapid changes in throttle position or engine RPM than can be accom...

Страница 113: ...xample fuel does not vaporize well at low temperatures such as in a cold engine so more fuel is needed to achieve combustible air vapor ratios in the cylinder to start the engine During hot start fuel...

Страница 114: ...temperature Seventy percent or more of the total vehicle emissions during an EPA test cycle are generated before the catalytic converter reaches operating temperature To reduce time to activity and i...

Страница 115: ...oid driveability or emission problems while comprehending normal system tolerances The customer must define the limits for each given application Fuel system component limit testing is encouraged to e...

Страница 116: ...educe disruption of the spray During intake and exhaust valve overlap exhaust gas will flow past the intake valve heating and displacing liquid fuel still on the intake valve This will aide in fuel va...

Страница 117: ...ne controller Shifts of this magnitude indicate that something in the engine control system is incorrect Possible causes could be but are not limited to problems with the following Injector Fuel press...

Страница 118: ...e converter will switch over very slowly It is not unusual for the signal from this sensor to stay at either high voltage greater than 0 8 volts or a low voltage less than 0 2 volts once the converter...

Страница 119: ...sure System voltage errors voltage drop due to vehicle wiring Gain consideration electrical and mechanical Adequate fuel system capacity Actual volumetric efficiency may be different Canister purge ra...

Страница 120: ......

Страница 121: ...jector rail See section 6 5 for recommended lubricants Avoid damage to seal ring during installation Avoid contamination at seal DO NOT Dip injector tips into lubricants Can plug injector spray orific...

Страница 122: ...ronment External contamination can damage the injector electrically and or mechanically DO Return any dropped damaged or suspect material with a tag that describes the problem Ensure fast and correct...

Страница 123: ...impact moisture or contamination Note Typically injectors are delivered to the engine plant in a rail assembly In this case packaging issues are addressed at the rail assembly level See Fuel Rail Asse...

Страница 124: ...l assemblies engines or partially assembled vehicles in an unprotected environment Caution The Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector should never be exposed to liquid contamination Should water enter the injector...

Страница 125: ...he lubricant to the sockets the injectors are being installed into rather than directly to the seal ring itself This will help minimize the possibility of injector contamination Caution Avoid applying...

Страница 126: ...ing Seal rings are not interchangeable between Multec 3 and Multec 2 and Multec 1 injectors Consult service parts listing for proper replacement Do not use the injector as a handle The Multec 3 5 Fuel...

Страница 127: ...tor from the injector See Figure 4 6 Figure 4 7 Figure 4 8 and reference mating connector manufacturers recommendations The wiring harness must be designed with enough slack at worst case conditions t...

Страница 128: ...ower injector seal rings DTE 24 Mobil 32 Upper and lower injector seal rings DTE 25 Mobil 46 Upper and lower injector seal rings DTE 26 Mobil 68 Upper and lower injector seal rings Norpar 15 Exxon Mob...

Страница 129: ...odes are specific to each application If an injector is suspected of malfunction perform the following procedures Perform a fuel system pressure test injector pressure balance and electrical continuit...

Страница 130: ...nants to enter the manifold or fuel rail when removing the seal ring or when cleaning mating surfaces 10 Apply a light coating of a lubricant to both the upper and lower injector seal ring of the repl...

Страница 131: ...he injector should be replaced in service only with an equivalent injector of the same part number On occasion part numbers may be superceded by a new part number Consult the appropriate vehicle servi...

Страница 132: ...3 5 Fuel Injector Application Manual 6 12 Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1 Rough idle Engine misfire or surge Stall after start or hard starting Failure of emissions testing Poor fu...

Страница 133: ...r less than 1 hr are possible without failure 2 Injector coil resistance increases as injector temperature rises so injector opening closing response times are therefore affected To minimize flow shif...

Страница 134: ...all within defined acceptable limits over the application s target life Injector performance may vary as follows Injector flow rate may shift over the life of the injector due to engine vibration fric...

Страница 135: ...rosion on the surface of injector components Corrosion can adversely affect injector operation in the following ways 1 Corrosion particles between the ball and seat can damage the seat interface or ca...

Страница 136: ...ures a recessed director design to reduce the exposure of the director surface to deposit forming engine combustion by products which contribute to plugging Recommendations A fuel survey should be per...

Страница 137: ...injector damage or deposit formation Where the effect of a substance is not known a production process sample may be required for evaluation of the substance s effect on the fuel injector Metal fuel...

Страница 138: ...reater than the minimum volume of the engine cylinder The minimum engine cylinder volume occurs when the piston is at Top Dead Center TDC and is calculated as follows ratio n compressio cylinders of n...

Страница 139: ...ded on long enough to purge the air from the fuel system but not longer than the max on time calculation above to prevent engine hydrolock if the purge sequence is inadvertently repeated 7 5 Injector...

Страница 140: ......

Страница 141: ...er engines used for durability testing should have the vibration levels measured and compared to those in the actual vehicle application Excessive vibration levels can result in accelerated injector w...

Страница 142: ...ufacturer to manufacturer 8 4 1 Hot Fuel Handling The purpose of hot fuel handling testing is to determine the effects of high ambient temperature conditions on vehicle driveability and startability H...

Страница 143: ...ng spray pattern and droplet size which are a function of the director plate design and fuel system pressure Reference section 3 8 Emission effects would be tested on both a dynamometer and the vehicl...

Страница 144: ...control valve fully closed during engine shutdown Large amounts of exhaust gas are drawn into the cylinders resulting in a rich fuel condition at restart It is recommended to delay full throttle valve...

Страница 145: ...n the vehicle the voltage correction tables previously developed on the flow stand This should be done with characterized injectors System voltage would be varied and long and short term correction fa...

Страница 146: ...ing the calibration tables to artificially simulate limit flow conditions In other cases specific hardware can be built to represent limit flow leak and spray This hardware should be selected in a man...

Страница 147: ...ive to actual vehicle operation Laboratory tests arranged in a synergistic manner can be used in evaluating component and or system conformance to QRD performance goals and government standards Delphi...

Страница 148: ...r model or result in unacceptable physical alteration or damage The requirements in this section relate to testing performed in the course of injector validation for structural integrity fuels complia...

Страница 149: ...be required for operation outside of these temperature limits Reference SAE J1832 Section 5 3 9 3 2 1 Temperature Shock Temperature shock shall consist of cycling the injectors between 40 and 100 C w...

Страница 150: ...in Table 9 1 Table 9 1 Potential Injector Test Fuels 9 3 4 Mechanical Integrity Mechanical integrity testing consists of monitoring injector performance and physical condition after exposure to force...

Страница 151: ...erage worst case accelerated schedule for 4 6 and 8 cylinder applications The injector will be pressurized at normal operating pressure with calibration test fluid during vibration The injector will b...

Страница 152: ...J1832 Section 5 11 2 9 3 8 Note on Additional Exposures Other environmental test schedules as performed for Fuel Rail Assemblies are not mentioned here These include but are not limited to sand and du...

Страница 153: ...es Mechanical electrical 3 1 5 Usage Definition Service life etc 3 2 CHARACTERISTICS 3 2 1 Performance Product performance 3 2 2 Physical Outline 3 2 3 Reliability Quality 3 2 4 Maintenance Service Re...

Страница 154: ......

Страница 155: ...n known Delphi can provide technical assistance to determine appropriate values to use in cases where data is not available The second checklist section 10 3 is focused on specific injector component...

Страница 156: ...equirements 5 3 4 Verify flow limit parts meet emissions diagnostics and driveability requirements Delphi to advise test conditions 8 4 13 Air Fuel Distribution and Injector Targeting 5 A F ratio at s...

Страница 157: ...Idle fuel mg inj pulse per injector Include impact of canister purge if active 2 4 3 3 7 5 2 2 3 5 2 2 5 17 Max SF rate at RPM A F ratio inlet air temperature add formula for computing when data not...

Страница 158: ...itioned for fuel injectors at nominal rail pressure software correction tables enabled Specify system voltage altitude range injector tip temp range o C Includes injector durability shifts authority 5...

Страница 159: ...njector 3 15 5 3 9 3 6 36 Injector drivers meets Delphi recommendations 4 4 5 37 Injector wiring and mating connector meet Delphi recommendations 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 38 Injector electrical connector sty...

Страница 160: ...jector tip leak cc per min at specified time 3 11 Fuels and Environment 48 Validation fuel exposure methanol ethanol blends RVP driveability index fuel contaminants 2 2 6 8 4 7 9 3 3 49 Max particle s...

Страница 161: ...prime analyzed with respect to engine hydrolock 7 4 60 Use of proper seal ring lubricants at engine assembly verified 6 5 61 Reviewed Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector Handling Recommendations Table 6 1 62 Inj...

Страница 162: ...Acceptable to application Corrosion 3 16 2 9 3 1 Acceptable to application 4 2 1 Injectors should be shielded from road splash Fuels 2 2 6 3 3 6 O ring compatible 3 6 2 7 2 Alcohol fuels utilized Y N...

Страница 163: ...ication Fuel Pressure 3 16 2 5 2 3 2 Vacuum biasing utilized 5 3 6 7 3 6 Table 8 1 9 3 5 Acceptable to application Icing 2 2 7 4 8 4 12 Application robust to icing Calibration 8 3 DVT tests simulate c...

Страница 164: ...2 3 3 1 4 2 1 Ensure clearance recommendations are met 3 2 2 4 2 1 Ensure injector cup and manifold interfaces are correct 3 2 2 3 3 5 4 2 1 1 Ensure injector stays in rail if clip missing 3 8 5 2 3 1...

Страница 165: ...table to application Fuel Pressure 2 2 7 2 3 16 8 4 1 Fuel System pressure robust to Hot Fuel Handling Max Flow Rate 3 7 3 16 5 2 3 13 Proper injector sizing 3 9 2 Consider tailbiting when sizing inje...

Страница 166: ...4 8 Spray variation acceptable for application Velocity 3 8 5 2 5 8 4 8 Velocity and distance correct for injection timing Leakage 2 4 2 3 11 7 2 8 4 4 Durability acceptable to application crank vs l...

Страница 167: ...chafed Circle One YES NO 4 Does plant use back up wrench on threaded fuel line connections Circle One YES NO 5 If threaded fittings are used are fittings properly torqued Circle One YES NO 6 Does plan...

Страница 168: ...ns 15 What percentage of fuel tank capacity is factory fill _______ 1 Is assembly plant receiving using engines in FIFO order Circle One YES NO 2 Assembly Plant Daily Volumes ____________ 3 On average...

Страница 169: ...hat is the frequency of hydro locked engines ___________ engines per month 3 Average daily number of vehicles in repair due to fuel system related issues ___________ Always Sometimes Never 4 Use diagn...

Страница 170: ...Appendix Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector Application Manual 10 16 Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1...

Страница 171: ...ure EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation EMI Electromagnetic Interference EPA Environmental Protection Agency US FIFO First In First Out FMD Fuel Mode Device FMEA Failure Modes Effect Analysis FTP Federal Te...

Страница 172: ...T C Thermocouple TDC Top Dead Center TLEV Transitional Low Emissions Vehicle Test Specificatio n Sheet Delphi document containing application specific injector performance specifications TPA Terminal...

Страница 173: ...3 17 CARB Web Site 1 6 Catalytic Converter 2 5 2 6 2 23 2 24 Catalytic Converter Diagnostics 5 18 Catalytic Converter Protection Mode2 20 3 16 5 12 Chassis Fuel Supply Subsystem 1 2 Clip Injector reta...

Страница 174: ...Engine Software 2 24 Engine Starting Conditions 5 13 Engine Underhood Environment 2 14 Engine Vacuum 2 26 Environmental Conditions 3 39 EPA Vehicle Emissions Information 1 6 Equivalence Ratio 2 4 Evap...

Страница 175: ...l Components 3 5 Internal Injector Friction 3 28 Introduction 1 1 Isopropyl Alcohol 7 3 L Lambda 2 4 Leak Testing 6 6 Vacuum 5 17 Lean Mixtures 2 6 Limit testing 5 15 Linear and Working Flow Range 3 3...

Страница 176: ...ability 9 1 R Receiving and Storage 6 4 Recommendations and Precautions 7 1 Reid Vapor Pressure 2 15 Relative Humidity 3 40 Replacement Techniques 6 9 Resistance 3 12 3 39 Returnless fuel system 2 1 2...

Страница 177: ...11 7 7 V Vacuum bias 2 16 3 14 5 7 5 10 Vacuum biased regulator 5 7 Validation 9 1 Matrix 9 6 Requirements 9 1 Valve Stroke 3 37 Vaporization 2 8 Verification Validation Matrix 9 7 Vibration 3 2 3 40...

Страница 178: ...Index Multec 3 5 Fuel Injector Application Manual 11 8 Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems Revision 11 05 1 This Page Intentionally Left Blank...

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